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The cyanobacteria Nostoc commune contains bioactive compounds with antimicrobial activity and high potential to control of phytopathogens. The objective of this work was to determine the in vitro effect of sonicated biomass of these cyanobacteria on the growth of Fusarium oxysporum. The biomass of N.commune was dissolved in sterile distilled water and subjected to centrifugation processes and ultrasound-assisted cell rupture. The antifungal effect was evaluated using the disk diffusion technique (Kirby-Bauer) in a PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) medium. In the center of the Petri dish, an agar disk (0.7 cm) with pure mycelium of the fungus was placed in the center of the Petri dish and, around it, four filter paper disk impregnateed with the algae extract (0.7 cm) were placed. The radial growth of the pathogen was measured in the presence and absence of N. commune, until the control covered the entire Petri dish to assess the Percentage of Radial Inhibition of the pathogen (PICR %). The growth rate of the fungus was lower in the initial stages of measurement and the PICR fluctuated between 33 and 58%. However, there were no inhibition halos in the growth of the fungus, it is assumed that the antifungal effect of the cyanobacteria was not permanent over the time, but it could be potentiated by improving the extraction process of the extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates economically build a new cogeneration plant with clean energy from forest biomass company Norske Skog Bio Bio (NSBB). This is to show that this plant-based forest biomass for electricity generation is a viable option in Chile from the economic and environmental perspective. For this evaluation, we propose an approach that uses “real options theory" based on the application of log-transformed binomial method with six steps. Also, comparing the results obtained with this approach, the results using traditional methods. It is found that for all cases studied, the value yielded by the real options method was higher than estimated by traditional methods. It is concluded that this alternative profitable investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper it has been presented the results about the study with high pressure steam schemes for the energy integration of a sugar mill with a pulp paper factory. The hypothesis for the integration is that it is possible to produce heat and electricity for both factories with the biomass of the sugar cane. This study includes the diversification of the production whit an ethanol factory for the pulp. The by bibliography, energy, material and cost balances are the main subjects for the best alternative of integration with high pressure schemes. The scheme with 61 ata and 440 °C was the best technically but not in the economic sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of CULCyT: Cultura Científica y Tecnológica is the property of Cultura Cientifica y Tecnologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista EIA is the property of Escuela de Ingenieria de Antioquia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Catalana de Dret Ambiental is the property of Universitat Rovira I Virgili and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In pavement engineering, non-petroleum based materials are strongly sought as substitutes/improvers for asphalt. Bioasphalt production with biomass is the most common technique with economic, social and environmental benefits. This paper aims to conduct a literature review of asphalt upgrading with biomass in biochar or bio-oil by-products. A review of 80 scientific articles was carried out, which studied the conventional and rheological properties of asphalt with optimal percentages of biomodifiers addition, considering them as new technologies in road constructions. The results show that the dose and type of the biomaterial has a great influence as a modifier, since the performance of biomass-based bioasphalt guarantees positive reactions with a minimum addition of 1% palm oil up to 100% wood ash as a maximum. In conclusion, the higher the dose of biomodifier at high temperatures, the greater the improvement in viscosity, stability, penetration degree, softening point, indirect tensile strength, modulus of resistance, deformation resistance, fatigue resistance, skid resistance and moisture resistance of asphalt, besides having better oxidative aging conditions, since the asphalt binder is generally compatible with most biomaterials, being viable as a source of renewable, sustainable and quality energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica is the property of Universidad de la Rioja, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Actualidad Jurídica Ambiental is the property of CIEMAT, through its Centro Internacional de Estudios de Derecho Ambiental (CIEDA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Memoria Investigaciones en Ingeniería is the property of Universidad de Montevideo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Biomass for energy generation is an attractive alternative to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and their environmental impact. Thus, the geographical location of the production and consumption sites, logistics, as well as the planning of the supply chain are crucial factors for the assessment and implementation of bioenergy projects. Although several studies have addressed these problems separately, there are few papers that integrate all these aspects. This study focuses on the integration of geographic information systems, transport modelling, and transportation costs optimization through the use of a web platform to determine biomass production and consumption sites for energy purposes. Through a case study and the analysis of different supply and demand scenarios, the operation of the optimization module is evaluated. The results allow optimally estimating the distribution of biomass from different supply centers (storage nodes), towards different users (demand nodes), taking the cost of transport as an objective function. The optimal distribution of biomass allows planning its use for different regions of interest at the national level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the type and best lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment conditions for bioconversion processes requires structural and compositional changes evaluating after its application. This paper presents a review of the main methods used for pretreatments evaluation in lignocellulosic biomass, with emphasis in those used to improve biogas production. It is concluded that modern procedures that use techniques such as chromatography for quantification are more accurate, but very expensive and laborious, which is why classical methods, such as Weender and Van Soest for the analysis of structural carbohydrates and lignin, continue to be used, and potentiometry and colorimetry results attractive alternatives in other determinations. The qualitative changes of its components, such as relocation and the way in which they interact, is another important aspect when interpreting results obtained by applying pretreatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper are explained some possibilities to integration in a productive complex the factories: pulp and paper Damují, sugar cane Guillermo Moncada factory, as well as a distillery and biomass factory. The two last will be installed near to the two first factories. In this way are appreciated an intensification in the sugar production. and the need to consider the uncertainly that exist in the raw material availability in the different processes, operational changes, technological and finance changes. An economical evaluation of the proposal solutions is carry out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Informador Técnico is the property of Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje SENA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Cuba Arqueológica: Digital Journal of Cuban & Caribbean Archaeology / Revista digital de Arqueología de Cuba y el Caribe is the property of Cuba Arqueologica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Spanish Journal of Rural Development is the property of Spanish Journal of Rural Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Revista ION is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Memoria de Trabajos de Difusion Cientifica y Técnica is the property of Universidad de Montevideo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper a review of the state of the art of the parametric studies on the corncob gasification is presented: composition and gas caloric value, types of gasifiers and operation parameters such as: Equivalence ratio, specific gas production and cold yield of the gasifier. Experimental tests carried out by the authors are included in the thermodynamics laboratory of Mechanical Engineering Faculty in the Chimborazo Higher School, Ecuador, as well as a stoichiometric model to evaluate the operating parameters of the gasifier. The results show that in fixed-bed gasifiers, the composition of the gas produced by the corncob air gasification presents the following values CO (9.42-27.00 vol. %), H2 (4.50-20.00 vol. %) and CH4 (1.54-2.80% vol.), CO2 (7.40-17.99% vol.), N2 (50.00-65.85% vol.), O2 (0.00-1.61% vol.), light hydrocarbons (0.05-0), 39% vol.).The calorific value gas is between 4-6 MJ/Nm3 and the cold yield of the gasifiers between 60-70%. In the tests carried out on the gasifier under study with an equivalence ratio of 0.39, a gas with a calorific value of 3.82 MJ / Nm3 is obtained, which can be used in internal combustion engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimizing biomass drying to improve combustion processes is one of the main tools available to small and medium agroindustrial producers in rural areas of Colombia to be competitive. For this reason, the development of experimental studies becomes a priority to improve the competitiveness of the rural sector in Colombia. In this way this paper shows the development of the experimental study of drying kinetic of panelera's sugar cane bagasse, as well as its contrast with mathematical models used for the prediction of the drying kinetics. The results obtained can be useful as a reference for the effective design of sugarcane bagasse drying systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agroindustrial wastes are a type of biomass generated mainly by organic materials processing, which come from animal handling, plant cultivation and fruit and vegetable processing. The aim of this paper is to propose possible alternatives to use 19 wastes generated in the Colombian agroindustry by fruit processing. These alternatives of use are formulated based on the waste physicochemical characterization, which was carried out through proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, analysis of structural carbohydrates and extractives compounds, total phenolic compounds content and antioxidant capacity. It was found that most of the wastes can be used as raw material in thermochemical processes. It was also found that the coffee grounds have the greatest alternatives of use, which goes from co-combustion with mineral coal to obtaining secondary metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of CES Medicina Veterinaria & Zootecnica is the property of Universidad CES and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contextos Educativos is the property of Universidad de la Rioja, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura is the property of Universidad Autonoma Chapingo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ingeniería y Competitividad is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The development and consolidation of the petroleum industry have been generated environmental legacies of its entire value chain. An important part corresponds to hydrocarbon and different components of oil in contaminated soils. This paper studies operating conditions of pyrolysis heat treatment for use in a soil highly contaminated with oil, as well as mixing with pine sawdust as biomass, in order to assess the implementation of this technology in the remediation of soil and biochar generation. For this experiment, multifactorial statistical designs were applied, considering the effect of variables such as temperature, time, heating rate and mixtures soil/biomass using a batch reactor laboratory scale. The variables that presented a greater effect on fixed carbon, volatile organic material and pyrolyzed material content were temperature pyrolysis and sample matrix (single soil contaminated or mixed with biomass). The optimum temperature can be set depending on the maximum pyrolysis temperature of organic components, in this case at 550°C. In relation to the other parameters, a maximum heating rate of 10°C/min and 30 min of pyrolysis time can be maintained, because none has a significant effect on the charcoal generation and reduction of matter volatile organic. . Under these conditions it is possible to reduce organic matter below 10 g/kg in contaminated soils and increase its fixed carbon content, especially for the treatment of pyrolysis directly in contaminated soil. Finally, the addition of pine sawdust allows the fixed carbon content to be increased by more than 150%, however, the effect of the time and temperature of pyrolysis become more relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High concentrations of salts in the soil adversely affect the cultivation of Aloe vera and since it has been shown that in other plants calcium helps counteract the effects of salinity, this paper presents results on effects of the radical application Ca2+ to A. vera plants subjected to salt stress, to check if calcium improves its adaptation to salinity. For this purpose, the fresh biomass, leaf volume, number of new leaves and number and root length was measured. All variables were diminished by the application of NaCl; however, in general, supplementation with 10 mmol m-3 CaCl2 100 mmol m-3 NaCl, had positive effects on these variables, increasing, in many cases those reduced by NaCl parameters, which is good news for successfully growing aloe in areas where there are problems with dissolved salts in the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioeconomy suggests transforming economic systems in economies based on the use of biomass, this is a recent proposal within the so-called green economy and is intended to overcome dependence on fossil resources and offer solutions to global problems such as scarcity Food, energy supply and climate change. This paper aims to identify strengths (qualified human resources, infrastructure, investment in R & D) in Latin American countries so that through knowledge- based bioeconomics they can move towards Green economy. For this, a multivariate cluster analysis based on socio-economic, environmental and scientific-technological indicators is carried out to compare the different capacities of the countries in that region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Química is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas is the property of Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper the results from the physical characterization of several types of sawdust are presented, with the objective of valuing the possibility to use them with energy purposes. From the characterization low percent of humidity average was obtained for the three biomasses (8,544 2% carob, 7,832 1% majagua and 9,732 8% cedar); the volatile compounds and fixed carbon present high values: volatile (83,656 3% carob, 81,841 9% majagua and 83,437 8% cedar) and fixed carbon (15,389 9% carob, 17,272 7% majagua and 15,683 0% cedar) and low percents of ashes (0,797 7% carob, 0,885 4% majagua and 0,879 2% cedar). It was carried out the granulometric analysis of the studied biomasses being obtained the biggest accumulations for particles smaller than 2,5 mm in the case of the carob, for the case of the majagua and the cedar the biggest accumulations are for particles smaller than 8,0 mm. The main diameter of the three samples it is determined being obtained by the method accumulative values of 1,59 mm for the carob, 3,2 mm for the majagua and 4,8 mm for the cedar. With the statistical analysis it is corroborated that the obtained experimental results are correct because there are not significant deviations of the normality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the Institute of Animal Science a research project that aimed to study a group of materials shrub Tithonia diversifolia collected in the central and western Cuba for their potential biomass production and nutritional quality it was developed and contribute to provide new materials for inclusion in silvopastoral systems. The information provided in this paper focuses on studies related to agronomy, and is at the service of scientific and agricultural the benefits of these materials sector. They are results of a comprehensive study of the potential of an alternative source of abundant foliage in the tropics and component of Cuban flora. the characteristics of growth and development of plant material 29 of Tithonia diversifolia collected in different areas of Cuba are presented. The variability found gave the possibility of a group of materials of Tithonia, which may be grazed by bovine animals or used for forage production and also be strategically used in future programs of varietal improvement. In addition, information on the capacity of this plant multiplied by gamic seed in the conditions of Cuba is offered. It delves into issues related to its chemical content and secondary metabolites. Tithonia is a promising plant when used to manipulate rumen microbial ecology, reduce the population of methanogens and protozoa, as well as to increase the population of cellulolytic bacteria. The social benefit of these results is offered to producers, researchers and undergraduate and graduate students a comprehensive study of the potential of an abundant alternative source in the tropics as Tithonia diversifolia. Furthermore, the use of this plant mitigates methane emissions to the atmosphere, from rumen fermentation, contributing to reduce the effect that this gas serves as greenhouse. This research raises a better use of this plant, with advances in knowledge applied to tropical livestock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Biológica Colombiana is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the ability of biosorption azo dye acid orange 10 of the biomass of a yeast isolated from soil contaminated with wastewater from the textile industry. In equilibrium studies was used 1,0 g L-1 of biomass, at 20 °C and pH 2,0 at initial concentrations between 10 mg L-1 and 500 mg L-1. The biosorption isotherm was fitted by Langmuir model resulting in a value of 87,40 mg g -1 for saturated monolayer. To estimate the kinetic parameters, was considered an initial concentration of 100 mg L-1 at 10 °C, 20 °C, 30 °C to 40 °C, biosorption kinetics were well described by the kinetic model of pseudo-first order. Studies of diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy showed that the amide groups were mainly responsible for the biosorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Tecno Lógicas is the property of Instituto Tecnologico Metropolitano and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There is currently an effort to achieve economic feasibility of using lignocellulosic biomass as a new source of sugars for ethanol production. The infeasibility of these processes is mainly due to the cost of enzymes and no use of co-products that are generated in the pretreatment of biomass. The technical, economic and environmental assessment of different biorefinery schemes is complicated by the uncertainty in areas such as raw material to be used, the prices of energy and the product, investment costs, operation and risks of new technologies. In this paper, the guidelines show how process integration and assessment of coproducts in the biorefinery scheme leads to the feasibility of the processes that use biomass for biofuels are given. A scheme of integrated processes that exchange materials and energy resources is displayed, the scheme refers to the cane industry sugar generated as major products juice, bagasse and molasses and other products derived processes in annexes found among torula, biogas, CO2, furfural, lignin, and electricity on the basis of environmental management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The depletion of the non-renewable raw materials as petroleum, coal or natural gas as well as the increasing environmental conscience has motivated the valorization of biomass for energy production. Although the first efforts were focused on the development of the first generation biofuels -according to the raw material-, nowadays the research is focused on the second generation biofuels, which allows the transformation of lignocellulosic biomass (from forest or crops wastes, low-priced woods or sawdust) into energy. The transformation of wood into biofuels can be carried out by biological or chemical means. Among the chemical routes, there are three main possibilities: gasification, pyrolisis or hydrolysis. This paper aims to review the technological advances to obtain biofuels by the third route, since it allows using the most abundant forms of biomass, cellulose and hemicelluloses. This chemical process involves several steps: pretreatment of the biomass (by physical or chemical route), hydrolysis of the biomass, dehydration of sugars, aldolization and hydrogenation/dehydration until n-alcanes (biofuels) are achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bacterial biomass adsorption technology is able to removing heavy metals from wastewater. In this paper the isolation and selection of bacterial strains residual galvanic plant was performed, four isolates were resistant to heavy metals, of which the AR-1 strain has the largest adsorptivity chromium (VI). Biosorption experiments showed that the biomass obtained from the AR-1 strain is able to remove 90,1% of chromium (VI) in the standard solution studied to a pH value of 6 units and a mass of adsorbent for 0,6 g⋅dm-3; however, in a real womb with 1,16 mg⋅dm-3 is achieved the concentration decreasing to 0,23 mg⋅dm-3, which corresponds to a removal percentage of 80,1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a fungus, which has been reported by some authors as a high yieldproducer of the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA). An indigenous strain of this fungus has been used for producing a fermentation broth with a high JA concentration by the Cuban Research Institute for Sugar Cane Derivatives (ICIDCA), registered as BIOJAS®. The broth has been applied to some agricultural crops and demonstrated its economic feasibility as plant growth regulator and biological control of various phytopathogenic microorganisms and pests. Both fermentation broth and biomass from this fungus contain some other metabolites having bioactive properties, for instance, fatty acids. This paper shows the composition and quantification of fatty acids in the biomass using Gas Chromatography (GC) and the identification of substances profile in fermentation broth by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The most fatty acids in the biomass are palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids, being oleic acid the major component. On the other hand, 2,32 % of fatty acid esters; 2,47 % of alkenes; 14,40 % of alcohols; 30,15 % of aldehydes and 21,73 % of paraffins were detected in the composition of fermentation broth. chemical composition of aerial parts of Portulaca oleracea L. growing in Cuba, informing the FAs content of its lipid extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]