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This paper presents the conclusions of a dialectological research developed in a coastal area in the south of Chile (Biobío and Araucania Regions). The analysis of the material shows remarkable traditional lexical stability derived from Hispanic roots related to navigation and small fishing vessels. More changes and geographical variations are observed with respect to the fishing terminology as a result of the changes in that referential domain during the last decades. Some indigenous terms from Mapudungun, language that has lost much vitality in this area of the country, are also recognized in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I investigate the means of production of subjectivity at a day hospital for severe psychiatric disorders accord to the stories that the users deployed around the story of their illness and treatment. This institution is considered as part of a new way of managing the mental health system in Chile, associated with a change in the management of subjectivities. I made four autobiographical interviews to graduate and still in treatment users. These texts were analysed according to the themes and logical orders of actions, as well as in terms of subject positions in them. I argue that the Day Hospital is located as a mediator in the improvement, enabling the production of speaker's positions as a mature person who has overcome the disease from its own decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a dearth of economic literature that has focused on immigrants in Chile and their entrepreneurship. This is despite evidence that suggests immigrants are proportionally more likely to engage in entrepreneurial activities than local inhabitants. The objective of this paper is to explore the factors that influence individual's to engage in entrepreneurial activities among immigrants from South America in Chile. A rare event logit model was used to assess the factors that are likely to impact on entrepreneurial decision making processes. Results indicate that: length of residence, legal status on entry into the country, educational level and previous entrepreneurial experience influence the likelihood of entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main idea of this paper is to provide, through an econometric study, the results of the probability of certain socio-economic variables influencing the perception of the individual with respect to their state of health. A Probit regression model was used to obtain these probabilities, which is useful for situations that provide dichotomoums responses or also situations that are influenced or caused by independent variables. The sample covers people older than 18 who live in Region Metropolitana de Chile. This sample was obtained by CASENS last survey 2006. The final conclusions state that socioeconomic variables such as income and years of study have an inverse relationship with how one perceives their own state of health, that is to say, the higher is your income or education level, the individual is less likely to perceive a bad state of health. While age has a direct relationship; the older you are higher will be the probability of perceiving a feeling of sickness. The previsional care system states that being part of the private health system decreases the probabilities of sickness, while that belonging to the public care system increases them. The study also suggests that males are less likely to perceive sickness than females. In terms of marital status, having one increases the chances of perceiving a bad state of health while being single decreases them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goals of this paper are to analyze the quantities and traded values in the international markets for Chilean agro-industrial products based on fruit and vegetables for the period 2002-2011, identify the main target markets for these exports and to determine their participation globally. One concludes that the share of the Chilean exports in the world agroindustry of fruit and vegetables is still discreet, particularly if the country wants to make real the slogan of "Chile as a Food Power". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research context that this article seeks to show the different models of college, from the evolution and development of universities and their management in Latin America, particularly in Chile, and how they affect the development of societies, both past and contemporary, highlighting some similar and different characteristics that they have. It should be noted that the Chilean model of education has been considered to have a great impact on some countries in Latin America, especially in Colombia. Moreover, the general objective of this research was the reflection on the reforms of higher education in Latin America and the impact these reforms have had in recent years in Chile, which seem to have created a high dissatisfaction in the social context, due to the excessive commercialization of educational services. For the development of this paper an extensive review of the literature, which accounts for the phenomenon to be investigated is made and semi-structured interviews were carried out to experts in the field, which helped to understand what authors explain in the literature concerning models and educational reforms in Latin America and the current situation of education in Chile, thereby achieving a clear vision of the reality of the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contains a dogmatic and critical analysis of the crime of storage of pornographic material whose production uses minors under eighteen, regulated in Article 374 bis, paragraph two, second hypothesis, of the Chilean Criminal Code. In its assessment of the criminal behavior, it highlights the systematic and legitimacy problems of the crime's regulation. It concludes that the regulation is useless because in order to respect the principles of a liberal criminal law and the fundamental rights of people, its scope is reduced to marginal cases and little practical relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, some modern Chilean housing complexes exhibit an evident state of deterioration. Therefore, their effective characteristics for solving housing problems have been questioned due to excessive rationality and limited capacity for urban integration. However, while the housing market has established a model based on standardization and individuality, an evaluation is necessary of the real characteristics of the main modern constructions. Is it possible that the architectural characteristics of public spaces have driven community development? This article presents the specific case of the "Siete Hermanas" housing complex in Viña del Mar and its process of community development. As will be seen, without a doubt the formal and functional qualities of common spaces prompted the neighborhood's evolution, which in turn created a neighborhood connected to the location. Through a retrospective analysis, carried out with the memories of the original inhabitants, this paper reviews the current state of the complex and its singularities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The architectural work of the Chilean architectural office Bresciani, Valdés, Castillo, Huidobro focused mainly on single-family houses, particularly in the early years of the firm. In doing so, it allowed the company to develop a unique modern form. Using descriptive methods, this study explores one of the most relevant aspects of the company's approach to design: the way in which the architects build that form, as represented by a house built during the first decade of work of work. This construction, called the Ravera House, is all but a disappeared fragment of local modern heritage. The paper argues that the construction of the form of this house is mediated by the intentional use of local constructive means, both modern and traditional, towards the achievement of modern visuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a psychometric study performing a confirmatory factor analysis of Gismero's Social Skills Scale. A background review is conducted on evaluation tools generally used for social skills, and the general characteristics of the scale are presented for the tool studied. A review is also conducted on psychometric properties of this tool. The sample consisted of 1206 college students at the Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using a polychoric correlation matrix, and the structure proposed by Gismero was analyzed. Reliability assessment procedures, such as internal consistency (Ordinal Alpha) and discriminant validity analysis, were also conducted using AF5 factors. The results show good internal reliability of the tool, suitability of the model to the data, and good discriminant validity. In conclusion, the Gismero's Social Skills Scale is considered as a suitable tool for assessing social skills in Chilean university students. A slight modification of the model structure in the second order factor level is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of the implementation of a preschool school initiative in Chile known as Your Scientific Skills in Science (TCC) Explora Conicyt and analyzes the influence of cooperative relationships between directors, preschool teachers and preschool teaching assistants on the development of scientific skills in students bet-ween four and six years of age A mixed methodology was applied. Thirty-seven classroom observations were con-ducted and analyzed using the constant comparative method. Ten categories of coo-peration emerged and were used to construct a questionnaire for these three educa-tional players. The questionnaire was applied at ninety-seven municipal and private schools in the regions of Valparaíso, La Araucanía, Los Lagos, Rivers and Metropoli- tana. The results show a positive correlation between cooperation among educators and scientific learning on the part of students [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies give importance to the person of the therapist in the development of psychotherapy. In Chile, Moncada, Olivos and Rojas (2003) analyzed the empirical literature on the therapist between 1990 and 2002. The aim of this paper is to continue that analysis, looking for the Chilean production between 2003 and 2011. Sixteen articles of four journals related to this subject were found: six evaluated the relationship of therapist to patient, six go deeper into the therapist's view on elements of their work, four analyze the exhaustation and self-care, three address the training of psychotherapists. We conclude that although the number of articles is not significantly higher than the previous period, there is an evolution in their methodological design and focus of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the emergence of transnational activism in the context of collective action organised around socio-environmental conflicts in Chile's indigenous areas. It details the main events in the process of indigenous mobilisation in the form of three emblematic cases carried out on an international scale, together with their implications for the national political arena. The author explains how, after the indigenous people's demands were blocked at home, they then mobilised abroad, where they raised awareness over their situation and called for justice in the international courts. Finally, at the local level the paper identifies the inclusion of global frameworks related to the human rights to the indigenous peoples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The job skills involved in nursing make it possible to reduce inequalities and limited access to services, and to support safe and quality care. The training nurses receive is fundamental to the composition and dynamics of the nursing work force, the quality and appropriateness of nursing care, and the development of institutional capacity in the health sector. Objective: The study was designed to answer two questions: What are the current requirements for nurses in the field of management and administration; and what nursing management skills are most important and how do they relate to health care management? Method: The literature review began by exploring the field in terms of current contexts and challenges to the profession. The bibliographic search involved several the databases; namely, the Cochrane Library, Lilacs, CINAHL, Dialnet, the University of La Rioja, ProQuest, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Business Source Premier, SciELO and Scopus. In all, 4,697 articles were found. When the search was narrowed, 51 technical papers were selected. Results: The studies that prioritize management skills coincide in that the most important ones are: communication, teamwork, conflict resolution, and interpersonal and leadership skills. As for leadership, the priority is on personal mastery, interpersonal effectiveness, financial management and human resources. Conclusions: Management and leadership skills must be based on sound knowledge and experience. Moreover, the concept of management and leadership is complementary to the role of nurses in providing care. Transformational and relational leadership are needed to improve the satisfaction of nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Th is article is about the contribution of international cooperation--in diverse forms and with various objectives--to intercultural bilingual education (IBE), mainly in Chile. The basis of the article is the historical role of ibe and four experiences in ibe carried out since the 1990s with international support. Such experiences are linked to higher education: one at the undergraduate level, two at the graduate level, and one in intercultural education in communities and their schools as a project of academic development. Methodologically, the paper is based on research, systematization, interviews, and personal experiences. With a critical focus, it describes each experience with international aid, emphasizes the characteristics of the experience's contribution to programs, presents information on results, analyzes, and reaches conclusions about direct and indirect contributions to IBE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artículo analiza la trayectoria del Comando Nacional de Trabajadores (CNT), organización sindical que se enfrentó al régimen de Pinochet durante los años 80. Sostenemos que el Comando constituyó una instancia de encuentro de dirigentes de diversas afiliaciones partidarias, aunque con predominio democratacristiano. Así, el CNT significó un intento de construir un sindicalismo de nuevo tipo, comprometido con la recuperación de la democracia y la construcción de un proyecto económico alternativo al modelo neoliberal impuesto por el régimen de Pinochet. This paper analyzes the trajectory of the National Command of Workers (CNT), a labor union that was against the Pinochet regime during the 1980s. It argues that the Command was an opportunity for leaders of different political parties to meet, although they were predominantly Christian Democrats. Thus the CNT represented an attempt to build a new type of unionism committed to the restoration of democracy, and the construction of an alternative economic project to the neoliberal model imposed by the Pinochet regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the various concepts of patronage that were held in Chile after the formation of the Junta Gubernativa of 1810 and the relation with the Holy See in the context of the exercise of republican patronage. The concepts patronage, papal concessions, or sovereign attributions inherited from the Spanish Monarchy were complemented by the Holy See's own concept of Papal Reserve which, starting in 1830, was imposed in Episcopal appointments. In this context, the author analyzes the way Chilean governments executed republican patronage, recognized as a sovereign attribute in the Constitution of 1833. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the present paper is to describe the type of dialogue and the type of content that emerges in classes of texts comprehension in the middle school. These classroom's videos were filmed as a part of the Chilean Government National Teaching Assessment System 2008. To analyze these classes, different units of analysis were used to segment the classroom discourse. This allowed identifying the organization and the sequence of the tasks performed, the type of verbal interaction built and the type of developed content. The results evidence that most classes included tasks related to the different phases of the reading cycle, but verbal interaction was characterized by the most conventional IRE (Initiation, Response, Evaluation), and the questions that teachers made produced low-level contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper was read at the XIV World Congress of Jewish Studies, Latin American section, at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2009). Here is presented a personal vision, about the Jewish Community of Chile such as perceived until August of that year. From then at the present, there have been new developments that should be incorporated into this writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of Long Distance Commuting ( LDC) has increased as a result of the continuous reduction of transport costs. This paperformalizes the relationship between LDC and wage through a job search model where a commuting time variable is included. The paper proposes that LDC be compensated in wage and be increasing in distance, and that the regions which receive more commuters pay a higher premium wage. The results suggest an average premium of 19% for LDC. However, the applicable rate depends on the workplace location of each commuter, and thus it might be as high as 40%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes to introduce the analysis of a set of technical rules designed for risk management in the context of the company's business, and that are extremely useful for determining the expectations on corporations regarding the prevention of criminal behavior that may result from their own activity. As defended in this paper, these technical rules will provide the necessary content of crime prevention models or the Compliance Programs that companies must implement according to Article 4 of Law 20.393. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Article 369 quater of the Chilean Penal Code created by Law 20.207 of 2007 amended the way the statute of limitations for crimes against sexual indemnity and liberty of minors is calculated. The following paper seeks to examine the exact juridical nature of said norm, that is, whether or not Article 369 quarter is in fact a circumstance that suspends the statute of limitations, as well as some problems that said norm can create when applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the relation between business sustainability, both linked to financial profit as well as to relations with local organizations, and the environment, in a context of an internationalized economy such as the Chilean economy. Likewise, it analyzes recent conflicts originated in Chile for energy supply and the difficulties in defining an energy matrix. Finally, the article analyzes the influence of ecological ethics in the preservation of the high diversity ecosystems in the South of Chile, facing the business development and the specific energy projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. This paper aims at assessing the contribution of Chile's Health Care Integrating Councils (CIRA, Spanish acronym) to strengthening governance in health. Materials and methods. A literature review on the official documents related to the process of creation and development of CIRA was carried out; an ad hoc questionnaire was applied to all 29 health services of the country; finally, 35 semi-structure in-depth interviews were carried on a sample of six CIRA. Results. The CIRAs have become a tool for functional integration and a valuable space for dialogue, cooperation and learning for all of the actors of the Chilean public health network. Conclusions. In this study, we conclude that there is room for improvements of CIRA's role regarding governance of the health care network as long as CIRA is authorized to deal with strategic topics, such as investment in infrastructure, technology and human resources, and budgeting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chile, like many developing countries, presents a continuous residential growth and of energy consumption, but with a significant environmental impact. The nation has implemented programs and regulations, but there is a lack of detailed information on the housing performance. This paper presents a novel strategy for the analysis of urban single housing in the centre-south area of the country, to foster effective environmental improvements. The analysis is based on building statistics and the review of fifty homes, as well as energy simulation, with modeling and long-time monitoring of a dozen of these cases. Some experiences of improved housing design and refurbishment were also examined. This research work identifies energy performance patterns and related architectural characteristics. It has managed specific conditions to simulate this regional typology by climate, geometry, occupancy, materiality and equipment, demonstrating differences in comfort levels and building quality. At the end the study reveals a conflict between user's expectations and construction quality, which must be faced in the design process with actions on line with local development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the organization of the seismicity associated with the 24th July 2001 earthquake in‘‘Quebrada de Aroma," northern Chile using data from the seismological network belonging to the Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile. There are very important features in the organization in a defined zone around the hypocenter. In fact, a fractal index is built, having significant statistical values before, during and after the event, such as that it can shed some light about predictability of major events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The doctrine of equivalents and its limitations are a determining element in the balance between the certainty of the protection granted by a patent and the restriction of such protection so far as it is convenient for the community. This balance is at the base of the industrial property system and the tension between its two ends characterizes the legally protected object in the crimes of patent infringement. This paper seeks to show, in the light of comparative law, the relevance of this doctrine for the interpretation of the crimes under Article 52 of Law Nr. 19.039, in particular as regards the terms “patented invention", “patented process" and “imitate an invention patent application pending" when it comes to contrast a patented (or patent application pending) invention or process with an allegedly infringing invention or process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses prison privatization policies, in particular the empirical results of such policies and the debate surrounding institutional values. The article tackles the cases of Chile and the United States, both countries in which neoliberal economic policies are linked with the expansion of tough criminal policies. With regards to values, the analysis suggests that prison privatization promotes a tainted commercial alliance between the State and private sector, generates a deep conflict of legitimacy and fosters an unsustainable concept of the common good. In terms of results, prison privatization, in all of its forms, has failed to fulfill the promise of relieving States' budgets and providing decent incarceration conditions. Without empirical reasons to sustain prison privatization, the article concludes by highlighting the need of an ideological debate of the values implicated in this manifestation of neoliberal penality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CEPAL building in Santiago de Chile (1960), once built, became an icon of modern architecture in Chile and throughout Latin America. The paper analyses, through the building plans and drawings, the level of involvement of this project with the modernist movement, particularly the close relationship to the contemporary proposals of Le Corbusier in Chandigarh and La Tourette or Ronchamp, immediate points of reference for the CEPAL project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines, from a historical, anthropological and linguistic perspective, various attempts to regulate the relationship between the Mapuche language and Spanish in Chile, from the activity of the first missionaries to the current efforts of the State and Mapuche intellectuals to revitalize Mapudungun in urban and rural environments. We review the contact between Mapudungun and Spanish through history as a key to understanding the processes of language planning (formal and informal, explicit and implicit) that have been developed since the first contacts between Spanish and Mapuche until today. We also analyze two initiatives that have attempted to modify the situation of the Mapuche language: the creation of a unified alphabet of Mapudungun and the constitution of the Mapuche Language Academy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the scientific contribution of Dr. Rodolfo Lenz, German scholar, to the knowledge of Mapuche or Mapudungu(n), the main indigenous language of Chile, and the culture associated with it. His task was therefore ethnolinguistic, based on data obtained from competent native speakers. More than a century later, his work is still valid, and its knowledge is mandatory for those seeking to explore thoroughly the Mapuche culture and language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyze the attitudes that 400 subjects from Santiago de Chile show towards the dialects of Spanish spoken by the three main groups of immigrants in this city: Peruvians, Argentinians, and Colombians. We observe their attitudes on the basis of concepts such as correctness, liking, and similarity, and also on the basis of associations with a number of non-linguistic concepts. We conclude that valuation of these varieties depend both on linguistic and nonlinguistic factors (correspondence of these varieties with the linguistic profile of an ideal model of correct Spanish and social valuation of their speakers, respectively). Moreover, we point out that the attitudes observed, which belong to the host society, may affect the social integration of these groups of immigrants, and in different ways in each case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a brief overview of the data protection in Latin America through the Institute of Habeas data, and describes the situation of Chilean law, with its current shortcomings, which needs urgent reforms, in order to international standards related to this kind of rights and the "data protection system" offered by our legislation, not enough efforts being partial to this day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for energetic efficiency in l buildings has different research lines, being one of them the denominated use of passive systems. These are part of a school of architectonic thought named Low Tech and within these the Mahoney's Charts represent an analysis method validated for the previous stages of a project. In this paper it is developed an adaptation of the mentioned methodology for Santiago's climate. This in order to provide some recommendation for architectural design for the Mediterranean climate with extended dried season, which belongs to the South Hemisphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has, as its main goal, to analyse the presentation and re-presentation of the Mapuche, Peruvian and Bolivian difference in the Chilean press. The media which will be the object of the study -- selected because of its periodicity and extensive coverage -- are the tabloid press "La Cuarta" and "Las Últimas Noticias" which in turn and respectively belong to the consortia which duopolise the informative issue at a national level: Copesa and El Mercurio S.A.P. In order to carry out this analysis a methodological matrix has been projected, and which is derived from the proposal by Teun van Dijk, the so called Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). This will allow the reader to understand the social construction of reality based on the news treatment in and of the possible intercultural-migratory . relationships inside (Mapuche) and outside (Peruvian-Bolivian) the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we consider an extension of Vasicek's (1991) model for new consumer fixed-payment credits in the Chilean banking system. Under the assumption that the economy experienced a complete business cycle during 2003-09, we are able to compute the so-called Long-Run Probability of Default (LRPD) which is 14.4% if we consider the number of defaulted credits or 12.9% if we weight default frequencies by loan size. In the model we allow a time-variant threshold which is a function of both macroeconomic factors and average-characteristics of incoming debtors. Also, counterfactual exercises indicate that credit standards for loan applications were relaxed during 2006-07, implying an increment on defaults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the data protection right in the comparative law, their rights and principles which distinguish from the right to privacy. Also analyzes the current situation of this right in Chile and its application in the public sector. Then, describes the freedom of information object and its relation with the habeas data right contained in the Law Nr. 19.628, analyzing the function given to the Transparency Council like a Service which guarantee the personal data in the Government, highlighting some issues that represent the use of freedom of information right to access to personal data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study and analysis of air pollutants in an area of permanent industrial and agricultural development in Chile. The study considers the watershed of the Aconcagua river including several cities of the provinces of Valparaiso, Quillota, San Felipe and Marga Marga. The information obtained from monitoring networks of air quality that are regulated by the Chilean health and environmental authorities, during the period 1998 to 2008, was used to develop a qualitative method to assess the risk of contamination to human health and vegetation. The method showed areas of high risk to vegetation and human life and other areas that should be declared as saturated zones. It was also demonstrated that it is necessary to establish primary and secondary standards, particularly for some trace elements considering the importance of the area as an exporter of agricultural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the XIX century along the consolidation of the Chilean Republic, there existed a clash of ideas between seculars and who represented the teaching state and catholic groups, who defended the liberty of teaching. As a result of the ideas of these two groups there were born the two most important universities in the country. The 'Universidad de Chile' and the 'Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile'. In this paper there are exposed the origin of both universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the beginnings of the parish documentation in the Iberian world, and the significance of these records for the study of ancient society. It then explains the existing classification in former times linked to the birth of a person, arriving finally analyzing the cases of children of ‘unknown mothers' with original documentary sources expressed at the end of writing. It indicates then specific cases found over three centuries (1710-910) in the whole parish documentation of Chiloé (trying to provide genealogical data for each person), together with some other cases from cities placed in continental Chile. It also includes a detailed analysis of the five ecclesiastical divisions that divided the geography of Chiloé in the decade from 1840-1850. Finally, the essay reflects the knowledge of these cases as a contribution to the set of historical and genealogical research related to the culture of Chiloé. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2008, the Chilean legislature enacted the Adjusted Voucher Law (SEP). The SEP law recognizes that it is more costly to educate disadvantaged students by introducing a system of weighted student funding by which the amount of the per-pupil voucher differs with the educational needs of the student. The additional per-pupil voucher is tied to an increased role of the Ministry of Education in monitoring and classifying schools based on student performance and holding them accountable for their outcomes. The SEP law also forbids participating schools from using parental interviews and admissions tests to select and expel students. In this paper, we analyze the costs and benefits of participating in the SEP program and find that, while most public schools participate, almost 40 per cent of private voucher schools choose not to receive the additional SEP funding. We find that while more advantaged private vouchers schools choose not to participate because the benefits of receiving the additional funds often do not outweigh the costs of having to comply with the SEP non-selection requirements, other schools lack the capacity or access to technical support to be able to meet the program's academic goals. Our findings shed light on some of the shortcomings of the SEP program and Chile's educational system in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By focusing on the indigenous communities of the Aconcagua Valley, this paper studies the process of crisis and change suffered by the native population from the last decades of the sixteenth century to the first half of the seventeenth century. This crisis was marked by a decline in native demographics, the diversification of the Chilean economy and its impact on the use of Native American labor under the encomienda system. Besides, the arrival of new Spanish owners to the valley meant a decrease in occupational and economic exploitation areas by the native populations and their forced migration to Spanish mines and ranches with the resulting depopulation of their settlements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses whether the fear of indebtedness resulting from going on to post-secondary education affects potential students' decisions to apply for, and enter into, Higher Education; whether there is any relationship between the fear of indebtedness and the socio-economic level of the families of potential students; and whether there is an association between the fear of indebtedness and student performance. This study shows that the fear of indebtedness for post-secondary studies is not a limiting factor for young people from lower-income sectors to go on to tertiary education. The study also shows that availability of loans facilitates access to Higher Education. These findings contradict the conclusions of studies by Claire Callender and Jonathan Jackson, who previously analysed the British case with the same aims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the main aspects of immigration of Jewish families travel to Chile and suggests that such a trip was made by an important group of relatively common challenges. On the other hand, argues that these challenges were very different magnitudes depending on the specific circumstances of the historical context and conditioned experiences varied. Finally, proposes certain capabilities that may have helped cushion the considerable level of uncertainty that surrounded each trip, and would have served as support since the time of departure to the arrival and entry into Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper shows that price agreements between suppliers of consumer goods are not currently punishable in Chile, according to the correct interpretation of the rules that have been invoked to that end, Articles 285 and 473 of the Criminal Code, and the historical evolution of the regulation and punishment of offenses against free competition, today delivered exclusively to the administrative authority and a special court created for that purpose. At the same time, it is shown that the principle that a general law can be applied when the special law is repealed, it can be argued that when previously general law (or the relevant part) has been repealed because it would mean a violation of the guarantee of the principle of legality, which involves the application of existing laws at the time of commission of the offenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to briefly review about scientism and political speeches, referring primarily to the maximum of the existence of different and complementary nature of the binary male / female, modern public / private divide and the rhetoric of progress post-dictatorship and family as the foundation of the State, investing women as representing the moral order of society, have resulted in the justification of various forms of oppression they are subjected as part of an agreed model for men. This has resulted in the trivialization of feminist struggles for the reconfiguration of culture, where women are claimed in the political and social space, stripping them of the ability to create spaces, assuming existing places, built without them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes a number of variables that could significantly influence-both positively and negatively-the vehicular transit volume of toll highways in Chile. The study covers the period between 1997 and 2010, and considers all toll roads of the country which were in operation during these years, including urban motorways, those of Route 5 North-South national highway and Transversals. Unlike other research, we considered regional variable built according to the geographical location of each highway. The results show that the variable which primarily explains the behavior of traffic is the region's GDP, which is completely related to the particular economic cycle affecting the country and the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an analysis of the writings by Pedro Prado from a mystical perspective, an approach that the author himself understands as having religious as well as socio-ethical foundations. This is why Prado's characters rise towards ultimate levels of reality, but they never lose touch with the "land of men" to the point of turning into seers who yearn for beauty and justice. In "La barca", the characters undertake a vertical as well as a horizontal journey in order to face the mystery. In Alsino, on the other hand, the vertical journey also serves to approach the divine, whereas the horizontal one is used to judge the Chilean rural world. The mediation between that which is above and what is below is represented by a ship that sails and lies, as well as by a man who walks and lies, both of which are to be seen as allegories of the artist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an extension of AspectZ to model the requirements of software that manages a system of electronic health records in Chile: SYSFIC 1.0. AspectZ is an aspect-oriented language that preserves the basic characteristics of language Z and that aims to encapsulate cross-cutting concerns of a system into separate and independent entities. The application includes the use of Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams and a formal modeling of the system using AspectZ. The main features of the aspect-oriented modeling paradigm, such as the separation of concerns and the reduction and elimination of scattered and tangled code, are discussed. The results of this study show that the combination of aspect-oriented modeling and a formal method of software development allow obtaining more reliable solutions for critical information systems such as SYSFIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research gives the magnitude, evolution and characteristics of academic and socioeconomic polarization in the Chilean school system. After examining the importance of the education system as a means of social cohesion, we analyze the implications of distribution processes of students in their education and the main background on the Chilean education system. Furthermore, the paper conceptualizes the notion of polarization, which is related to two aspects: the alienation or distance that students have with students different from them, and the identification or identity that individuals develop with others of similar characteristics. Using SIMCE databases from the last decade, we create and formalized three different indicators of polarization to assess the school system. The results show that the degree of academic and socio-economic polarization of the Chilean school system over the last decade has been constant, and in some cases increasing. Additionally, the measurement that determines the degree of polarization shows high levels socioeconomic and academic polarization, which is related to processes of fragmentation and clustering. These results show the necessity of analyzing the impact of educational policies on the processes of social cohesion and integration in the school system. This has to consider the importance of the school as a privileged place for these goals, as well as on the development of skills, values and cognitive thinking and noncognitive skills for all children. These results have been questioned from recent conflicts that have occurred in the education sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]