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Copyright of Investigaciones Historicas is the property of Universidad de Valladolid, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Index.Comunicación is the property of Index.comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Antecedentes: la producción de papel está soportada principalmente en la madera debido a su alto contenido de celulosa. Sin embargo, actualmente se buscan fuentes alternativas que desestimulen el uso de este recurso favoreciendo la protección de los recursos naturales. La producción de cacao es una actividad económica importante en Colombia, sin embargo, genera grandes cantidades de residuos orgánicos. La cascarilla de cacao es uno de los residuos más significativos de la industria del cacao y representa alrededor del 12 % del peso total de la semilla. Objetivo: evaluar las propiedades fisicoquímicas del papel obtenido a partir de la cascarilla de cacao de la variedad TCS 01. Métodos: se identificó y cuantificó la composición de celulosa, hemicelulosa y lignina de la cascarilla de cacao. Se realizó un diseño experimental para analizar las condiciones de extracción y elaboración del papel obtenido de la celulosa de la cascarilla y se evaluaron seis parámetros de calidad basado en la norma NTC 5342 (muestreo para determinar la calidad de papel y cartón): adsorción, tensión, escritura, color, textura y apariencia. Resultados: se obtuvo un porcentaje de celulosa, hemicelulosa y lignina de 12,5, 21,5 y 15,6 % en peso respectivamente. A partir del diseño experimental para la elaboración del papel, se observó que a una temperatura de 80°C y durante 8 horas se obtuvo el mejor tratamiento, mostrando las mejores características de calidad y cumpliendo lo requerido por la NTC 5342. Se observó que la masa límite de celulosa fue de 4,21 g de muestra húmeda la cual tuvo una absorción de 3,5 ml de agua. Los ensayos de tensión mostraron resultados de 8,2 N en las muestras de papel. Conclusiones: aunque el material obtenido no cumple a cabalidad con las características necesarias para catalogarse como papel, este material puede ser utilizado en la producción de envases y embalajes donde se requiere resistencia mecánica moderada o en la producción del material llamado “cartón paja”. Además, su alta adsorción medida en la prueba realizada indica que este material podría ser utilizado como absorbente en las industrias alimentaria o de construcción. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Derecho del Estado is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to present observations on the pragmaticalized use as well as the concomitant functions of the demonstrative este in Mexican Spanish. Este seems to serve an additional range of functions in Mexican Spanish in particular, but also in other Hispanic American varieties, as it has turned into a quite productive discourse marker that can be considered, among other things, as a hesitation element, an outline signal, and probably also as an evidentiality marker. The specific functional domains (especially with regard to possible evidential functions) will be illustrated in more detail in the paper using oral language data from the speaker community of the southern Mexican city of Oaxaca de Juárez. The study also includes a sociolinguistically oriented quantitative analysis, the results of which will also be discussed in the context of language ideological attitudes towards este. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cadernos de Dereito Actual is the property of Ruben Miranda Goncalves and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Relaciones Internacionales (1699-3950) is the property of Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain, International Relations Studies Group (GERI) Law Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Relaciones Internacionales (1699-3950) is the property of Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain, International Relations Studies Group (GERI) Law Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Recerca is the property of Universitat Jaume I and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Futuro del Pasado: Revista Electrónica de Historia is the property of Futuro del Pasado: Revista Electronica de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)