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En este artículo se analiza la percepción pública de seis importantes divulgadores españoles de la ciencia. Para ello se ha realizado una encuesta entre los profesionales de la difusión de la ciencia, y a través de diferentes bloques de preguntas se ha buscado conocer su opinión sobre la tarea de divulgación llevada a cabo por Eduard Punset, Juan Luis Arsuaga, Manuel Toharia, Jorge Wagensberg, Ramon Folch y Javier Sampedro. Asimismo también se ha estudiado si los encuestados mostraban diferencias importantes cuando estas valoraciones provenían de la comunidad científica o del colectivo periodístico.

Aquest article recull un mateix procés metodològic en el qual s’emmarquen diverses investigacions presentades en aquest volum de la revista, amb un mateix objectiu: la construcció de tipologies en diferents àmbits temàtics. L’article especifica el marc general del disseny, descriu el seu procés metodològic i d’anàlisi de dades, que pot caracteritzar-se per: 1) La font de dades prové d’una gran enquesta sobre hàbits i condicions de vida de la població: l’Enquesta Metropolitana de Barcelona 1990. 2) El plantejament d’un objecte d’estudi concret dins d’una realitat multivariable. 3) La utilització de tècniques d’anàlisi multivariables, en concret, l’Anàlisi de Correspondències Múltiples i les Tècniques de Classificació Automàtica.

Cuando se realiza una encuesta social en un amplio territorio queda siempre el deseo de aplicar análisis similares a los realizados en la encuesta a poblaciones o territorios más reducidos, evidentemente utilizando los propios datos de la encuesta. El objetivo de este artículo consiste en mostrar que cada estrato de una muestra estratificada puede constituir una base muestral para llevar a cabo dichos análisis con todas las garantías de precisión o, al menos, con garantías calculables y aceptables sin aumentar el número muestral para la encuesta general.

En este artículo se presenta el proceso metodológico, así como también las técnicas de análisis de datos, que se ha utilizado en el análisis de los grupos sociales mediante la información de una gran encuesta sobre hábitos y condiciones de vida. El análisis de los grupos sociales desde una perspectiva globalizadora y estructuradora de las condiciones de vida, teniendo en cuenta como estos surgen mediante la asociación y la coherencia entre múltiples características. Las técnicas de análisis de datos que se han utilizado han sido el análisis dimensional, el análisis de correspondencias múltiples y el análisis de clasificación.

Background: The use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in elderly patients with diabetes is not well documented. The present study search to know the current status of use of CGM devices in patients with diabetes over 65 years of age., Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed and Scopus databases in November 2023. The following descriptors were used, linked using the Boolean operators AND and OR: Diabetes, Continuous glucose monitoring, Flash glucose monitoring, Glycemia, Glycemic control, Controlled diabetes, Diabetes care, Metrics, Older and Elder. The CASPe critical reading system and the PRISMA methodology were applied to document the review., Results: Fourteen selected studies published between 2019 and 2023 were reviewed. Publications from European countries used small sample sizes and were intervention studies. The duration of the interventions was generally short: 7 were ≤14 days in duration and only 3 were 6-12 months in duration. Overall, the selected articles found that CGM improved glycemic outcomes due to a decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin value and an improvement in CGM metrics, and diabetes-associated complications in elderly patients with diabetes., Conclusion: CGM seems to be a useful and effective tool to improving glycemic outcomes of people with diabetes over age 65. Further studies under real-world conditions and of longer duration are needed to expand and improve the evidence., (Copyright SEFAC. Sociedad Española de Farmacia Clínica, Familiar y Comunitaria. This article is available from url https://www.farmaceuticoscomunitarios.org/.)

Aim: Detection and tracing of suspicious adverse reactions (ARs) in community pharmacies after the second of COVID-19 vaccine dose. Comparison between doses., Methods: Design: prospective observational study., Subjects: Vaccinated against COVID-19, of legal age, who consent to participate., Variables: Number and percentage of participants with ARs. Number, type and frequency of ARs. Impact on their daily life. Relations between variables.Approved by the Galician Ethical Committee of Research with medicines., Results: 693 participants with the 2nd dose, 63.6% women. Age 56.8 years. 312 (45.0%) vaccinated, 49.4% women and 37.3% men (p<0.0001), reported at least one AR: 43.9% with Comirnaty®, 37.7% with Vaxzevria®, 63.0% with Spikevax®.There were 972 ARs, 75.2% in women and 24.8% in men (p<0.0001). Mean 1.4/vaccinated (maximum 11). The most prevalent AR: pain at injection site 197 (28.4%), tiredness/fatigue 141 (20.3%), myalgia 112 (16.2%), headache 95 (13.7%), fever 84 (12.1%).51 participants with ARs needed professional help: 10 from the doctor, 6 in the emergency room, 3 in hospitals (1 referral), 33 in the pharmacy. 70 (15.1%) were prevented from their daily activity. 201 Ars from vaccinated persons were reported.Number of people vaccinated with ARs and the number of ARs were less with the 2nd dose (p<0.05).Inverse relationship (p<0.05) between "age" and "number of vaccinated with ARs", "need for professional care" and "prevented daily activity"., Conclusions: The number of vaccinated participants with ARs and their number was also high with the second dose, although lower than with the first. Women and younger people are predictive of increased risk of AR after vaccination against COVID-19., (Copyright SEFAC. Sociedad Española de Farmacia Clínica, Familiar y Comunitaria. This article is available from url https://www.farmaceuticoscomunitarios.org/.)

Introduction: LV intrinsic systolic cardiac function in cirrhotic patients is conditioned by the degree of sympathetic activation and the use of non-selective beta-blockers (NSBBs). Systolic function can be non-invasively measured by ultrasound using Ejection Intraventricular Pressure Differences in the LV (EIVPD). We aimed to address the relationship between systolic function and long-term clinical outcomes using EIVPD., Methods: We studied 45 Child-Pugh B or C patients (13 female, 24 on NSBBs) using echocardiography. The primary endpoint was the combination of any-cause mortality or liver transplantation. After a follow-up of 7 years (796 person-months) and a median period of 17 (10-42) months, 41 patients (91%) reached the primary endpoint: 13 (29%) died and 28 (62%) underwent transplantation., Results: By univariable analysis the primary endpoint was related exclusively to MELD score. However, in a multivariable proportional-hazards analysis, adjusted for age, sex and MELD score, EIVPD was inversely related to the primary endpoint, showing interaction with NSBBs. In patients without NSBBs, EIVPD inversely predicted the primary endpoint, whereas in patients with NSBBs, EIVPD was unrelated to outcomes. These relationships were undetected by myocardial strain or conventional cardiac indices., Conclusions: LV intrinsic systolic function, as noninvasively measured by EIVPD is a predictor of long-term outcomes in patients with cirrhosis. The prognostic value of EIVPD is present along any degree of liver dysfunction but blunted by NSBBs. Because NSBBs have a deep effect on myocardial contractility, these drugs need to be considered when assessing the prognostic implications of cardiac function in these patients., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The drug-injecting population has a high prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and high risk of transmission. It is a priority to establish an agile diagnostic and treatment plan., Objectives: 1) Assess the effectiveness of a new coordinated care plan of referral from the Comprehensive Care Centre for Drug Addicts (CAID) to specialised care and 2) Determine the prevalence of HCV, clinical characteristics, effectiveness and safety of treatment in this population., Methods: 1,300 serologies requested by the CAID between 1998 and 2018 were retrospectively analysed, the seroprevalence of HCV was calculated and the efficiency of the traditional CAID-specialised care referral system was evaluated. A care plan was designed and coordinated among specialists involved in diagnosis and treatment. Since October 2018, 11 patients have been included in the new plan and the performance of both referral systems was compared., Results: With the traditional system, 48.2% (83/172) of the patients were lost. 14.5% (172/1,300) presented positive HCV serology, compared to the general population OR = 19; 95% CI 14.3-25. The prevalence of active infection was 80.3% (90/112). The prevalence of active infection was 80.3% (90/112). Of the 11 patients referred by the new plan, 76.9% (8/11) had active infection and 100% (8/8) were treated with Direct Antiviral Agents successfully., Conclusions: The new coordinated CAID-specialised care plan presents high effectiveness in comparison with the traditional referral system. The seroprevalence and prevalence of active infection in the CAID population is very high. Treatments with Direct Antiviral Agents are effective and safe., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To carry out a cross-cultural adaptation of the Second Victim Experience and Support Tool (SVEST) questionnaire to the Spanish context, and to evaluate its content validity (CVI)., Methods: The translation and cultural adaptation of a measuring instrument by means of translation and back translation conducted through the participation of 20 health professionals. The content validation was carried out through the participation of 10 experts. The content validity of each item (CVI-I), the content validity index per expert (CVI-E) and the content validity total (CVI-T) were calculated for the questionnaire. Corrections were carried out for probable random agreement and the statistical calculation Kappa (K*) modified for each item of the instrument., Results: The final instrument obtained (SVEST-E) has a CVI-Total of 0.87 and consists of 36 total items, subdivided into 7 dimensions, 2 outcome variables and a support option section maintaining the same structure as the original questionnaire. Thirty items had a CVI-I with values over ≥̊0.79., Conclusions: The SVEST-E questionnaire is an equivalent of the original and is an instrument that could help to evaluate the second victim experiences of healthcare professionals in our country. It is an instrument with adequate content validity to measure the experience of second victims in health professionals in our country., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: A comparative clinical study has been conducted on patients involved using lateral intersomatic arthrodesis for the treatment of adjacent segment disease using titanium and PEEK intersomatic devices., Material and Methods: Clinical (EVA and oswestry disability index ODI) and radiological (alignment and fusion), complications (major and minor) and quality of life (EQ5D) of 32 patients intervened from September 2015 to September 2018 have been analyzed and compared, with an average follow-up of 25 months (46-18). The average age in surgery was 66 years (39-89) and 68% of patients were women., Results: The most common segment involved was L3-L4 (62%) right retroperitoneal approach 86%. Lumbar EVA improved from 6.2 ± 2.12 to 4.1 ± 1.71 (p = 0.028). The LEG EVA descended from 5.3 ± 2.26 to 1.9 ± 1.58 (p = 0.02). The ODI scales improved from 50.2 ± 18.9 to 33.3 ± 10.2 (p = 0.025) and the EQ5D went from 0.52 to 0.73 (p = 0.039) with no statistically significant differences between the groups (ODI p = 0.18, EQ5D p = 0.293). Radiologically increased intervertebral height, lumbar and segmental lordosis, decreased Cobb's angle and the overall melting rate was 84.3% (88% Ti/82% PEEK), with no differences between the groups., Conclusion: Lateral lumbar interbody fusion is an effective method for treating adjacent segment disease with clinical-radiological results and literature-like complications. No differences have been found between Ti and PEEK implants.

Introduction: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a genetic condition resulting in lung and liver disease with a great clinical variability. MicroRNAs have been identified as disease modifiers; therefore miRNA deregulation could play an important role in disease heterogeneity. Members of miR-320 family are involved in regulating of multiple processes including inflammation, and have potential specific binding sites in the 3'UTR region of SERPINA1 gene. In this study we explore the involvement of miR-320c, a member of this family, in this disease., Methods: Firstly in vitro studies were carried out to demonstrate regulation of SERPINA1 gene by miR-320. Furthermore, the expression of miR-320c was analyzed in the blood of 98 individuals with different AAT serum levels by using quantitative PCR and expression was correlated to clinical parameters of the patients. Finally, HL60 cells were used to analyze induction of miR-320c in inflammatory conditions., Results: Overexpression of miR-320 members in human HepG2 cells led to inhibition of SERPINA1 expression. Analysis of miR-320c expression in patient's samples revealed significantly increased expression of miR-320c in individuals with pulmonary disease. Additionally, HL60 cells treated with the pro-inflammatory factor lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed increase in miR-320c expression, suggesting that miR-320c responds to inflammation., Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that miR-320c inhibits SERPINA1 expression in a hepatic cell line and its levels in blood are associated with lung disease in a cohort of patients with different AAT serum levels. These results suggest that miR-320c can play a role in AAT regulation and could be a biomarker of inflammatory processes in pulmonary diseases., (Copyright © 2020 SEPAR. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

We report a case of V. cholerae non-O1 / non-O139 bacteremia in an 81-year-old woman with abdominal pain, fever, vomiting, liquid stools, choluria and jaundice, while visiting a rural area without access to potable water. The identification was made by the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry technique and subsequently the non-toxigenic non-O1 / non-139 strain was confirmed in the national reference laboratory. The molecular characterization demonstrated the absence of the cholera toxin gene (CTX), and the TCP pilus, however, presented 5 of 6 virulence genes present in an island of homologous pathogenicity named VPaI-7 of V. parahaemolyticus (vcs N2 +, vcs C2 +, vcs V2 +, toxR-, vspD +, T vopF +) and in addition it was positive for hylAy rtxA virulence genes recognized outside the island. This is the first case reported in Chile of a clinical strain of V. cholerae non-O1, non-O139 isolated from blood culture that carries in its genome a homologous segment of the pathogenicity island named VPaI-7 of V. parahaemolyticus, which codifies for a type III secretion system (TTSS) that probably contributes to his virulence.

The prevalence of adult spinal deformity has been increasing exponentially over time. Surgery has been credited with good radiological and clinical results. The incidence of complications is high. MIS techniques provide good results with fewer complications. This is a retrospective study of 25 patients with an adult spinal deformity treated by MIS surgery, with a minimum follow-up of 6 months. Radiological improvement was SVA from 5 to 2cm, coronal Cobb angle from 31° to 6°, and lumbar lordosis from 18° to 38°. All of these parameters remained stable over time. We also present the complications that appeared in 4 patients (16%). Only one patient needed reoperation. We describe the technique used and review the references on the subject. We conclude that the MIS technique for treating adult spinal deformity has comparable results to those of the conventional techniques but with fewer complications., (Copyright © 2017 SECOT. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

«Minimally invasive» techniques have been recently been developed in order to achieve good clinical results with a low incidence of complications. The extralateral interbody fusion or direct transpsoas is a minimally invasive anterior arthrodesis. A total of 97 patients with 138 segments received surgery between May 2012 and May 2015. The follow-up was from 12-44 months. The mean age was 68 years (41-86). The most common cause of intervention was the adjacent segment (30%), deformity (22%), and lumbar disc disease (21%). The interbody cage was implanted as: Single (stand-alone) in 33%, and additional fixation was used in the others: Screws, percutaneous unilateral (11%), bilateral (27%), or with a lateral plate (62%). The mean stay was 3.2 days (2-6). The score on a lumbar visual analogue scale decreased from 9 to 4.1, and dropped to 3 after one year. The improvement in disc height was from 8.4mm to 13.8mm, and a larger increase in the foramen diameter from 10.5 to 13.1mm, which were statistically significant. The early major complications recorded were, three motor femoral nerve injuries and retroperitoneal haematoma (4%), and the early minor were: two fractures (2%). As major late complications there was an abdominal hernia, a mobilization of 10mm and three radiculopathy (5%), and as minor late, three fracture, two mobilisations greater than 10mm, four mobilisations of less than 10mm, and one mobilisation of a screw plate (10%). The extralateral interbody fusion technique is a safe and reliable when performing a lumbar fusion by an alternative minimally invasive route., (Copyright © 2016 SECOT. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Case Report: A case is presented of a right frontoethmoidal osteoma with intraorbital invasion in a 43-year-old male, who was seen in the clinic with a proptosis, retro-orbital pain, peri-palpebral inflammation, and binocular diplopia due to muscular route limitation. Open surgery was performed using a subcranial approach, with removal of several fragments of osteoma. Histological analysis confirmed the diagnosis., Discussion: Osteomas are benign bone-forming tumours with slow growth. They are usually asymptomatic until mass effect complications occur in the brain or in the orbit, or locally, generating mucoceles due to sinus drainage obstruction., (Copyright © 2016 Sociedad Española de Oftalmología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Surveillance of antimicrobial consumption is a central part in programs of antibiotic stewardship. However, in Chile there are no national data on antibiotic consumption representing a significant number of hospitals by clinical services. In 2013 a survey was sent to multiple Chilean hospitals to evaluate antimicrobial consumption in medical services (MS), surgery services (SS) and critical care units (ICU). We used the standardized methodology recommended by the WHO, using the number of DDD/100 days beds. In the MS and SS beta-lactam and no beta-lactam antibiotics commonly used were evaluated. In the ICU consumption vancomycin, linezolid, imipenem, merope-nem, colistin and tigecycline was evaluated. Fifteen hospitals reported the density of antimicrobial consumption. Ceftriaxone and cloxacillin were the most commonly used antibiotics in general services (average cloxacillin 4,9 DDD/100 bed days in MS and 8,0 DDD/100 in SS; ceftriaxone 13,5 DDD/100 in MS and 16,7 DDD/100 in SS). In the SS there was also a significant consumption of metronidazole (average 14,5 DDD/100 bed days). In the ICU there was an important variability of consumption of selected antibiotics. This study reports the average and range of antibiotic consumption in MS, SS, and ICU from a significant number of hospitals in the country, during 2013. This information allows hospitals to compare their consumption of antibiotics with a significant sample of Chilean hospitals. Analysis of this information should consider a careful interpretation according to the sample shown here and the reality of each hospital.

Background: Meckel-Gruber syndrome is a ciliopathy, a lethal autosomal recessive disorder that occurs in all races and ethnicities; it is characterized by central nervous system abnormalities, resulting in mental retardation, bilateral renal cystic dysplasia and malformations of hands and feet. To date there have been only about 200 cases reported worldwide. It is a disease with a recurrence rate of 25% whose most reliable method for diagnosis is prenatal ultrasound. The mortality rate is 100% and in view of the high index of recurrence, subsequent pregnancies should be investigated appropriately with genetic counseling., Clinic Case: We present the case of a 15 years-old mother with 30.2 weeks pregnancy resulting from rape by consanguinity (grandfather), without prenatal care. On admission HD ultrasound study is performed finding fetus fetometria average 26.2 weeks (for discordant fetometria head circumference 187.5 mm to 21.0 weeks gestation -3DE-) lost in the skull shape of the shell line is observed winding mean; not cut down, cavum septum pellucidum or herniated sac cerebellum and occipital level (encephalocele) are evident. It starts cervical ripening with prostaglandins for 24 hours to conduct further labor with oxytocic and delivery care where a fetus death, female, 1516 g is obtained. Fetal autopsy family is authorized; however, it not has done because it is legal and only medical geneticist obtains medical case assessment., Conclusions: The Meckel-Gruber syndrome is a very rare condition that occurs in cases of consanguinity occasions. Mortality occurs in 100% of cases, so you should talk to parents and explain the best maternal prognosis, with abortion in the early stages and subsequent genetic counseling.

Background: Diagnostic options for immune reactions to mosquito bites are limited. In Cuba, IgE-mediated reactions are frequently related to Culex quinquefasciatus bite., Objective: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of skin prick test with two doses of standardized extract in nitrogen protein units (PNU of Culex quinquefasciatus (BIOCEN, Cuba)., Material and Method: An analytical study was conducted on 100 children between 2 and 15 years old. Fifty atopic patients with a history of allergy to mosquito bite and positive specific serum IgE Culex quinquefasciatus and fifty atopic patients without a history of allergy to mosquito bite and negative specific serum IgE to Culex quinquefasciatus. Skin prick tests (SPT) were performed by duplicates on the forearms of the patients. Investigated doses were 100 PNU/mL and 10 PNU/mL., Results: SPT with the highest concentration obtained a mean wheal size of 22.09 mm2 and for lower doses of 8.09 mm2, a statistically significant difference (p=0.001, Student's t test). Positive skin test correlated in 100% of patients with the presence of specific IgE. Testing with both doses showed a 94% of specificity and 88% of sensitivity., Conclusion: The diagnostic accuracy of SPT using both doses of standardized extract was similar, which justifies its use for diagnosis of sensitization to Culex quinquefasciatus in patients with symptoms of allergy to mosquito bite.

Introduction: Prionopathy is the cause of 62% of the rapidly progressive dementias (RPD) in which a definitive diagnosis is reached. The variability of symptoms and signs exhibited by the patients, as well as its different presentation, sometimes makes an early diagnosis difficult., Methods: Patients withdiagnosis of definite or probable prionopathy during the period 1999-2012 at our hospital were retrospectively reviewed.The clinical features and the results of the complementary tests (14-3-3 protein, EEG, MRI, FDG-PET, and genetic analysis) were evaluated in order to identify some factors that may enable an earlier diagnosis to be made., Results: A total of 14 patients are described: 6 with definite sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob (sCJD) disease, 3 with probable sCJD, 4 with fatal familial insomnia, and 1 with the new variant. The median age at diagnosis was 54 years old. The mean survival was 9.5 months. Mood disorder was the most common feature, followed by instability and cognitive impairment. 14-3-3 protein content in the cerebrospinal fluid was positive in 7 of 11 patients, and the EEG showed typical signs in 2 of 12 patients. Neuroimaging (FDG-PET, MRI) studies suggested the diagnosis in 13 of the 14 patients included., Conclusions: Most patients presenting with RPD suffer from a prion disease. In our series the most useful complementary tests were MRI and FDG-PET, being positive in 13 of the 14 patients studied., (Copyright © 2013 Sociedad Española de Neurología. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

Case Report: We report a case of a 35 year old male patient with no medical history, who experienced decreased vision in his left eye that he noticed by chance. After a complete ophthalmic examination, he was diagnosed with congenital retinal macrovessel with macular thickening., Discussion: Congenital retinal macrovessels are rare vascular anomalies, in which the diagnosis is usually incidental as their visual impact is minimal. In the rare cases where there is a significant visual impairment, this is due to macular hemorrhages, foveal cysts, serous macular detachment, or the course of the vessel itself through the foveal avascular zone., (Copyright © 2013 Sociedad Española de Oftalmología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Febrile neutropenia (FN) is a common complication of patients undergoing chemotherapy (QMT). Clinical presentation is varied, from mild fever to severe sepsis with invasive bacterial infection (IBI) or invasive fungal infection (IFI), with great impact on prognosis and patient mortality., Patients and Methods: Prospective cohort study of FN episodes in adult patients with acute leukemia (AL) or lymphoma (L), diagnosed and treated at the Hospital Clínico Universidad Católica and Hospital Dr. Sótero del Río in Santiago from April 2010 to January 2012., Results: 130 patients were included with 105 episodes of NF, with an incidence of 0.65 per 100 days of observation, higher in AL than L (1.31 vs 0.25, p = 0.001). Etiology or clinical focus was documented in 67 (63.8%) episodes, with IBI in 33 (31.4%) and IFI in 21 (20%) cases. Mortality related to infection occurred in 4 (6.2%) patients., Conclusions: This study reports that the FN incidence and frequency of IBI and IFI during episodes are higher in AL vs. L. It is necessary to evaluate the impact of interventions to reduce its incidence, including the benefit and risk of using antibacterial and antifungal prophylaxis in high-risk subgroups.

Introduction: Prion diseases are neurodegenerative disorders resulting from the accumulation of a misfolded isoform of the cellular prion protein (PrPc). They can occur as acquired, sporadic, or hereditary forms. Although prion diseases show a wide range of phenotypic variations, pathological features and clinical evolution, they are all characterised by a common unfavourable course and a fatal outcome., Review Summary: Some variants, such as kuru, have practically disappeared, while others, for example the variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob (vCJD) or those attributable to iatrogenic causes, are still in force and pose a challenge to current medicine. There are no definitive pre-mortem diagnostic tests, except for vCJD, where a tonsil biopsy detects 100% of the cases. For this reason, diagnostic criteria dependent on statistical probability have had to be created. These require complementary examinations, such as an electroencephalogram (EEG) or the detection of 14-3-3 protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Only the pulvinar sign in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been included as a vCJD diagnostic criterion. The present review discusses neuroimaging findings for each type of prion disease in patients with a definitive histopathological diagnosis., Conclusions: The aim is to define the usefulness of these complementary examinations as a tool for the diagnosis of this family of neurodegenerative diseases., (Copyright © 2011 Sociedad Española de Neurología. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Dietary habits have a great influence on people health of, and its study is extremely important to proof adaptation to current recommendations in order to develop nutritional education and/or supplementation policies adjusted to reality., Material and Methods: A descriptive cross study with the participation of postgraduate students. Participants were selected using non-probability accidental sampling accidental. Information was sent by e-mail, including a questionnaire on socio-demographic characteristics and a 3-day dietary record. We obtained a sample of n = 50 participants. The 3-day dietary records were evaluated with NutrIber software and the data obtained were treated using the statistical software SPSS 15., Results and Discussion: The profile of the students was 80% females and 20% males, mean age 33.7 ± 9.32 years, and body mass index of 22.91 ± 4.07. All groups have an excessive consumption of proteins and lipids and carbohydrates deficit. At the macro-story is remarkable that no group covers iodine recommended nutrient intake, and that no group of women covers the recommendations for fiber, folic acid and iron intake., Conclusions: Further studies are needed to confirm the results found. However, it can be concluded that urban populations in Latin America are increasingly closer to the model of Western diet, rich in protein and fat and low in carbohydrates, fiber and micronutrients, which is indicative of poor diets in whole grains, fruits and vegetables., (Copyright © AULA MEDICA EDICIONES 2013. Published by AULA MEDICA. All rights reserved.)

Research is one of the fundamental functions that have to be carried out in Primary Care. The clinical information stored in different records arising from medical care is a basic tool for this activity. The use of personal data for the purposes of research is legitimate according to our laws; however, this information must be treated confidentially at all times. Two alternatives are available for this. One is to obtain the informed consent of the patient, and the other is to dissociate the handling of the information. But in some situations, the compliance to legal demands when obtaining data for research is not easy, there being a series of obstacles which in many cases makes it impossible to carry out research. In this article, we will give guidance on how to access the information contained in records while respecting the rights of the patient and the current legislation., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved.)

(18)F-FDOPA is an amino acid analogue used to evaluate presynaptic dopaminergic activity, which has aroused great interest in neuro-oncology. We have evaluated five (18)F-FDOPA PET studies of patients referred for study of parkinsonian syndrome. Two subjects had previously treated high-grade brain tumors, one nonspecific brain injury, and 2 subjects presented unexpected tumoral lesions. For all lesions SUVmax, time to SUVmax and tumor-to-normal grey matter SUVmax rate (T/N) were calculated, and 90 minutes (18)F-FDOPA kinetics were analyzed. Tumor lesions corresponded to three malignant neurocytomas, one meningioma, one pineocytoma and one intrasinusal hemangioma. Both malignant and benign tumors exhibited high uptake of (18)F-FDOPA well above the normal cortex. However, the analysis of the curve uptake displayed characteristic patterns that facilitate the characterization of tumor lesions. A dual phase maximum uptake was observed, with an early 10 minutes uptake in malignant lesions, and a late 60 to 90 minutes uptake in benign or low grade lesions., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier España, S.L. y SEMNIM. All rights reserved.)

Background: The most efficient surgical procedure to treat bile duct injuries is a Roux en Y hepatoyeyunoanastomosis (RY-HYA). A small group of patients who have undergone a RY-HTA develop cholangitis without jaundice, with proven permeability of the anastomosis., Objective: To describe our experience in this subgroup of patients., Patients and Methods: 355 patients received surgical treatment for BDI with a RY-HYA. Medical charts of patients diagnosed with segmentary cholangitis involving a single hepatic lobe were reviewed. Segmentary cholangitis with intra-hepatic abscess was diagnosed through computer tomography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography., Results: We found 10 patients with segmentary cholangitis within the 355 cases in our series. Eight of them received treatment with a right hepatectomy and two of them with a left hepatectomy. In every patient, the hepatoyeyunoanastomosis was dismantled during the reoperation, corroborating the presence of a wide and permeable anastomosis. Surgical exploration was conducted through the hepatic ducts. After the affected lobe hepatectomy a new hepatoyeyunoanastomosis was performed. Out of the 10 patients one died (mortality 10%) due to hepatic cirrhosis. In the rest of the group a satisfactory resolution of the segmentary cholangitis was observed., Conclusions: In our series, 3% of the patients required a mayor hepatectomy for the persistent cholangitis to resolve, despite the presence of a functional bilioenteric anastomosis. Segmentary cholangitis must be suspected in patients with normal levels of direct bilirubin and abnormal liver function tests with clinical manifestations of cholangitis.

PET18FDG is an imaging diagnostic technique that shows changes in glycolitic metabolism that appear at a very early phases in the tumoral process. The main limitation of PET in breast cancer is the detection of small tumor lesions and axillary micrometastases. However it offers important information in the staging of high risk patients, in clinical relapse or in therapeutic evaluation. The new PET-CT devices offer advantages over conventional techniques. It provides a greater precision in the localization of tumoral foci. In spite of current difficulties for clinical applications, fluoro-estradiol (18F-ES) offers the possibilty of studying the presence of estrogenic receptors both in the primary and in the metastases. It may prove to be a useful tool to obtain information about therapeutic management and prognosis of breast cancer.

Bile duct injury is a severe complication related to cholecystectomy, impacting in the long-term quality of life and functional status. Bile duct repair is the first-line treatment for complex injuries. During short-term and long-term postoperative care, it is important to bear in mind the diagnostic tools, both laboratory and imaging, that will be useful to evaluate a possible surgical complication and to plan an adequate therapeutic strategy. In addition, post-surgical classification describes patients according to their complications and clinical course. In this review we describe the principal issues of postoperative care after bile duct repair, highlighting the diagnosis, severity classification and therapeutic approach of acute cholangitis.

There are few reports of intrapancreatic accessory spleen. Most cases have been reported in Japan and some refer epithelial cysts within it. Most of these lesions are asymptomatic and may be misdiagnosed as a non-functioning neuroendocrine tumor due to their radiological characteristics and lack of symptomatology. We report a case of a 46 year old woman with an incidentally diagnosed intrapancreatic accessory spleen. Because of a history of weight loss and a severe acanthosis nigricans a hidden neoplasia was sought. A 2.5 x 1 cm lesion was found in the tail of the pancreas on computed tomography scan and later confirmed with endoscopic ultrasound. A non-diagnostic biopsy was undertaken. A distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy was performed and a final pathological diagnosis of intrapancreatic accessory spleen was given. The 99mTc-denatured RBC scan in addition to the octreotide scintigraphy have been proposed to differentiate it from other intrapancreatic tumors and avoid unnecessary surgery. Intrapancreatic accessory spleen should be considered as a differential diagnosis for pancreatic tumors.

Background and Objective: Studies from Spain suggest that the intake of iodine in pregnant women is below nutritional requirements. This study was designed to determine iodine intake and its relation with thyroid volume during pregnancy in women from southeast Spain., Patients and Method: A total of 520 healthy pregnant women were studied during the full three trimesters of their pregnancy. A control group was composed of 373 non-pregnant women. The following variables were measured: TSH, FT3, FT4, thyroglobulin, antiperoxidase antibodies, urinary iodine levels, and thyroid volume., Results: Median urinary iodine levels were below 100 g/l in the controls and the pregnant women during their first trimester. These levels rose progressively and significantly over the second and third trimesters. Thyroid volume increased during the second and third trimesters compared with the first. TSH levels were lower during the first trimester compared to controls, and increased significantly during the third trimester. FT4 levels fell significantly during the third trimester. There was a significant negative correlation between TSH levels and thyroid volume (r = 0.22; p = 0.005)., Conclusions: Iodine intake in pregnant women in Malaga is low. The results suggest a deficit in thyroid function secondary to iodine deficiency, which is worsened as pregnancy advances. The data support the convenience of systematic administration of an iodine supplement in healthy pregnant women.

Objective/methods: One month after penetrating keratoplasty, a male patient suffered recurrent abscess and endophthalmitis caused by mixed bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Candida Albicans)., Results: Two samples of vitreous and aqueous were taken, and a combination of systemic Vancomycin and Amphotericin B were injected intravitreally. The patient was asymptomatic for a month, but the abscess reactivated and was treated with Vancomycin and Ciprofloxacin administered intravenously. Fifteen days after withdrawing the treatment endophthalmitis returned and was treated with vitrectomy and additional systemic/intravitreal antibiotics and antifungal therapy. The final visual acuity was 20/40., Conclusions: The delayed vitrectomy proved to be necessary to remove established germs and to eliminate recurrent infections.