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This study identifies the chemical compounds present in the essential oils of five species of frailejones and evaluates their biological activity against various microorganisms. The essential oils from the fresh leaves of Espeletia argentea, Espeletia barclayana, Espeletia killipii, Espeletia summapacis, and Espeletiopsis corymbosa were extracted through hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of the essential oils was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The essential oils of some species were tested against fungi (Fusarium sp., Chaetomium sp., Botrytis sp., Penicillium sp., Alternaria sp.) and the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, as well as the yeast Candida sp., using the agar diffusion method. The major compounds identified in the essential oils were α-pinene, β-pinene, sabinene, p-cymene, limonene, and α- and β-phellandrene. Additionally, the essential oils of four Espeletia species exhibited activity against Fusarium sp. and Chaetomium sp. when compared to a commercial control. Furthermore, the oils of E. argentea and E. corymbosa were subsequently tested against strains of Botrytis sp., Penicillium sp., and Alternaria sp. It was found that the essential oil of E. argentea exhibited inhibition rates ranging from 30% to 80% against the tested strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista del Museo de Antropología is the property of Museo de Antropologia - IDACOR and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper approaches the question of the production, trade and consumption of wine in the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, particularly in the Portuguese region of Trás-os-Montes, in the south of the conventus Asturum (ancient province of Gallaecia). Despite the total absence of amphorae at the Roman site of Castro de Avelãs (Bragança) and its surrounding area, it is possible that this important product in Roman times, could have been consumed, produced and distributed using a different type of containers. Therefore, we propose the use a specific type of jars for the storage, transport and even production of wine. This hypothesis is reinforced by the gas chromatography / mass spectrometry analysis realized in three vessels, recovered at the archaeological site. The results displayed biomarkers compatible with wine. With these data, we open the discussion about the consumption and production of wine (and other products) in this territory of the Southwest of Gallaecia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Universidad del Valle de Guatemala is the property of Universidad del Valle de Guatemala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Terra Latinoamericana is the property of Sociedad Mexicana de la Ciencia del Suelo A.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zephyrus is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú is the property of Sociedad Quimica del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To analyze the migration of N-nitrosamines from elastomeric rubber materials, such as baby bottle nipples, and from elastomeric latex materials, such as gloves and condoms, highly sensitive techniques are required to determine if the materials migrate amounts of N-nitrosamines that exceed the limit permitted by regulation (LOD 10 µg/Kg of material). For this purpose, a method for analyze N-nitrosamines was implemented and validated in this work: nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA), nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), nitrosopyridinamide (NPYR), nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA), nitrosodipropylamine (NDPA), and nitrosophenylisopropylamine (NPIP), using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extraction of N-nitrosamines was compared using liquid-liquid extraction and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME). HS-SPME extraction allows for the recovery of higher molecular weight N-nitrosamines: NDPA, NPIP, and NDBA, while liquid-liquid extraction proved suitable for the extraction and analysis of all the N-nitrosamines evaluated in this study. It was established that the instrumental detection limit (LOD) for the N-nitrosamines NDPA, NPIP, and NDBA is between 3 and 6 µg/Kg using the selective ion monitoring (SIM) method. This LOD is below the migration limit permitted by international regulations. As an application of the method, the migration of N-nitrosamines was evaluated in three elastomeric materials: rubber baby bottle nipples, latex gloves, and condoms. All materials showed N-nitrosamine migration results below the permitted LOD. However, the migration of other potentially health-hazardous compounds, such as phthalates and nitrosable substances, was evident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios is the property of Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to develop a disinfectant from essential oils of Mount oregano and Rosemary to control E. coli and S.aureus, bacteria present in the food industry. For this purpose, an extraction of oils was performed and its composition was evaluated by means of a gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. The antimicrobial activity was established with the minimum inhibitory concentration, by means of macrosolutions composed of oil and water, and from these the disinfectant was formulated. As results, it was found that the two oils have antimicrobial compounds such as Timol and 2-Bornanone, the CMIs obtained for the formulation of the disinfectant were of a ratio 1:8 and 1:16 of oregano and rosemary respectively. In conclusion, the essential oils studied have inhibitory potential and by unifying them, their compounds are enhanced, obtaining inhibition halos up to 18.2 mm in diameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Arqueología de la Universidad de Navarra is the property of Cuadernos de Arqueologia de la Universidad de Navarra and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of FACSalud is the property of Revista FACSalud and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective. To assess the fatty acids composition (FA) in Wagyu beef and its crosses with Angus, Beefmaster, Brangus and Hereford, and to analyze its relationship with genetic markers related to lipid metabolism. Materials and methods. 111 Longissimus dorsi samples were collected and grouped by genetic group. FA were extracted and quantified in a gas-liquid chromatography and DNA markers theoretically associated to FA were typed. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium were examined, the effect of crosses and the effect of genotypes were estimated. Results. The crosses did not show substantial differences in FA composition. Nine SNPs showed association with FA composition, and a significant effect was found in the SLC2A4 marker ss62538460 which influenced SFA, MUFA and MUFA/SFA; PLTP ss77832104 and IGF2R ss77831885 markers, influenced C16:0, MYOZ1 ss77832104 on C17:1 and PPARGC1A c.1892+19 on C18:2. In addition, previously described effects of MEF2C ss38329156 and SCD c.878 were supported. Conclusions. These results are first evidence on FA deposition in Wagyu cattle and their crosses, and proposes some loci in candidate genes with the possibility of implementation in assisted selection strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chromatography permits chemical components' separation, identification, and quantification in complex mixtures. Chromatographic methods have various applications, which include the determination of an agrochemical solvent percentage and its utilization in the food-processing industry. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography (GC) are essential for agriculture. Both types are used in numerous research studies today thanks to their versatility, sensitivity, reproducibility, and quickness. Aim: To discuss the main results of studies that include GC and HPLC in agriculture. Materials and methods: The study relied on a compilation of recent papers, where these techniques play a critical role in this area of science. Results: The utilization of GC and HPLC in agriculture contributed to relevant results, from the analysis of fatty acids profile in the formulation of a diet for animal nutrition, to the determination and quantification of agrochemical residues in plants, the detection of contaminants in the diets, and drug residues that compromise the lives of animals. Conclusions: The use of chromatography is an essential methodology for biochemical, toxicological, structural, and agro-industrial studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuxpan region is characterized by strong oil activity and organic food production. Oil activities are a source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted into the atmosphere, contaminating soils and farm pastures through atmospheric deposition. This study was aimed at determining the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in raw milk from two organic production units. Analyses were carried out by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, according to US EPA methodology. The presence of PAHs was detected in fresh milk, where mean concentrations of PAH ranged from 0.08-0.86 µg/kg of fresh milk (fm). Fluoranthene (FLT), benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) compounds presented a frequency of occurrence above 90 %, prevailing 4-6 ring PAHs. There was no significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean concentration of BaP and the sum of the 4 PAHs (BaA, BaP, benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF) and chrysene (CHR)) in the milk from the two farms near the thermoelectric plant and the oil drilling plant. The mean concentration of BaP was below the EU regulation (1 µg/kg). However, the sum of the mean concentrations of the 4 PAHs presented values of 1.58 µg/kg fresh milk (fm) (farm A) and 1.99 µg/kg fm (farm B) above the permitted value. The results corroborated that organic productions are also susceptible to PAH contamination. This finding alerts regulatory agencies the need to establish monitoring programs for these contaminants in organic milk intended for human consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetive. To determine the proximal composition and profile of fatty acids (FA) in Cotinis columbica Burmeister larva collected in the municipalities of Mogotes and Garzón, Bogotá, Colombia. Materials and methods. Six samples of C. columbica Burmeister larvae were collected during three months, from the municipalities of Mogotes and Garzón, Bogotá, Colombia (3 months x 2 = 6). The samples were subjected to proximal chemical analysis and AG analysis by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector and capillary column. Results. In mogotes, 21.2 and 23.3% of fat and protein were found, respectively, while in Garzón values of 31.1 and 25.9% were found, there was no statistical difference (p≥0.05). Chromatographic analyzes determined 18 AG, from C4:0 to C22:2, c13.16. The t-student test showed significance (p<0.05) only in C10:0; through time (May, June and July) the values were higher in Garzón larvae. The contents of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated AG groups were between 30.20 and 36.92 (% w/w). Conclusions. The proximal composition and fatty acid profile were similar, except for C10:0, in the fat of Cotinis columbica Burmeister larvae from Mogotes and Garzón, Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria is the property of Agrosavia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of @limentech: Ciencia y Tecnología Alimentaria is the property of Journal @limentech, University of Pamplona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences is the property of Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Thermal regulation and ultrasound affect the physical, chemical, and antioxidant properties of essential oils and hydrosols extracted by microwaves from the leaves of Tagetes elliptica S. (chincho). The leaves were conditioned by dehydration or freezing, then pre-treated with ultrasound for 15 or 30 minutes at 40 Hz to finally obtain the essential oil (AECH) and hydrolat (HCH) through microwave extraction (500 W and 30 minutes). Yields, phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, leaf structure by optical microscopy, and chemical composition by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were evaluated. The conditioning of the leaves by freezing and sonication for 30 minutes obtained the best performance, 8.86±0.1% and 67.40 ± 4.8%, phenolic content of 39.4±0.1 mg EAG/mL and 346.2 ± 13.6 mg EAG/mL, and antioxidant capacity of 35.7 μmol EqT/mg and 0.25 μmol EqT/mg equivalent, for AECH and HCH, respectively in every case. Structural damage of the leaves was observed due to the effect of the conditioning-ultrasound-microwave treatments, achieving a more significant release of bioactive compounds. The main compounds of the essential oil were tagetenones (49.2%), followed by cis-miroxide (14.5%), dihydrotagetone (13.9%), tagetone (9.8%) and ocimene (2.4%); the main compounds in the hydrolate were cis-myroxide (44.66%), followed by cis- tagetone (23.84%), trans-tagetone (12.24%), linalool oxide (5.48%) and dihydrotagetone (4.04%). The significant contribution of the present study is the extraction techniques and chemical profile of tagetes elliptica extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the agricultural areas near the Carrizal River (Ecuador), various plant species are cultivated and pesticides are applied indiscriminately, causing imminent water contamination. The objective was to determine the concentration of organophosphorus pesticides in the Carrizal River. The detection and quantification of nine pesticides was carried out by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography. Fifteen surface water samples were taken at five points in agricultural areas in three months. To find out about the knowledge and technological threat from the use of pesticides, an interview was conducted with local residents. The analyses determined the presence of the pesticides phorate and famphur, depending on the locality and month of sampling, but they did not exceed the maximum permissible limits of Ecuador's environmental regulations for water intended for human consumption and domestic use (0.1 µg/ml); the limits of quantification and detection for phorate were 0.004 and 0.001 µg/ml, while for famphur they were 0.011 and 0.004 µg/ml, respectively. The interview showed little knowledge about the threat posed by the use of these compounds in agricultural activities, which merits further research of this nature, both in the environmental and socio-cultural context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new skin protective cream was recently developed containing the fatty alcohols 1-octacosanol (C28) and 1-triacontanol (30), which present antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. As part of the development of this new product, a Gas Chromatographic analytical method was validated. This method was used for the analyses of samples from three batches of the cream, which were submitted to accelerated stability assay during 12 months and to long-term stability assay during 36 months. The cream samples, packed at the rate of 25 g in lithographed aluminum tubes with inner epoxy-phenolic coating and high density polyethylene cap, were placed at 40 ± 2 ºC and 75 ± 5 % relative humidity (accelerated stability), and at 30 ± 2 ºC and 70 ± 5 % relative humidity (long-term stability in climatic Zone IV). The validated analytical method allowed to demonstrate that the fatty alcohols content did not change during all the time in which the samples were analyzed, in both assays.Additionally, it was observed that during all the time, the creams kept their original organoleptic characteristics (semi-solid with a uniform appearance, without lumps or sandy consistency, with a white to light cream color and a characteristic odor), as well as their microbiological content and pH between the Quality Specification defined ranges. The results of the present study support that the cream resist 12 months in conditions of accelerated stability and 36 months when stored at the conditions of the climatic Zone IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to current international Good Manufacturing Practice guidelines, ongoing stability testing is required for the market-life of all medicinal licensed products, as part of the Annual Product Quality Review. Taking that into account, samples from one batch a year of the three Policosanol formulations (PPG 5, 10 and 20 mg), stored in Climatic Zone IV conditions, were continuously monitored since 2017, in order to demonstrate stability and quality over their 5-years shelf life. Results showed that these three formulations, packed in polyvinylchloride /aluminium thermo-sealed blisters, fulfilled the specified quality parameters during all the study. Until now, all the assayed batches maintained their values of fatty alcohol content, uniformity of content, disintegration time, color, and microbial content without significant changes with respect to the initial values in all samplings. No evidence of degradation product formation was determined by Gas Chromatography, which is consistent with the fact that no decrease in the fatty alcohol content was observed throughout the study. First included batches, produced in 2017 and stored for five years, showed no evidence of degradation and fulfilled all the specification limits defined in their registration documents. That is consistent with the approved labelled shelf life of these formulations, which had been previously determined by Research and Development studies, before their marketing approval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To determine the fatty acid (FA) profile, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and isomers in cow's milk produced under organic conditions in southeastern Mexico. Materials and methods. Forty-eight milk samples were collected during one year from three production units (PU 1, 2 and 3) and a collecting tank (CT) in the municipality of Tecpatán, Chiapas (12 months x 4 = 48), following the guidelines established in Mexican regulations. Fat was extracted with detergent solution; AG analysis was performed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector and ALC and isomers were obtained by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-Vis detector. Results. Chromatographic analyses identified and quantified 23 FA in all milks, from C4 to C20:1. Statistical analysis (ANOVA, Tukey) showed significance (p<0.05) at C4-C10, C16, C18, C18:1n9t, C18:2n6 and C20; in all cases the TC was similar in at least two PU. The mean values over time exhibited homogeneous regularity behavior. CLA and 9 of its isomers were also determined; ANOVA did not show significance. The isomer C18:2 9c-11t had the highest percentage of total CLA with a mean value of 90.06%. Conclusions. Gas and liquid chromatographic analyses allowed characterization of FA, CLA and isomers profiles in organic milk produced in southeastern Mexico, which had not been studied so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zingiber officinale (ginger) belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. It is a species widely used as a home remedy to aid digestion, treat flu, cough, nausea, and other ailments. Its aroma and flavor comes mainly from its essential oil, which has properties as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent. The objective of this research is to extract the essential oil of ginger collected in the department of Quindío, using the hydrodistillation technique coupled to Clevenger and assisted by microwaves with and without previous ultrasound treatment. Determine its physicochemical properties such as relative density, refractive index and its organoleptic properties; additionally, to compare the metabolic content of essential oils obtained by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elettaria cardamomum (Cardamom) is a species belonging to the Zingiberales order and the Zingiberaceae family. It is used in the preparation of food; it has intensely aromatic seeds and an excellent content of essential oils, is considered the queen of spices. Among the applications of its essential oil, the main characteristic to highlight are the antioxidant properties, the essential oil of cardamom is used in the gastronomic industry; in addition, medicinal properties are attributed. The objective of this research is to extract the essential oil from the seeds of Elettaria cardamomum by means of hydrodistillation coupled to Clevenger and assisted by microwaves, with and without previous ultrasound treatment and analyzing the metabolic content of the oils obtained by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effect exerted by the glycerol-rich fraction of Jatropha curcas L. oil, on the hatching of eggs from nematodes that parasitize sheep. Materials and Methods: A trial was conducted based on a complete randomized design. The inhibition of the hatching of eggs from sheep gastrointestinal nematodes in different concentrations of the glycerol-rich fraction (seriated dilutions from 100 to 156 mg/mL) was evaluated in vitro. Glycerin (10 v/v) was used as negative control, with analytical quality and distilled water. In addition, the components of the glycerol-rich fraction were identified through gas chromatography and the presence of phorbol esters was studied by mass spectrometry, coupled to a time-of-flight detector. Results: The glycerol-rich fraction recorded a strong ovicidal activity with dose-dependent effect, with mean lethal concentration of 3,60 x 10-4 mg/mL. No phorbol esters were found in the glycerol-rich fraction; while glycerin constituted the main compound (74,8 %). It was followed by palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids. Conclusions: The glycerol-rich fraction inhibits the hatching of eggs from parasite gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep, with dose-dependent effect. No phorbol esters were detected and the main component was glycerin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass from agricultural processes is an important resource for fast pyrolysis and its transformation into bio-oil and high added value products. Several Standards of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) were used in order to the physical-chemical characterization of the biomass used and the bio-oil obtained. Representative samples of biooil 0,82; pyroligneous acid 0,18 t, non-condensable gases 0,25 t and carbon 0,42 t were obtained by the fast pyrolysis from a mixture of Elephant Capín (Pennisetum purpureum) with sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) straw. Nighty three organic compounds belonging to carboxylic acids, phenols, derivatives of furan, ethers of lignin, a homologous series of nalkanes from the bio-oil, and some aromatic nitrogenous compounds of high molar mass by gas chromatography with mass detector were identified. The caloric power of bio-oil is 20,20 MJ kg-1, facilitating its possible use as a biofuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of @limentech: Ciencia y Tecnología Alimentaria is the property of Journal @limentech, University of Pamplona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Crude oil is a highly complex natural mixture consisting predominantly of hydrocarbons [alkanes (paraffins), alkenes (olefins), and aromatic compounds] and other elements such as sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen. In Cuba, work is being done on the exploitation of new oilfields deposits in the Northern Cuban Oil Belt. The goal of this paper is to characterize the crude oils from the point of Reservoir Geochemistry, using the high-resolution gas chromatography technique and the study of the physicochemical properties, in samples from six oil wells from the western sector of the Varadero oilfield. The fingerprints of the crude oil were obtained, the star diagrams were constructed to establish the possibilities of communication between the wells, from the ratios between compounds. The main results obtained show the existence of better communication between wells VW1003 and VW1007 with a difference of 1.91%, with the rest of the wells studied behaving differently. In addition, the physicochemical properties of the oils were studied, the results of which show that they are extra-heavy oils, with high content of sulfur and asphaltenes and. These properties show the similarity in their commercial quality with the crude oil discovered in the other blocks of the Varadero field, characterized by heavy, extra-heavy, highly sulfurous crude oils, belonging to Family I of Cuban crude oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú is the property of Sociedad Quimica del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Boletín Científico Centro de Museos de Historia Natural is the property of Universidad de Caldas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Caldasia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cow's milk is an important component in human diet and one of its nutritional contributions is the lipid fraction formed by various fatty acids, including linoleic acid (AL) of the omega-6 family and alpha-linolenic acid (AAL) of the omega-3 family, both structural constituents of cell tissue, membranes, and metabolic regulators. Due to its importance, the purpose of this research was to determine the concentration of omega-3 (alpha-linolenic) and omega-6 (linoleic) fatty acids present in bovine milk, by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS), establishing a relation between the influence of the region (Costa, Sierra and Amazonía) and the season (rainy and dry), and the concentration of these acids. 30 collection centers were analyzed and collected, according to the LCL-INS-01 protocol. The compositional analysis was carried out under the method ISO 9622-IDF 141/2013/LCL-PE-01, and the analysis of the lipid profile was made by GC-MS. The results obtained show average concentrations (%) of 2,72 and 0,06 for AL and AAL respectively on the lipid profile. Regarding the region factor, Costa presented 2,07%, Sierra 3,03% and Amazonía 3,06%, showing significant difference (p = 0,01) in AL, while the AAL showed no variation. With reference to the season factor, AL showed 2,63% in the dry season and 3,03% in the rainy season, and AAL 0,14 and 0,06% respectively. The results allowed to conclude that the region factor influences AL concentration but does not influence in AAL, and the season factor is not influential neither on AL nor on AAL concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales is the property of Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of 3C Tecnologia is the property of Area de Innovacion y Desarrollo, SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the department of Cauca there are more than 1400 hectares of pine forests, cultivated for wood purposes. The species Pinus oocarpa among others is one of the most cultivated conifers, its foliage contains a certain amount of essential oils, which are used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry mainly. The extraction of these oils is done by dragging them with water vapor in order to obtain the most volatile fractions. In this work, the extraction of the essential oil from the foliage of Pinus Oocarpa was carried out using water vapor drag. For the characterization of the oil, spectroscopic and physicochemical tests were carried out, such as density, refractive index, solubility and boiling point in order to determine and establish the characteristics of the essential oil obtained. Gas chromatography with an FID detector was used to determine the α-pinene retention time and finally the analyte quantification (3.5%). Mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of α-pinene in the essential oil and identified other compounds present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to develop an antioxidant gel using Citrus sinensis essential oil as active compound. A gel was made to which a concentration of 5% of essential oil of Citrus sinensis was added; the indicators of physical-chemical stability were evaluated at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 30 and 60 days; the antioxidant activity was determined using the anti-radical activity techniques DPPH•, ABTS• +, and ORAC at 0, 15, 30 and 60 days. The chemical composition was evaluated by gas chromatography / mass spectrometry at time 0, 15, 30 and 60 days. The results indicate that the organoleptic characteristics of the emulsion were stable; the pH was between 7.001 and 8.012. The initial antioxidant activity by the DPPH• and ABTS• + methods was 365.9 ± 0.51 and 28.3 ± 0.11, respectively. The physical and chemical parameters evaluated were maintained during the 60 days of study. These results continue to add evidence to support essential oils, as a good natural and available source, to facilitate the development of different cosmetic preparations with defined biological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of pesticides in agriculture has been considered worldwide as one of the most important ways to increase agricultural production; however, its use has been accompanied by side effects, which represent a danger to humans and biota. The aim of this study was the development of a miniaturized method for the determination of organochlorine compounds in surface water samples from the states of Colima and the municipality of Salamanca, Guanajuato. A method for the determination of aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, lindane and dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane in samples of surface water, using the solid phase microextraction technique and gas chromatography coupled to spectrometry of masses was developed, validated and applied. Samples were obtained from two states of Mexico, in the state of Colima two samplings were carried out, in October 2012 and March 2013, belonging to the dry and wet season in 25 sites in the main bodies of water and runoff in the state. In the municipality of Salamanca, Guanajuato, four samples were taken in a single sampling, in October 2012, on the Lerma River as it passed through the city of Salamanca. The results show that the developed and validated method was accurate, precise, sensitive and inexpensive for the quantification of lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin and endrin, which are of environmental interest due to their toxic characteristics. Likewise, in the samples from the state of Colima, all pesticides were found below the detection limit; however, the presence of triclosan, chlorophenyl pyrrolidine, chlorophenyl methanone, and heptachlor epoxide could be determined. While in the Lerma river samples, the concentration of the pesticides aldrin, lindane, heptachlor and dieldrin was detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the most demanded products in the cosmetic product, market is shampoo. The extraction of oil from Moringa oleifera seeds could be used in the production of shampoo, allowing another opportunity for the Cuban cosmetic industry. The objective of the work is to evaluate the oil extracted from Moringaoleifera seeds of Supergenius and Criolla varieties acclimatized in Cuba, in the production of shampoo. A mechanical extraction of the oil of the two varieties of seeds is carried out and they are characterized by physical-chemical, quantitative analytical methods and by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. With the extracted oils, shampoo preformulations were made that were evaluated by physical, chemical, microbiological and stability tests, selecting the variants that met the established standards of Suchel Camacho and demonstrating that the oil of both varieties can be used in the preparation of shampoo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils are organic compounds during the last century have become important in the pharmaceutical sector because of its antimicrobial properties, being an alternative solution to certain plant diseases. In the present study, we evaluate in vitro the inhibitory activity of essential oils of Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale against Colletotrichum sp. obtained from yam crops (Toluviejo, Sucre, Colombia). Concentrations 3,000; 5,000; 8,000 and 10,000 mg/L of each species of essential oils extractions were applied in vitro on the fungi (microwave assisted hydro-distillation method). In addition, we employed an absolute control, positive control (benomyl 1g/L) and a negative control. The inhibitory activity was performed by seeding the test surface and expressed as percentage of inhibition index. We obtain than the highest percentages of antifungal index were observed at 10000 mg/L, similar to that obtained with the positive control. Of the chemical characterization of essential oils (gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry) the secondary metabolite that occurred more range was the monoterpene 3-Thujeno and citral. The essential oils of C. longa and Z. officinale show inhibitory activity against the growth of Colletotrichum sp., and therefore can be employed to reduce the use of chemical compounds to reduce the anthracnose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Veterinaria is the property of Universidad Nacional del Nordeste and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales is the property of Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The volatile compounds from roasted cocoa bean shell were isolated by headspace-solid phase microextraction and analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization, mass and olfactive detectors. A total of 169 volatile constituents were identified and quantified by their relative concentrations. The determination of the aroma contribution of the volatile compounds was performed by the odor unit values, which represent the concentration/odor detection threshold ratio. This study showed that 29 volatile compounds are important to the roasted cocoa aroma. Of them, limonene, ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoate, benzaldehyde and phenol are informed for the first time as important odor-active compounds of toasted cocoa aroma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Atacameños is the property of Estudios Atacamenos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)