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Copyright of Realidad Economica is the property of Realidad Economica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En América Latina existen "islas de modernidad" asociadas a un nuevo paradigma biológico y digital en la explotación de recursos naturales, la producción de servicios y la industria manufacturera, que coexisten con vastos segmentos de la población sumidos en la precariedad, la pobreza, el estancamiento y la exclusión social. Esta dualidad estructural refleja una creciente brecha entre un segmento moderno de la sociedad que imita patrones de comportamiento de los países desarrollados, y otro que ha quedado atrás y en el que predominan la informalidad laboral, las carencias materiales básicas y una creciente inseguridad ciudadana. La falta de una teoría del desarrollo adecuada, que examine la fragilidad institucional y regulatoria, la captura de los recursos del Estado por grandes grupos corporativos y la falta de políticas a largo plazo reflejan esta brecha interna. A su vez, se profundiza la brecha externa con los países del sudeste asiático. En este artículo se plantea la necesidad de un nuevo pacto social para lograr el crecimiento y mejorar la distribución de los ingresos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context/Objective: This article examines the role that an emerging sector of private commercial aviation firms played in the agricultural industry by providing aerial fumigation and cargo services in Chile from the post-WWII to 1973. Methodology: From a perspective centered on the formation and operation of individual firms, and using documentation from the Junta de Aeronáutica Civil (jac), newspapers, and technical bulletins, we analyze the expansion and then the contraction of this sector of private aviation firms and the results and problems of their operation in an initially lucrative and scarcely regulated market. Originality: Unlike most of the literature on the history of commercial aviation in Latin America, which focuses on the study of passenger airlines, this article examines commercial aviation's role in economic development, specifically in the agricultural sector and its contribution to agricultural modernization. Conclusions: Despite initial legal and operational problems, like scarcity of capital and equipment, the companies proliferated rapidly, developed a fumigation capacity well over the demand level, and diversified their cargo activity both in the national territory and towards other countries. Thus, in a period in which agriculture's lower growth and subordination to the industrialization-promoting state policy made it difficult to invest in technological innovations, private aviation firms made a significant contribution to agricultural modernization in Chile. They were the agents that carried out the rapid introduction and diffusion of one of the most important technological innovations worldwide: large-scale aerial fumigation of the principal commercial crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciencia y Poder Aéreo is the property of Escuela de Postgrados de la Fuerza Aerea Colombiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ensayos de Economia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El objetivo de este trabajo es establecer conexiones entre el enfoque de Fernando Fajnzylber y algunos elementos del enfoque neoschumpeteriano sistémico de la innovación, como forma de señalar que muchas de las nociones fundamentales para el desarrollo de ambos enfoques se abordan en debates en diferentes contextos desde hace mucho tiempo. Los resultados del análisis revelaron seis aspectos similares: los factores históricos determinantes del desarrollo tecnológico, la proximidad entre los elementos que sostienen el progreso técnico a largo plazo, la relación entre el desarrollo tecnológico y las “esferas no económicas”, la relación entre el desarrollo tecnológico y las características idiosincrásicas de cada contexto sociopolítico, el carácter proactivo de la acción estatal y los aspectos sectoriales del progreso técnico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text reviews some of the most important issues and conceptual innovations that the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (eclac) has developed in recent years, which were delved into in issue 353 of El Trimestre Economico, through the articles included. Based on such issues and the perspectives through which they have been addressed, an analysis of the state of the economy and economic policy in Latin America today is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este trabajo se abordan de modo estilizado los senderos productivos y el desempeño socioeconómico de un conjunto de países durante las últimas décadas, con el fin de analizar el caso argentino mediante un enfoque comparativo. Para ello, se seleccionaron nueve países (Argentina, Australia, Brasil, Chile, China, India, México, Noruega y República de Corea) y se realizó un análisis a largo plazo por medio de la elaboración de indicadores que sintetizan los senderos productivos y el desempeño de estas economías. Se concluye que, durante este período, destacan dos grandes tipos de senderos productivos. Por un lado, uno basado en ventajas dinámicas focalizadas en bienes de alto contenido tecnológico, que da como resultado un desempeño favorable. Por otro lado, un sendero productivo basado en ventajas estáticas, como mano de obra barata o abundancia de recursos naturales, que conduce a desempeño disímiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic growth is driven by three main factors: technological innovation, discovery of new resources, and population growth, at least this is what had been observed in practice during the 19th century, which was refuted by the economic effects of the world wars and the Great Depression. Alvin H. Hansen studies this context and argues that there is a secular stagnation caused by the closing of economic borders, the slowness of technical progress and the decrease in population. He argues that said decline reduces investments, resources are underutilized and there is high unemployment. He analyzes some solution proposals, while highlighting the importance of the role of economists to act in this situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Realidad Economica is the property of Realidad Economica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Against the backdrop of global economic growth, the widening of technology gaps, and the adverse evolution of prices for industrialization, Argentina is one of the countries in Latin America that has seen the (partial and temporary) return of public policy to the economic policy agenda. This paper poses the hypothesis that in spite of the revival of industrial policy actions and instruments to promote technological capabilities and foster a framework of incentives favorable to industrialization, a new industrial policy has failed to emerge in light of weak coordination and the absence of a senior body in the hierarchy to implement it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article begins with the author's personal reflection on the existent tendency in connection with the handling of the concept of industrialization of the construction. In this reflection arguments are exposed that offer clarity as for the appropriate form of how this concept it should be focused. Later on it is approached the main reasons that they originated the appearance of the technique of construction prefabricated employee in a massive way basically in countries of the European continent and some of the consequences of the handling of this. Lastly it is approached the main tendencies of the technical constructive development and the influence, in different environments, of the inclusion of tip technologies or advanced in the same one, supporting with examples upgraded in developed countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En años recientes se ha verificado un proceso de reestructuración industrial en las Zonas Metropolitanas del Valle de México (ZMVM) y de Toluca (ZMT). A pesar de la liberalización comercial, la ausencia de políticas industriales y los procesos competitivos derivados de la globalización, la actividad manufacturera ahí localizada ha mantenido su relevancia económica. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar y describir cuáles han sido las alteraciones en la estructura industrial de ambas regiones, durante el periodo 1993-2008, con respecto al perfil de especialización productiva y el grado de intensidad tecnológica. Los resultados muestran que se han consolidado segmentos industriales de baja intensidad tecnológica y la especialización productiva se ha orientado hacia los sectores de alimentos, la química y el equipo de transporte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre el estado de los modelos de negocio a principios del siglo 21. El autor comenta sobre la evolución del desarrollo industrial impulsada por innovaciones tecnológicas. También se consideran las tendencias en la cadena de valor en el entorno empresarial.

In the work, the experience and projection of scientific work of consultancy carried out to two sugar companies for potential their possibilities of diversification of agroindustry of sugar cane is exposed in a strait. The link university-company and using as catalytic element the execution of overcoming activities in the own companies and the incorporation of professionals from the agroindustry to the search and formulation of alternative of solution of main problems of diversified development of the industries. Leaving of an appropriate work of diagnostic of demands of the market, readiness of facilities and technological surveillance of new possibilities is presented more than 50 projects in execution that include the reanimation and modernization, revamp of existent facilities as well as the insert of frontier technologies to achieve the proposed objectives. The collaboration in the formation of human resources with the companies of industry of sugar cane allows to go into in the specific problem of respective development and with to contribute to the solution of problems in an interactive activity of the improvement advisers with the own professionals of the companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

considerando el diseño como una actividad proyectual para las solu-ciones originales de los productos, a partir de un análisis de los elementos re-lacionados con su función, el uso de los materiales, las diversas tecnologías, su productividad, los aspectos ambientales y de sostenibilidad, y mediante la con-versión de valores a través de atributos mesurables en forma de innovaciones, el presente artículo presenta un análisis sobre los elementos técnico-conceptua-les del diseño para la transformación y el uso de la fibra tucuma-i (Astrocaryum acaule), en el desarrollo de productos semi-industriales, conforme a la opinión de algunos especialistas en las áreas re-lacionadas con el tema. Los resultados resaltan la importancia de los aspectos formales, funcionales y ergonómicos (mostrándose prioritarios estos últimos) en la planificación de las acciones de nuevos recursos naturales en el mercado, y destacan la innovación y el diferencial ofrecido por ellos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we show the balance of knowledge deficit in Peru compared to the surplus of its trade balance and the necessity to transform the structure and technological coefficients of exports to close this knowledge gap. We analyze major economic policies that could help in closing the gap, especially industrial and technological innovation policies, rethinking intellectual property rights and impelling the forces that propagate the economic system as a whole. "Openness" and the "good management of macroeconomic fundamentals" are necessary but not sufficient conditions to transform the economy, which for better performance need the strategic "will and wit" of adding value and a better balance between external and national interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Fermentum: Revista Venezolana de Sociologia y Antropologia is the property of Universidad de Los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The organizations have had major changes in recent years due to industrialization processes, technology evolution and the consequences of globalization. This situation leads to an increased competition and development of dynamics involving radical and extreme restructuring work processes that can be a cause for adverse events in employee's health. This article explores the role played of efficacy beliefs between the employees' perception of facilitators and levels of engagement within organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the implications of industrial upgrading for labor conditions in three electronics maquiladora plants in Tijuana. The evidence shows that, thanks to the momentum of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the growth of in-house capabilities, and the support from their respective parent companies, the three factories upgraded both in terms of products and functions. For their part, skilled employees (engineers and managers) experienced a revalorization, the result of knowledge acquired over long careers in these companies. Consequently, industrial upgrading in the three plants that we analyzed is associated with labor improvements due to the high levels of job stability, which make it possible to implement in-house career plans, high levels of training, and tabor certifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo presenta un editorial en el que el autor comenta sobre el campo de la ingeniería. Discurre sobre el impacto de las innovaciones tecnológicas en la ingeniería y examina la relación entre las actividades ingenierías y la sociedad. También se considera el concepto de la cuarta revolución industrial.

Este artículo analiza y compara los factores que condicionan la innovación en Argentina y Brasil, países que basan sus estrategias de industrialización en la sustitución de importaciones. Las regresiones probit en las que se utilizan variables instrumentales para controlar problemas de endogeneidad de las exportaciones, revelan que en ambos países los conocimientos externos a la empresa contribuyen a promover la innovación, que la capacidad interna de investigación y desarrollo es relativamente débil y que la inserción comercial externa tiene un efecto positivo sobre la tendencia a innovar, aunque más en Brasil que en Argentina. En general, los resultados de este estudio sugieren que en los últimos años ha habido un modesto avance en el patrón de innovación de las empresas argentinas y brasileñas con respecto al período de sustitución de importaciones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When Teodoro Moscoso nicknamed the first factories built by the state in the 1940s as "little Pittsburgh", the director of the Development Company not only expressed the enthusiasm of many about the potential of industrialization, but also portrayed the initiative of his agency as a formidable undertaking. The island's state factories were the axis of a discourse characterized by optimistic visions about the abundance that industrial development could provide. Although the "little Pittsburgh" of the Development Company was a response to the economic maladies of the island, the discourse of development introduced unforseen challenges when it configured a new identity for Puerto Ricans as beneficiaries of manufacture. While many aspects that seemed to contradict industrialization came under question, such as the case of shanty towns, many other aspects that promised to create a modern Puerto Rico gained acceptance, such as the possibility of imitating North American technology and production. Although the state factories proved to be fleeting, they generated support in favor of industrialization as well as divergent perspectives about their implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre la interrelación entre la sociedad, la ciencia y la tecnología desde los años 1930 hasta principios del siglo 21. La autora comenta sobre el proceso de industrialización para los países subdesarrollados de América Latina durante este periodo. También se consideran las prácticas comerciales de la región, especialmente las importaciones.

The paper identifies advances in science, technology and innovation (STI) in Colombia between 1990 and 2005, and then explores: (i) the successes and failures of policies designed to stimulate advances, and (ii) the challenges facing the country when converting knowledge and, especially, innovation into primary sources of development and competition. The paper reviews neoclassical and evolutional contributions in terms of their relationship with technological change, growth and development, and looks at the literature on recent experiences of successful industrialization and national innovation systems. It then moves on to the implications for STI policy, using official information, domestic and international publications and a number of the authors' investigations to evaluate some of the efforts and results indicators related to innovation, production capacity, and scientific divulgation and articulation between actors in the scientific, technological and productive fields. The results show notable advances in science, but precarious results for technology and the links between actors in these fields. The paper then examines the political challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Según expertos la combinación entre crisis económica y cambio tecnológico tiene unas consecuencias comparables e incluso mayores a las que en su día produjo la Revolución Industrial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre la relación entre la innovación y la industria. El autor comenta sobre la historia del mercado laboral desde la Revolución Industrial y analiza los cambios microeconómicos a la organización financiera. También se considera la influencia de los avances tecnológicos en los costos de producción.

El artículo discurre sobre el impacto de la industrialización y el desarrollo económico en varios sectores laborales. El autor comenta sobre la historia de este impacto desde el siglo 19, con un enfoque particular en el sector industrial. También se considera la influencia de varios aspectos demográficos en los puestos de trabajo.