13 results on '"Veterinary drugs"'
Search Results
2. Development and validation of UHPLC method for the determination of fluazuron in bovine tissues
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Cristian Valiante, Silvana Alvariza, Diego M. Robaina, and Gonzalo Suárez
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food-producing animals ,quantification ,residues ,veterinary drugs ,Therapeutics. Pharmacology ,RM1-950 ,Pharmacy and materia medica ,RS1-441 - Abstract
Context: Fluazuron is an arthropod growth regulator drug for the control and treatment of parasitic infection in bovines by Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, one of the most important parasites for livestock due to the great economic losses. Aims: To quantitative and confirmatory ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (UHPLC) method was developed to determine fluazuron in bovine tissues (muscle, fat, liver, and kidney) to assess drug residues. Methods: Tissue samples were extracted with liquid phase extraction performed with acetonitrile. The chromatography (UHPLC) was performed using a C18 column (100 Å, 5 μm, 4.6 × 250 mm) maintained at 37°C. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile:water 65:35 v/v with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The UV wavelength was set at 260 nm, and the injection volume was 100 μL for all worked tissues (injection site, muscle, fat, liver, and kidney). Results: Validated analytical method exhibited a linear relationship over the range of 50–800 ng/g for muscle, including injection site, 125–2000 ng/g for kidney and liver, and 1750–28000 ng/g for fat, with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.99 in all cases. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of fluazuron in muscle and injection site samples was 50 ng/g with a coefficient of variation (%CV) of 6.40%. The recovery percentage for fluazuron was greater than 75% in all the target tissues. Conclusions: The extraction, separation, and quantification UHPLC method was valid to determine fluazuron in bovine tissues as well as for studies of drug residues in these animals.
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- 2023
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3. Disposal of animal healthcare services waste in southern Brazil: One Health at risk
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Kelly Scherer de Oliveira, Larissa Morello, Simone Vassem de Oliveira, Lenita Agostinetto, Bruna Fernanda da Silva, and Ana Emilia Siegloch
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Waste management ,Medical waste ,Veterinary drugs ,Public health ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
ABSTRACT Brazilian animal livestock is in full expansion but linked to the use of veterinary drugs which may be considered as emerging contaminants. The study aimed to characterize the disposal of Animal Healthcare Service Waste (AHSW), especially of veterinary drugs, besides identifying the most used drugs in the city of São Joaquim municipality, southern Brazil. Eighty-four cattle ranchers were interviewed through a structured questionnaire with closed questions about drugs use and disposal of the AHSW. The active ingredients of drugs most used were the antiparasitic ivermectin (68% of properties) and the antimicrobial oxytetracycline (48%). After the use, the disposal of the AHSW, including expired drugs, leftovers and wrapper, was the disposal next to the domestic trash, burned and deposited in the soil. The Chi square test showed association between the age of the participants and the disposal of sharp objects (X2 = 36,36, p= 0,020), showing that farmers aged above 60 years usually reuse, the ones who are 20 years old return to the place where they acquired the material and the rest adopts improper practices. The disposal practices of the AHSW adopted in the properties are still in disagreement with the current Brazilian legislation and may cause adverse effects on human, animal and environmental health.
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- 2020
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4. A review on the use of hormones in fish farming: Analytical methods to determine their residues
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Celia A. Hoga, Fernanda L. Almeida, and Felix G. R. Reyes
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Fish farming ,sexual reversion ,sexual dimorphism ,veterinary drugs ,hormones ,analytical methods ,LC–MS/MS ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,TX341-641 ,Food processing and manufacture ,TP368-456 - Abstract
Hormones are used in fish farming to increase fish production when one sex of a species has the capacity to grow bigger and faster than the other sex. The technique to increase fish production based on sexual dimorphism mostly uses estrogens and androgens. These chemicals must be handled carefully to ensure environmental, biological and food safety, since they can contaminate the environment and promote changes in the endocrine system inducing adverse effects on the consumer health. Another important issue is the reliability of the analytical methods used to identify and/or quantify hormone residues in the meat of treated fish. Therefore, the aim of this review is to bring into view the use of hormones in fish farming, the possible impacts of this practice on humans and on the environment and to discuss the current methods of analysis for determining the hormone residues in food matrices, especially in fish.
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- 2018
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5. Haemodynamic effects of pimobendan during general anaesthesia in healthy senior dogs a prospective, randomised, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical study
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Sández Cordero, Ignacio., Redondo García, José Ignacio., Donati, Pablo., Gómez García, José., UCH. Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, and Producción Científica UCH 2023
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Pimobendan - Therapeutic use ,Cardiotonic agents in Veterinary Medicine ,Pimobendan - Uso terapéutico ,Veterinary anesthesia ,Cardiotónicos en veterinaria ,Hemodynamics ,Anestesia veterinaria ,Medicamentos veterinarios ,Veterinary drugs ,Hemodinámica - Abstract
Este artículo se encuentra disponible en la siguiente URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/13/2110 Este artículo de investigación pertenece al número especial "Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Animal Anesthesiology". Pimobendan is an inotropic and vasodilator drug with no sympathomimetic effects. This study aimed to evaluate the haemodynamic effects of pimobendan during anaesthesia in healthy senior dogs. A prospective, randomised, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical study was conducted. Thirty-three dogs (median [range]: 9 [7, 12] years) were anaesthetised for surgical procedures. The dogs were randomly allocated into two groups: eighteen dogs received intravenous pimobendan at a dose of 0.15 mg/kg (PIMOBENDAN), and fifteen dogs received intravenous saline solutions at a dose of 0.2 mL/kg (PLACEBO). Data were recorded before, 1 min, 10 min, and 20 min after injection. Velocity-time integral (VTI), peak-velocity (PV), and mean-acceleration (MA) were measured using an oesophageal Doppler monitor (ODM). Heart rate and mean arterial pressure were also registered. The data were analysed using a two-way ANOVA for trimmed means. Statistical differences were considered if p < 0.05. Twenty minutes after injection, the VTI (13.0 cm [10.4, 22.3]), PV (95.0 [83.0, 160]m/s), andMA (12.6 [9.40, 17.0]m/s2)were significantly higher in the PIMOBENDAN group compared to the PLACEBO group (VTI: 10.5 [6.50, 17.4] cm, PV: 80.0 [62.0, 103] m/s and MA: 10.2 [7.00, 16.0] ms2). No significant differences were observed in the rest of the variables. Using pimobendan during anaesthesia increases VTI, PV, and MA, as measured by an ODM.
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- 2023
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6. CONSIDERAÇÕES E IMPLICAÇÕES PRÁTICAS DO GUIA DE VALIDAÇÃO E CONTROLE DE QUALIDADE ANALÍTICA DE FÁRMACOS EM PRODUTOS PARA ALIMENTAÇÃO ANIMAL E MEDICAMENTOS VETERINÁRIOS
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Susanne Rath, Mónica Johanna Martínez-Mejia, and Cláudia Hoffmann Kowalski Schröder
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veterinary drugs ,method validation ,quality control ,validation guide ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Recently, the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA) published a validation and analytical quality control guide called the “Guia de Validação e Controle de Qualidade Analítica – Fármacos em Produtos para Alimentação Animal e Medicamentos Veterinários”, in order to guide officers and accredited laboratories in the validation of analytical methods for the quality control of veterinary medicines, drug contaminants in feed and depletion studies (residues of drugs in biological matrices). The aim of this study was to present a critical evaluation of the concepts and procedures defined in this document. The Guide was applied for the validation of chromatographic methods intended to be used for the quantification of antimicrobial and antiparasitic drugs in veterinary medicines. Methods for the determination of ivermectin, abamectin, sulfadiazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfaquinoxaline, streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin and florfenicol were validated using the Guide. Each validation parameter was evaluated and discussed. A total of 55 samples of veterinary drugs were analyzed.
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- 2015
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7. Resíduos de medicamentos veterinários em leite e ovos
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Érica Pacheco-Silva, Jurandir Rodrigues de Souza, and Eloisa Dutra Caldas
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veterinary drugs ,milk ,eggs ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
The use of veterinary drugs in food producing animals may result in the presence of residues in foods, including milk and eggs. Immunoassay or microbiological tests are used to screen for residues, but chromatographic methods are needed to confirm positive results. In most methods, the sample is extracted with acetonitrile, submitted to clean up or directly analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Results of the Brazilian governmental monitoring programs from 2006 to 2011 have shown that the antiparasitic ivermectin was the drug most frequently found in milk. Residues in eggs are only monitored by one of the programs, and few studies have reported the incidence of veterinary drugs in this matrix in Brazil.
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- 2014
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8. O estado da arte na determinação de resíduos de medicamentos veterinários em alimentos de origem animal empregando técnicas cromatográficas acopladas à espectrometria de massas
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Osmar D. Prestes, Manoel L. Martins, Caroline do A. Friggi, Juliana S. Munaretto, Martha B. Adaime, and Renato Zanella
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chromatography ,veterinary drugs ,food ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
The determination of veterinary drug residues in foods of animal origin is an important issue because of the risk these compounds pose to human health in addition to their persistence and tendency to bioaccumulate. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the area and this review presents the state of the art in sample preparation procedures associated with chromatographic techniques coupled to mass spectrometry for multiresidue determination of veterinary drugs in food of animal origin at concentration levels suitable for the control of residues and contaminants in food.
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- 2013
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9. Peligros de contaminación de la leche por agroquímicos y fármacos veterinarios en el eslabón primario de la cadena productiva
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García Sánchez, Andrew, Álvarez Badel, Beatriz, and Simanca Sotelo, Mónica
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Productive chain ,Inhibitors ,Cadena productiva ,Veterinary drugs ,Contaminated milk ,Plaguicidas ,Eslabón primario ,Residues ,Leche contaminada ,Inhibidores ,Fármacos veterinarios ,Primary link ,Pesticides ,Residuos - Abstract
Approximately 150 million households worldwide are engaged in milk production; In Colombia, this activity is directly linked to the behavior of the climate that occurs in various areas. The milk obtained at milking is considered sterile; however, due to the widespread use of veterinary drugs and pesticides in dairy production and agricultural practices, milk is often contaminated with their residues. The chemical wastes with the highest bioavailability are organophosphate compounds, herbicides, fungicides, anthelmintics, antibiotics, detergents and disinfectants, nitrites, polychlorides, brominated polybiphenyls, dioxins, mycotoxins, heavy metals and somatotropin hormone, their consequences on health range from systemic cardiovascular effects respiratory, genotoxicity, birth defects, neurological, behavioral, reproductive and cancer. On the other hand, there are factors such as diet, anthropogenic and environmental activities, and productive and sanitary management, which represent potential risks for consumers. RESUMEN ........................................................................................................................... 10 ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... 11 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................ 13 2. OBJETIVOS .................................................................................................................. 15 2.1 Objetivo general ............................................................................................................. 15 2.2 Objetivos específicos ...................................................................................................... 15 3. DESARROLLO DEL TEMA ........................................................................................... 16 3.1 ESLABÓN PRIMARIO DE LA CADENA PRODUCTIVA DE LA LECHE ........... 16 3.1.1 Producción mundial de leche ....................................................................................... 17 3.1.2 Condiciones naturales para la producción primaria de leche ...................................... 20 3.1.3 Buenas Prácticas Pecuarias (BPP) para la producción de leche .................................. 20 3.1.4 Calidad de la leche ....................................................................................................... 22 3.2 VÍAS DE CONTAMINACIÓN Y PRÁCTICAS GANADERAS QUE INFLUYEN EN LA PRESENCIA DE AGROQUÍMICOS Y FÁRMACOS VETERINARIOS EN LA PRODUCCIÓN PRIMARIA DE ALIMENTOS. ................................................................ 24 3.2.1 Fuentes de contaminación ........................................................................................... 24 3.2.1.1 Fuentes agrícolas ...................................................................................................... 26 3.2.1.2 Fuentes de fármacos veterinarios ........................................................................... 31 3.3 AGROQUÍMICOS Y FÁRMACOS VETERINARIOS CON MAYOR BIODISPONIBILIDAD EN LA PRODUCCIÓN PRIMARIA DE LA LECHE. ............... 35 3.3.1 Límite Máximo de Residuo (LMR) ............................................................................. 36 3.3.2 Compuestos de mayor incidencia ................................................................................ 37 3.4 EFECTOS PARA LA SALUD HUMANA DE AGROQUÍMICOS Y FÁRMACOS VETERINARIOS EN LA PRODUCCIÓN PRIMARIA DE LECHE. ................................ 41 3.4.1 Residuos de plaguicidas y otros contaminantes químicos en la leche y su impacto potencial en la salud ............................................................................................................. 41 3.4.1.1 Residuos de pesticidas .............................................................................................. 41 3.4.1.2 Metales pesados ........................................................................................................ 43 3.4.1.4 Fármacos veterinarios ............................................................................................... 44 4. CONCLUSIÓN ................................................................................................................ 48 BIBLIOGRAFÍA .................................................................................................................. 50 Aproximadamente 150 millones de hogares en todo el mundo se dedican a la producción de leche; en Colombia, dicha actividad está directamente ligada al comportamiento del clima que se presenta en diversas zonas. La leche obtenida en el ordeño se considera estéril; no obstante, debido al uso generalizado de medicamentos veterinarios y plaguicidas en la producción lechera y las prácticas agrícolas, la leche a menudo está contaminada con sus residuos. Los residuos químicos con mayor biodisponibilidad son los compuestos organofosforados, herbicidas, fungicidas, antihelmínticos, antibióticos, detergentes y desinfectantes, nitritos, policlorados, polibifenilos bromados, dioxinas, micotoxinas, metales pesados y hormona somatotropina, con consecuencias en la salud van desde efectos sistémicos cardiovasculares, respiratorios, genotoxicidad, defectos de nacimiento, neurológicos, conductuales, reproductivos y cáncer. Por otro lado, existen factores tales como la alimentación, las actividades antropogénicas, ambientales y el manejo productivo y sanitario, que representan riesgos potenciales para los consumidores. Pregrado Ingeniero(a) de Alimentos Monografías
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- 2021
10. Acute kidney injury due to excessive and prolonged intramuscular injection of veterinary supplements containing vitamins A, D and E: A series of 16 cases
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Lorena Vasconcelos Mesquita Martiniano, Newton Carlos Viana Leite Filho, Laio Ladislau Lopes Lima, Sônia Leite da Silva, Louize Emanuele de Oliveira Souza, Elizabeth De Francesco Daher, Geraldo Bezerra da Silva Junior, and Paulo Fernandes
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Vitamin ,Adult ,Male ,Veterinary medicine ,Hypercalcaemia ,Nausea ,Suplementos vitamínicos ,030232 urology & nephrology ,lcsh:RC870-923 ,Injections, Intramuscular ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Young Adult ,Vitaminas A ,0302 clinical medicine ,Vitaminas D ,Weight loss ,Renal Dialysis ,Medicine ,Humans ,Vitamin E ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Vitamin D ,Vitamin A ,Creatinine ,Vitamin supplements ,business.industry ,Acute kidney injury ,Veterinary Drugs ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Body Contouring ,lcsh:Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology ,Daño renal agudo ,chemistry ,Nefropatias ,Nephrology ,Dietary Supplements ,Vomiting ,Hypercalcemia ,Female ,Kidney Diseases ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Intramuscular injection ,Hipercalcemia - Abstract
tBackground: Despite well-documented risks, injectable supplements containing high dosesof vitamins are commonly used.Objectives: To describe acute kidney injury (AKI) as a complication of vitamin intoxication.Methods: Our series consisted of 16 patients with kidney complications resulting from theuse of veterinary intramuscular injection supplements of vitamin A, D and E. The patientswere admitted to two referral hospitals in Fortaleza (Brazil) between January 2010 and Jan-uary 2015.Results: Patients’ mean age was 28.3 ± 8.9 years (19–53 years), and 11 (68.7%) were male.Main signs and symptoms upon admission were nausea (68.7%), vomiting (62.5%), weightloss (43.7%), epigastric pain (31.2%) and headache (31.2%). At hospital admission the meanlaboratory values were: hemoglobin 10 ± 2.0 g/dL (6.1–14.2), leukocytes 10,542 ± 4871/mm3(4100–15,100), creatinine 3.9 ± 5.2 mg/dL (0.7–22) and urea 91 ± 88 mg/dL (22–306), respec-tively. Serum calcium was 12 ± 2.2 mg/dL (8.8–15.5), 24-h urine calcium was 575 ± 329 mg(10.7–1058), serum PTH was 55 ± 141 pg/mL (2–406), and serum vitamin D concentration was135 ± 75 ng/mL (22–265). Using KDIGO criteria, AKI was diagnosed in 13 patients (81.2%),classified as stage 1 (n = 3), stage 2 (n = 3) or stage 3 (n = 7). No deaths occurred in the studyperiod.Conclusions: Excessive use of veterinary vitamin supplements containing high doses of vita-min A, D and E was associated with AKI. Hypercalcaemia, which was a common finding,appears to be a contributing factor to the development of this type of AKI. Antecedentes: Suplementos inyectables que contienen altas dosis de vitaminas son utilizados con frecuencia, a pesar de los riesgos bien documentados. Objetivo: Describir la ocurrencia de dan˜ o renal agudo (IRA) como complicación de intoxi- cación por suplementos vitamínicos. Métodos: Esta es una serie de 16 pacientes con complicaciones renales resultantes de la utilización de inyección intramuscular de suplementos veterinarios con vitaminas A, D y E. Los pacientes fueron ingresados en 2 hospitales de referencia en Fortaleza (Brasil), entre enero de 2010 y enero de 2015. Resultados: La edad media de los pacientes fue de 28,3 ± 8,9 an˜ os (19–53 an˜ os) y 11 (68,7%) eran varones. Signos y síntomas principales al ingreso fueron náuseas (68,7%), vómitos (62,5%), pérdida de peso (43,7%), dolor epigástrico (31,2%) y cefalea (31,2%). Al ingreso en el hospital los valores medios de laboratorio fueron: hemoglobina 10 ± 2,0 g/dL (6,1–14,2), leucocitos 10.542 ± 4.871/mm3 (4.100–15.100), creatinina 3,9 ± 5,2 mg/dL (0,7–22) y urea 91 ± 88 mg/dL (22–306), respectivamente. El nivel de calcio sérico fue de 12 ± 2,2 mg/dL (8,8–15,5), el de calcio en orina de 24 h fue de 575 ± 329 mg (10,7–1.058), el de PTH sérico fue de 55 ± 141 pg/mL (2–406) y el nivel de vitamina D sérica fue de 135 ± 75 ng/mL (22–265). Utilizando criterios KDIGO, se diagnosticó IRA en 13 pacientes (81,2%); fueron clasificadas como clase 1 (n = 3), clase 2 (n = 3) y clase 3 (n = 7). No hubo muertes en el período de estudio. Conclusiones: El uso excesivo de suplementos vitamínicos veterinarios que contienen altas dosis de vitamina A, D y E se asoció con IRA. La hipercalcemia, un hallazgo común, parece ser un factor que contribuye al desarrollo de este tipo de IRA.
- Published
- 2017
11. Desarrollo a escala de laboratorio de un antiséptico y cicatrizante para uso veterinario incorporando ingredientes naturales
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Fernández Sierra, Laura, Moreno Gómez, Natacha, and Ocampo Cifuentes, Elizabeth
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DROGAS VETERINARIAS ,Escherichia coli - control ,Natural products ,Cicatrización de heridas ,Antiseptics ,Propiedades organolépticas ,Veterinary drugs ,ANTISÉPTICOS ,Uso veterinario ,Honey ,SALMONELLA ,PRODUCTOS NATURALES ,Aloe vera ,Experimental design ,MIEL DE ABEJAS ,DISEÑO EXPERIMENTAL - Abstract
Con este proyecto se evalúa la posibilidad de desarrollar un antiséptico y cicatrizante para animales a escala de laboratorio, incorporando miel de abejas y Aloe vera como ingredientes activos del producto -- Los ensayos preliminares consistieron en la evaluación de las formulaciones por medio de pruebas de pre-estabilidad entre los diferentes componentes con el extracto etanólico de la miel a temperatura ambiente, y pruebas de estabilidad de cada tratamiento a 4ºC, 50ºC y temperatura ambiente, no se observaron cambios en el producto en el tiempo y a diferentes temperaturas, lo que garantiza la estabilidad de las propiedades organolépticas del producto -- Se evaluó el efecto cicatrizante por medio de análisis cuantitativos (Análisis de varianza factorial- Statgraphics plus 5.1) y cualitativos (observación) por medio de mediciones de herida (longitud x ancho) cm2 y por observación de las fases de cicatrización respectivamente en mulas del municipio de Segovia, Antioquía; se utilizaron 12 animales, 3 para cada tratamiento (T1, T2, T3 y T4), el T1 y T2 son las formulaciones desarrolladas en esta investigación, mientras que el T3 y T4 es el control positivo y negativo respectivamente -- Se obtuvo que la cicatrización del tratamiento 1 fue muy parecida al control positivo (T3), lo que indica que el tratamiento 1 es efectivo en la cicatrización de heridas -- En la evaluación cualitativa se observa una clara evolución de la cicatrización de la herida, y las etapas que conllevan a esta (Inflamación, limpieza, reparación y maduración) -- Se midió el efecto inhibitorio de cada tratamiento por medio del método de difusión en agar Mueller-Hilton inoculado con la cepa indicadora (ZAPATA, et al., 2009) -- (Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp.) -- (PELAEZ, et al., 2006) -- Teniendo como control positivo un bactericida del mercado y los dos tratamientos desarrollados, se midió el efecto (por cuadriplicado) según el diámetro del halo inhibitorio contra las cepas y se observó que el T1 presentó mayor efecto de inhibición en Escherichia coli frente al T2, mientras que el T1 tuvo efecto inhibitorio en la Salmonella spp -- El control presentó un mayor efecto de inhibición en Escherichia coli -- El precio de venta del producto (T1) es de $9500 en una presentación líquida de 250 mL, el cual comparado con el precio comercial de la competencia indirecta que oscila entre $12.900 y $13.500, resulta competitivo desde este punto de vista -- Para el primer año de evaluación, se encuentra un Valor Presente Neto, VPN, de $110.508.194 y una Tasa Interna de Retorno, TIR, de 78%, que hacen al proyecto una inversión rentable
- Published
- 2009
12. Environmental considerations of the animal production intensification
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Herrero, María A. and Gil, Susana B.
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manejo de efluentes ,metales pesados ,drogas veterinarias ,gases efecto invernadero ,balance de nutrientes ,water contamination ,efluent management ,veterinary drugs ,contaminación del agua ,regulaciones ,nutrientes ,contaminación de suelos ,nutrients ,regulations ,excretas ,manure ,nutrient balance ,greenhouse gases ,heavy metals ,soil contamination - Abstract
Este trabajo presenta la situación actual, a escala global y local, de los problemas ambientales que derivan de la intensificación de los sistemas de producción animal. Los residuos generados, fundamentalmente excretas, resultan los principales responsables de los impactos sobre el aire, el suelo y el agua porque se concentran en áreas reducidas y son la fuente principal de nutrientes, metales pesados, antibióticos y otras drogas veterinarias y patógenos. Como consecuencia de la intensificación, en Argentina se ha detectado una acumulación en suelos de más de 220 kg/ha de nitratos, de 2500 ppm de fósforo y de 261 kg/ha de cinc. Es frecuente que en el agua subterránea se detecte un exceso de nitratos (180 ppm) y contaminación microbiológica. De manera reciente también se registró fósforo (7 ppm) y hasta 90 ppb de cobre. En aguas superficiales, el escurrido de corrales ha incrementado los sedimentos casi 29 veces y también se registró resistencia a varios antibióticos (5 a 95% de cepas de Escherichia coli), y otros problemas emergentes como la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero (371 kg/ha de metano). En la escala local existen algunos vacíos de conocimiento sobre información fehaciente acerca de la cantidad de establecimientos de producción intensiva, del impacto sobre el suelo de las aplicaciones continuas de estiércol y de la cuantificación del impacto económico de los efectos de la polución existente y sus medidas de mitigación. Algunas de las medidas más urgentes que deberían implementarse con el esfuerzo combinado de distintos actores son el desarrollo de tecnologías apropiadas en relación con la generación de modelos de contaminación en la escala de predio, de cuenca y de regiones geográficas, la nutrición de precisión, el desarrollo de indicadores específicos para el monitoreo, y la difusión de técnicas y equipamiento para implementar la reutilización de estiércol y de efluentes. In this study, global and local environmental problems caused by animal production systems are presented. The residues generated by these systems, mainly composed by excreta, have a major responsibility for the impacts on air, soil and water since they are generally concentrated in small areas and constitute main source of nutrients, heavy metals, antibiotics and drugs for veterinary use and pathogens. As a consequence of intensification, the accumulation of more than 220 kg/ha of nitrates, 2500 ppm of phosphorus and 261 kg/ha Zn in soil has been detected. In groundwater, excess of nitrates (180 ppm) and microbiological contamination are frequent, and it has been recently encountered phosphorus up to 7 ppm and copper up to 90 ppb. In shallow water, sediments augmentation up to 28.5 times caused by pen's runoff and antibiotic resistance appearance, (5 to 95% of Escherichia coli strains) are emergent problems. About greenhouse gasses emission, 371 kg/ha of methane has been reported. At local scale some information gaps are pointed out, referring to the lack of precise information about number of intensive farms, impact of continuous applications of manure to the soil and quantification of economic impact of the actual pollution effects an their management measures for mitigation. Development of suitable technologies including contamination models at farm, basin and geographical level; precise nutrition; development of specific indicators to monitor intensive systems and their related ecosystems; transmission of novel techniques and equipment for the implementation of manure and effluent reuse, are some of the more urgent management measures that should be completed with the combined effort of different actors.
- Published
- 2008
13. Pharmacists and veterinary medicine.
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WELSH M
- Subjects
- Humans, Pharmacy veterinary, Veterinary Drugs
- Published
- 1946
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