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The objective of the research was to analyze the role of machine data learning in systematic literature reviews. The Natural Language Processing technique called topic modeling was applied to a set of titles and abstracts collected from the Scopus database. Specifically, the Latent Dirichlet Assignment (LDA) technique was used, from which it was possible to discover and understand the underlying themes in the collection of documents. The results showed the usefulness of the technique used in the exploratory literature review, by allowing the results to be grouped by theme. Likewise, it was possible to identify the specific areas and activities where machine learning has been applied the most, in relation to literature reviews. It is concluded that the LDA technique is an easy-to-use strategy and whose results allow a wide collection of documents to be approached in a systematic and coherent manner, notably reducing the review time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses a corpus extracted from the posts by Santiago Abascal, Vox secretary, published on Instagram for a year. From the methodological point of view, we worked cross-sectionally, using pragmatic linguistics, argumentation theory, and its grammar, as well as studies on political discourse and critical discourse analysis instruments. After a brief introduction on the characteristics of populist discourse, we demonstrate how the locutor uses a wide range of persuasive strategies that forge a discourse in which self-exaltation of the charismatic leader and the denunciation of the source of evil stand out, in addition to the resort to fallacies and an emotional language (evaluative vocabulary, metaphors, etc.) that acquires highly impolite tones or the so-called "Debasing Political Rhetoric". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the subtitles in peninsular and Latin Spanish of the Netflix series Sex Education (Nunn et al., 2019). The series features dialogues with numerous colloquial and vulgar marks typical of youthful language, as well as scenes in which issues related to the ideological category of sex are addressed. The corpus is made up of a selection of scenes taken from the eight episodes of the first season that contain elements related to the category of sex and, in particular, to the following subcategories: sexual relations and sexual anatomy. Based on the classification proposed by Ávila-Cabrera (2020; 2023) in his model for analyzing the translation of taboo languages, it has been possible to shed light on the different techniques used to translate sexual slang in the two versions compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the opinion columns on the political management of the crisis that arose from the COVID-19 pandemic and finds out what differences are detected in the attacks on the ruling political class about the ideological orientation of the newspaper of origin. Starting from the theoretical-methodological framework of discourse analysis with a linguistic-pragmatic approach and through digital humanities, a qualitative analysis of forty opinion columns is carried out. These texts are useful for the analysis of the main linguistic, argumentative and discursive resources in use. Even though criticism of the government is present in all the articles in the corpus, the results show that the most violent and rude attacks come from newspapers of opposite political ideology and are aimed at delegitimizing the measures taken to deal with the situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present a methodological proposal for the analysis of Twitter data from a mixed approach. Specifically, the procedure for collecting and processing information is characterized by the use of qualitative and quantitative resources, as well as the construction of a manageable corpus for subsequent qualitative analysis. The procedure to approach Twitter digital discourses consists of the following route: 1) virtual ethnography registration; 2) data collection through the Twitter API using Python; 3) visualisation and filtering of the data with Open Refine; 4) corpus construction; 5) categorisation and labelling of the iconic verb utterances with Atlas. ti. The paper reconstructs the methodological path carried out in ongoing doctoral research with a qualitative approach, from which the examples are extracted, to offer an accessible route that can be replicated in research with this type of data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is aimed to identify the implicit ethics in marketing in Colombia according to many expert professors' perspectives from the best Colombian universities. The methodological design used was the hermeneutic analysis of the information gathered through semi- directed interviews. The results show that the ethics taught in Colombian undergraduate programs has a hegemonic moral position based on utilitarian ethics, which is important for the professionals of marketing and comes from religious morality. It is also taught through ethical codes and tends to be a cross subject in curricula. Although several universities try to incorporate the ethical issues throughout their curricula, other universities have eliminated this component or have left the learning of this component as a student's choice. The ethics approach taught in undergraduate marketing programs in Colombia should be reviewed to avoid phenomena in the national context that are considered inappropriate, such as unfair competition or misleading advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of discourse presentation in children's narratives has been limited to the analysis of direct and indirect speech (reported speech). Thus, other useful structures for narrating and presenting speech, thought, and writing have not been yet considered. This paper aims to account for the diversity in children's narratives, as well as demonstrate the applicability of a stylistic-literary analysis model of fictional narrative prose to the study of elicited narratives. We use an elicited corpus composed of twenty narratives in Spanish produced by young schoolchildren during a guided retelling task. The results show the stylistic diversity of this corpus and support the use of this model in the stylistic analysis of elicited narratives. This approach introduces a broader way of studying language development though the observation of style in narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the strategies of attenuation and intensification in requests and commands as exhortative speech acts in Pereira's speech. The study is synchronous (2021-2022) and qualitative. A corpus composed of 120 colloquial exhortative speech acts was formed, which were obtained by students of Technological University of Pereira through participant observation in environments both familiar and close to their social network or link network. The results indicate that in Pereira the attenuation in the commands and the requests is expressed through units that act as discursive markers, such as I say and you all will see, the use of narrations embedded between the nucleus and the mitigator of the speech act, and flattery, while the intensification is marked with exaggerations. In addition, it is evident that rhetorical questions can serve both to attenuate and intensify the illocutionary force of the exhortative act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During academic exchanges, students are in contact with the linguistic landscape (LL). In this paper, we aimed to characterize the linguistic attitudes of Spanish as SL or FL students towards the linguistic taboo (LT). For that, we collected samples of tabooed signs detected inside the restrooms of a university. The data was used in surveys of students who were in face-to-face or online language immersion. With the samples collected, we describe the tabooed LL with which those who carried out the face-to-face exchange were in contact. The results of the surveys made it possible to investigate the students' knowledge of tabooed expressions in Spanish and, in addition, to characterize their linguistic attitudes towards LT. We conclude that the students, although they show a predisposed linguistic attitude to deal with LT, lack the communicative competence that would allow them to be competent users in relation to taboo expressions. Thus, this type of experience justifies the need to include the LT as part of the contents of the Spanish as a SL or FL class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to model plural nominal concordance errors for a Spanish corpus of four learners of Spanish as a foreign language: SONIA (level A1/A2), NATI (level B1), JAKO (level B2), MIRKA (level C1). In the framework of dynamical systems, it is postulated that "correct" and "incorrect" concordances constitute stable discrete attractors to which the continuous flow of the system converges in three simple simulation models: Lokta-Volterra, coordination game (evolutionary games theory), gradient ascent. As a result, the models better approximate the global error pattern than the session pattern. In the latter, the model based on Lokta-Volterra offers better performance for SONIA, NATI and JAKO. MIRKA obtains the worst performance in all the models, but its error decreases with the gradient ascent model. It is concluded that learning patterns are self-organized and emerge from the dynamics of concordance microsystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The particle pues has received special attention from studies on conversational discourse markers since it has great polyfunctionality. This paper describes the pragmatic functions of the discursive marker pues found in the PRESEEA-Cali corpus and contrasts the results with other studies on pues in other varieties of speech in Colombia and other countries. We analyzed 2262 samples of pues from 36 sociolinguistic interviews. The results reveal that pues is a polyfunctional marker that is present in all types of discourse, that it has two main pragmatic functions, a total of 10 subfunctions, and of these, the most frequent are those of delaying the discourse, the commentator, and the continuative. Although the functions and subfunctions found had already been reported for pues in other Spanish-speaking communities, so the Caleño-speaking1 community does not seem to make particular use of this marker, a contrastive analysis with published results on the use of this marker in Medellín and Santiago de Chile shows similar patterns in terms of functions and frequencies with the first variety and differences with respect to the second. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes the use of a brain-computer interface, which allows measuring the neurosignals of the level of commitment in the performance of the telemarketer when performing the task. The methodology to determine the level of haptic assists consists of 4 steps: first, a teleoperation application is selected, which consisted of remotely moving a robot along a predefined path. In steps two and three, the proposed task is executed with and without haptic assistance. In step 4, the robot's paths are analyzed to determine the areas where the operator required a higher or lower level of assistance. The results show that the user takes a significantly longer time to complete the proposed paths, when the haptic assists are not active. It is concluded that the brain-computer interfaces allow detecting the areas where these aids are more necessary and the areas where they can be reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine translation (MT) is used to obtain annotated corpus of English corpus which can be applicable to different natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Considering that there are more resources or data sets for training NLP models in English language, this paper explores the application of MT to automate NLP tasks in Spanish. Thus, the article describes a dataset for the extraction of generic relations (reACE) and the construction of a semantic extraction model of relations in Spanish (ER), based on the set of samples translated from English to Spanish. The results show that for the MT task it is necessary to implement a corpus pre-editing process in English to avoid translation and post-editing errors and maintain the original corpus annotations. The ER models in Spanish achieve measures of accuracy, completeness, and F-value comparable to those obtained by the model in the English language, which suggests that machine translation is a useful tool to perform NLP tasks in the Spanish language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digitalization and internet communication have been integrated into all levels of social development, and media convergence has become an inevitable trend in the processing and dissemination of information. This paper studies the mechanism of innovation in the compilation and publication of dictionaries through the confluence and collaboration between the media, which include: (1) the new methods and trends of dictionary compilation, (2) the characteristics and approach of media convergence for lexicography, (3) the structure and function of dictionaries based on media convergence, (4) the innovation of lexicographic organizations. The research results show that media convergence offers a great opportunity for the digital transformations of dictionaries, hence the importance of adopting this approach to produce multimodal lexicographic texts that can be consulted and displayed through various media and digital terminals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents preliminary results in the discursive reconfiguration of the concepts of nation and citizen within the framework of a research study that explores social representations and identities based on the circulating discourses of the educational policy of bilingualism in Colombia. The postulates of the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) allow to undertake a conceptual and methodological approach from a corpus which incorporates sections from some editions of the Altablero newspaper and from documents related to the subject of bilingualism policy that have been published online by the Colombian Ministry of Education (MEN). The paper especially analyses textual fragments that promote a socio-cultural assimilation that is discursively represented in the conception of the bilingual nation as a legitimate aspiration and a cultural asset that requires bilingual citizens as a fundamental condition of belonging and acceptance both in the projected nation and in the global community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artículo surge de una exploración diagnóstica de tipo documental, que se configura como teórica, monográfica y descriptiva, y utiliza fuentes secundarias, esencialmente las designadas por la teoría lingüística semántica y por los estudios sociolingüísticos estadounidenses, hispanoamericanos y colombianos. Pretende dar cuenta de la manera como la competencia léxica del usuario debe resolver la resemantización dada en los verbos de la variedad de habla colombiana denominada parlache. Los fenómenos observados fueron, sobre todo, los distintos tipos de unidades léxicas en las que participan los verbos resemantizados y los procesos y estrategias implicados en su producción y comprensión. Se concluye que la competencia léxica, como capacidad para relacionar las formas con los significados, recurre a los referentes, a las asociaciones conceptuales y funcionales, a las relaciones semánticas, a la lexicogénesis, a las unidades fraseológicas, a los registros, y a los niveles de uso, así que apela a aspectos referenciales e inferenciales. This paper arises from a documentary-type diagnostic exploration, which is configured as theoretical, monographic and descriptive, and uses secondary sources, essentially those designated by semantic linguistic theory and by American, Latin American and Colombian sociolinguistic studies. Its objective is to inform about the way in which the users' lexical competence must resolve the resemantization given in the verbs of the variety of the Colombian speech called 'parlache'. The observed phenomena were, above all, the different types of lexical units in which the resemantized verbs participate and the processes and strategies involved in their production and understanding. It is concluded that lexical competence, as the ability to relate forms to meanings, resorts to referents, conceptual and functional associations, semantic relationships, lexicogenesis, phraseological units, registers, and levels of use, so it appeals to referential and inferential aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the training and professional performance of the sanitarista doctors (public health doctors), health engineers, nurses and other agents who acted as teachers and researchers in the School of Public Health of the University of Buenos Aires between 1960-1970. To discover the main patterns of this social and scientific-professional experience, we propose to approach a set of trajectories from a method based on prosopography or collective biography. In this sense, the idea is, firstly, to analyse the problems, advantages and possible limits of these historical research methods, for which we took into consideration some relevant parameters and discussions that different authors, such as P. Bourdieu, L.Stone, S. Shapin, A. Thackray, L. Pvenson, among others, have proposed in the last decades. At a second stage, and based on an exhaustive review of autobiographical stories, personal records, and other administrative papers, a reconstruction was proposed of the professional trajectories of these experts in public health. This collective biographical analysis allows the identification of the patterns of academic circulation of these agents (their careers and universities of origin), work experience (their participation in the rgentine sanitary system of the mid-20th century), their transnational itineraries (formative trips, participation in professional consultancies, their bonds with inter-American organisms). As will be illustrated here, by focusing on an individual case or on multiple cases, the use of methods centred in the search of personal and biographical information is a useful tool in order to historicise complex processes and transformations in academic communities, which have not yet been studied in depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Texts published in journalistic media become guides in a world-wide topic. This paper focuses on the warlike conceptualization of COVID-19, based on analogies founded on disorder, decadence and invasion, which in their composition corroborate how the concepts on which these texts are built reflect a way of looking society, replicate it, and install it in the human body. Our reflection is grounded on selected metaphors from scientific journalism texts published on the internet between March and September 2020, which reformulate complex information to bring it closer to a broad and nonspecialized audience. We emphasize the possibilities offered by metaphorical representations to see one concept in terms of another and, at the same time, we draw attention to the repetitive use of warlike images in which ideas about battles, weapons, defenses, and attacks prevail, showing how the discourse of authority and control underlies and is installed in the metaphor that instills fear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes and analyzes the institutional policies of a public university in relation to the cultural, social and linguistic needs of the indigenous students of this institution. It was based on a qualitive approach framed in the descriptive case study, which allowed the exploration of the case in its real context, through documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews as information gathering tools. It was a purposive sampling. Two indigenous students with government representation from the Cabildo Indígena Universitario participated. As a result, a significant gap was found between the linguistic policies of the institution regarding enrolling, graduation and return to the territory, and the cultural, social and linguistic conditions evidenced by the indigenous students themselves in their experiences and identity characteristics. It is concluded that a real socio-educational inclusion process is required, which incorporates planning, creation and implementation of institutional policies that take into account the needs and characteristics of the entire population since enrolling the college, specially those of indigenous students as a minority population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recurrent assumption in psycholinguistics is that certain universal principles of computational economy guide the structural decisions made during sentence processing. The first study conducted in Spanish on attachment decisions (Cuetos & Mitchell, 1988) questioned the existence of such principles by presenting evidence that Spanish speakers prefer to use an early closure or high attachment strategy to solve the interpretation of sentences with relative clauses with two potential antecedents. Since then, several studies have been conducted that provide contradictory evidence. In this paper, we present a comprehensive and critical review of the research on Spanish, examining the various methodologies used and the influence of different factors on syntactic processing. The implications of these findings for models of sentence processing are also discussed, and the possibility of considering universal principles is debated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, two guidelines published in the context of COVID-19 pandemic are comparatively analyzed. The objective is to show the ways of the discursiveness regulation and the orientation of those recommendations on language, from a glotopolitical perspective. WHO-PAHO and the Colombian Government were in charge of these issues aimed at the sectors in charge of managing the health emergency. The analysis combines a lexicometric exploration of lexical associations and concordances with inductive inferential interpretive procedures. The results show that the change from the discourse of risk to the discourse of harm reorients the regulations on communication towards the discipline of public and private saying. It is concluded that the type of language used by public health institutions replaces the explanations and analysis required in these circumstances and unifies the points of view through a deeply political discourse that, however, does not seem to be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the sociolinguistic conditioning factors that motivate the expression of the pronominal subject in the Spanish spoken in the Colombian Caribbean. The sample consisted of recordings of 18 informants for each sociolinguistic corpus (Barranquilla, Cartagena and Valledupar), which make up the variety spoken in the Colombian Caribbean, collected based on the PRESEEA methodology. The cases were adapted to the coding guide for the expression variable of the pronominal subject of the PRESEEA. The quantitative analysis was carried out with the Rbrul program. The similarity observed in a preliminary contrastive study of the varieties and the exclusion of the subdialect predictor reveal the coherence of the dialect in terms of pronominal expression. The results show a high rate of pronominal expression (44.2%) for the analyzed variety, which includes it among the Caribbean ones. The multivariate analysis showed that nine linguistic and two social variables play a significant role in pronominal variation and confirm the strong and complex influence of linguistic factors, much more than social, on the variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the process of the research entitled "Spanish as a Foreign Language SFL Teaching through Colombian Festivals Language", which sought to promote its learning, from the perspective of strengthening of interculturality. It was circumscribed in the interpretive paradigm with a qualitative approach based on culture as inherent content of the process. It is a study with the help of a pilot test that involved the design of teaching units for C Level of CEFR that would stimulate it in other languages learners. It was sought to activate communicative and intercultural competence, so that non-native speakers of Spanish had access to the meanings that speakers from different Colombian regions give them. For which a theoretical framework on the relationship between language and culture was needed. As a result, this research has not only a pedagogical-didactic value, but also a sociocultural one, since it confirms that learning a language is inhabiting the culture that speaks it. It is concluded that SFL teaching through ordinary language is a viable and a productive strategy because it implies a genuine immersion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyze and interpret the morphological marks that refer to possession in the grammatical context of the name; likewise, demonstrate how a nominal possessive structure is built in this language. The analysis of the data collected in the field was done from the perspective of descriptive linguistics (Himmelmann, 1998; Chelliah & De Reuse, 2011), which includes the collection of first-source data, the detection of regular patterns that underlie the functioning of the grammatical aspects studied and their study based on categories and terminology that are widely disseminated in descriptive works. In Wayuunaiki, position marks are distinguished: the inalienable possession marks and the alienable possession marks. To the category of inalienable belong the names that refer to the parts of the human body, the terms of kinship, the parts of the body of animals, the parts of plants, some inanimate names that refer to things closely related to humans. Morphologically, Wayuunaiki treats inalienable and alienable names differently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the ethnomathematical connections between geometric concepts evidenced in the elaboration of the tortilla by a merchant from Chilpancingo, Mexico is analyzed. The research was theoretically based on Ethnomathematics and the methodology was qualitativeethnographic. The data were collected through a semi-structured interview, applied to a tortilla merchant from the city of Chilpancingo, Mexico. The results show the connections between the concepts (circumference-circle-cylinder), measurements, counts and sequences, which arise in the process of making, shaping and marketing the tortilla. The analysis of the practice of making tortillas, allowed to identify geometric concepts that provide tools to the teaching of school mathematics, from situations or tasks based on everyday life. Teachers are shown the existence of other ways of approaching the associated geometric concepts, using: paper, ruler, pencil and compass, together with the GeoGebra software that allows visualizing mathematical objects, and permanently evidence the connections established by a person in the graphical and algebraic-symbolic views. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Spanish-speaking and Italian-speaking linguistic panorama, the subjunctive has been defined mainly from a structural perspective based on the notion of syntactic dependency. From the 19th century became relevant the semantic approach, and the notions of reality / unreality began to predominate in the definition of mode. However, many bibliographic sources such as Vásquez (2013), Stewart (2002) and Haverkate (2002), have revealed that the use of the subjunctive is not only limited to the appearance of a modalizer of possibility, imaginary, or potential fact, but that the intention of the speaker and the presence of inducers without any unreality value can introduce inexplicable forms of the subjunctive from a perspective purely semantic or clearly syntactic. The objective of this paper is to identify the main distributions of the subjunctive in Spanish and Italian. Contrastive, exploratory, descriptive, and documentary analysis is limited to epistemic and deontic completive propositions, relative sentences and adverbial subordinate clauses, given space limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study augmentative suffixes -ón and -ote and the reduplication in some varieties of modern Spanish. We have found that repetition of these suffixes is recurrent in the in-house and casual registers, and it is used to intensify the characteristic determined by the root word without employing adverbs or adjectives. But before studying the phenomenon it is necessary to inquire about the two suffixes (their origin and their use) to know if there is something in them that motivates the reduplication. This proposal is made through philology, and research of U.S. linguists like Wilbur, McCarthy or Marantz about reduplication, considering the examples found in a Colombian cartoon, in literature and in certain social networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presenting and classifying some fixed phraseological units found in García Márquez's novels is the purpose of this paper. The proposed methodology includes detailed reading, analysis and collection of the phraseological corpus in some of the author's novels, as well as the comparison of said corpus with monolingual and phraseological dictionaries of general Spanish, and dictionaries of Colombianisms, to determine semantic and pragmatic factors of these units. As a result, a list of phraseologisms present in the work of the Colombian writer was prepared, allowing observe that García Márquez's novels are a valuable source of phraseological expressions. It is concluded that literary work, taken as a linguistic corpus, offers possibilities to study the expressive resources of the language in use; hence the relevance of this analysis, since phraseology studies in the literature are a fruitful field of research that require further exploration in Colombian works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares results of two different sociophonetic analysis models: a continuous model and a categorical one. The sociophonetic variable investigated is the production of intervocalic /d/ in Madrid. In the continuous model, the weakening of /d/ was calculated by taking acoustic intensity measurements, in such a way that said analysis can accurately inform on the entire spectrum of possible productions of /d/ (i.e., from very occlusive to very weakened). In the categorical model, the weakening of /d/ was coded in a binary way (retention or total elision) so that this analysis only informs of the most extreme case of consonant weakening: elision. The same linguistic and extralinguistic independent variables were included in both statistical analyses. Although the results of both analyses show significant similarities regarding the effect of the independent variables, differences were also found. In addition to providing a sociophonetic characterization of the production of /d/ in Madrid, this article highlights some considerations that must be taken into account when examining sociophonetic phenomena with both continuous and categorical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to carry out a general review of the field of linguistic attitudes and, of its application in foreign languages teaching. It begins with a disciplinary placement of linguistic attitudes, taking into account the main authors and theoretical lines. Likewise, it inquires about their relationships with linguistic awareness, linguistic insecurity, stereotypes and prejudices. Then, the problem of defining linguistic attitudes and the characterization of their various components from different approaches is examined. Similarly, relationships between style, prestige and linguistic attitudes studies in the educational field are analyzed, and how formation of linguistic attitudes influences the teaching/learning processes of foreign languages. Finally, connections between linguistic attitudes, motivation, language acquisition and how these connections intervene in communicative competence and in the processes of communicative accommodation of the language speaker are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines some causes that originated the population change in the municipalities of Boyacá from 1993 to 2005. According to the theory of polarization there are territories that thanks to their economic dynamics attract the population surrounding them. To analyze the above information, the population censuses of DANE of the years indicated for Colombia was taken into account. The paper concludes by pointing out that the processes of regional economic development are the main generators of the change and population dynamics, experienced by the municipalities of the department, showing that the municipalities with the worst socioeconomic conditions tend to be expelling the population; while those who present better conditions are becoming attractive or receptive axes of population, which poses to the big cities to solve problems of urban planning and the territorial reordering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study about the importance of residence time, also called permanence time, of a gas in a gap of dielectric barrier discharge, for the treatment of carbon dioxide CO2, which is a pollutant gas. Along with CO2, hydrogen H2 is added to form the atmosphere of the discharge reaction. It was studied the behavior of power deliver to system as a function of operation voltage using alumina and quartz as dielectrics. CO2 conversion was studied as a function of residence time for three different compositions of the CO2 + H2 mixture, for three different values of the active electrical power supplied to the system and for three different values of frequency of operation using alumina as dielectric. The percent conversion of CO2 in fixed working conditions was increased with increasing residence time, regardless of the composition of the mixture of the two gases, of the electrical power and the operation frequency, finding the highest values for the least amount of CO2 in the mixture, for higher power delivered and for the lower frequency of operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this paper, through primary sources, we intend to clarify and specify the role and actions taken by the government against the flu pandemic of 1918 in Bogotá. Materials and methods: Primary Sources: Newspapers of the time in Bogota and Colombia, official reports of the Central Board of Hygiene, official reports of the Board of Relief and medical thesis, National University of Colombia. Also, secondary sources on the topic were reviewed. Conclusion: The Public Hygiene, headed by State, proved unable to deal with the pandemic. The Relief Board was the only institution that took effective action. This institution of private character was created by the notables of the capital. The Board of Relief is remembered and praised by the print media, in contrast, the Central Board of Hygiene was represented as victim in the cartoons and was heavily criticized for their limited participation in the pandemic flu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the connection of the modern writing of history with the domination of the conqueror, the sovereignty imposed by war and the concealment of this connection. At the same time, this paper postulates that the shift of other forms of relation with time towards «culture» constitutes the double episteme of this original formula of domination. The test is structured in four parts: 1. A study of the relationship between writing and conquest; 2. A work on the link between the writing of history and the theory of sovereignty, between the writing of history and colonialism; 3. A study of the procedures that relegated in culture the non-linear forms of relationship with time; 4. An approach of the mechanisms of historicism which prevent the thought of anachronism, asynchrony or repetition as subordinate historical logics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to present a brief state of the art on bibliographic production and the current situation of official translation and interpretation in Colombia. For this purpose, main theoretical, normative and practical references related to academic and marketing aspects of the activity of the translator and interpreter were collected, analyzed and then compared to those existing in the world. After this analysis, which is only a preliminary approach to the need for a conceptual, theoretical and methodological development of the profession, the importance of thinking about some theoretical and commercial initiatives that pave the way for the professionalization of this area in the country was recognized. Likewise, it was found that academic production in this field in Colombia is very incipient and, in its great majority, it has focused on topics related to status, professionalization and legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to estimate the returns of the university education of the population employed in Colombia, differentiating by departments and educational level, with data from the Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares de 2015, through the Mincer equation, including the sheepskins effect which allows to capture the different rewards granted to obtain a university diploma. Moreover, a cost benefit analysis was calculated to determine the profitability of a university career in Colombia. The results indicate that there is a low percentage of employees with a university degree, although in Colombia it is profitable to carry out a career since if the person enter the labor market, with a higher education degree, this one will have an average profitability of 11.2% for men and 9.1% for women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a bibliographical review in which the relationship between the teaching of oral history and the concept of historical experience is analysed. This paper attempts to understand how oral history, as an educational strategy, can become historical experience for the students. To this end, firstly, the concept of historical experience is approached from philosophical and historiographic contributions, being defined as a pre-structure of knowledge and a reality lived by the subject. Secondly, a transposition is made towards the didactics of the social sciences, in the form of a proposal, which includes three dimensions: experiential, cognitive and applied. It is considered that experience can be regarded as historical when the situations lived transcend the past and are used to build knowledge and make projections for the future. In teaching and learning processes, historical experience allows the student to validate the historical protagonism of any subject, to interpret and evaluate information, define historical meaning autonomously and propose changes for the future. Finally, a review of the existing debates about oral history and historical memory is conducted, synthetising the main contributions and limitations for learning and linking this with the development of the different dimensions of historical experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As from 2011, the Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica (National Centre of Historical Memory) has become a location for the official enunciation of memory in Colombia, consolidating itself as an institutional space which fosters an extensive reconstruction of historical memory. However, the Victim's Law, which created this centre and commissioned it to create, design, and manage a museum of memory, did not envision an institutional support structure for the places dedicated to memory in the country. The changes in political administration have jeopardized its work, resulting in important drawbacks in terms of victim participation, visibilization, research orientation, and financing. Taking this into consideration, the aim of this paper is to reflect, from the process of the construction and management of the Colombian Historical Memory Museum (2012-2019), upon how the changes in government affected the way in which memory is constructed from institutional locations. The pertinence of this approach is that said institution will become the most important landmark of representation of the memories of the armed conflict. It is hoped that it will be a central reference, as a symbolic official location regarding what is constructed, narrated and disseminated as the collective memory of the armed conflict in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to reflect upon the possibilities and specificities of working with oral sources through the use of oral history and narrative as a methodology in the study of the memories based on the investigation of a case study. The project is about representations of people who disappeared and/or were assassinated and is called«Mosaicos por la Memoria» (Mosaics for Memory) of the Space of Culture and Memory, el Rancho Urutaú, in the city of Ensenada, Buenos Aires Province (2010-2017). The project is materialized through murals with a mosaic technique placed in the neighbourhoods to which the people celebrated belonged. The methodological approach led to the carrying out of twenty-nine interviews of members of the group, relatives and acquaintances which were treated as oral sources and representative stories, allowing understanding and interpretation of the feelings which resulted from the deeds on the local scale: the memories of Ensenada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research article is to explain the identity features of the people from Boyaca, such as typical dress, dialect, regional products, and some customs, from a sociolinguistic analysis of the lyrics of the representative songs of Jorge Velosa. In this paper, the song "I am also Boyaco1" is taken as a specific case study. Initially, the relationship between language, culture, and identity is succinctly presented; later the generalities of carranguera music and its main exhibitor Jorge Velosa are exhibited; it concludes with a partial analysis of a sociophonetic, sociogrammatical, sociolexical and sociocultural type of the studied song. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to analyze cases of possible nominal regular polysemy by metaphor. The analysis of these cases involves a review of the classical definition of regular polysemy proposed by Apresjan and developed primarily for metonymic extensions. From the advanced search in Diccionario del español de América y España (Dictionary of the Spanish of America and Spain) of possible cases of regular polysemy that respond to person and sensation hyperonymes, metaphorical and metonymic extensions are studied and the semantic dimensions in which the senses can diverge are analized. It is hypothesized that for there to be regular polysemy by metaphor, the senses of a group of lexical items must differ in paralell, which implies agreeing on three variables: a) the directionality of the polysemy, b) the non-descriptive meaning and c) the aspect on which similarity is based. It is concluded that there are three classes of regular polysemy by metaphor, although groups that exhibit an intermediate status are also detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents glotopolitical reflections in relation to multilingualism and bilingualism in Colombia, as well as the characteristics of both sociolinguistic and glotopolitical approach. It also raises the need to implement in our country linguistic policy and planning based on glotopolitical criteria enabling equitable development of languages that are part of the social, cultural and everyday reality in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Initially, some reflections are exposed in which the problem situation is contextualized and posed: psychosociolinguistic learning of orthography; later, the investigative experience of this paper authors is shared, in relation to the development of a pedagogical proposal to achieve the correct use of the accent mark in Spanish, with two groups of infants, of the same number of educational institutions, from two municipalities of Boyaca state, and, finally, linguistic, grammatical, sociolinguistic, psychosociolinguistic, lexical and contextual elements, among others, related to spelling are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to contribute theoretically and methodologically to the oral language teaching in the classrooms, specifically in the Colombian high school in what has been called everyday life metaphors. For this purpose, we start with some theoretical considerations about orality as performance and as an oral text; besides, metaphor is defined from the cognitive linguistic. Later, some procedures on everyday life metaphors are exposed, which, for this case, have a strong identity in orality. The paper finishes with the conclusions on the teaching of orality and its metaphors. We highlight that orality -understood as performance or oral text- is another dimension of the knowledge that should not be evaluated from the literate culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the affective features of the linguistic attitudes of students from different geolectal areas of Colombia who attend to a university in Cali. This city is characterized by its cultural and dialectal plurality, partly due to forced migrations from armed conflict areas. In addition, in recent years, the Colombian State has boosted the access of top students to the university, mostly from rural areas. The diversity of uses of the language that students have built in their home contexts could get in tension with the dynamics of the college environment. From a mentalist perspective in which internal phenomena susceptible of self-observation prevail, it seeks to extrapolate the affective features of the linguistic attitudes of the population studied through a matched-guise and a questionnaire, instruments that inquire perceptions regarding five dialects very frequent used in the university. The results show different assessments of the dialects and an opinion on the Bogota accent as central, prestigious and standard, strongly associated with forms of academic orality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides the results of a research to describe an approach to language teaching of elementary school teachers, as well as the relationship of this approach to their classroom practices. The qualitative paradigm was assumed, based on the action-research method, where five elementary school teachers from a Colombian educational institution have participated. The results indicate a structuralist conception, from which teachers' teaching practices are guided in the daily exercise of their language classes. This is due to the fact of the detonator of transcription is perceived in writing, graphic representation of the word and memorization in orality. It is concluded that a need to transform the practice of teachers in the area of language towards new teaching scenarios that encourage in-depth analysis of texts and discourses is required, in terms of conditions of production, intentions and effects among language users, in different social and cultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyze attitudes towards spoken and written Spanish Language of the United States. The study is based on a questionnaire submitted to native Spanish speakers from different countries of the Hispanic world through an online collection instrument called Survey Monkey. 110 Spanish speakers from Spain, Colombia, Peru, Argentina, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guatemala, México and Chile participated. The results show both the knowledge and attitudes that these speakers have about Spanish language in the United States, as well as some signs of vitalization and development of Spanish in that country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents various aspects of a research on teaching Spanish as a foreign language (ELE, by its acronym in Spanish). The project focused on the use of Colombian popular culture to teach Spanish to a group of foreigners at Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, using different narrative and popular texts: the myth, the legend, the proverb and the omen. The purpose of this project was to design and apply a primer, which included some narrative texts with exercises and activities. In relation to the methodology, the research's focus was qualitative, insofar as both the collection and analysis of information and the units' design took into account the information provided by the piloting, which allowed the conception of the didactic proposal. As a result, the book Teaching Spanish for foreigners through popular culture was produced, which compiles twelve units that were developed entirely by foreign students. It was concluded that the use of narrative texts (the myth, the legend, the proverb and the omen) allowed the learners to improve their levels of comprehension and expression while expanding their knowledge of Colombian culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, aimed at lexicographers without previous knowledge about programming, we explain, step by step, how to program search engines with different functionalities in JavaScript for digital dictionaries. In this way, we expect to contribute to lexicographers to participate more actively in the development of this tool so essential for a dictionary. The examples are based on characteristics of the search engines of several dictionaries available on the web and focus mainly on three types of correspondences between the search term and the keywords: complete, partial and with wildcard. Also shown is how to create an additional function to allow even more flexibility by means of character substitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the relationship between the postulates of the power and Colombian education, particularly the correspondence between labor training and the reproduction of the established ideological order. The type of research is the critical analyzes of the discourse, through a dialogical method among power theories of Foucault (1988, 2002) and Althusser (1969, 1971, 1988). Oppositions of these two theories about power arise because they have been thought within the institutional frameworks, such as schools (Foucault, 2002) and the unavoidable relationship with political ideologies and policies (Althusser, 1988). Disparities and confrontations among these two theories on power are shown. The conclusion shows the power relations between the Colombian State and the public school scenarios, as well as the way in which power devices work in these scenarios (Jäger, 2003), always from the possibility of human emancipation to transform its environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]