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Due to the arrival of COVID-19 in Mexico, a majority of the population was affected in terms of their labor participation. This article aims to measure the levels of educational mismatch-overeducation and undereducation-in Mexico before and after the closure of activities decreed during the pandemic. The research examines changes in educational adjustment from the first quarter of 2020 to the third quarter of the same year and the first quarter of the following year, and it investigates whether there were modifications in sociodemographic profiles, changes in the conditions of those experiencing educational mismatch, and if these dynamics were a result of the crisis. The analysis uses the National Occupation and Employment Survey and employs multinomial models to assess the probability of being in some form of educational mismatch, with a grouped base for five survey editions to establish changes over time. The results show an increase of approximately 0.5% in overeducation in the total occupied population, considering sociodemographic and labor insertion characteristics. Similarly, there are differences between informal and formal employment in terms of how these changes occur, with the former showing increases first, followed by the latter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is intended to examine the relationship between the Employment Vulnerability Index (EVI) and labor informality in Ecuador in 2018, 2019, and 2021 (considering both preand post-pandemic periods). The EVI was constructed using a polychoric principal components analysis (PCPA), while a logistic regression model and a two-stage least squares linear probability model were employed to evaluate its association with workers’ informal status. The findings indicate a positive correlation between employment vulnerability and the likelihood of a worker being engaged in the informal sector, with this correlation being particularly pronounced among individuals with higher EVI scores. Accordingly, policymakers are advised to concentrate their efforts on enhancing workers’ conditions by increasing educational attainment and implementing programs designed to incentivize formal employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article aims to study the evolution of the Argentinean labor market over the last three decades in the light of an approach that takes into account the structural determinant of the national economic cycle: the relationship between the lag in international productivity and the availability of sources of compensation for it, at each moment in time, under the different models of accumulation. To this end, the dynamics of different relevant labor variables (employment, wages, the evolution of the urban informal sector, and the quality of employment) are analyzed in stages identified according to the general economic dynamics: 1991-2002, 2003-2011, and 2012-2021. The main conclusion is that only in instances of a particularly high flow of ground rent (2008-2011) a genuine improvement in the employment and living conditions of the Argentinean population was achieved, which failed to reverse the pronounced deterioration that had occurred since the mid-1970s. This deterioration was the result of a growing differentiation in the conditions of reproduction of the labor force, which has its correlation in the marked fragmentation that characterizes current Argentinean society vis-à-vis that of the early 1970s, which stood out in the regional panorama. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Over time, the role of women in the world of work has evolved and despite the implementation of new laws whose objective was to build a society and a more inclusive, participatory, democratic state, without discrimination, racism, hatred, or division. There are still inequalities towards women. This document will analyse the impact of labour inequalities in the informal market in the period 2006-2019 through the application of an econometric model of time series in relation to the variables Minimum Wage, Unemployment Women, Salaried Workers, and Level of Poverty. The results of the model lead us to conclude that the barriers imposed on women in the formal labour market led to unemployment among women continuing to increase and unfortunately, they have to seek income on a day-to-day basis, moving further into the informal sector in Bolivia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: En el presente artículo se examina cómo han evolucionado las funciones reguladoras de la legislación laboral en la región de la Comunidad de África Meridional para el Desarrollo (SADC) y se señalan casos de segmentación legal del mercado de trabajo. Los autores explican las características demográficas de la economía informal en los Estados miembros de la SADC y concluyen que, a pesar de la constitucionalización del derecho del trabajo, los mecanismos de legislación laboral de la región contribuyen sustancialmente a la segmentación legal de la economía. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: Siguiendo el marco de Dingeldey et al. (2021), pero con un enfoque cualitativo, se analiza la segmentación legal del trabajo en China, la India, Malasia y Viet Nam, prestando atención a los niveles de exclusión y a las jerarquías de protección otorgada. El autor observa varios factores que diferencian a estos países de los del Norte y que determinan sus mercados de trabajo: el tamaño relativo de la población activa que opera fuera de la cobertura efectiva de la reglamentación laboral; la terminología jurídica, de difícil traducción a los idiomas occidentales; y la historia jurídica, especialmente en lo que respecta al desajuste entre los marcos jurídicos y el mercado laboral resultante del colonialismo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is much debate around whether labor informality reflects situations of exclusion or whether it constitutes a valuable alternative for those who work in this sector. This paper contributes to the discussion by comparing the characteristics of those who move from the formal to the informal sector with the characteristics of those who remain in formal sector jobs during the 1995-2019 period in Argentina. Multinomial choice models are used for this purpose. The influence of such movements on the variation of wages is also evaluated. Both sets of evidence reveal that the positions in the informal sector, taken as a whole, do not seem to constitute a desirable destination for those who work in the formal sector. However, there is also evidence of heterogeneity in the informal sector, since the profile of those who move to one of its segments -that of employers- is consistent with the idea of voluntariness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: Los estudios sobre plataformas digitales de trabajo indican que internet brinda nuevas oportunidades de ingresos en el mundo en desarrollo, pero no se ha investigado el uso de los medios en línea sin intermediarios en el sector informal. Utilizando datos de la etnografía digital y entrevistas con trabajadores en Indonesia, se examina cómo los mototaxistas y los trabajadores domésticos accedieron al mercado de trabajo por medios sociales durante la pandemia de COVID‐19 cuando las plataformas no estaban autorizadas a operar. Aunque los medios sociales ampliaban las oportunidades de empleo, el éxito dependía del tamaño de las redes sociales de los trabajadores y estaba limitado por los algoritmos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The present study aimed to characterize the insertion to the informal labor market in young people who are part of the tourism sector of Santa Marta, for which the employability resource was addressed, since it is understood that in informality there are also strategies, skills and knowledge that affects the income, permanence and mobility of the worker. For this, it was necessary to approach the phenomenon from an interpretive paradigm, with a qualitative perspective and phenomenological design, the sampling was by type case, in which nine young people between 19 and 27 years of age participated who were engaged in less unstable traditional informal work. The technique used was the semi-structured interview, Bardin's content analysis and the discursive practice of the narrative line were applied. The results allow us to recognize that young people are inserted into informality through close people, as well as develop the social skills necessary to be more attractive in this market, evidencing their employability in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Semestre Económico is the property of Sello Editorial de la Universidad de Medellin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Semestre Económico is the property of Sello Editorial de la Universidad de Medellin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Estudios Económicos is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Argentina poses a setting in which many people are either unemployed, involuntarily underemployed or working in the informal sector. Employment scarcity worsens due to the recruiting mechanisms, which are highly restrictive for vulnerable people, and lead to greater inequality in the access to the labor market. Since the Public Employment Service has only been present for 15 years in Argentina, the path followed by other countries can become an invaluable advisor when it comes to adapting successful experiences to the local setting. Within this analytical summary, and using a model case study methodology, an exercise is proposed. Such exercise allows for the evaluation of the local diagnosis and the assessment of the adaptation potential that the most effective labor intermediation strategies have. One of the main findings is that international evidence shows that the Active Labor Market Policies must be framed within a perspective which considers that inclusion is strategic for the growth of a country. Furthermore, it could be interesting to adapt and implement diverse policies of labor intermediation in the local framework. This is the case of profiling, reinforced guidance, the avail of technological tools and the creation of partnerships with the third sector, as well as with the private sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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From the critical theory, this article studies the Argentine social policy from 2001 to 2015. This analysis is carried out in light of the aspects assumed by the labor market during this period, which are characterized by be of economic growth with a total employment increase, but also due to the persistence of some employment problems that are consolidated and presented as structural and difficult to reverse. In this framework and, In this framework and, using content analysis as a methodological tool, in this article it is maintained that the State, through social policies, paradoxically reproduce the segmentation of the labor market since, on the one hand, identifying this problem is difficult to reverse --implementing specific policies for the specifically vulnerable population-- on the other, promoting the blurring of the borders between the employed population and the unemployed population and between the different segments of workers that make up the labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective is to construct a methodology to measure the gender gap in "full and decent employment" and to break it down statistically according to factors that reflect the structure of the labor market and the productive structure of cities. The methodology is applied to 23 Colombian cities. According to the labor structure, the gender gap in full and decent employment is due to differences in labor participation and in the formality of employment, rather than to differences between men and women in unemployment or in the dedication to formal employment. According to the productive structure, the orientation by sex and the composition of sectoral employment in cities have a modest influence on the differences between cities in the generation of full and decent female employment, since these result mainly from differences in the generation capacity of formal employment for both sexes. The methodology is also used to analyze changes over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Semestre Económico is the property of Sello Editorial de la Universidad de Medellin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It has been believed that people inserted in formal labor markets who develop economic activities where the application of technology, and the management of specialized and advanced knowledge are fundamental, are subjected to a greater depreciation of their human capital; this is product of the technological change to which they are subjected in their labor praxis. However, it is possible that the greater the depreciation of human capital in the formal sector, the greater are the incentives to accumulate human capital. In this sense, the objective of this research is to explain how the incentives to accumulate human capital in the formal sector compensate for the depreciation of human capital generated by technical change. From the methodological perspective, Mincerian wage equations are estimated for both sectors, following the empirical proposal of Neumman and Wisses (1995). As a result, the levels of depreciation of people working in formal economic sectors, constituted by industries whose operations require a high technological content, are not more pronounced than those of individuals belonging to the informal sector. Finally, it is concluded that the segmentation of the labor market configures a new form of depreciation of human capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze the results of a policy of massive allocation of usufruct rights to cuidacoches: persons performing surveillance of parked vehicles in the streets. Surprisingly, despite the low cost and the considerable benefits to legally acquiring the right of use on the block, half of the potential beneficiaries have rejected the subscription to the program. In order to understand this market and the mobility between being in the legal framework or outside the law, we built a unique database containing economic and sociodemographic information from cuidacoches in Montevideo. We highlight four findings: the heterogeneity in the reasons for accepting or rejecting the legal framework; the protection of the right of usufruct on the block as the main perceived benefit of complying with the legal framework; the desire to change jobs for the vast majority, and the low saving capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen El trabajo informal merma la productividad y los ingresos fiscales estatales y frena el crecimiento económico. Con datos de la Encuesta Social Europea de 2004-2012 sobre 20 países y mediante estimaciones de pseudo panel, los autores encuentran que la protección del empleo, las prestaciones de desempleo y el gasto social contribuyen a reducir el trabajo informal asalariado. Dado que la mayoría de las reformas socioeconómicas en Europa, sobre todo desde 2008, han recortado estas medidas de protección de los trabajadores, podrían haber incrementado la incidencia del trabajo informal. Los autores muestran también la superioridad metodológica de las estimaciones de pseudo panel respecto de otros métodos utilizados hasta el momento. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally it is mentioned that the informal occupation is composed of the lower and marginalized levels of the population, as they do not have the qualifications and skills necessary to integrate into the formal labor market. However, the last 20 years, the processes of capitalist transformation have formed a new middle class, which in the labor sphere I assume distinctive peculiarities, which seem to point to an improvement in the world of work. In this environment and for Mexico (1997-2013), the study applied a comparative methodology (formal and informal economy) and a middle-class segmentation (middle-income approach) to explain the main trends of the stratum and to find If their particularities are the same or different from the global and Latin American scope, as well as to identify the implications for the structuring of employment and social classes. The results found differentiations between the dynamics and characteristics of the Mexican middle class and those existing in the world and regional, which set up a stratum that tended to precarizar the dynamics of the social classes and their consequences in the occupations are still unpredictable In the short and medium term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este documento se evalúa la presencia de segmentación en el mercado laboral argentino. El análisis se centra en la comparación de los ingresos de los trabajadores formales e informales, mediante dos enfoques distintos sobre la definición de informalidad. Se comprueba la existencia de una prima formal por medio de la utilización de datos dinámicos y técnicas semiparamétricas. Se analizó el período comprendido entre 1996 y 2006 de todas las zonas urbanas encuestadas. Los resultados obtenidos respaldan la hipótesis de la segmentación del mercado laboral urbano de la Argentina, esto es, que trabajadores que cuentan con probabilidades similares para transitar de un sector a otro perciben ingresos diferentes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Levy (2008) maintains that the lack of quality in social services security represents an incentive for the informal work. This work shows that the individuals' perception of social security services in Mexico influence their decision of choosing to work in the informal sector. With an econometric probit model, the results indicate that the quality of the service in the institutions of social security, like IMSS and ISSSTF, motivated 38% of workers to work in the informal sector. The investigation supports the supposition that it is not only factors of exclusion, but also of escape, that influence their decisions to choose between a formal employment or informal one in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los autores investigan empíricamente las motivaciones individuales para ofrecer o aceptar trabajo informal con datos de una encuesta a alemanes residentes realizada en 2010. Según sus hallazgos, el desempleo, presente o pasado, incrementa significativamente la probabilidad de trabajar informalmente. La insatisfacción con respecto a la posición social y el malestar por la ineficacia gubernamental también parecen incrementar de forma significativa la oferta de trabajo informal por parte de los hombres. La demanda de trabajo informal no parece influida por estos factores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an analysis of economic cycles using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. The author discusses the impact of financial shocks on the job market as well as the informal sector of a given economy. She also considers the influence of these events on monetary and economic policies.

Copyright of Ecos de Economía is the property of Universidad EAFIT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The world economic crisis of 2008 caused grave financial imbalances in most countries in the global environment, whether developed or in development, inhibiting economic growth in the short and medium term, although the labor markets recorded differentiated effects. This study consisted of a comparative analysis between the formal and informal economy in Mexico during the 1995-2012 period. It shows that the outstanding macroeconomic growth of the country, sustainable even in the 2008 crisis, has not affected labor market dynamics positively; and, on the contrary, a series of imbalances co-exist that incentivize and provoke a greater precariousness of some labor parameters, which impede the progress of employment. Based on these results, public policy interventions are proposed that interrelate economic development with that of the labor markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyze the effect of the UCA (Universal Child Allowance) in labor informality in Argentina. The results obtained indicate that, controlling for other factors, the UCA does not have a statistically significant effect on labor informality, when either the productive or labor approach are considered. Instead, variables that account for macro-structural factors such as the size of the firm/institution, the level of income y, very specially, secular trends that affect every employed turned out to be the most relevant in the analysis. The methodology to analyze the effect of the program on labor informality was based on the fixed effects estimator, whose main advantage is related with the nature of panel data and is that of controlling by unobserved effects that are fixed over time. The average treatment effect was estimated based on the differences-in-differences estimator, for which the identification of the treatment and control groups resulted central. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discute las políticas del gobierno de Venezuela en el sector laboral, con énfasis en los fenómenos del subempleo y el desempleo. Otros aspectos del tema incluyen el papel de la economía informal, la necesidad de promover el emprendimiento y la generación de empleos. La autora analiza también las políticas de corte socialista implementadas por el gobierno venezolano a partir de 1999.

In this paper it is recognized that the main concepts mentioned (labor market, employment, work, wage, informal sector, precarious job, micro-enterprise, ambulatory commerce and feminine work) are not deeply analyzed, because this document is part of a larger research project called "Woman and affective work: another aspect of informality" from which there are already some sub-products that deal with the referred concepts in depth. This is why, in this article we just analyzed the affective work genesis and the conceptual interrelations inherent to such analytical category. Evidently, this is done with the aim to respond to the goals established by the project of creating a theoretical net that will allow us to get closer to the reality expressed by some of the concrete practices of woman labor force typified as effective work in the Federal District of Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La globalización y las reformas económicas afectan por lo común al sector formal, pues el informal se halla al margen de las normas. Sin embargo, debido a los numerosos nexos que hay entre ambos, también en el sector informal se dejan sentir sus efectos de diversas maneras. El modelo teórico que se utiliza tradicionalmente para entender el impacto de estas fuerzas se basa en la fragmentación del mercado de trabajo y en las migraciones: los trabajadores que son despedidos en el sector formal engrosan la oferta de mano de obra informal, lo cual causa un descenso de los salarios y un aumento de la pobreza. El autor indaga si estos fenómenos se han dado en la India tras las reformas económicas del decenio de 1990, usando para ello un modelo basado en las variaciones de la oferta y de la demanda causadas por la «externización», las transferencias de trabajadores cualificados y las nuevas empresas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Firstly, the article argues that contemporary immigration into Italy, as well as into the other countries of southern Europe, is motivated, among other reasons, by the labour market demand from the receiving economic systems. In a framework of restrictive immigration policies, a well-established underground economy fosters unauthorized immigration but, when they are regularized by frequent amnesties, immigrant workers satisfy a large demand for registered labour, although at the lowest levels of the occupational ladder. However, the new immigrants are different from the «targeted» ones of the old European immigration, because many of them are highly educated people who have no other choice than to take jobs that require little in the way of qualifications. Using data from a survey carried out on 8,000 immigrants living in the largest Italian region, the second part of the article focuses on two points: whether the proportion of educated immigrants is lower among those who entered Italy more recently and how education levels affect the insertion of immigrants into the receiving labour market. The results show that the behaviour of the new immigrants is also different. The fact that «those that follow» are just as educated as the «explorers» always were confirms that unauthorized immigration is permanently self-selected. Finally, if we control other factors, education levels do not appear to affect the employment and unemployment probabilities of immigrants. We can suppose, therefore, that higher levels of education are not a resource, but a social constraint for many immigrants who do have not a merely instrumental commitment to work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the present article is to analyze how the micro enterprises of the informal urban sector represent one of the many labor markets, arising form the premise that these have the capacity to be vinculated to the gross national product of any nation and to undersign their dynamic to the general economic patron of a country when expressing economic supply and demand, specifically in the labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Desarrollo Económico is the property of Instituto de Desarrollo Economico y Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The adjustment policies implemented by the state over the last few years have had implication in the labor market in the Zulia region which have induced a large part of the working population to participate in informal activities. In this paper we present the principal theoretical conceptions in relation to the informal sector, and attempt an analysis of its functioning in Zulia State over the period 1984-1994, pointing out especially the impact it has had on the principal macro-economic indicators. As a source of information, Household Sample Surveys of the Zulia Region (LUZ-CONZUPLAN-OCEI) were utilized for the 1984-1998 period. The methodology used in these studies was work-market segmentation. As a result of this study it is possible to affirm that levels of informal labor increased in the Zulia economy over the period mentioned, even when the principal macroeconomic variables registered an increase: in other words, increased economic growth and investment did not eliminate an increase in the informal work market as Latin American common sense would indicate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]