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The migration of Venezuelans nationals to other Latin-American countries has been defined as the most significant migratory phenomenon in the recent story of the region, with Colombia being the country that hosts the highest number of Venezuelan nationals. From a human rights perspective, this article critically analyzes the response of the Colombian State to address migration from Venezuela. The objective of this article is to show that Colombia has preferred to govern this migration through the creation of ad hoc permits, instead of recognizing the need for international protection of this population and their status as refugees. To this end, this paper analyzes the Colombian regulatory framework on migration and refuge and, in particular, the response of the Colombian State to the migration of people from Venezuela. Its central argument is that the Colombian authorities have opted for the design and implementation of alternative measures of migratory regularization, as it was at the time the Special Permit of Permanence and is today the Permit for Temporary Protection. This article concludes by stating that the approach to Venezuelan migration has led to a clear detriment to the refugee system, today collapsed and with no prospect of reform or strengthening. This is so because the institutional design of the Colombian refuge entails a host of obstacles that discourage applicants from following this path, even when they require international protection. The authors of this paper use legal dogmatic as the main research methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the results of the systematization of the experience named My ideas in three minutes, an activity implemented in the Maternal School course of the Bachelor's Degree in Early Childhood Education at Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Colombia. The One minute paper technique was used to encourage students to reflect on their future role as teachers, by composing texts containing the analysis of their experiences and practices. Those documents were collected and analyzed, using Nvivo program, based on the following categories: identity as teachers and conceptual appropriation. However, during the process, some categories emerged, such as, appreciations about the educational system and others related to writing. The conclusions point out the potential of this technique for a reflexive exercise to be carried out in an agile way; besides, it promotes in the students the habit of constantly questioning themselves, making it possible for them to be more self-critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a compendium of good practices detected from the application of the Social Profitability Indicator in Communication IRSCOM to a group of 12 community and indigenous public interest stations in Colombia during the year 2022. The IRSCOM-RADCC (Radio Comunitaria Colombia) is a tested methodology that is specified in 33 indicators and is designed to collect quantitative and qualitative information on the internal functioning of the media in relation to six categories of analysis: management, social capital, territorial and citizen articulation, programming, Internet activity and infrastructure. The information collected goes through a weighting process that results in numerical scores for each of its variables allowing to observe strengths and weaknesses. The tool facilitates the collection of qualitative information in the form of good practices for each of its variables, thanks to the results of the semi-structured interview that accompanies the IRSCOM implementation methodology. The results have shown ingenious ways by radios to self-manage, as well as loyalty participation, both in management and in the realization of programs. There is also a growing interest in diversity and differential aspects in the configuration of social capital and in the programmatic contents as well as a high level of linkage with the social fabric. All this makes them the axis of territorial structuring and enhancement of proximity communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes counter-hegemonic struggles in the face of the 21st century extractivism offensive in Latin America. First, it examines the emergence of a new generation of social movements against neoliberalism and subsequently against extractivism, shaped by the affected communities in alliance with a variety of subaltern groups that express the displacement of struggles towards the place for the reproduction and existence of life: the territory. In this context, the current Colombian scenario is presented, where one of the main banners of the new progressive government is the gradual de-escalation of the extractivist model within the framework of environmental justice, as an expression of an alternative hegemony. Finally, the paper highlights some of the main challenges of the struggle between capital and life in the face of the resurgence of extractivism in times of war, a socially and ecologically unsustainable model and one of the main obstacles in the construction of peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a decolonial feminist geopolitics of Venezuelan migration to Colombia, with Venezuelans fleeing the socialist Bolivarian Revolution and then facing discrimination and violence upon settling in capitalist Colombia amid its failing peace process context. Conflicts over migration and nationality permeate our global order of sovereign nation-states, both in north-south migrations and across the global south, while the feminisation and racialisation of migrants divides the subaltern class and facilitates capitalist exploitation. However, this paper elucidates migrants’ inter-national solidarities and grassroots peace struggles. Community organisers along the Colombia-Venezuela border – the women’s empowerment organisation Tejedores de Paz and youth leadership foundation Horizonte de Juventud – unite impoverished internally-displaced Colombians and Venezuelan immigrants to create resistance territories against xenophobia, patriarchy, and poverty. Illustrating the utility of the methodology of decolonial feminist geopolitics, I trace the reconfiguration of the spirit of sociopolitical revolution in South America through migrants’ emergent form of feminist non-state socialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the political and institutional legacies of rebel governance in a context in which, after the demobilization of the FARC-EP, there was no reconfiguration of the dynamics of presence and violence developed by legal and illegal armed actors. I argue that from the rebel governance built by the insurgency and the local community boards (JALS) there emerged social processes that held, even after the signing of the Peace Agreement, and influenced the way in which local orders were reconstructed following the farc’s exit from the area. The paper presents a case study of San Andrés de Tello—a rural locality in the north of Huila, Colombia, with historic FARC presence--based on ethnographic fieldwork that privileged contact with key informants and concrete observations. This work contributes to the understanding of the legacies of rebel governance and how it is possible to use them to generate participatory processes of state formation that incorporate communal institutions as protagonists in the configuration of community governance in regions with a differentiated presence of the State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to make a philosophical approach to the theory of language in legal expressions, which increasingly establish measures that seek to differentiate the keys of the codes that have been budgeted from the theories of language in the construction of legal discourse, For this purpose, a theoretical analysis has been carried out, which from the philosophical theory can be appropriated by reviewing the sentence T 626 of 2022, where the Colombian constitutional court has detached itself from the forms and legal technicalities to be understandable to a child who acts as a receiver of the message. In such a way that this introduces a reflection that appropriates the interpretation of the law from the intellectual authors and not from the message, generating a significant transformation that must be considered within the legal hermeneutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the forecast of the exchange rate between the Colombian peso and the US dollar (hereinafter the dollar) from December 2019 to December 2020, based on a VEC (Vector error correction) model based on the parity hypothesis of weak purchasing power. With this, it's proposed that the exchange rate is adjusted not only to balance the differences in rates between the United States and Colombia, but also to balance a third variable, in this case WTI crude oil price. Caused by that the main source of export earnings for Colombia has its source in oil resources, it was considered valuable to use WTI quotes as a proxy to estimate the likely direction of the exchange rate in the short and medium term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes some statistics of judicial decisions on action of protection presented in Colombia in 2021. With respect to these decisions, the article tests the independence of the second instance decision (appellate court) with respect to what was decided by the first instance judge. Based on these results, the paper proposes a modification of the rule under which such actions of protection should be selected for review by the Constitutional Court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The administration of the domiciliary public utility companies must ensure compliance with their demand, ensuring the available financial resources cover the costs and achieve dividends for owners. This paper proposes a methodology for measure the efficiency of domestic utility companies in Colombia through a stochastic frontier, considering information from 2014 to 2018 from 44 companies, showing an efficiency ranking of firms, the result shows company's resource efficiency rate is 39%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Saber 5° tests seek to contribute to improving the quality of education in Colombia. Their application is periodic, they evaluate students' basic skills, and they analyze the factors that affect their achievements. This paper presents one of the results of a research work whose objective was to apply data mining techniques to detect patterns of academic performance regarding the mathematics component of the Saber 5 tests in the year 2017. This test was taken by the fifth-grade students of Colombian Primary Education institutions. To meet this objective, the CRISP-DM methodology was used. Socioeconomic, academic, and institutional information was obtained from the ICFES databases. This information was preprocessed using data cleaning and transformation techniques. The decision tree classification model was selected, as it allows easily interpreting patterns. Among the most important factors in the patterns associated with good or poor academic performance in mathematics are the nature and location of the school and whether or not the student had failed a grade. The knowledge generated in this research constitutes quality information for decision-making by the Ministry of National Education, education secretariats, and the executives of Primary Education institutions with regard to the definition of improvement plans that result in the quality of Primary Education in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been shown that the variability of the marginal capital product ratio is what determines the growth rate of economies according to Harrod's model; therefore, it is important to predict its behavior. This paper develops a methodology based on probabilistic random walk to predict the annual marginal capital product ratio of Colombia for the year 2017 based on information from the Penn World Table database from 1993 to 2016. It was found that this variable has underlying mathematical orders, which allows its prediction with an accuracy of 97.69%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effect of transfers from the General Participations System (SGP) on Colombian municipal development indicators during 2003-2017. A Municipal Development Index is proposed, considering indicators of educational achievement, health coverage, and crime rates. This index is studied in the municipal context using spatial autocorrelation techniques. A panel-type econometric model was estimated to evaluate the effect of transfers on the index. The results suggest that increases in education, health, culture, and recreation transfers generate positive, differential effects on the index. Transfers to the health sector have the most significant impact on the index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compilation of structural fire statistics at the national and international levels is presented in the paper. At the national level, data were obtained from Medellín, Manizales and Pereira Cities, the National Unit for Disaster Risk Management (UNGRD), which collects relevant information reported by the National Fire Department of Colombia (DNBC) and from the DNBC. These statistics allow to identify the types of buildings in which structural fires are most frequent and the number of people injured or deceased in structural fires in Colombia. At the international level, it was possible to identify the number of structural fires reported by different countries from 1996 to 2018. These data were reported by the International Association of Fire and Rescue Services (CTIF). It was possible to establish from this information that Colombia presents values lower than 0.3 fires per thousand of inhabitants, surpassed by European countries and the United States, where this index is higher than 1. It should be clarified that the methodology for the elaboration of fire statistics includes international parameters related to the comparison of damages caused by structural fires with the population, which do not apply in Colombia in all cases. Thus, the results were analyzed with great caution, taking into account that, when comparing the results with the population of Colombia, data were presented that do not represent the current state of the country in the face of fire events. This was due to the quality of the information available in Colombia. The paper includes recommendations to be included in the next version of the Colombian Code for Earthquake-Resistant Construction (NSR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns the study of Colombian foreign policy. Specifically, it applies foreign policy analysis (fpa) methods to the study of Colombian international politics and international relations. Embarking from the analytical framework of International Regimes, the work describes a specific approach to their study, and thereafter traces the process that preceded Colombia's accession to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (oecd). It analyzes how the decision to join the oecd is best understood as a foreign policy strategy on the part of the national government. The paper also offers a preliminary evaluation of the process of institutional adaptation accompanying oecd membership and its impact on Colombian society. The article is based on the analysis of primary sources related to the decision-making process carried out by both the national government and the oecd. Additionally, it uses a variety of other sources to illuminate a foreign policy strategy implemented in a complicated international context, one only made more difficult by the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic. In this manner, the paper discusses the challenges and importance of oecd membership, including the delay of its formalization to the point of coinciding with the Covid-19 pandemic. Such unfortunate timing has likely contributed to the perception among many Colombians, of the fruitlessness of membership. While indeed complex and challenging, the paper seeks to present the situation of Colombian membership in more nuanced light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the fashion industry has been identified as one of the major causes of environmental deterioration, including pollution, use of non-renewable resources, and waste generation, as well as the impact on other ecosystems. In this context, pro-environmental communication regarding responsible consumption is relevant, even though its study is an emerging field that offers new perspectives for analysis, particularly in terms of its contribution to the problem due to its influence on human behavior. Recent studies have shown that the millennial generation, or "millennials," who were born between 1981 and 2000, have caused significant changes in consumption habits. This paper presents the results of an analysis of the perception of communication campaigns' messages and their influence on responsible consumption of fashion industry products among millennials. To achieve this, a quantitative, descriptive, and associative study was designed based on 399 structured surveys administered to men and women between the ages of 20 and 31 in Colombia. The findings show significant relationships between opinions towards the messages and the gender variable, as well as a greater indifference (21.67%) among this population in the older age ranges (28 to 31 years old). It was also found that millennial women are more receptive to pro-environmental message of campaigns than men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colombia is one of the most inequal countries in Latin America, which at the same time, is the most inequal region of the world. Even though this situation is discouraging it is not new, the difference lays on the importance that this situation has been taken in the political agenda in the nation, awakening multiple expectative between the citizens who has been the eternal losers: the poor. This paper focuses on the challenges that the new government of Gustavo Petro faces in matter of the inequality and poverty that affects over the half of the population in Colombia, at the same time provides a context of the Colombian case in the conjuncture of global and regional socioeconomic changes that incident on the chances of fulfill structural transformations at the social policy. Although this research acknowledges a large spectrum of inequalities existing in the territory (gender, generational, ethnic, racial) it focusses on the income inequality. This analysis takes place based on the data of specialized sources on the subject and the monitoring fluctuations of inequality in Colombia in the last decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Business Judgment Rule (BJR) is a rule developed by the case law of the American courts that establishes that judges will respect directors' business decisions, as long as they made an informed decision, in the best interest of the company and without violating the law or breaching their fiduciary duties. This paper reviews the application of the BJR in Colombia and the unsuccessful bills presented on this matter. In addition, it aims to analyze the economic implications of its adoption and, through a qualitative methodology and from a law and economics perspective, demonstrates its significant macroeconomic and microeconomic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching philosophy during the pandemic was a challenge from a pedagogical perspective, as it required those involved in the educational process to overcome the digital divide. Now, it is crucial, following De Sousa Santos, to look at the lessons the virus taught us in this regard, and that is the primary purpose of this paper. Particularly, we reflect on the role of gamification as a pedagogical tool in the teaching of philosophy at the Universidad de Pamplona in Colombia. Based on our analysis, it is argued that teaching philosophy amid the health crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus mainly posed a didactic and pedagogical challenge. This challenge, indeed, highlighted the need for interactivity and the instruction of the different philosophy courses in a synchronous format via an online learning platform. Another challenge identified here was incorporating gamification into the teaching practices and evaluation processes in e-learning environments. In conclusion, the Universidad de Pamplona has been implementing synchronous and asynchronous remote activities through its virtual learning environment to encourage learning to know, learning to do, learning to live together, and learning to be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes, based on primary and secondary sources, the application of the doctrine of unconscionability in state contracts. For this purpose, the paper is divided into two parts. In the first part, some general considerations on unfair terms are presented. In the second part, it is exposed the scope of these clauses in the field of government contracting in Colombia, in particular, their purpose, characteristics and the legal sanction to which they are subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hostile takeovers operate as a suitable instrument for disciplining directors leading to better company performance. Bearing in mind, what is the role directors should adopt when the transaction has no board's approval? Implicitly, Colombian Law adopted the board neutrality rule that forbids any measure able to frustrate the Bid. This paper aims to analyze the convenience of adopting this rule and propose guidelines to clarify its scope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 30 years of commercial relations between Colombia and Peru within the framework of their different integration processes, this article aimed to analyze the Colombian companies that boost bilateral trade with Peru. The study reveals the companies and the main goods traded, the study was developed from the theoretical perspective of economic integration and the concept of South-South trade, through a predominantly quantitative method, with 300,692 data obtained from the interface of the National Statistical System (SEN) fed by the Tax and Customs Directorate Nationals (DIAN) during the last 5 years, 24,651 export operations and 18,305 import operations were obtained. Within the findings, the Colombian companies that export the most, those that import the most, and those with the highest volume of trade are categorized. The industry with the highest business participation is the hygiene and personal care sector, which ranks 5 companies out of the 10 with the highest commercial volume with significant exchanges in essential oils, chemical preparations, plastic, and paper manufactures. Regarding their size, it was found that 100% They are large multinational companies, with more than 50 years in the market. Of the 10 most representative companies: 2 are Colombian, 2 Peruvian, 4 American and 2 European. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peacebuilding process in Colombia involves a host of socio-political phenomena that can be approached from the organizational field. The objective of this paper was to analyze the peace process in Colombia, its agreement and the social management of its post-agreement from the critical theories of organizational studies, taking some of the taxonomies raised by Alvesson and Deetz. The methodological approach was qualitative, with an analytical method and an interpretative methodology based on categories of analysis on the links of the peace process with the naturalization of the social order, the universalization of managerial interests, instrumental reason and the production of consent; in this process, the theoretical-conceptual positions, the narratives of the peace process and its organizational manifestations were related. The relational discussion shows that there are various implicit domination structures in peacebuilding, with decisions that follow the logic of managerial efficiency and ideologies of the organizational fabric. The article invites the profound transformation of the organizational structure of peace, generating discourses, strategies and collective actions more committed to equity and social justice within the framework of what is legally agreed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiscal credibility plays an important role in creating favorable scenarios for investment and economic growth. Adequate management of public finances can be decisive in the perception of country risk and the attraction of foreign capital. The aim of this paper is to build a fiscal credibility index and evaluate its impact on investment expectations in Colombia for the 2005-2019 period. Using monthly data on fiscal credibility, investment expectations, and a set of control variables, estimates were made using OLS and GMM methods. Robustness tests were performed using impulse-response functions. The findings reveal that fiscal credibility directly influences the investment decisions of private agents, and that local interest rates and international volatility negatively affect investors' expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a cancer of uncontrolled cell growth in the colon. In Colombia, CRC according to "New global cancer data: GLOBOCAN 2018" ranks fifth with an incidence of 5.6% and a mortality of 7.4%, and in the department of Caldas - Colombia it has an incidence of 16%. This paper presents a narrative review of the literature on synthetic routes and nanoencapsulation, based on the most widely used chemical treatments against CRC, based on selected documents using the keywords: nanoencapsulation + colorectal cancer, synthetic pathways + colorectal cancer, drug + chemotherapy + colorectal cancer and using Scopus and Web of Science. Three drugs were selected whose synthetic routes present fewer stages, with better yields and use of commercially available reagents, of low cost and that do not pollute the environment. This is how the synthesis of 5- fluorouracil and oxaliplatin is described, using chemical products and the synthesis of irinotecan from semi-synthetic products derived from a natural product. Reports were found on nanoencapsulation, which allows the production of nanovehicles with better clinical results, such as polymeric noparticlesontaining 5-fluorouracil, solid lipid nanoparticles encapsulating oxaliplatin, and liposomes encapsulating irinotecan. Finally, it has been reported that the polymeric nanoencapsulation of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) induces a pronounced reduction in tumor volume; additionally, the use of solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with oxaliplatin decreases its cytotoxicity; and, in addition, irinotecan in its liposomal form decreases tumor growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2030 Agenda integrates the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through the SDG 4, quality education. The '2030 Agenda' proposes education for sustainable development as one of the pillars to achieve just, equitable, inclusive societies and in harmony with nature. Within this framework, legal clinic training is an inspiring model for strengthening education for sustainable development in the country. This paper presents the results of documentary research on real work cases of legal clinics in Colombia. In addition, it analyzes the work of various legal clinics across the world in order to explain the correspondence between the global legal clinic agenda and the 2030 Agenda. The paper finds that Colombian legal clinics play a relevant role in promoting sustainability through their integration in the SDG framework, having social justice at the core of their pedagogic goals and social projection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to assess the factor structure of the Spanish Burnout Inventory (SBI) in a multi-occupational sample of Colombian workers. On the basis of previous results and the factor structure of the instrument, a four-factor model was hypothesized. The sample consisted of 153 Colombian workers from different occupational sectors. The SBI was applied. This instrument is composed of 20 items distributed in four dimensions: Enthusiasm toward the job (5 items), Psychological exhaustion (4 items), Indolence (6 items), and Guilt (5 items). The psychometric properties were examined by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and the reliability was tested by Cronbach's alpha. The items presented adequate statistical and psychometric values, as well as the scales. The model presented an acceptable fit to the data: GFI = .858, RMSEA = .066(.051-.079), NNFI = .913, CFI = .927. Reliability was adequate for all scales (α = .79 to α = .87). The results indicate that the SBI is an instrument with psychometric validity to assess the burnout in the Colombian cultural context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the problem that arises in the absence of a specific definition of what is understood by "cryptocurrency" and "cryptoactive", and the legal effects that this may bring when seeking a regulatory intervention regarding said figure. A comparison between currency and "cryptocurrency" is made from its elements, and the problems of the indefiniteness of the figure are shown based on the legislative projects that have been presented before the Congress of Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: The year 2021 marked the 50th anniversary of the Regional Indigenous Council of Cauca (CRIC), the first organization established in Colombia to fight for territorial and identity rights of Indigenous Peoples. From a historical perspective and proposing an approach related to the concept of resistance, this paper focuses on how this latter has been expressed through this indigenous movement since its inception. Methodology: The information and reflections presented here are based on a corpus of bibliographical and documentary sources, as well as on a follow-up of the political mobilizations of indigenous peoples in situ, in the media, digital social networks, official minutes, and other statements. Conclusions: The analysis reveals the persistence of indigenous resistance and an expansion of the project that accompanies it, from a struggle for land and territory to efforts carried out along with other actors and social organizations to create a "better world." Originality: The originality of the article consists of an analysis of the political dimensions of the resistance of Indigenous Peoples, which are still little known. In addition, it offers a novel approach to stress the intersection of (sub) national and global dynamics in which the demands of Indigenous Peoples and issues related to Colombia's society and the whole world converge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article was to review the relationship between narrative and information inside the Commission for the Clarification of Truth, Coexistence and Non-Repetition (CEV, from its Spanish acronym). In addition, this article examines the implications of the use of narrative to build truth, specifically the truth that the CEV is seeking, and elucidate the approach of truth in which it is situated. For these purposes, we analyze the method used by the CEV to collect testimonies and upload those to the Mission Information System (SIM, from its Spanish acronym). In this paper, we identify the SIM's scope and limits, and discuss the Commission's statements about the characteristics of its final report in light of the use of information and the narrative strategy to build truth. We concluded that the relationship between the categories of narrative and information reflects the epistemological problems inherent to the social sciences regarding the tension between objectivity and subjectivity. Furthermore, the validity of the CEV's elaborations will depend on the rigor of contrasting different versions and sources, rather than the amount of information it collects. Likewise, we highlight the relevance of the role that SIM played in opening up to new technical and methodological tools for uncovering the truth and monitoring human rights in Colombia, and the rest of the world. Nonetheless, there needs to be consideration for the complexities and dilemmas that information sciences deal with when analyzing social reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction-- In Colombia, periods of intense rainfall are frequently associated with landslides. Since these processes are one of the phenomena that cause the most economic losses worldwide, it is necessary to study and model rainfall to establish its relationship with instability, using GIS tools and specialized software for this purpose. Objective-- Model the precipitation corresponding to the period from 2010 to 2019, for the municipality of Santa María in the department of Boyacá, in order to determine the effect of rainfall as a trigger of the mass movements presented during that time. The object of the study focused on the generation of the hydrological model of rainfall between the years 2010-2019, for the municipality of Santa María, to determine the effect of rain as a trigger for the mass movements presented during that time. Methodology-- Rainfall can facilitate the displacement of material, either by reducing resistance or increasing pore pressure. This paper presents a rainfall model developed from GIS tools, a quantitative multitemporal analysis and a probabilistic distribution method of the precipitation triggering factor, to determine periods of exceedance and non-exceedance of the rainfall threshold. Results-- From the rainfall models for the period 2010-2019 and their correlation with the mass movement inventory, the relationship between the rainfall trigger and landslides could be evidenced. Conclusions-- It is evident within the study area the incidence of precipitation and climatic factors in the increased possibility of occurrence of landslides. The model generated can be an input for the generation of the hazard map and municipal risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is aimed to identify the implicit ethics in marketing in Colombia according to many expert professors' perspectives from the best Colombian universities. The methodological design used was the hermeneutic analysis of the information gathered through semi- directed interviews. The results show that the ethics taught in Colombian undergraduate programs has a hegemonic moral position based on utilitarian ethics, which is important for the professionals of marketing and comes from religious morality. It is also taught through ethical codes and tends to be a cross subject in curricula. Although several universities try to incorporate the ethical issues throughout their curricula, other universities have eliminated this component or have left the learning of this component as a student's choice. The ethics approach taught in undergraduate marketing programs in Colombia should be reviewed to avoid phenomena in the national context that are considered inappropriate, such as unfair competition or misleading advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper presents a method for the analysis of codes of ethics driven by the strategic interests of the organization. For the review of codes of ethics it is important understand your value structure. The first step consists in a statistical analysis of terms that denote values. The second step consists in a semantical network analysis of the code. This method is presented on the example of the code of ethics of the Fiscalía General de la Nación, Colombia (2008). The proposed method is able to detect, in a detailed manner, emphasis as well as biases in the values' structure of codes of ethics. Thus, it is possible to propose revisions of codes of ethics that are guided by the organization's strategic values. The proposed method fills a void in the literature in relation to general methods for the analysis of codes of ethics with strategic goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the Laffer curve through a comparative statical analysis and an econometric exercise. Starting from a microeconomic specification, it first analyzes the distortion caused by an indirect tax and the welfare implications of maximizing tax collection. Then, using data on real per capita tax revenue and the tax rate, an estimate of an econometric model to calculate the optimal tax rate in Colombia is made. The results show that Laffer's postulates are proven with an optimal rate of 32% and suggest that the government has a margin of almost 12 percentage points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After 60 years of armed conflict in Colombia, a groundbreaking peace agreement was signed in 2016 between the FARC- EP guerrilla and the Colombian government. This agreement was endorsed by various international organizations and included progress on the restitution of the rights of child victims of forced recruitment. Five years after the signing of this agreement and with the FARC-EP's disarmament process completed, it was expected that recruitment would be reduced in the areas where the guerrillas exercised control, however, this paper will show why this is not a closed issue. Mainly because the territories that had been occupied by the FARC-EP did not receive the institutional deployment that was expected, both on the part of the public forces and the institutional and social offer. The aim is to provide a general overview of the problem of forced recruitment in Colombia in order to detail its impact on the department of Chocó. This border region between Colombia and Panama has been plagued for years by an armed conflict that is still latent. The main historical milestones of recruitment and the dynamics of recruitment in the Colombian territories will also be reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strawberry is a product that, due to its nutritional characteristics, has become an accessible foodstuff for consumption; however, it is delicate and perishable. This condition complicates its transit through the supply chain, destabilizes its price in the market and makes the benefit for producers uncertain. Thus, this study shows opportunities for creating value and sustainability for small strawberry producers, considering the economic context, the supply chain, the agri-food production chain and the value chain. Thus, this study makes it possible to show the lack of awareness of agricultural producers about the entire system in which they are involved, the low articulation between actors and the limited execution of collective actions that lead to a greater benefit for producers, within a paradigm of value creation and sustainable development. Strawberry is a product that, due to its nutritional characteristics, has become an accessible foodstuff for consumption; however, it is delicate and perishable. This condition complicates its transit through the supply chain, destabilizes its price on the market and makes the benefit uncertain for producers. This research was aimed at identifying opportunities for value creation and sustainability for small strawberry growers. The study began with a literature review on the strawberry supply chain (114 papers) in scientific databases, then data from public databases were reviewed, then additional literature on the production-agri-food and value chains was explored, a field visit was made, a community workshop was held, including discussions and exchange of information with strawberry producers in a municipality in Colombia, which is known for being one of the main strawberry producers in this country of agricultural vocation. Based on the information collected, an overview (economic context) of strawberry produce in Colombia was elaborated and the production and marketing of strawberries in the municipality was characterized from three perspectives: the supply chain, the agro-food production chain and the value chain. Thus, this study reveals the lack of knowledge of agricultural producers about the entire system in which they are involved, the low articulation between actors and the limited implementation of collective actions that lead to greater benefits for producers, within a paradigm of value creation and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document presents in detail the mathematical formulation of the second renewable energy auction in Colombia, used for the allocation of long-term energy contracts, which was carried out through a double-sided auction, defined in Resolutions 4-0590 and 4-0591 of 2019 from the UPME. The mixed integer linear programming model developed in this paper solves an optimization problem that seeks the combination of offers that maximizes the benefit of the consumer, subject to operational and economic constraints proposed by regulatory mechanisms. The effectiveness of the algorithm developed in Python was tested by validating it with real data, obtaining the same results published by UPME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to competitive markets, the software business wants faster, better, and cheaper solutions in a short amount of time. Software reuse emerges as a viable solution to these demands since it offers significant benefits, such as increased quality and efficiency and lower development costs and effort, as well as shorter commercialization times. This research aims to study and understand the state of the practice of software reuse in Colombia, to make comparisons with related works, and to offer an instrument for decision-making in companies that adopt these practices. To reach these objectives, three stages were proposed. In the first stage, the research questions were defined. In the second stage, a survey was developed, evaluated, and carried out to validate successful practices and adoption barriers in the context of the Colombian software industry. Finally, the results were analyzed and reported. This paper showed and evidenced the expectations, adoption barriers, and factors influencing the success of software reuse in Colombian industrial environments. In the same way, the experience from the development of this work serves as a roadmap for other regions that want to analyze the current state of reuse. Nevertheless, each organization needs to determine its capabilities and find the appropriate factors to be adopted to its context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores in detail the transfer and investment components of the General Budget of the Nation, whose composition is complex to evaluate due to the nature and variety of its items. For the study of these items, the literature on the political economy of the budget and the budget process in Colombia is considered. The transfer and investment items represent about 60 % of the General Budget and have great inflexibility of public spending, due to the diversity of appropriations with legal backing, especially in the transfer's item. The investment is made up of a wide range of social programs, subsidies, and infrastructure projects, which in some cases correspond to commitments acquired in previous terms, through the so-called future terms. The rigidity of the budget deepens with the frequent approval of laws that generate additional spending on a temporary or permanent basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze and reflect on the current crisis of multilateralism and its general principles of conduct --ideas, discourses and practices-- which may represent a scenario of opportunities and threats to respond to the complexity of the world drug problem and the crisis of its dominant paradigm whose strategy, primarily military, represents an anachronistic worldview regarding security reduced to the prohibitionist approach. Likewise, there are debates on the dominant development paradigm, built on global agreements and their general principles of conduct --ideas-- that have determined and constrained a multidimensional approach in the case of Colombia and Peru. In this way, the worldview has been determined by the dialectical vision of the internal world --harmony-- and external --anarchy-- according to the rationalist approaches which, from the critique of reflective approaches in International Relations, poses more than an explanation (causality), the understanding (interpretation) and coconstitution of reality and current phenomena, such as the world drug problem and development for the consolidation of alternative paradigms in Colombia and Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the importance that agro industrial innovation systems are gaining in developing countries, such as Colombia, a territory with an agricultural vocation by nature. Based on the above, first this paper presents an approach to the concept, Second, the document also presents the importance of intermediary agents in their synergy, who facilitate the processes of knowledge and technology transfer between the different actors of academia, industry, government and civil society, opening the way to possible alternatives, aiming at strengthening sectoral innovation systems from the economic, social, political and even environmental approaches. Taking into account the above, a literature search was conducted in Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science, focused on studying the role of intermediary agents in the innovation processes related to agroindustry from the perspective of a sectoral innovation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper aims to analyze the academic perspectives with which the concept of sustainability has been approached in the fields of administration and organizational studies. Methodologically, it consists of a review of 130 documents published in 22 scientific journals recognized by Publindex-Minciencias in the organizational field and related disciplines in Colombia, focusing on the period 2010-2020. As a result, 28 thematic categories and qualitative analyses of the conceptual perspectives that underlie them are presented. It was identified that these concepts are used indiscriminately in the literature and that three thematic approaches coexist: 1) sustainability as a strategy for economic durability, 2) sustainability as a conscious economic developmental perspective and 3) sustainability as a sociocultural and political project of universal transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water culture is determined by customs, attitudes and values, both individual and socially shared, that people adopt with respect to water. In this paper, we analyse the water culture transmitted in 20 Spanish and Colombian textbooks designed for students aged 14-15 years old. To this end, a taxonomic instrument was developed based on the differences between the New Water Culture and the traditional one. This instrument was useful in characterising the Teaching-Learning Units identified in the textbooks. The results indicate a high dispersion in the cultural image of water in both Spanish and Colombian textbooks, although overall there is a timid tendency towards the more traditional culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents preliminary results in the discursive reconfiguration of the concepts of nation and citizen within the framework of a research study that explores social representations and identities based on the circulating discourses of the educational policy of bilingualism in Colombia. The postulates of the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) allow to undertake a conceptual and methodological approach from a corpus which incorporates sections from some editions of the Altablero newspaper and from documents related to the subject of bilingualism policy that have been published online by the Colombian Ministry of Education (MEN). The paper especially analyses textual fragments that promote a socio-cultural assimilation that is discursively represented in the conception of the bilingual nation as a legitimate aspiration and a cultural asset that requires bilingual citizens as a fundamental condition of belonging and acceptance both in the projected nation and in the global community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plagioscion magdalenae is the most important fish resource of the El Guájaro reservoir, Colombia, and its riparian inhabitants, fundamental for subsistence fisheries in the region, which has led to its overexploitation. This paper describes and evaluates the reproductive aspects of P. magdalenae in this reservoir. Ten monthly collection samplings were made between April 2018 and January 2019, in order to cover each moment of the flood pulse. We calculated sex ratio, gonadosomatic ratio (RGS), fecundity, oocyte diameter and minimum and mean size at sexual maturity (L50). We analyzed 207 specimens and established seven size intervals; 126 individuals were males and 81 were females, with an overall sex ratio 1:1.6 (female-male). The RGS indicated that this fish has several reproductive peaks, the main ones being in July and September. Absolute fecundity was 1909 oocytes for falling water, 1590 for low water, 2435 for rising water and 2132 for high water; with an average oocyte diameter of 0.29 mm. Males matured earlier than females and their mean size at sexual maturity was below the mean catch size (30 cm), reflecting that legal regulations are well stipulated, but there is no strict control for fishing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the credibility of monetary policy in Colombia and its evolution after the adoption of the inflation targeting system. To do so, a non-linear Phillips curve is estimated based on unemployment for an open economy, which incorporates the direct effect of past inflation rate on price formation and a prospective component. It shows a deeper trade-off between inflation and unemployment and lower inflationary persistence. Consequently, the country could emphasize the greater responsibility of the central bank in economic growth and employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the relationship of the perception of corruption and lack of transparency with voting preferences and protests. It examines the case of Colombia using data from the 2015 Latinobarómetro Survey and a multinomial logistic model that assumes a simultaneous choice of participation type (or a combination of types), which allows us to establish whether the preference for protest substitutes or complements the preference for voting. A positive relationship was found between the perception of corruption and lack of transparency with the preference to protest in addition to voting. If citizens perceive greater corruption or doubt government transparency, they are more willing to participate in demonstrations, without reducing their support for electoral participation. This suggests that there is a general acceptance of formal democratic participation despite the shortcomings of the political regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the presence of students from the National University among the readers of the National Library during the first half of the 1870s. Although some contemporary observers considered the library to be inoperative, the institution was an active agent in the circulation of books in Bogotá: a space of student sociability and a place of university knowledge. Methodology: First, the paper examines the institutional relationship between the library and the university. Then, it characterizes the students and their readings at the library. Finally, it analyzes the recorded readings in relation to the programs of courses taught at the National University, the academic performance of students, the presentation of public speeches, and library attendance by students from regions other than Bogotá and its surroundings. Originality: In a scenario of educational reforms promoted by liberal governments during the 1870s, the National Library was described as “anachronistic” and “useless” by the agents themselves of the nineteenth century. These critical judgments have become a commonplace in historiography. The analysis of new documents, especially library reader records—an unpublished source—, enriches the field of reading appropriation and offers empirical elements that vindicate the institution’s centrality at a time of political and ideological struggles. Conclusions: The article demonstrates that young students at the National University used books from the public repository in academic spaces of professional training, which calls into question the idea of its inoperative character as well as the reasons that originated this liberal criticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a dialectological and ethnographic approach, this study describes and analyzes a number of cultural stereotypes held by the Colombian peasantry regarding witchcraft. Based on the Atlas lingüístico etnográfico de Colombia (1954-1983), this paper contrasts the linguistic materials of sound archives and linguistic maps. It makes use of the concept of ethnotexts to delve into the discursive logic of oral sources on popular culture and cultural stereotypes to discuss various peasant experiences and meanings of witchcraft in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies two types of constitutionalism, understood as knowledge of the law established by the constitutional rights of the Constitution of Colombia and which it calls the (initial) moral reading and the (current) turn towards efficacy. Its main argument says that instead of complementary types of knowledge, an adequate understanding shows them as the exclusive alternatives that arise from our need to choose (between two readings on the way in which such norms operate within the judicial courts as devices of claim Social). For his defense it resorts to a strategy in which both types of constitutionalism are linked to the republicanism of Machiavelli (the fight for effective power) and that of Montesquieu (the fight against despotic power). This, first, to sustain that a moral reading in a comprehensive sense and in which the type of reconciling reason that Alexy works with operates would allow his harmonic understanding; second, that under political conditions such as those of the department of Córdoba (which Espinosa and García call institutional apartheid) it becomes inevitable to choose between undertaking the fight against the power deficit or against despotic power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]