Search

State negotiations constitute the foundation for the development of each nation, relying on the acquisition of resources and services. Public procurement not only has economic and social impacts but also demands that public officials ensure compliance with the law. However, some of these officials have violated the legal principles of public procurement, seeking to obtain benefits, goods, or personal services without legal backing. In studies conducted in Ecuador, this phenomenon has been analyzed in relation to the variability of indeter-minacies that public officials face in interpreting regulations. Therefore, this paper focuses on analyzing and defining the levels of indeterminacy present in the neutrosophic variable that influences the functioning of state negotiations. The use of neutrosophic statistics is suggested for modeling the study to detect indeterminacies of the variable in each dimension. Among the neutrosophic results, the misuse of government policies in state negotiation processes is identified as the sole criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper are studied two soil profiles from the soil map in scale 1:25 000 of the fluvial plain region Carrizal-Chone, in Manabi province, Ecuador. One of profiles is a soil fluvic Feozem by tree vegetation and the other is a fluvic eutric Cambisol by long time cultivated condition. It is studied the changes of the physical soil properties by the anthropogenic conditions, with changes in the soil structure, volume density, and the increasing of the dispersion factor. In this paper is demonstrated the change from a Feozem soil to a Cambisol soil because the long time cultivated action [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the behavior of Ecuadorian private banking during the period 2000-2021, using aggregate information on trends in the banking sector and accounting data for the main banks. Based on a heterodox theoreticalhistorical approach, we highlight the link between the neoliberal structural reforms, the banking crisis, dollarization and the transformations of the banking sector. The results highlight the fact that the operation of the Ecuadorian banking system under formal dollarization not only recreates well-known elements of former financial fragility but also introduces new variables typical of the 21st-century banking universe that are a source of instability and hinder the financing objectives for the socio-economic development of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The content of this paper involves a crucial phenomenon in the analysis of the labor market: the description of adequate female employment in Ecuador. The present paper examines the relationship between the behavior of the female employment rate and the evolution of some of the most critical variables of direct selling firms in Ecuador, such as sales revenue, solvency ratio, liquidity ratio, and assets return. The panel data technique of dynamic mean groups [ardl (1,1,1)] was used to generate empirical evidence. It was found that the liquidity ratio, solvency ratio, and income of direct selling firms show an effect statistically significant on adequate female employment. However, it is considerably small, implying that the productive linkages generated by these firms do not tend to substantially impact the generation of better-quality jobs for women in Ecuador. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is centered in valuing from the pedagogic didactic point of view the importance of the practical professional pre, and how through a systemic didactic work you can contribute to the development of professional abilities. For it, it is indispensable to discern the paper of the theoretical knowledge in the process of teaching learning practice, summing up the interaction centers the theoretical thing and the practical thing. In this analysis the methods configuration relationship were used, the dialectical one as system and concrete historical analysis when studying the practical professional pre in the Ecuadorian reality. Lastly this study ago a characterization of the main deficiencies of the practical professional pre and their incidence in the ways of performance of the professional futures in the universities of Ecuador. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The case of the private media confiscated in Ecuador at the beginning of Rafael Correa's presidency (2007-2017) led to complex economic, legal, and professional circumstances for the media companies and their journalists. This paper aims to share a broad and documented perspective on the origin and development of the issue at hand by combining three methods for its approach: the historical method, analysis of media policies and in-depth interviews. Implementing regulatory procedures to devise structures for adjustment and censorship towards private media promoted a media reshaping that resulted on the stockpiling of important nationwide media companies (TV, radio, and magazines) into the state-owned entities umbrella. These confiscations took place at a sensitive time for the banking system that owned several of these media, which had been affected by a severe economic, social, and political crisis. The legal actions filed by owners of the confiscated media have rendered it impossible to sell the companies. Furthermore, the precarious financial status turned them into undesirable targets for possible buyers. Out of the seventeen privates media companies owned by the government in 2008, only two are still active in 2023. The other fifteen companies went bankrupt or are currently undergoing liquidation. This measure, while advantageous for the political power, represented an economic and journalistic failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the methodological process to create a new Social Balance (BS) model. This was prepared for the Superintendence of the Popular and Solidarity Economy of Ecuador (SEPS). The SEPS is an entity for the supervision and control of the Ecuadorian popular and solidarity economy (EPS). This model was created wtih a fourfold functionality: control, supervision, transparency and good government. Although it is the Law itself that requires the preparation of this type of report and its presentation to the supervisory body (SEPS). Methodologically, for its elaboration, the inductive method is combined with the deductive and the analytical one, beginning the work with an extensive bibliographical revision on the logics of operation of the social economy as a subsystem of the mixed economy, on its principles, as well as on its foundations. All this enabled us to lay the theoretical foundations of the model and subsequently proceed with its development, finally obtaining a new basic Social Balance methodology. Together with the aforementioned methodological development, the article presents the model, its composition, as well as its validation through pilot tests. In addition, although it is not part of this article, for the information report, an information loading application was developed and a first request was made with the aim of raising a baseline of regulatory compliance in terms of social responsibility. by the supervised organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Chone parish of the province of Manabí, in Ecuador, the National Telecommunications Corporation of Ecuador built a fiber optic network for telecommunications services, replacing the existing copper networks, with very low speed and reliability. This paper presents the planning and execution project of this network, in which a qualitative-quantitative methodology was used, based on current telecommunications project methodologies. The problem was diagnosed through unstructured interviews and field studies. Consequently, the improvement in access to the data networks of entities and households in the area has had a significant impact on the activity of small and medium-sized companies, the management of services for the population and access to distance education offered by the different institutions of the province and the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pandemic increased poverty worldwide. However, the mechanisms affecting its determining factors still need to be clarified. This paper studies this problem using a probabilistic model of poverty extended with pandemic incidence variables and applying logistic regression at the household level. For the case of Ecuador, we use the December rounds of the 2019 and 2020 National Survey for Employment, Underemployment and Unemployment (ENEMDU), the administrative record of the Covid-19 epidemiological report, and the administrative history of deaths. The results show that the pandemic’s impact on poverty was through the gender gap and labor market structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study describes and analyzes the state of research on cocoa cultivation in administrative and socioeconomic areas in Latin America during the last five years. The research is descriptive, for which we proceeded to identify the location of the research articles considering the following criteria: filter by publication, filter by keyword and filter by topic. The results allow us to observe that after a filtering of 50 articles, the database was made up of 31 papers. It was known that 74.42% of the publications are published in regional impact databases (Latindex, DOAJ, Scielo and Redalyc) and in a lower order with 22.58% in global impact databases (SCOPUS and WEB_OF_SCIENCE); Likewise, it was determined that the most frequent lines of research are that of productive processes of cocoa cultivation in Latin America in 70.97% and in 29.03% socioeconomic aspects; It was possible to show that Ecuador leads the investigations in this area by 54.84% and to a lesser scale countries such as: Colombia, Mexico, Peru by 22.58%; 12.90%; 9.68% on your order. It is concluded, despite the fact that important research contributions have been made in the production processes of cocoa; It is important to analyze the economic and financial part of this crop in order to provide the small and medium producer of this crop with strategies that help improve their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women's football has been becoming popular in recent years, unfortunately in Latin America, more specifically in Ecuador, it is still a little seen sport and of low interest. This research paper seeks to analyze what role national televised media play in the development, growth and professionalization of this category of the most popular sport in the country, and the interest that Ecuadorian viewers have in consuming national women's soccer. Based on a quantitative and qualitative methodology, this research contains results of a survey conducted with the fans of the Ecuadorian club Liga Deportiva Universitaria, through the team's official mobile app; in addition to an interview with 4 Ecuadorian sports journalists about the current situation of the media with respect to women's football. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The institutional climate is an element that affects the achievement of institutional objectives, this makes of it a topic of interest for its proper management within universities. For this reason, the objective of this research is to determine the influence of the management of the institutional climate on the performance of the teaching staff of Universidad Regional Autónoma de los Andes. In this paper two questionnaires were designed about both the management and institutional climate based on a Likert scale. These questionnaires are applied to students of the Basic Nursing course of Universidad Regional Autónoma de los Andes, their validity were determined with the Alpha of Cronbach with values 0.874 and 0.839 for these instruments. As a result of the research, it is concluded that the management of the institutional climate and the performance of the teaching staff are mostly perceived as good, as well as their respective dimensions; and the correlation between them, which was calculated by the Spearman's Rho coefficente, was strong positive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education is an essential pillar for the economic growth and the development of the countries. The sanitary and economic crisis has had devastating effects in the entire world in the well-being of the children. The commitment of all the actors is required to be able to fully guarantee the rights of the children, to mitigate the collateral effects in them, especially of the most vulnerable ones, besides to prioritize and to solve the problems of connectivity, the lack of technological tools, the school desertion, which are the inconveniences that persist in this new school period 2020-2021 and that have left a debit and a decreasing in the quality in the education, that has being accentuated in the poor sectors and in the rural areas. This paper aims to determine the factors that influence negatively in education that needs of the use of technologies in this pandemic context in the Ecuadorian educational system. For this, we summoned a group of nine experts and their opinions were processed by means of the Delphi method. The gathered knowledge was represented by means of conceptual maps for its popularization among the education workers around all the country. There were problems like lack of equity, intrafamiliar violence, among others that affect the efficacy in education for children and teenagers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ecuador it is common to observe how politicians every certain time communicate with all the citizens throughout huge advertising campaigns in order to achieve a public sector position; this paper analyzes the meaning of the right to receive truthful information, using the induction method from the legal political advertising phenomenon to obtain general premises so that the voter receives quality information and don't be fooled by the candidate. The right to receive information is the porpoise of the first chapter, then continue with the political information in Ecuador, subsequently the veracity information is analyzed, culminating with the diagnostic of some campaign proposals never fulfilled. This paper concludes that the political information that deceives the citizen is publicized due to lack of state regulation, which causes an infringement of the citizens' rights to receive truthfully and verified information in the political campaign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a phenomenological and hermeneutic approach, the main goal of this paper is to analyze the productive effects since the arrival of the creative class to the pericentral neighborhood of La Floresta (Quito), a social group consolidated in the area during the Revolución Ciudadana administration (2007-2015). In the first part, a bibliographic review is carried out regarding the gentrification produced by artists, students, or the new middle class in general; and the peculiarities are presented of the constitution of the middle-class in Ecuador. In the second part, the results of the research are exposed, based on the analysis of census indicators, stakeholder interviews and a direct observation of land uses and its practices. It is concluded that the intensification of economic and social flows in the neighborhood supposes the constitution of La Floresta as a cultural centrality. A revaluation process that ends up triggering the displacement of the "social preservationists" and the consolidation of a "new creative class". From a multiscale approach, it warns about a possible revaluation process in the areas surrounding the cultural centrality, a cascade effect that could generate new gentrification effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how effective education institutions improve educational achievement, regardless of students' socioeconomic backgrounds. The paper utilizes a multilevel model using data from the Third Regional Comparative and Explanatory Study (TERCE) for Ecuadorian students in reading and mathematics. Findings show that between 31 and 52% of the variation in test results is due to differences between schools, thus underlining the importance of the compensatory effect of schools in promoting equality of opportunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the medium-term impact of influencers; prescribing figure who has gained notoriety thanks to social networks and where the minor has, on many occasions, a leading role: either for being content creator or for being the target audience for the messages. To understand the two profiles, on the hand, the communication strategies of the main youtubers are analyzed and, on the other, the perception of those who have been exposed to these for years are collected in three countries: Spain, Portugal and Ecuador. The data shows that young people have developed a self-imposed dependence on social networks, demanding content that, primarily, entertains them. On the other hand, Youtubers, despite their young age, strive to stablish their own transmedia narrative and appeal to fun to empathize with the audience and make their channels profitable. The young people analyzed do not feel influenced by these figures although they admit to following them and being aware of their news. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo presenta noticias que tratan de la economía latinoamericana. Se informa sobre una comisión colombo-ecuatoriana que estudia las posibilidades de integración de las zonas fronterizas de ambos países. Se anuncia que Chile es uno de los grandes exportadores de papel. Se habla de un remanente de 300.000 toneladas de trigo que tiene Uruguay para exportación.

In Latin America, political parties are a fundamental barrier to achieving more equal representation. This paper focuses on Ecuador, which has become a regional pioneer in the legal aspects of political equality, but whose parties nevertheless show notable resistance to implementing these regulations. The main objective is to identify the extent to which Ecuador's political parties and movements promote or impede women's participation and political representation. To this end, the work forms part of an empirical-descriptive approach that seeks to construct an index for comparing the modalities and strategies political parties implement to promote equality between men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For Ecuador, transforming its Productive Matrix from an exporting primary model to a diversified economy represents a challenge to achieve economic development in equilibrium with the environment and society, fundamental pillars of sustainable development and the 17 objectives of United Nations Agenda 2030. The objective of this paper is assess the sustainability of Ecuador's current Productive Matrix. The use of Input Output Model and Goals Programming philosophy as sectorial management tools and multi-criteria analysis, respectively, made it possible to interpret the national Input Output Matrix for 2017 and assess the sustainability of the 72 sectors that make up the Production Matrix; select the productive linkages with the highest and lowest levels of sustainability; and propose public policies that contribute to achieving the country's sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, public policy regarding financing of Ecuadorian public universities is analyzed, with emphasis on universities in zone 7. The research is descriptive and documentary. It is concluded that free higher education negatively affects the finances of public universities in Ecuador, due to the economic limitations of the State when meeting the budgetary demands of the universities. In this regard, the proposal is presented to develop self-management initiatives that lead public universities to generate their own resources within the framework of what is established in the laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the paper is to reflect on Environmental Education in Ecuador, whose Constitution of 2008 recognized the Rights of Nature. This work presents the follow-up to the educational practices implemented through the 'TiNi's Methodology,' where students learn from the natural environment in a theoretical-practical way. As a result, the socioenvironmental discourse conceptually based on sustainable development is questioned and an eco-pedagogical alternative focused on the Andean worldview of Sumak Kawsay is proposed, which seeks to restore nature through regenerative development. To conclude, an inter-epistemological dialogue between ancestral wisdom and scientific knowledge is promoted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social reinsertion of ex inmates is a complex process, of which the whole society is part. Many actors intervene in this process; among them we can enumerate the legal workers, the employers and the citizens. In this paper, an assessment is carried out about the social insertion of ex inmates in the Canton Santo Domingo, Ecuador. For this end, we decided to use 2-tuples neutrosophic numbers sets, which consist in an evaluation based on a linguistic scale as a kind of Computing with Words. This approach is the most adequate, because it permits to evaluate and to output results in form of linguistic terms, which is a natural and easy way to understand ideas by both decision makers and users. Neutrosophic sets allow us to include the indeterminacy that is consequence of the lack of information, or due to contradictory and inconsistent information, which usually can be found in the problems of every-day life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ecuador the commercial credit acts as a financing source between the small companies, however, exists evidence about the low access and uses of this type of credit by firms belonged to manufacturing sector, furthermore it causes a positive effect on the production of them. In this paper, a review of secondary data from official sources was developed in which series of evolution data about the relationship between production, measured by sales, and accounts payable to suppliers and financial institutions were analyzed. (2007-2017) of the small Ecuadorian manufacturing companies, it was observed that there is a direct-positive relationship between income and the use of credit from suppliers. Through an econometric modeling that postulates an extension to the Cobb-Douglas production function of a modified nature, the variable "S" supplier credit was considered as an additional argument. Through in-depth interviews with managers of small companies, the factors that determine the use of credit from suppliers as an alternative to financing were explored. In this way, commercial credit could be characterized according to the ease of obtaining, origins, loyalty, payment mechanism, that they are aspects that influence in the decision of the volume of the credit and the term to agree for such operation; Likewise, it was possible to demonstrate the limitations that entrepreneurs have for access to bank credit, such as guarantees, high interest rates and non-competitive conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Conscious Tourism" is an Ecuadorian proposal that originates in June 2011 in the framework of the Ibero-American Conference of Ministers of Tourism, where first introduced this initiative; followed by the Second International Congress on Ethics and Tourism of the World Tourism Organization, in September 2012, which is released by Ecuador definition, which fits perfectly with the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism of the WTO. "A life transforming experience that generates personal growth that makes us better human beings. This new concept is based on the principles of sustainability and ethics and promotes the volcanoes of peace, friendship, respect and love of life as the essence of tourism practice. "Conscious Tourism" includes tourism socially responsible, the sustainable, environment and ethical. In this paper we use data and methodological triangulation to establish the scope of this new initiative, the identification of the factors and variables that constitute it, from the point of view of tourism experts. The main results allow us to conceptualize "Conscious Tourism" as a philosophy, which is an evolution of sustainable tourism, oriented to interest groups such as human beings, local host communities, companies and public institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present the application of a methodology that seeks facilitating the teaching about the selection of international markets, focused on firm internationalization. The existing literature that validates this type of approach for decision-making is analyzed, identifying the general factors that have influence on the selection of new export markets. Then a new economic factor is proposed with a series of sub-factors to be analyzed, such as country risk, consumer price index, GDP per capita and the unemployment rate. The analytic hierarchy process technique was developed in order to rank the judgments made by ten chemical companies for each of the previously established dimensions. The results suggest that factors such as costs, logistics, trade barriers, economics, and environment and culture are taken into account, in this order of importance, for the exportation of chemical products from Colombia; while the most attractive markets for this case are the United States, Honduras and Ecuador. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2016 Ecuador earthquake occurred on April 16 with a moment magnitude of 7.8, affecting mostly the provinces of Manabí and Esmeraldas, and causing loss of life and serious damages to infrastructure and manufacturing industries. This paper is aimed at studying, by adopting a quantitative approach, the impact of tax benefits on the economic reactivation of Manabí after the said earthquake. The study is focused on the macroeconomic variables private investment, production, sales, and employment rates, whose values were compared before and after the earthquake, namely between 2014 und 2017. The results show that more local economic policies need to be adopted in order to improve the current conditions, so short- and medium-term analyses and forecasts could be performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019, the Constitutional Court issued two sentences that, in a nutshell, legally make equal marriage in Ecuador or of same-sex persons legally viable. These sentences were sent to the Court through the procedure of consultation of norm, in accordance with article 428 of the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador in order that the maximum constitutional justice court of the country exercise the concrete control of constitutionality, with regarding legal provisions that concern civil marriage and Advisory Opinion 24 of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights of November 24, 2017, requested by the Republic of Costa Rica regarding gender identity, and equality and non-discrimination Same-sex couples. The objective of this paper is to criticize the argumentative construction of the Court in these opinions, by demonstrating that said body arrived at inconsistent conclusions based on incorrect premises. For this purpose, the methodology used is hypothetical-deductive, in the light of the argumentative criticism that has been mentioned. The work is composed of the following lines of analysis: First, the denaturation of the concrete control of constitutionality. Second, the interpretation made to the applicable normative statements. Third, about the legal value of the advisory opinions of the Inter-American Court. Finally, some conclusions that will pay for the academic debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to assess the current situation of forest seed production and conservation in Ecuador, through the analysis of documents. It is noted that there are two strategies for the conservation and/or production of seeds in the country. In situ conservation shows results from the selection of seed sources from different actors: the EcoPAr foundation selected 20 in Andean forests in the Sierra, the Municipality of Quito identified 28, while Solidaridad Internacional installed 33 in Orellana, among others. Ex situ conservation developed alternatives such as: cryopreservation, long term, medium term, in vitro and field. The National Germplasm Bank of The National Autonomous Institute of Agro-Livestock Research has 72 species with 85 accessions, the Bank of the Private Technological University de Loja has 500 species in more than 800 accessions and there are also seven botanical gardens. The efforts made and the different experiences obtained are isolated. There are limitations of constructive and technological infrastructure, human resources, as well as deficiencies in the inter-institutional coordination of inventories and management plans of the forests that have seed sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sets out a thorough revision of the complexities of the political economy in Ecuador. In working towards establishing a Social State, the country had to confront the many contradictions present in Andean society as well as the pressing demands of the global market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ecuadorian university system has undergone significant organizational transformations in recent years. Given this situation, the main objective of this study is to describe the most relevant legislative changes affecting university administration in Ecuador following the 2008 constitutional reform. To this end, this study reviewed papers by Ecuadorian authors and analyzed the most significant regulatory frameworks that have governed the way higher education institutions operate. The paper points out the lack of scientific and specialized bibliography in the most commonly used databases by academics, and makes reference to the need to generate and strengthen research on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to identify the appreciation of women against the use of pro-feminist strategies in the advertising industry with a new advertising communication strategy: femvertising. Its main objective is to eliminate the pejorative or materialistic stereotypes of women, which for decades have been replicated and legitimized in advertising, this from a positive message that empowers women, inviting them to explore new roles and raise their self-esteem. The research takes as an example Ecuador and its capital, which are characterized by presenting high statistics of gender violence and sexism, information and data were obtained through a focus group, in which the stimuli generated by three advertising spots aligned were analyzed. to the trend of femvertising: "This is Us" by Nike, "Legacy" by Dove and "We change Bullying by Loving" from Nosotras Ecuador. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty can be reduced in two ways: via income generation or via increased access to public goods and services. The aim of this paper is to propose a methodology for quantifying the percentage of the population that live in double inclusion, namely, in productive and social inclusion in Ecuador during the 2009-2017 study period. The results obtained indicate an asymmetry between social and productive progress. The advances made in education, housing, and basic services stand in contrast to the challenge to secure dignified employment, a situation made worse in rural areas. In 2017, the national level of double inclusion was recorded at 35.3%, non-productive social inclusion at 31.8%, non-social productive inclusion at 6.8%, and exclusion at 26%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to diagnose the present situation of teaching training and improvement of professors at Veterinary Medicine Career of the Technical University in Manabi (UTM), by means of a descriptive study where three sources are used: interviews to managers, surveys to professors and the combined application of focus group techniques and the analysis of the forces field. Results achieved showed regularities which stress the significance of approaching teaching training and improvement of professors through a holistic view allowing its contextualization on thebasis of the education needs and the learning demands. This is a starting point for backing the design of a functional theoretical model as a scientifically supported alternative which can help to change this situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this paper were to classify cattle farms by Multivariate statistics, and to characterize the groups of cattle farms of two parishes in Chunchi canton, Chimborazo province, Ecuador, for rural extension work. The factors achieved in the reduction of dimensions (8) were used to make hierarchical clustering analysis based on the Ward's method, with an Euclidean distance cut of 15. Four groups were made and named after the appearance frequency. The groups were characterized by means of central tendency and frequency distribution. Group 4 was superior in terms of surface area, but all the farms studied may be regarded as small, according to the classification of the National Institute of Statistics and Census (INEC). Number of trees was lower in group 2, suggesting interest in intensification based on space. Group 4 had more cows, thus recurring to concentrated feeds more often. Group 1 reported the need for more training. It was concluded that groups 1 and 3 required greater support from the rural extension system; group 4 showed traits of numerical superiority of the variables. Accordingly, an efficiency study of the groups identified is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the dynamics of identity construction and representation forms of the gamer culture. It deepens in the relevant social groups, in real-virtual spaces and in the entertainment industries as well as other elements integrating this cyberculture. The article analyzes the set of actors, human and non-human, that shapes the Ecuadorian gamer environment and, in turn, structures their identity and the ways of representing. This paper considers that the identity and representation of Ecuadorian gamers is built by a tension of codes resulting of the social and virtual environments -- both multidimensional and complex -- that is necessary to unravel and understand in its density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about how the office of the Bishop was managed and the Diocese of Montevideo created (1878) during the administration of coronel Lorenzo Latorre, considering how the government, the Church in Uruguay, and the Holy See in Rome contributed to its success. It analyzes the difficulties of installing the Ecclesiastical Council and the Conciliar Seminary, as disposed by the Papal Bull at the beginning of the 19th century. The paper shows how the sustained right of Patronage of the State conditioned the institutional development of the Montevideo Diocese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher Education Institutions in Ecuador are absorbed in the transforming processes of their historical activity: the academic one, as it should be extended and changed according to the requirements of the present century. The aim of this paper is to offer an instrument for training, assessment, self-assessment, open, assertive and self-criticism communication about the work and professionalization of professors, which favors a work style based on the interchange of experiences. Class should be a pedagogical workshop for the student and a way of professional improvement for professor, so that it promotes good educative practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of Higher Education in developing scientific research at Ecuadorean Universities is presented in this paper, before and after the implementation of the education model established since 2008, which perceives these institutions as agents that generate social, cultural and environmental change with a vision of complex and integrating thought. It was found, through an exploratory and descriptive investigation, that the academic system in Ecuador over years had a teaching approach, different to the one used today. The successes achieved are presented mainly in scientific production at universities and in their staff's academic level. The need to implement strategies for eliminating the existing weaknesses in order to achieve international recognition is also stressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the economic determinants of fecundity. In the analytical part, authors have analyzed the vast economic literature devoted to the study of fecundity, from which several testable hypotheses that relates it to household income, education level of the mother and her occupation have been derived. The article provides empirical evidence from 46,716 Ecuadorian women between 12 and 49 in 2006 and 2014. In particular, it was found, through count data models, that years of mother education and household income have a negative effect on fecundity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the economic determinants of fecundity. In the analytical part, authors have analyzed the vast economic literature devoted to the study of fecundity, from which several testable hypotheses that relates it to household income, education level of the mother and her occupation have been derived. The article provides empirical evidence from 46,716 Ecuadorian women between 12 and 49 in 2006 and 2014. In particular, it was found, through count data models, that years of mother education and household income have a negative effect on fecundity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the accreditation of Institutions of Higher Education of Ecuador, this paper aims to develop an integrated management procedure enabling those involved deal with this process from the general requirements set out in Resolution No.-130- -CEAACES-SE-17-201-format-IES-Self-Assessment Self-Assessment or Career Programs for Universities and Polytechnics of Ecuador, based on a management system and quality assurance focus its efforts on meeting the criteria: relevance, curriculum, academia, institutional environment and students by providing relevant training to managers and teachers on standards for accreditation, selection of personnel responsible for the process and collection of evidence, methods, internal audit program and procedures documented, to ensure the quality of their results, which added a single block provides a methodological tool to address this process and elements that provide the approach of the actions that constitute a basis for accreditation, further such practices are complemented by safety and health work and to ensure commitment to the environment friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional festival known as "La Fiesta de la Mama Negra" reflects Latacunga society's cultural identity, and has become part of extension services provided by the Cotopaxi Technical University regarding promotion of artistic culture. In this work, the importance of conducting sociocultural studies is stressed first. Then, symbolic values of the festival are examined, and educational and cultural institutions' role in promoting this festival as a genuine expression of cultural heritage is underlined. This paper is aimed at examining main sociocultural aspects of the development of La Mama Negra as a festive expression in the parish of La Matriz in Latacumba city, and contributions made by the Cotopaxi Technical University by means of extension services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper analyzes the debates which were held during the 1944 National Constituent Assembly, which was known to be the most progressive one Ecuador had during the 20th century. Such Assembly was also the first one to recognize Quechua language, though it did not acknowledge the right to vote to illiterates. This recognition would have meant an advance in the indigenous peoples´ pursue for their rights and the possibility for them to be politically positioned. This period was also characterized by Velasco Ibarra's strong presence, which had an influence on the derogation of the 1945 Constitution. The aim of this paper is to identify which were the factors that influenced the denial to universal suffrage. Finally this work also analyzes Velasco´s speech about the mestizo within the context of Ecuador joining United Nations. This will allow us to understand his vision on national culture and the reasons which led him to derogate linguistic diversity rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the professionalization of journalistic practice is being promoted from government areas of the Republic of Ecuador through the Communication Law. The goal of this paper is to identify the influence of academic education of the Ecuadorian journalists, when conceiving the performance of journalistic practice. To do this, forty interviews were conducted, semi-structured, to Ecuadorians active journalists on the four types of media (newspapers, television, radio and internet). The results shows that journalists detect a rupture between what they learned in university classrooms versus the professional practice. Ecuadorian professionals relate this break with academic programs too theoretical as other overly technical or general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The middle income trap (mit) alludes to the challenges that middle income countries face in converging with developed nations, due to their inability to complete the productive transition from low value-added sectors (commodities and natural resourceand labor-intensive manufactured goods) to high value-added sectors (technologyintensive manufactured goods). The objective of this paper is to evaluate the causes behind the mit in which Ecuador has been entrenched for the past 60 years and the country's prospects for emerging from this trap, analyzing official development strategies and the conditions that the emerging literature about the mit (which connects with the theory of the developmentalist State and its problematic exportation to the Latin America region) has found are needed for countries that export just a few commodities to make strides forward in development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the health conditions in Ecuador and, in more detail, the characteristics of the Ecuadorian health system, including its structure and coverage, its financial sources, the physical, material and human resources available, and the stewardship activities developed by the Ministry of Public Health. It also describes the structure and content of its health information system, and the participation of citizens in the operation and evaluation of the health system. The paper ends with a discussion of the most recent policy innovations implemented in the Ecuadorian system, including the incorporation of a chapter on health into the new Constitution which recognizes the protection of health as a human right, and the construction of the Comprehensive Public Health Network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collective housing projects influence the urban fabric through a multi-scale system of spaces that softens the boundaries between public life -the street- and private life -the house. Large cities in developing countries are subject to constant political transformations and exponential population growth. This paper analyses collective housing projects in Guayaquil, a colonial port and the largest city in Ecuador. These projects were built during a specific period when numerous state-funded housing programs were undertaken according to an idea of urban development different from the current model. This research analyzes the transformations in the collective spaces of these social housing projects as a response to social segregation and spatial fragmentation dynamics caused by an increased loss of sense of community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents part of the conceptual framework of a research focused on evaluating the thermal indoor environment in social housing located in Portoviejo, Manabí, Ecuador, in order to improve habitability and contribution to urban resilience. The present step is related to a theoretical research in order to discuss the evolution of concepts and trends referred to urban sustainability and its relation to social production of habitat, housing quality and particularly, thermal indoor environment. From global processes and approaches, principles are derived, conducting to variables to be taken as study objects in future steps of the research. Previous research focused on evaluating and improving thermal indoor environment in popular and social housing are commented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]