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Neoliberalism is a political-economic philosophy that consists of two claims: one economic and the other political. The economic claim is: that free market laissez faire economies are the best way to organize economic activity as they generate efficient outcomes that maximize well-being. The political claim is: that free market economic arrangements promote individual liberty. This paper argues both claims are problematic. The evidence from the forty-year experiment that began in 1980 shows neo liberalism has undercut shared prosperity and unleashed illiberal forces that threaten liberty. The paper distinguishes between the first political turn which saw the establishment of neoliberal political hegemony, and the second one toward proto-fascism that we are now experiencing. The second turn is being driven by a collection of factors that have created a demand for proto-fascism and weakened the defenses against alt-right ideas. Those factors include socio-economic disembedding, institutional destruction and political disembedding, increased economic inequality that tilts political power, an alteration in attitudes to government and governance, transformation of economic identity, and a cultural transformation that celebrates sociopathic egotism. The Third Way's capture of center-left politics means liberal elites occupy the political place that should be held by true opponents of neoliberalism. Those liberal elites obstruct the politics needed to reverse the deep causes of the drift to proto-fascism. Ironically, that makes those elites a real danger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the income distribution in Mexico before and after taxes and transfers, with adjustment to national accounts, and compares it with the situation of other countries in the region and the OECD, to show how in Mexico, inequality is not remedied after taxes, but increased. Tax privileges, such as personal deductions or exemptions, are one of the causes of this inequality exacerbated by redistribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to show that global justice discourse, as it has been developed in a liberal frame, is unable to provide a satisfactory response to the global inequality problem. This thesis relies on the subjection of the tradition of political and economic liberalism to the socioeconomic capitalist frame, and on its optimism regarding law discourse, which, instead of strengthening, limits its possibilities to provide adequate structural responses. For this purpose, I have made a conceptual analysis of the contents of written documents; since my approach consists of a theoretical research, I have given priority to documental sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greater San Miguel de Tucumán (GSMT) is an intermediate city in the province of Tucumán, which is fragmented, with informal settlements that are affected by exclusion, stigmatization and marginalization. This context deepens their conditions of vulnerability and prevents them from participating in the processes of production of the hegemonic discourses that circulate throughout them. Thus, this paper aims at analyzing the symbolic boundaries that constitute a key role to understand the modalities operating when setting and sustaining inequality conditions, paying as much attention as when analyzing material aspects. To this end, the Diagonal Norte neighborhood is taken as a case study, which is considered a slum located in the municipality of Yerba Buena, where private neighborhoods are mostly placed. On the one hand, the purpose is to systematize and analyze news publications where the neighborhood is mentioned and, on the other hand, to carry out interviews to neighbors. The data obtained allow us to point out different modalities in the construction of social representations about the neighborhood and the circulation of different discourses, according to the relationship they have with the logics of sustaining or transforming inequality conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the perception of the effects that the Covid-19 pandemic had on various dimensions of family quality of life in the city of Córdoba (Argentina): income, employment, food supply and domestic work, as well as the identification of individual characteristics associated with a greater vulnerability to developing negative effects in the mentioned dimensions. We used data from the Quality-of-Life Survey in Córdoba (ECVC), whose main objective was to diagnose the quality of life of Cordoba's population during 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is calculating the impact of taxes on inequality of lifetime income distribution in Argentina. Unlike other previous studies on the matter, which performed calculations on annual incidence or approximations on the measurement of lifetime income through current consumption expenditure, the approach to lifetime income measurement will be pursued through measuring income on the sources side. Compared to current income analysis, tax system turns out to be less regressive, given that the less progressivity of direct taxes which is more than compensated by the less regressivity of indirect taxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to reflect on poverty and economic inclusion in a specific sector; the LGBTI+ community. The analysis is based on the United Nations Development Programme and the World Bank’s LGBTI Inclusion Index. By means of a theoretical reflection, as well as a field study in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area, the aim is to identify the impact that inclusion can have on the lack of opportunities and poverty of this group in productive age. As a conclusion it is confirmed that the lack of inclusion is a factor that can detonate poverty in a population of this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper first analyzes the performance of Latin America during the long economic cycle that took place between 1998 and 2014, which combined the regional effects of the Asian crisis with a growth phase driven by a supercycle of commodity prices. However, the expansionary phase was followed by a five-year period of economic stagnation, during which previous achievements were weakened, even before the covid-19 crisis erupted, with its negative consequences. This confirms the persistence of the region's economic vulnerability to external shocks, as well as the difficulties in maintaining sustained growth rates associated with processes of structural change, which make it possible to reduce the gap in the development levels vis-à-vis the leading countries and face the challenges of environmental sustainability. It is also pointed out that, despite the important achievements in terms of social development during the recent growth cycle, the high structural inequalities that characterize the region were not broken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the role of social origin and contacts to access job opportunities for actors and actresses in Mexico City. Qualitative interviews with 21 theatre actors and actresses from 25 to 38 years old were conducted. The results show that contacts and actors and actresses' adscription with a renowned public figure is a strategy to get access to job opportunities and for the development of a professional career, though the interviewees highlighted that social origin and education are elements influencing on labour inequality in the cultural sector. The paper concludes that the implementation of public policy with an emphasis on equality is pivotal for the recognition of the right labours and decent work conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transdisciplinary dialogue between feminist theories and other approaches is fundamental. The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical reflection on the pertinence of incorporating the Feminist Standpoint Theory within the psychosocial perspective of Symbolic Interactionism developed from the Chicago School. We find this possibility at various convergence points between both stances: the opposition to positivism and scientificism; the interest in disarticulating essentialist conceptions; a situated, partial and processual vision of the construction of knowledge; the openness to implement various methods; and an investigative orientation based on intersubjectivity and experience. In this way, the possibilities of analysis and interpretation of one frame are neither accessory nor complementary to the other. Instead, we suggest thinking of a Feminist Symbolic Interactionism through the discussion of its epistemological, conceptual and methodological implications. What underlays in this theoretical positioning is an analytical and political enunciation platform that allows a critical psychosocial approach to inequality and other phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macarena Suanes and Oriol Roca studied the main determinants of inequality and economic growth in Latin America between 1980 and 2009 and found that one of the main determinants was foreign direct investment. This paper extends that study to 2015 and shows that such investment is no longer significant. In contrast, increasing human capital significantly reduces inequality and improves economic growth. It is recommended, then, that economic policies are oriented towards raising educational attainment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about educational research journals in general and the British Educational Research Journal in particular. In this paper, we discuss some of the aims of educational research journals and several the challenges facing them; we also identify various ways in which journals could consider doing things differently. Two issues are of particular significance. The first is about the accessibility of educational research in an era of rapid technological change and the rise of Open Access publication models. The second is to do with the mission of education journals in relation to long-standing and pervasive educational inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a theoretical-reflective essay that aims to approach the way in which the role of women has been biased by social representations, inherited by generations. In these representations, men are more closely associated with work and professional development, while women are mainly associated with housework and family. One of the epicenters of this problem, in addition to the above, is education. Overall, in Latin America, and specifically in Colombia, social inequalities are very deep and reflect a gender gap, permanently reproduced, which could be traced in terms of colonization and intersectionality. This paper will address three key moments. Firstly, it places women in education; secondly, it observes, from a general point of view, the challenges in terms of gender equity for higher education (HE) from the incorporation of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), and finally, it presents an intersectional methodological perspective, which manages to dialogue between the aforementioned moments. It is intended to make a first approach to this concept from the educational perspective as an opportunity that realizes the promise of social inclusion and equity for women in the academy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the evolution of skill premia and its relationship with the productive structure in 16 countries in Latin America, using microdata from household surveys and information from national accounts for the 1991-2015 period. The evidence suggests that the change in the productive structure is significantly correlated to the dynamics of wage inequality. In particular, when the share in total value added of sectors that are more intensive in high-skilled labor grows, the skill premia increases significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the plurality and diversity of our societies makes it necessary to think about complex forms of legal-political treatment of inequality. In this sense, based on the commentary of a normative action linked to the full-face Islamic veil that, by not sharing the above, causes negative effects, this work proposes a conception of justice that integrates redistribution and recognition, while claiming the importance of dialogue and the incorporation of new perspectives such as intersectionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the outbreak of the 2008 crsis, the inequality question has gained academic and political centrality. Inequality's conception transcends the field of economy and is related to the notion of social justice. The analysis of inequality has been approached from different theoretical perspectives: neoclassical-conservatives, liberal-keynesian, and radicals. Within academic literature exists a certain gap on the concrete study of the nexus touristification-inequality. From orthodox approaches the study of tourism and inequality has been based on quantitative methodologies, whereas critical approaches have analysed the causes and conditions that produce tourism related inequalities with qualitative methods. In this paper we propose a research agenda bridging quantitative methods with political economy radical analysis. Finally, the research presents the close link beteween touristification and inequality at the municipal level in Spain. The COVID-19 crisis, and its heavy impact on the toruism sector, might imply a severe increase of inequality in the most touristified spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives examples of the reproduction of inequalities at Chilean universities, comparing social origin, educational background and employment opportunities of social workers and commercial engineers. Databases of censuses taken by the Ministry of Education were used. Inequalities in social origin and employment opportunities were found, with them being more marked between commercial engineers than social workers. They are due to spatial dynamics and the extent to which degree courses are female-dominated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the effect of income inequality on economic growth by state in Mexico. For this, a brief literature review is made, a descriptive analysis of the variables used is performed and an econometric model of panel data is applied. Variables such as the Gross Domestic Product per capita, school enrollment, gross fixed capital formation and the Gini coefficient by federal entity are used. The results of the model indicate that the increase in inequality generates a negative impact on economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses, from the perspective of public economics, the Demographic Supplement for Motherhood (CDM) introduced in the Spanish Social Security System in 2016. This measure is a supplement added to the contributory pension received on retirement, widowhood or disability for women who began to receive a pension and who have had two or more children. It was introduced with two objectives in mind: to reduce the gender gap in pensions and to socially recognise the contribution of motherhood to the pension system. In this paper, a socioeconomic analysis of this measure is carried out. The objectives and issues of this measure are reviewed and its distributional effects are analysed. The main source of information are data provided by the Ministry of Employment and Social Security, in particular the Continuous Sample of Working History (MCVL). This is a new approach, with the focus being on public economics rather than on legal aspects and use of the MCVL data which, for the first time, includes measurements related to the CDM. The main objectives of this study are: 1) to estimate the impact that the CDM has had on the pension system during the first year of application; 2) to analyse the differences in treatment it generates; and, 3) to assess its distributional effects on the gender gap in pensions and on inequality among women. The study finishes with an analysis of other equality policies and puts forward the main conclusions reached and proposals for alternative measures. The results show that the CDM has affected 58.4% of new female pensioners. The women who have benefitted most from this measure are those who receive a widow's pension (50.9%), followed by retirement pension (39.8%) and disability pension (9.2%). Their sociodemographic characteristics show that 53.4% of the supplement is paid to mothers with 2 children, while women not receiving CDM tend to have higher educational levels than those who are in receipt of the supplement. It also shows that self-employed workers tend to have more than one child and, therefore, receive the CDM in a greater proportion (62.5%) than employed workers (57.5%). The estimated cost of this measure amounted to 64 million euros in 2016 (approximately 0.05% of the expenditure on contributory pensions), a figure that will increase considerably as the supplement is extended to future female pensioners. Among the main criticisms highlighted by this study is the difference in treatment this measure generates. It purports to be a measure which acknowledges the value of motherhood yet it discriminates against many mothers by excluding women who were pensioners before 2016 and who are the most affected, historically, by more unfavourable family and work structures. In addition, other categories excluded are mothers with only one child, women who took voluntary retirement, women who receive non-contributory pensions and women who do not receive any pension. Finally, the measure works against the principle of equality between men and women, promulgated by the European Union, because it discriminates against fathers. Another criticism is that the amount of the CDM increases as the pension rises and continues to be paid even when the maximum pension is reached. This means that those women with higher pensions benefit more from the supplement, which is contrary to measures applied in other countries. One suggestion to improve the equality of this measure is that the supplement should have an upper limit. Furthermore, its effect on reducing inequality has been insignificant. As a measure of equality between men and women, the CDM has reduced the gender gap between new pensioners (2.2%) but its effect on the whole system is very poor (0.22%). The pension gap between men and women in Spain is still very wide at a rate of 29.3% and much more work needs to be done to reduce this gap. Finally, a pension system that gives women greater rights for raising children can reinforce traditional roles, discouraging mothers from entering the formal labour market and fathers from taking a break from their professional careers. This is why these measures are being questioned by the Court of Justice of the European Union in terms of equal treatment between mothers and fathers. The CDM does not address the causes of the problem of gender discrimination. It does not address discrimination in employment nor does it offer the support required in the workplace for reconciling maternity and paternity leave. It is ineffective as a stimulus to change labour behaviour of women because its effect is in the long term and it is an outdated measure that can be counterproductive. In light of these problems, the priority for the government would be to establish authentic equality policies which create opportunities for both men and women to develop their full potential. 1) labour market policies that eliminate gender differences (access to employment, wages and job promotion at work), improving the flexibility and the rationale of the working day, and 2) reconciliation policies related to family and work life, aimed at all workers, that recognise fathers and mothers as having co-responsibility for childcare. The following measures are proposed to reduce the gender gap in pensions: a) Replace the current CDM with an additional contribution period per child or a fixed amount supplement, in recognition of the period of time dedicated to bringing up children. If contribution years were added for accessing the pension, the number of women with contributory pensions would increase. To avoid the same negative aspects already highlighted, it should be implemented in a way that covers all kind of pensions and gives greater support to mothers of children with disabilities. b) Improve non-contributory (universal) pensions, which are those of lesser value. This measure would increase the number of women with pensions in their own right, thereby reducing the coverage gap and the pension gap of the total population (including non-pensioners). This extension is vital to stop the pension system being a welfare system (low coverage) and being outdated and out of touch (excessively linked to family relationships). Our further studies will be centred on these proposals with data provided by the MCVL in future years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to determine the effects of economic growth on inequality and poverty in the municipalities of the state of Nayarit, Mexico, in the period 1990-2010. The municipal evolution of each one of the variables is analyzed using inferential statistics, and the type of relationship between them is determined. Through linear regressions, its intercausality is established. The conclusion is that there is an inverse relationship between economic growth and the three types of income poverty, and a direct relationexpansion rates of gross domestic product per capita) and income inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyse the causes that allowed social movements in 2011 to transform into political parties in Spain and Chile. For this, an in from the premises of radical democracy regarding the construction of the antagonistic other and the notion of partymovement. From this framework is made a comparative analysis of the cases of Podemos and the Frente Amplio, carried out based on four political change dimensions: socio-economic conditions, political-cultural rupture, actions and discourses of hegemonic construction, and solidification of a generational break. Based on this analysis it is possible to verify, although with different intensity, that political and cultural factors existed that allowed to materialize in political parties the dynamics of opposition to the neoliberal social structure of social movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sustains that between 1990 and 2016, development of tourisim in Guanacaste, Costa Rica, has not improved the living standards of the local population. Thus, through the analisis of statistical official data and theoretical documents, it can be demonstrated that the development of tourisim has not solved the high levels of poverty, unemployment and inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty, as one of the constraints of social welfare, is among the greatest concerns of countries, multilateral agencies, and society in general. However, international academic consensus regarding the concept, measurement, and international comparability remains distant. As such, this paper seeks to approximate positions on the subject, and propose an indicator that can overcome one-dimensional visions of a polyhedral and multicultural phenomenon. In light of the results, and using data from 121,802 households from the 2012-2017 National Quality of Life Survey, it was evident that in six years, Colombia reduced its incidence of poverty by 7.2 percentage points, the gap by 1.1, and inequality by 1 percentage point, with rural areas and households being affected more frequently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the relationship between the evolution of inequality and labor informality in Brazil during the 2000s. Despite the main goal of this paper is to present new evidence on the relation between informality and inequality, this should be analyzed together with other related factors. To make this analysis, and to establish the contribution of each factor, a number of econometric decompositions were performed. We use decomposition exercises based on the combination of reweighting techniques with recentered influence function (RIF) models. Results suggest that the process of formalization contributed to reducing the concentration of income by increasing the income of persons who belong to the lowest vintiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty can be reduced in two ways: via income generation or via increased access to public goods and services. The aim of this paper is to propose a methodology for quantifying the percentage of the population that live in double inclusion, namely, in productive and social inclusion in Ecuador during the 2009-2017 study period. The results obtained indicate an asymmetry between social and productive progress. The advances made in education, housing, and basic services stand in contrast to the challenge to secure dignified employment, a situation made worse in rural areas. In 2017, the national level of double inclusion was recorded at 35.3%, non-productive social inclusion at 31.8%, non-social productive inclusion at 6.8%, and exclusion at 26%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last few decades, scholars, international institutions, and national governments have turned their attention to poverty and inequality. This has been clearly shown in an international debate thereon conducted from different theoretical and ideological points of view. The consensus is that there is a need to combat extreme poverty, but prevailing approaches thereto have focused mainly on how this manifests itself, and not on its causes. Causes of poverty and inequality were explained by Marx 150 years ago, when he formulated the General Law of Capitalist Accumulation. Although poverty and inequality are inherent in the development of capitalist system, they are seen and combated differently, as they start to be against the interests of that system. This paper is aimed at disclosing the reasons for the current emphasis on poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article underlines the relevance of anthropometric history among the disciplines concerned with health and nutrition. The examination of changes on the nutritional status and inequality in Spain focused the 4th Anthropometric History Workshop held at the beginning of 2018 where 18 original contributions were presented and discussed. We first show the ability of human stature to approach the impact of socioeconomic processes and environmental changes on the nutritional status over the last centuries. Then it is proceeded to present the main contents and advances achieved in the workshop. The papers coped with diverse dimensions of inequality regarding nutritional health and its determinants since the end of the 18th century until 2015. Aside of height and weight at different ages, principally adult ones, others anthropometric indicators were analyzed such as sexual dimorphism and low weight at birth. The results illustrate the large prevalence of malnutrition and social inequality in past Spain. These problems persisted over a good part of the 20th century (i.e. stunting) and, they acquired a different nature since the 1980s as the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity reveals. It is concluded that the determinants of nutritional status and health-related inequalities request multidimensional approaches and the dialogue between social sciences and biomedical sciences. Knowing about their dimensions in the past and their evolution over time provides a valuable basis in order to understand current problems in these areas and to address future public policies more adequately on childhood and adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the main results of the research project Consumption Cultural and social representations in children, adolescents and young people from Mexico City are exposed. It describes the close relationship between economic inequality and social and cultural inequality. Theoretically, it is part of the theory of social field of Pierre Bourdieu and the method of multiple correspondence analysis is used to arrive at these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the effect of the increase in female employment on income distribution in Uruguay between 1991 and 2012. In particular, this paper studies the impact on inequality and poverty. The methodology employed is a micro-decomposition proposed by Bourguignon et al. (1998). This methodology allows to partially capture the effect of the increase on female employment and to distinguish between effects generated by changes in employment status and those produced by changes in worked hours. Results suggest that, the increase in female employment has had statistically significant effects, despite not being the most important when it comes to explaining the evolution of income distribution. Changes in female employment contributed to reducing poverty levels throughout the period studied and, although it had modest results on de concentration of income at the beginning of the period, effects were more pronounced towards the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper quantifies the evolution of the middle class in Ecuador between 2007 and 2014 by computing polarization and bipolarization indexes. The results show that polarization have steadily decline between 2007 and 2014 due to an homogeneous move from lower income class households to higher income classes, which translates into an increase of the middle class measured as proportion of the total population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is aimed at examining the phenomenon of political polarization as a result of the origin and development of capitalist system, with a Marxist-Leninist political economic approach being taken. Different levels of political polarization and its intensification as the process of internationalization of capital evolves are stressed. Related theoretical and methodological concepts are used in this study, with focus being on the Latin-American area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Using standard fiscal incidence analysis and the new methodological developments by the Commitment to Equity (CEQ) Institute, this paper estimates the impact of fiscal policy on inequality and poverty in sixteen countries in Latin America around 2010. Methods: With information on incomes, consumption, and other dimensions available in household surveys, and knowledge about the characteristics of the fiscal system, the CEQ method consists in allocating to each individual the burden of personal income and consumption taxes, and the benefits from cash transfers, consumption subsidies, and government spending on education and health. This process yields the pre-fiscal and post-fiscal income concepts of interest. These income concepts, in turn, are used to calculate the corresponding indicators of inequality and poverty. Thus, one can estimate, for each country, the impact of the fiscal system and each of its components on inequality and poverty. Since the methodology that was applied is the same, results are comparable across countries. Results: The countries that redistribute the most are Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, and Uruguay. Guatemala, Honduras, and Peru are the countries that redistribute the least. Fiscal policy reduces extreme (income) poverty in twelve out of the sixteen countries. The incidence of poverty after taxes, subsidies, and cash transfers, however, is higher than market income poverty in Bolivia, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, even though fiscal policy reduces inequality in these four countries. Contributory pensions have a heterogeneous effect on inequality and, contrary to some expectations, their impact is equalizing in nine of the countries. In the sixteen countries, spending on pre-school and primary education is equalizing and pro-poor (per capita benefits decline with income per capita). Spending on secondary education is always equalizing; it is also pro-poor in some of the countries. Spending on tertiary education is never pro-poor but it is equalizing in all the countries except for Guatemala. Spending on health is always equalizing but pro-poor only in some countries. Conclusions: Latin America presents a great deal of heterogeneity in the size of the state and the countries' capacity to use their fiscal power to reduce inequality and poverty. A higher share of social spending (to GDP) is associated with a larger redistributive effect but countries with similar, or even lower, shares of social spending show heterogeneous redistributive effects implying that other factors beyond size such as the composition and targeting of social spending (and taxes) are at play. It is important to emphasize that a higher redistributive effect is not necessarily a desirable outcome since in this article there is no estimation of the impact of redistributive policy on fiscal sustainability and efficiency. In some countries, the burden of consumption taxes is such that a portion of the poor are net payers into the fiscal system (before receiving "in kind" transfers in education and health). Governments should examine whether this undesirable effect could be avoided, or at least reduced, through an expansion of targeted cash transfers and/or reduction in the consumption taxes that are particularly burdensome for the poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes Latin American neoextractivism, or the advance of raw materials exports in Latin America, from the perspective of classical and contemporary theory, and explains that before a break, it's the deepening of the model of liberal economy instrumented in different periods in the whole region, so changes are not expected in the dynamics or structure of the economy. The economic and social effects are analyzed from the theories of Dutch Disease and Curse of Natural Resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This paper presents new evidence of the inequality possibility frontier and the inequality extraction ratio (the percentage of total inequality that was extracted by global elites) of Latin America (LA) in the last two decades. Moreover, we explore the relevance of the inequality extraction ratio (IER) in the analysis of social conflict, institutional instability and corruption. Methods: Estimation of IER and Gini index for 18 Latin American countries in the period 1990-2013, using household surveys. Estimation of multivariate econometric models with fixed effects to analyze the relationship between income distribution and indicators of social conflict. Results: AL improves two positions in the ranking of global inequality using the IER instead of Gini index. Within Latin America there is a process of convergence in levels of inequality, but the two measures evolve differently: while the Gini index increases in the 90s and decreases in the 2000s, the IER decreases throughout the entire period. In addition, we found a positive association between IER and social conflict. Conclusions: Using the IER, LA is not as unequal as with the Gini index. Moreover, countries in LA with high rates of IER are more likely to have high levels of social conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyze the effects that commercial liberalization has caused in terms of industrialization. The former is concentrated on intermediate goods, shaping a reduced modern sector with small dragging levels towards other sectors of the economy. Said situation is getting inequality worse, denning neoclassical principles as the factor price equalization. The proposal is to form a structural change based on the generation of knowledge on the purpose of making new productive sectors and a deepen work division, with the participation of those in charge of macroeconomic policy and an organ of leading a new industrial policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current interest about inequality, heightened as a consequence of the economic crisis, is not new among authors linked to the History of Western Economic Thought. This study explores the views that leading authors of economic thought have held about inequality from Antiquity to our days. In particular, the paper is an attempt to establish a link between inequality and the triumph of private property in Western economic systems in the long term. Through the analysis of original texts and previous works of specialists in the field of economic thought, the study shows a relationship, more or less evident, between both aspects. Although criticism against the consolidation of private property and the existence of inequality abound, the former has been fully accepted and integrated into contemporary economic systems and therefore there is hardly any debate or questioning about it. On the other hand, inequality offers a different outlook. While accepting its presence as a fact, inequality generates great interest among the academy, whose members defend diverse positions regarding its origin, its evolution and today's level of inequality. The debate on inequality, far from being exhausted, is an attractive proposal for future research and reflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to determine the effect of labor income prior to migration on the income obtained by migrants in the destination economy, in the case of temporary Mexican migrants in the United States. The data used comes from the Emif Norte survey conducted between 1999 and 2009. High relative and absolute mobility is observed. Hourly income is multiplied by a factor of four in the destination economy, while the effect of a 10 % increase in labor income in Mexico results in less than a 1 % increase in labor income in the United States. The results show that labor income in Mexico has little predictive power for the job performance of Mexican migrants in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in manifestations of violence against women in Oaxaca and links between these expressions should be explained beyond immediate situations and in a perspective of intersectionality. Given the breadth of expressions of gender violence and the predominantly rural and indigenous constitution of the state of Oaxaca, this paper focuses on the nature of violence faced by indigenous women within their community, concerning land conflicts, the struggle for land tenure and the relative recent participation of women in positions of authority not traditional assumed by them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A broad discussion and a large number of documents and reports on inequality and poverty have been published in Spain during the last years, mainly as a consequence of the intense worsening of poverty and inequality levels during the economic crisis. After some explanations on the main concepts related to these concepts, the paper offers some data of inequality and poverty ratios and tries to yield some light on the main causes that can help to understand such results. In this respect, market income distribution and the redistributive capacity of the public policies are given special emphasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the relation between inequality, social suffering and social movements. To analyze this relation, it explores some researches that shows how has been studied this field of knowledge. Afterwards, this paper examines the work realized in the Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales (IIS) of the Universidad de Costa Rica, to contribute to the analysis of social movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I identify four topics that I argue should be more prominent in the capability approach to international development and in ethical reflection on the ends, means, and processes of development: (1) inequality of power, (2) agency and empowerment, (3) democracy and development, and (4) corruption. I argue that the first and fourth are urgent challenges for the capability approach ad the second and third topics are important ways in which the challenges can and should be met. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we problematize about different conceptions of poverty and "social question", native of the liberal tradition, and their typical forms of confrontation and combat, in the context of classical liberalism in the XIX century, Keynesianism, in the XX century, and neoliberalism, from the current crisis of capital. Currently, like "alternative" visions, appear strongly the theoretical-political called "third way", "neo-developmentalist" and "post-modern" trends. Here, we will evaluate their prospects thinking the poverty and proposed showdown, considering if really their are alternative or complementary and functional to the neoliberalism. With this, we offer a reflection on some aspects that allow us to characterize poverty and "social question" from a historical-critical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women and transgender people who practice prostitution as constituent violated and socially stigmatized group, not only because they belong to the female gender but also by an activity such as prostitution so stigmatized by society as a whole including men who consumed. In that sense, this paper attempts to analyze the social factors that affect the health of women and trans people in prostitution; also examine the influence of gender on the health of them. To fulfill these, it is used as a tool for data collection of life stories. It should be noted that it is progress achieved so far as a result of a broader process of qualitative research. Women and trans people in prostitution are exposed to working conditions and health unfavorable. Among them we can mention: the commodification of the body, the violence may suffer because of transit late at night in downtown areas as peripheral, the limited possibilities of negotiating condom use since the prostituyentes offer higher pay in exchange for not using it. As if this were not enough, attendance at health centers becomes difficult because of the hours of operation (in their moments of rest) and the discrimination they are exposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feminist frameworks have focused on gender inequality as the fundamental explanatory factor of male violence against women in union. This paper extends the analysis to contributions produced through social research. The approaches studied consider the personal characteristics of victims and aggressors (individual focus), the male-female power relationship within the couple (dyadic focus), and structural and symbolic factors (macro-social focus). An exploration of the respective contributions of these different perspectives shows that they offer only partial, inadequate approaches, given the multidimensional complexity of the problem. The main conclusions recognize that it is necessary to develop multi-level and inter-relational analytical frameworks such as the intersectional paradigm, in order to achieve a better understanding of the connection between gender inequality and male violence against women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the discussions in the education and employment of young people the validity of educational Inequalities and the implications of these on the employability of young people Is highlighted. In this sense, and returning these issues, this paper stresses and challenges In education and youth work In Latin America were discussed. We worked through a comparative approach bases on statistical data from secondary sources used by way of reconstructing the current landscape of both issues in the period 1990-2012. Trends indicate that variables with recognized social sector and gender, economic variable that warns other traits who drink to the existence of complex scenarios for much of the young population sector is added. But it also notes that countries in the region have declined existing inequalities but other latent inequities persist. Situations that result in latent challenges in education and work, understanding the equal opportunities as a target range for all young people in our latitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of political strategic necessity when considering social justice issues, and the progressive and equal inclusion of a nation's citizenry into higher education, implies the need to take into account, during the planning and construction of educational policies, the challenges of ensuring, through respective educational policies, visibility and transformation of inequalities and differences that produce exclusion and social cohesion inequities. Neither the educational system, or the Ministry of Education, nor the universities, public and private, are isolated from the demands of society, in a given historical context. The problem that is presented in this paper refers to a public policy of social inclusion of sectors and marginalized groups (excluded because are vulnerable), either by economic conditions (inequality), or differences (extra-economic inequalities such as gender and ethnicity). This work presents a synthesis of the fundamentals, objectives and action items of an international collaborative project between countries in Latin America and the European Union (EU) under the denomination - Programa Marco Interuniversitario (PMI) para una Política de Equidad y Cohesión Social en la Educación Superior (RIAIPE) - that comprises institutional and national research proposals of intervention, from individual universities, and the development of an agenda that aims to have a national impact. The RIAIPE program encompasses university management (access-permanence), international cooperation (Latin America-European Union) and social engagement (inclusion and cohesion). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to determine which family characteristics are correlated with access to post-compulsory education in Colombia. To do this, generalized ordered probit model is estimated using seven cohorts with data from the Household Integrated Survey (GEIH) for 2008-2012. The main econometric results show that characteristics such as parental education, employment status and socioeconomic status are correlated with the increase in the probability of choosing post-compulsory education in Colombia. Therefore, there are significant differences that show the existence of inequality in educational opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an approach that investigates comparatively a series of pictorial images produced in different sociopolitical contexts depicting founding scenes of the Argentinean nationality. It discusses in particular the case of the figure of the white captive represented in works, among others, such as The return of the Malón by Angel Della Valle, painted in 1892. This work is observed throughout the various transpositions which recorded that figure, such as the contemporary reinterpretation that the painter Daniel Santoro made in works like Victoria Captive, and Malón and spatial concept (both painted in 2009), or Victoria Ocampo watching the return of the raid (2011). The main objective is to discuss from the perspective of cultural and visual studies and sociology of culture, issues that are evident in the representation of the cultural "other". Among them, the specific modalities of nominating and making visible that art allow in respect to subordinate subjects and the place of art within the games of disputes by the hegemony of certain meanings around these founding scenes of Argentina. The focus is set in the recent establishment of state cultural policies that configures a dispute among the senses of the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a trend analysis by examining the factors of population growth, quality of housing and gaps in coverage by basic urban services, education and health services on the northern Mexico border area. The data show that in this area that includes 80 municipalities and more than 7 million people distributed along one of the world's largest international borders (approximately 3,200 kilometers long), there are large disparities between the towns of larger and smaller population and significant social deficits persist even in the largest cities of the strip. This situation entails challenges that require urgent and differentiated attention of all government levels authorities. For small communities the main challenge is survival, considering that the majority have negative population growth rates; for larger populations the urgency lies in reconciling their indices of economic dynamism with population growth, as well as with providing the infrastructure and the indispensable services required for social and economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper scrutinizes the development of heights in Peru from the early republican period to the end of the guano era (1820-1880). Studying heights of prisoners from the Lima penitentiary, we find that those of prisoners from the lower classes stagnated throughout the period. We argue that the presence of such a valuable export as guano had no positive effects on the standard of living of the middle and lower classes, not even in Lima, where most of the benefits from guano exports were concentrated. After controlling for ethnic and occupational differences throughout the period under consideration, we find no statistically significant regional disparities in living standards. Moreover, we find that ethnic differences were as pronounced during that time as they would have been if no political change had happened, and that they remained unchanged throughout the entire century. In addition, this study is the first to present data on 19th-century Peruvian women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]