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Entre el otoño de 1936 y la primavera de 1937 se estableció una frontera de facto entre la Euzkadi autónoma leal a la República y el territorio sometido al Nuevo Estado franquista. Éste fue uno más de los muchos frentes aparentemente estáticos que hubo a lo largo de la Guerra Civil española. El estudio arqueológico que aquí se presenta tiene por objeto la identificación y documentación de las posiciones defensivas de aquel frente que aún hoy conservan restos inmuebles en superficie, tales como las fortificaciones de campaña. En total se han inventariado y analizado 213 posiciones, tanto republicanas como franquistas, en 27 municipios de Araba, Bizkaia y Gipuzkoa. ABSTRACT: Between the autumn of 1936 and the spring of 1937 a de facto frontier was established between the autonomous Basque Country loyal to the Republic (“Euzkadi”) and the territory subject to the Francoist New State. This was one of the many static fronts of the Spanish Civil War. The archaeological study presented here aims at identifying and documenting the defensive positions of that front that still conserve surface remains, such as the field fortifications. In all, 213 positions have been analysed, both Republican and Francoist, all over 27 municipalities of Araba, Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa.

Amathia verticillata (Delle Chiaje, 1822) se cita por primera vez en la costa del País Vasco. Las colonias de este briozoo exótico fueron encontradas en áreas intermareales de la isla de San Nikolas y puerto de Lekeitio (Bizkaia, SE del golfo de Vizcaya). En el presente artículo se aporta una descripción morfológica de las colonias, así como una discusión sobre el origen, vía de entrada y posibles impactos ecológicos y económicos en la zona. ABSTRACT: Amathia verticillata (Delle Chiaje, 1822) is recorded for the first time on the coast of the Basque Country. Colonies of this non-indigenous bryozoan were found in intertidal areas of the island of San Nikolas and the port of Lekeitio (Bizkaia, SE of the Bay of Biscay). This paper provides a morphological description of the colonies, as well as a discussion on the origin, route of entry and possible ecological and economic impacts in the area.

An analytical tradition considers political violence linked to ethno-nationalist claims from a culturalist approach, which intends to offer a relevant interpretative model. This article aims to test this type of approach to the conflict in the Basque Country. In order to examine the validity of this interpretative model, we conducted a qualitative sociological survey among 73 former clandestine militants. The empirical data allow us to conclude that a culturalist and essentialist approach of the use of political violence in this case is irrelevant. On the other hand, we will show the interest of an analysis of the symbolic production of armed groups that gives a prominent place to the motives of resistance and national liberation.

During the past decades, studies have paid growing attention to the relationships between celebrities and tourism because of their influence on travel behaviours. Based on the literature on celebrity-induced film tourism, chefs have emerged as a source of celebrity-induced food tourism, which awards value to food as art. This exploratory research note is focused on the culinary empire of Karlos Arguiñano in Zarautz (Basque Country, Spain) and argues that celebrity chefs are powerful cultural and social agents who have developed their own brands and influence on food consumption. This research innovatively illustrates the potential of celebrity chefs for food tourism management and marketing.

Se ofrecen observaciones de Lycosa hispanicaen áreas centrales de la provincia de Álava y norte del Condado de Treviño- Burgos, con la detección de pequeños núcleos poblacionales en espacios muy determinados de tipo mediterráneo. Se cita por primera vez Steatoda paykullianapara el País Vasco en la Sierra de Gibijo, contribuyendo a una mayor proyección en el conocimiento de su distribución en el norte peninsular. Abstract: Lycosa hispanicaobservations are offered in central areas of the of and north of Condado de Treviño -, with the detection of small population centres in very specific Mediterraneantype spaces. Steatoda paykullianais cited for the first time for the Basque Country in Sierra Gibijo, contributing to a greater knowledge of its distributions in the north of the peninsula.

Entre 2015 y 2022 se han introducido en Álava-Araba (Kanpezu y Rioja alavesa) mediante hacking un total de 36 pollos volantones de Águila de Bonelli marcados con GPS (Aquila fasciata)procedentes de cría en cautividad y de extracciones de la población natural de Andalucía. Los individuos reintroducidos se dispersaron preferentemente hacia el valle del Ebro (La Rioja, Navarra y Aragón), otros siguiendo el río Duero hacia Castilla-León, Extremadura, Portugal y Andalucía, y algunos cruzando la Meseta norte hasta la cuenca del río Tajo (Toledo). La distancia media de dispersión juvenil fue de 286 Km (0-773 km). El proceso de dispersión no fue lineal sino itinerante realizando sucesivas sedimentaciones temporales en zonas ricas en alimento y sin población reproductora. Las altas tasas de mortalidad fueron similares a las observadas para la población silvestre, con una tasa de supervivencia del 64.7 % durante el primer año, 87.5 % en el segundo y 90.0 % a partir del tercer año de vida. La electrocución en tendidos eléctricos de distribución fue la principal causa de mortalidad (27.3 %), seguida de la predación y competencia con el Águila real (27.3 %) y de la colisión (13.6 %). A pesar de proceder de cría en cautividad las águilas mostraron una fuerte filopatría hacia las zonas de liberación, regresando todas ellas en el 2º y 3eraño, preferentemente en los meses de febrero-marzo de cada temporada. Gracias al reforzamiento poblacional se han formado tres nuevos territorios en el Alto valle del Ebro. ABSTRACT: Between 2015 and 2022, a total of 36 fledglings of Bonelli’s Eagle (Aquila fasciata)bred in captivity (n=28) and extractions from the Andalusian population (n=8), were released by hacking in Álava-Araba (Kanpezu and Rioja Alavesa). All of them were radio-tracked by GPS so that the dispersal patterns, mortality rates and the place and causes of deaths are known. The GPS signal of five of these fledglings was lost (n=4) or the transmitter was lost (n=1) and their current destination is unknown. These juvenile birds dispersed preferentially towards the Ebro valley (La Rioja, Navarra and Aragón), others following the Duero river towards Castilla-León, Extremadura, Portugal and Andalusia, and some crossed the Northern Meseta to the Tajo basin (Toledo). The distance of juvenile dispersal ranged from 0 to 773 km from the release site, with an average of 286 km (n=23). The dispersal process was not linear but rather itinerant, successive temporary settlements occuring in areas rich in food and without a breeding population. The high mortality rates found among the released juveniles were similar to those observed for the wild population, with a survival rate of 64.7 % during the first year, 87.5 % in the second and 90.0 % from the third year of life. We know the cause of death or recovery of 19 birds (n= 22 events). Electrocution in distribution power lines was the main cause of mortality (27.3%), followed by predation and competition with the Golden Eagle (27.3%) and collision (13.6%). Despite being bred in captivity, the eagles showed a strong philopatric tendency towards the release zones, all of them returning in the 2nd and 3rd year, mainly in the months of February-March of each season. Through population reinforcement, three new territories have been formed in the Upper Ebro Valley: one in Kanpezu, which already obtained a juvenile in 2021, another in the Ribera de Navarra, still without breeding, and another in Rioja Alavesa occupied at this time by a single female.

En el Antiguo Régimen los lugares sagrados fueron escenario de delitos violentos de naturaleza diversa. Las iglesias eran, por un lado, espacios de refugio de delincuentes que se acogían en ellas amparándose en el derecho de asilo, circunstancia que creaba situaciones de conflictividad. Al mismo tiempo, fueron también testigos de diversos actos delictivos, desde agresiones a clérigos hasta insultos, desórdenes y albortos protagonizados en su interior por personas laicas. Pero, sobre todo, abundaron los delitos contra la propiedad cometidos en los lugares sagrados: robos sacrílegos en iglesias, ermitas, conventos o casas de curas, utilizando la violencia, en busca de dinero o alhajas. Eran, no obstante, delitos realizados por individuos aislados, con ganada fama de comportamiento reprobable, o por gente asociada en cuadrilla de malhechores con ánimo de cometer robos y asaltos en casas y caminos. Antzinako Erregimenean, era askotako indarkeriazko delituak gertatu ziren leku sakratuetan. Elizak, alde batetik, delitugileen babeslekuak ziren, haietan asilo-eskubidearen babesa baitzuten, eta gatazka-egoerak sorrarazten zituen horrek. Era berean, hainbat delitu-ekintzaren lekuko ere izan ziren, besteak beste, elizgizonen aurkako erasoak, irainak, desordenak eta pertsona laikoek eragindako zalapartak. Baina, batez ere, jabetzaren aurkako delitu ugari egin ziren leku sakratuetan: sakrilegiozko lapurretak elizetan, ermitetan, komentuetan edo apaizetxeetan, indarkeria erabiliz, diru edo bitxi bila. Hala ere, gizabanako bakan batzuek egiten zituzten delitu haiek, portaera gaitzesgarriaren fama handia zutenak, edo taldeetan elkartzen ziren gaizkileek etxeetan eta bideetan lapurretak eta erasoak egiteko asmoz. In the Ancien Régime, holy places were the scene of violent crimes of different types. On the one hand, churches were places of refuge for criminals who sheltered in them under the right of asylum, a circumstance which created conflict. On the other hand, they also bore witness to diverse criminal acts, from assaults on clergymen to insults, disturbances and brawls between laypersons inside churches and convents. But, above all, there was an abundance of crimes against property committed in holy places: sacrilegious robberies in churches, chapels, convents or clergy houses, using violence, in search of money or jewels. However, they were crimes committed by isolated individuals, notorious for reprehensible behaviour, or by people in delinquent gangs aiming to commit robberies and assaults in houses and on roads.

Este artículo analiza las iniciativas que trataron de implementar en Irlanda durante la Guerra Civil española algunos nacionalistas vascos, el Gobierno de Euzkadi y las organizaciones y partidos políticos irlandeses que simpatizaban con la República Española, a fin de promover en Irlanda la causa vasca. Artikulu honetan, Espainiako Gerra Zibilean euskal nazionalista batzuek, Euzkadiko Gobernuak eta Espainiako Errepublikaren aldeko ziren Irlandako erakunde eta alderdi politiko batzuek Irlandan gauzatu nahi izan zituzten ekimenak aztertzen dira, Irlandan euskal kausa sustatzeko. This article surveys the initiatives promoted in Ireland by the Provisional Government of the Basque Country, some Basque nationalists and Irish political parties and organisations who supported the Spanish Republic, in order to defend the Basque cause in Ireland during the Spanish Civil War.

El Museo de la Educación de la Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea fue creado en 2014 e inaugurado en 2016. En este artículo hacemos una presentación de su organización. El museo está estructurado en tres grandes espacios dedicados al euskara y la educación, al espacio escolar y a las enseñanzas y aprendizajes y, posteriormente, describimos las nuevas audiencias que se han ido conformando a lo largo del tiempo a través de actividades formativas: alumnado universitario y no universitario, personas adultas y personas con algún tipo de demencia. Para estos colectivos hemos organizado estas actividades, cuyo objetivo es fomentar la ciudadanía activa y la consideración del museo desde una perspectiva inclusiva. En el desarrollo de las mismas hemos tenido presente las tareas, talleres y discusiones que se han producido, así como una evaluación de las mismas. Todas estas actividades resultan fundamentales para dar nuevas funciones al museo, potenciando la transferencia de resultados a la sociedad.

The global pandemic generated a crisis of still unpredictable consequences, further aggravated by the war in Ukraine. In 2008 a broad consensus had emerged on the need for far-reaching reforms, which basically meant doing away with the neoliberal consensus that had prevailed since the 1980s, although the chances of recovery were soon made dependent on the economic cycle. Once again, the current crisis is calling into question the quality and effectiveness of the social protection system and the welfare state itself. The responses seem to indicate a change of direction, towards safeguarding and strengthening the public sector. The Basque Country and Navarre are affected too. Two symptoms of this are the reinforcement of investment in health, which implies reversing previous cuts, and the approval of systems to cover the most disadvantaged groups. These measures require, however, the backing of other structural measures, particularly fiscal ones.

This article analyzes the political leadership of the President of the Spanish State Pedro Sánchez in the management of COVID-19 during the fifteen months following the first declaration of the state of alarm and the counterweight exercised by the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) to incorporate the Autonomous Communities in such management. The systematization and analysis of the information obtained from different documentary sources, as well as the legal techniques used by the central government, allows us to identify four leadership patterns that correspond to their respective pandemic management models, shaped, in part, by the action of the PNV. The identified leadership patterns show that, although the pandemic made it possible for Sánchez to demonstrate his leadership capacity, the latter is diluted when he decides in the fourth phase to judicialize political decisions on the pandemic, which means questioning the role of leadership politicians to deal with crises.

The aim of the study is to identify the beliefs of undergraduate students doing the degree in Early Childhood and Primary Education towards Basque, Spanish, English and French. The investigation analyzes the following five specific characteristics: the proficiency level, the importance given to the languages, its difficulty, the language choice when completing the questionnaire and its justification. The research follows a quantitative approach and gathers the beliefs of 564 undergraduate students through an online questionnaire. Findings show that pre-service teachers hold firm beliefs towards a Basque-focused trilingualism, as Basque is considered the most important language. Although they report equal proficiency levels of Spanish and Basque, these future teachers believe that Basque is a difficult language to learn, even more difficult than English.

Ikaselkar (Baga-Biga) and Erein editorials’ Elementary Education math textbooks are studied. The following was analyzed for each graph: the type of graph, the type of activity, the reading level and the semiotic complexity. In both editorials the bar graphs and the calculating and completing activities prevail. As regards to the level of readability, only activities reading the data and reading between the data appeared in Ikaselkar. Erein, on the other hand, adds some level of reading activities of level reading beyond the data (10.64 %). In terms of semiotic difficulties, Erein attributes the maximum weight to level data distribution representation (64.29 %), whereas Ikaselkar also offers space to level representation of a data set without representing the distribution in an attempt to reinforce the idea of a statistical variable.

Resumen: Introducción: La incidencia del melanoma cutáneo está aumentando rápidamente y ha duplicado su prevalencia durante las últimas tres décadas. Tener un conocimiento detallado de la epidemiología local es fundamental para el desarrollo de estrategias de prevención comunitaria y optimizar los recursos hospitalarios. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron todos los pacientes diagnosticados de melanoma cutáneo en el Hospital Universitario Araba, en la provincia de Álava del País Vasco, entre enero de 2015 y diciembre de 2018. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables clínico-patológicas y un análisis de la incidencia ajustado a la población europea. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 242 nuevos casos de melanoma entre 2015 y 2018. La incidencia estandarizada por edad ha aumentado de 12,92 en 2015 a 18,30 casos por 100.000 habitantes y año en 2018. Conclusiones: Hemos observado una incidencia de melanoma más elevada que en la publicada en series nacionales en los años 2017 y 2018. Además, existe una gran proporción del subtipo histológico de tipo lentigo maligno, ocupando el segundo subtipo histológico en frecuencia. Abstract: Introduction: The incidence of cutaneous melanoma is rising fast, and its prevalence has doubled in the past 3 decades. Detailed local epidemiological information is essential for informing community-based prevention strategies and optimizing hospital resources. Material and methods: We included all patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma at Hospital Universitario Araba in the Basque province of Álava, Spain, between January 2015 and December 2018. We described clinical and pathologic characteristics and calculated annual incidence rates adjusted to the European standard population. Results: A total of 242 new cases of melanoma were diagnosed between 2015 and 2018. The age-standardized annual incidence rose from 12.92 cases per 100 000 population in 2015 to 18.30 cases per 100 000 population in 2018. Conclusions: The incidence of melanoma in our area is higher than that reported for Spanish series in 2017 and 2018. Lentigo maligna accounted for a high proportion of cases and was the second largest histologic subgroup.

The Spanish spoken in the Basque Country contains some features due to its contact with Basque, one of those being the production of non-standard gender agreement (N-SGA) (Etxebarria Arostegui, 2007, 2008; Fernández Ulloa, 1997, 2006; Urrutia Cárdenas, 2006), since, unlike in Spanish (RAE, 2016), there is no such category in Basque (Zubiri & Zubiri, 2012). This characteristic is typically attributed to elder Basque native speakers without a high level of education (Fernández Ulloa, 1997), but this affirmation is not based on empirical studies. To investigate this gap, this study triangulates data from three sources: conversations, a grammaticality test, and a metalinguistic questionnaire taking education level and participants’ gender as independent variables. Twelve young adult (between 21 and 29 years) native speakers of Basque have been recruited. The results suggest that the scope of the population that produces N-SGA is broader than what scholars (Fernández Ulloa, 1997) believed: participants produced N-SGA in speech, despite their grammar knowledge being evident. Finally, these participants believe that N-SGA forms part of the variety of Spanish in the Basque Country and their own idiolect.

Our contemporary age is one where national identity retains important salience which can partly facilitate explanation. Teaching the Basque and Catalan questions since 1980 to British university students poses a number of challenges to educators. Themes that emerge in teaching about these political conflicts in Spain include state violence, terrorism, nationalism and social movements, minority languages and immigration. Some issues are more complex than others to consider particularly those around political violence and terrorism. However potentially sensitive material does not mean it cannot be tackled. This was a course that sought to demonstrate that questions of identity are contingent and continually subject to re-creation and re-interpretation. The goal of university education should be to explain why these disputes and their causation are contested and inseparable from historically inflected political framing.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo el estudio de uno de los colectivos más dinámicos y versátiles de la sociedad vasca de entre 1841-1936. Los pintores vascos constituyen un reflejo expresivo de las transformaciones que esta experimenta en pleno proceso de modernización. Estas páginas se proponen analizar las características principales de las distintas generaciones de artistas desde numerosas ópticas: geografías vitales, origen, movilidad geográfica, formación, ideología y temática de sus obras. Lan honen helburua da 1841-1936 arteko euskal gizarteko talde dinamiko eta moldakorrenetako bat aztertzea. Euskal gizarteak modernizazio prozesuan zehar bizi izan dituen eraldaketen isla adierazgarria dira euskal margolariak. Orrialde hauetan artisten belaunaldien ezaugarri nagusiak aztertu nahi dira ikuspegi askotatik begiratuta: bizi-geografiak, jatorria, mugikortasun geografikoa, prestakuntza, ideologia eta obren gaiak. The objective of this work is to study one of the most dynamic and versatile groups in the Basque society between 1841 and 1936. Basque painters are an expressive reflection of the transformations experienced by a society immersed in the process of modernization. These pages aim to analyze the main characteristics of the different generations of artists from numerous perspectives: vital geographies, origin, geographical mobility, training, ideology and thematic diversity of their works.

En aquest article s’investiguen els discursos sobre la llengua basca a Espanya i es para atenció a les postures que deslegitimen aquesta llengua. S’hi identifiquen els patrons discursius més destacats per comprendre millor els mecanismes argumentatius en contra d’augmentar la promoció del basc. L’anàlisi parteix d’una base empírica: una mostra de comentaris de debats en línia, en webs de notícies on s’informa de legislació recent relativa a l’ús del basc a l’Administració local i de la posició del basc en l’ensenyament dins la comunitat autònoma durant la pandèmia de la COVID-19. A partir dels conceptes de deslegitimació i construcció de llenguatge, l’article mostra com el rebuig a millorar els drets lingüístics dels parlants de la llengua minoritzada va lligat a la coconstrucció del basc i el castellà: la política lingüística autonòmica es presenta com la imposició d’una llengua suposadament irrellevant davant la llengua nacional indiscutible, com a part d’una presumpta agenda nacionalista que serveix els interessos d’una elit que se n’aprofita.

The approval of the new Basque Cooperatives Act (Law 11/2019) is an opportunity to address the tax regime applicable to the fund allocated to cooperative education and promotion and other public interest purposes, known by its initials in Spanish as the COFIP. This paper aims to analyse the relevant tax regulations for this fund in the Historical Territories of the Basque Country. The taxation provisions applicable to cooperatives owe their specific character to two elements. Firstly, to the fact that a set of rules is needed to adapt the tax regulations to the characteristics of all cooperative societies, which are different from corporations. Secondly, to the fact that some tax advantages can be enjoyed by those cooperative societies that meet certain requirements. The first applicable rules are the so-called “adjustment rules”. These are particularly relevant to the deductibility as an expense of the amounts allocated to the COFIP. The second rules, namely, the tax advantages for which cooperatives that meet certain requirements are eligible, are also worth discussing, because some of these requirements are linked to the correct application or use of the COFIP.

Se notifica por primera vez la presencia de Lestes dryas Kirby, 1890 (Odonata, Lestidae) en Bizkaia (País Vasco, España), a una altitud inusualmente baja para la especie (< 200 msnm), en Güeñes (Encartaciones). Con la presente primera cita ascienden a 47 especies (21 Zigópteros y 26 Anisópteros) las que componen el catálogo de odonatos de Bizkaia. Abstract : The first record of Lestes dryas Kirby, 1890 (Odonata, Lestidae) in Bizkaia (Basque Country, Spain) is reported, at an unusual altitude for the species (< 200 masl), in Güeñes (Enkarterri). With this first record, there are 47 species (21 Zigoptera and 26 Anisoptera) that make up the catalogue of odonata in Bizkaia.

Demonstrations, strikes, direct actions, and acts of civil disobedience are just a few examples of the broad set of protest tactics potentially available to citizens in order to raise their demands and call the public’s attention to unjust situations. Each of these forms of claim-making can be more or less modular. Modularity, a concept originally introduced by Sidney Tarrow (1993) and popularized by Charles Tilly (1993, 1995), refers to the adaptability or degree of transferability of protest forms to different circumstances of contention. A protest form is strongly modular when it belongs to the regular repertoire of diverse actors and is employed for the defense of varied issues, against distinct targets, and in different places. Nonetheless, despite the considerable popularity of the concept for theoretical elaboration, its empirical operationalization has so far remained underdeveloped. In this article, building upon the conceptual bases set up by Wada (2012), we lay out a new perspective for the evaluation of the modularity of protest forms. Drawing upon social network analysis, we propose to analyze contingency tables generated from protest event catalogs as two-mode networks, measuring tactical transferability as weighted degree centrality (Opsahl et al. 2010). To demonstrate the usefulness of our proposed operationalization, we examine a large original dataset of protest events, applying our measure in order to evaluate repertoire change in the Basque Country over the last four decades, tracing the evolution of ten different protest forms in terms of actor transferability. Results show a relatively rigid repertoire in which demonstrations appear as dominant, at the same time that symbolic protests have gradually increased its modularity in recent years, at the expense of civil disobedience and violent direct action, which used to be significantly more relevant during the 80s and 90s. In comparison with Wada’s original proposal, the new measure of modularity proposed in this article derives from a more intuitive operationalization and offers an easily interpretable visual representation of the data. These advantages could eventually encourage more empirical research comparing the varying modularity of forms of contention across diverse contexts and periods. Manifestaciones, huelgas, acciones directas, o actos de desobediencia civil forman parte de un amplio abanico de tácticas de protesta mediante las cuales la población plantea demandas a pie de calle. Cada una de estas formas de acción reivindicativa puede ser más o menos modular. La modularidad, concepto introducido originalmente por Sidney Tarrow (1993) y popularizado por Charles Tilly (1993, 1995), hace referencia a la capacidad de adaptación, o grado de transferibilidad, de cada forma de protesta a diferentes contextos. Es decir, un modo de protesta presenta una alta modularidad si forma parte del repertorio habitual de diversos actores y es utilizado para diferentes causas, contra distintos destinatarios y en múltiples lugares. Sin embargo, el amplio desarrollo teórico del concepto no ha ido acompañado de un desarrollo similar en su operacionalización empírica. En este trabajo, partiendo de la base conceptual desarrollada por Wada (2012), planteamos una nueva perspectiva desde la que evaluar la modularidad de las formas de protesta. Así, a través del análisis de redes sociales, proponemos analizar las tablas de contingencia generadas a partir de catálogos de eventos de protesta como redes bimodales de afiliaciones, midiendo la transferibilidad de las diferentes tácticas como la centralidad de grado ponderada (Opsahl et al. 2010). Para ilustrar la utilidad de nuestra propuesta de operacionalización, utilizamos una base de datos original de eventos de protesta, aplicando nuestra medida para describir los principales cambios en el repertorio vasco de contienda durante las últimas cuatro décadas, siguiendo la evolución de la transferibilidad entre actores de diez formas de protesta diferentes. Los resultados del estudio revelan un repertorio relativamente rígido dominado por las manifestaciones y en el que la protesta simbólica ha ido adquiriendo progresivamente una mayor modularidad, a costa de la desobediencia civil y la acción directa violenta, que gozaban de mayor relevancia en los años 80 y 90. En conclusión, la nueva medida propuesta en este artículo ofrece una operacionalización más intuitiva y fácilmente representable visualmente respecto a la propuesta inicial de Wada, lo que podría incentivar la realización de más investigaciones empíricas que comparen las características de los repertorios de contienda en diferentes contextos políticos y/o periodos históricos.

The objective of this work is to describe the content of the work A Luminous Guide for the British Cooperative Forces in Spain by Sotero de Goicoechea and, especially, to study the repertoires included in it: a bilingual English-Spanish thematic vocabulary and a trilingual English-Spanish-Basque vocabulary. The text, published in Bayonne in 1836, is a brief guide to the Basque province of Bizkaia written for the British auxiliary forces displaced to the Basque Country during the First Carlist War (1836-1839). Thus, after reviewing the historical context and biographical data of the author, we focus on studying the two mentioned vocabularies. Despite their brevity, they are considered relevant due to the unusual co-appearance of these three languages.

Los objetivos de este artículo son (1) calcular tendencias poblacionales para las aves acuáticas reproductoras en Euskadi durante el periodo 2005-2017, (2) estimar la importancia de los distintos humedales según su relevancia para las aves acuáticas nidificantes y (3) evaluar la metodología del programa de censo, con el fin de detectar posibles sesgos o carencias y proponer, en consecuencia, mejoras. De un total de 23 especies, 10 (43,5%) mostraron una tendencia incierta para el periodo 2005-2017. En el resto, la tendencia fue al alza en 6 especies, a la baja en 2 y estable en 5. En su conjunto, el programa de censo se ajustó bien a la monitorización de zampullines y somormujos, anátidas, rállidos y algunos limícolas, pero presentó déficits para especies coloniales que pueden criar fuera de humedales, como muchas ardeidas y cigüeña blanca, así como para las que utilizan hábitats fluviales. En estos casos, es recomendable llevar a cabo programas de censo de carácter complementario. Excluyendo tramos fluviales, los humedales más importantes para la reproducción de aves acuáticas en Euskadi se ubican en Álava. No obstante, los de la zona cantábrica, particularmente Urdaibai y Txingudi, muestran características particulares, dando lugar así a una alta riqueza y diversidad estructural para el conjunto del territorio. ABSTRACT: The aims of the present article were to (1) estimate population trends for breeding aquatic birds in the Basque Country during the period 2005-2017, (2) estimate the importance of different wetlands according to their relevance for aquatic birds and (3) evaluate the methodology of the programme in order to detect potential biases or shortcomings and propose improvements. Of 23 species overall, 10 (43.5%) showed uncertain trends, whilst for the rest the trend was positive in 6 species, negative in 2, and stable in 5. The census protocol seemed to be adequate for surveying grebes, ducks, coots and water rails as well as some waders, whilst it was not optimal for monitoring several species of herons, storks and those aquatic birds which breed along riparian flows. Complementary programmes and refined sampling designs are required for these last cases. Excluding riverine habitats, the most relevant wetlands for breeding aquatic birds within the region were in the province of Álava. However, the wetlands of the Cantabrian area, especially the estuaries of Txingudi and Urdaibai, showed a number of specific characteristics, thus giving rise to an increasing richness and structural diversity for the territory.

Objective/Context: this article has the goal of analyzing the two pastoral letters published by the Basque episcopate in 1981 and 1982 against the autonomic policy of the Union of the Democratic Center (ucd) government and examines their repercussion in Spanish political parties, in the top national dailies and their impact outside of Spain as well. The first letter dealt with the relation between putschism and terrorism. The second expressed a radical opposition to the Organic Law on the Harmonization of the Autonomy Process (loapa) jointly promoted by the executive and the Socialist opposition. Methodology: the methodology is based on a qualitative content analysis of the written press and in the study of archival sources. Originality: the text reviews two documents that have not been analyzed in a monographic fashion despite existing studies about Catholic Church and Basque terrorism. The national and international political and media controversy unleashed by their publication sheds novel insight on the difficulties the last President of the ucd Government, Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo, faced in articulating the new State of Autonomies amid the Etarra terrorist escalation. Conclusions: the main findings reveal that the bishops’ discourse, in tune with Basque nationalism, shows the division that eta had produced inside Basque and Spanish society and highlights the difficulty in articulating a unified discourse against terror.

Censos recientes revelan un declive poblacional acusado de la gaviota patiamarilla Larus michahellis en buena parte de su área de distribución. Ya a mediados de la década de 2010 se registró en la costa vasca un declive cercano al 50% respecto al censo de 2007. Tras repetir el censo en 2021, el objetivo de este artículo es (1) actualizar el tamaño poblacional de la especie en la región, (2) calcular su tendencia y (3) evaluar su actual estado de conservación. En términos absolutos la población ha pasado de un promedio de unas 4200 parejas reproductoras durante la década de 2000 a 1861 parejas en 2021 (56% de disminución). Hay pequeñas colonias, especialmente en torno al estuario del río Nervión, para las que no se tienen datos en 2021, por lo que la cifra dada para este año sería ligeramente mayor. Regionalmente, no obstante, se observan diferencias notables. En Gipuzkoa la población ha disminuido un 6%, mientras que en Bizkaia el declive alcanza un 82%. El número de colonias tiende a disminuir ligeramente, pasando de un máximo de 27 colonias en la década de 2000 a 24 en 2021. Además, el número de colonias con más de 100 parejas ha pasado de 10 durante la década de 2000 a 4 en la actualidad. Cabe mencionar: (1) el fuerte descenso o práctica desaparición de las que fueron las colonias más importantes de la costa vasca, situadas en Bizkaia (destacan en este contexto Lekeitio, Izaro y Aketx) y (2) el mantenimiento de las colonias más orientales, situadas en Gipuzkoa, que convierte a Ulia en la colonia más numerosa de la costa vasca en la actualidad. Otro aspecto de interés es la creación de nuevas colonias en el denominado Gran Bilbao, ubicadas a lo largo del estuario del Nervión. De continuar el declive, la especie podría rarificarse como reproductora en varios tramos de costa y pasar a estar casi amenazada. Abstract : Recent studies suggest a severe decline in yellow-legged gull populations across much of their distribution range. Already by the mid 2010s, the Basque coast was found to suffer declines of nearly 50% as compared to the global census conducted in 2007. After repeating the census in 2021, the aim of this study is to (1) update the population size of the breeding population of the yellow-legged gull on the Basque coast, (2) estimate its trend and (3) evaluate and update its conservation status. Overall, the population dropped from ca. 4200 adult breeding pairs during the first decade of the 21st century to 1861 pairs in 2021 (a 56% decline). There are a number of small colonies, especially around the Nervión river mouth, for which there was no data in 2021, so the actual population for that year may in fact be slightly higher. We also detected regional differences. In Gipuzkoa, the population was observed to decrease just 6%, whilst in Bizkaia the decline was 82%. The number of colonies also declined overall, from 27 colonies during the first decade of the 21st century to 24 in 2021. Moreover, the number of colonies with more than 100 pairs was found to decline from 10 during the first decade of this century to 4 in 2021. Overall, it must be emphasised that the main colonies existing in Bizkaia during the decade of 2000 are now in decline or have disappeared (e.g., Lekeitio, Izaro and Aketx), whilst the most eastern colonies located in Gipuzkoa seem to remain stable, hence Ulia is now the main yellow-legged gull colony of the Basque coast. Another interesting aspect is the creation of colonies around the Nervión river mouth, within the so-called Gran Bilbao. Should this steep decline continue, the species may become rare as a breeding bird in many areas along this coast, and may even be considered as being almost threatened.

This paper focuses on the seminal politicisation of the Spanish Monarchy towards the end of the Ancien Régime. The analysis of the actors involved in the spaces of sociability and experiences of Bourbon reformism is methodologically privileged. This approach allows us to go beyond the now conventional dichotomy of politicisation “from above” / “from below”. Rather, it is the connections of the social actors with the circles in which politics occurred that need to be identified and traced, for it was these connections that transformed the actors themselves, leaving aside, in their traditional culture, the social sectors that were excluded. As a result, the reformist enterprise of the Crown was a major way of politicisation before the era of mass politicisation. The cleavages that the participation or exclusion from this process caused are discussed in detail through the example of the Basque Country and Navarre.

El presente artículo pretende contribuir al estudio de la reacción católica en el País Vasco frente a la legislación republicana en materia educativa y religiosa a través del análisis de un caso concreto: el del Instituto de las Mercedarias Misioneras de Bérriz. Asimismo, el trabajo busca dar respuestas a la incógnita de cómo pudo dicho Instituto, en el contexto desfavorable para las congregaciones religiosas experimentado durante la Segunda República, vivir su etapa de mayor expansión misional y educativa, poniendo el foco en las dinámicas sociales y en las tácticas de camuflaje que lo hicieron posible. Hezkuntza- eta erlijio-arloan legeria errepublikarraren aurka Euskal Herrian izandako erreakzio katolikoaren azterketarako lagungarria izan nahi du artikulu honek, kasu konkretu baten bidez: Berrizko Mesedetako Misiolarien Institutuaren kasua. Era berean, lanak erantzunak eman nahi dizkio, argitzeko nola lortu ote zuen institutu horrek, Bigarren Errepublikan kongregazio erlijiosoentzat aurkakoa izan zen testuinguruan, misio- eta hezkuntza-arloko bere zabalkunde-etaparik handiena izatea, dinamika sozialak eta hori ahalbidetu zuten kamuflaje-teknikak azpimarratuta. This article aims to contribute to the study of the Catholic reaction in the Basque Country against Republican legislation in educational and religious matters through analysis of a specific case: that of the Instituto de las Mercedarias Misioneras de Bérriz. Likewise, the study seeks to provide answers to the question of how this institution could, in the unfavorable context for religious congregations experienced during the Second Republic, experience its greatest period of missionary and educational expansion, focusing on social dynamics and camouflage tactics that helped make it possible.

El artículo estudia el exilio en tierras latinoamericanas de las pintoras Karle Garmendia, María Paz Jiménez y Regina Raull. Pese a que el contexto y la vivencia de cada una fueran muy diferentes, a partir de estas historias de vida se analiza la forma en que el cambio de lugar y de cultura influyó en sus producciones, así como en la carrera artística de cada una. Asimismo, se reflexiona sobre la falta de atención que han recibido por parte de la historiografía. Karle Garmendia, María Paz Jiménez eta Regina Raull margolariek Latinoamerikan bizitu zuten erbestea aztertzen du artikuluak. Bakoitzaren testuingurua eta bizipenak oso desberdinak izan baziren ere, leku eta kultura aldaketak artista bakoitzaren produkzioak nola eragin zuen ikertzen da; baita horien ibilbide artistikoan lekualdatzeak izan zuen pisua. Horretarako, bizi-istoriaen metodologia erabiliko da. Era berean, historiografiak artista horienganako interes eza kontsideratzen da. The article studies the exile in Latin American lands of the painters Karle Garmendia, María Paz Jiménez and Regina Raull. Although the context and experience of each one were very different, these life stories show the way in which the change of place and culture influenced their productions. The artistic career of each one is also analyzed. There is also a reflection on the lack of attention they have received from historiography.

Este artículo pretende aclarar las circunstancias que rodearon las cuatro primeras muertes relacionadas con ETA: José Antonio Pardines, Francisco Javier Echebarrieta, Melitón Manzanas y Fermín Monasterio. En segundo término, se estudia de qué forma la prensa recogió tales acontecimientos. En tercer lugar, cómo los presentó la propia organización. Así, podremos medir el grado en que tales versiones se desviaron de la realidad histórica. Por último, se señala hasta qué punto se han mantenido las tergiversaciones detectadas. ETArekin lotutako lau lehenengo heriotzen inguruan izandako zirkunstantziak argitu nahi ditu artikulu honek: José Antonio Pardines, Francisco Javier Echebarrieta, Melitón Manzanas eta Fermín Monasterio. Bigarrenik, prentsak gertaera horiek nola jaso zituen aztertuko da. Hirugarrenik, erakundeak berak nola aurkeztu zituen. Horrela, bertsio horiek errealitate historikotik zenbateraino desbideratu ziren neurtu ahalko dugu. Azkenik, atzeman diren desitxuratzeek zenbateraino iraun duten adierazten da. This article seeks to clarify the circumstances surrounding the first four deaths related to ETA: José Antonio Pardines, Francisco Javier Echebarrieta, Melitón Manzanas and Fermín Monasterio. Secondly, it examines the manner in which these events were presented by the press. Thirdly, how the organization itself presented them. Consequently, we will be able to measure the extent to which those versions of the story dissented from historical reality. Lastly, it shows up to which point these misrepresentations of the facts were maintained.

This paper analises the discursive reconstruction of the Basque armed conflict in the oral narratives of the first post-conflict generation among Oñati's inhabitants, in order to observe how collective memory is being built and transmitted to the younger generations after the end of ETA's attacks. Using a discursive-historical approach and based on both in-depth and collective interviews, it focuses on three main aspects: how these adolescents categorise and evaluate events and actors of the violent past, the level of identification towards the events narrated, and the main canals through which both knowledge and attitudes are being transmitted. It concludes that adolescents perceive the conflict rather in its immaterial forms such as feelings and prejudices, and that they rely mostly on educational and familiar discourses when rebuilding the past. Some of the main voids identified are also signalised in this paper. Este artículo estudia la reconstrucción discursiva del conflicto armado vasco en la narrativa oral de la primera generación posconflicto de Oñati, con el objeto de observar cómo se está construyendo y transmitiendo a las generaciones jóvenes la memoria colectiva después del fin de los ataques de ETA. Utilizando un enfoque discursivo-histórico y con base en entrevistas en profundidad y colectivas, el artículo se centra en tres aspectos principales: cómo los adolescentes categorizan y evalúan hechos y actores del pasado violento, el nivel de identificación con los hechos narrados y los canales principales a través de los cuales se transmiten el conocimiento y las actitudes. La conclusión es que los adolescentes perciben el conflicto más en sus formas inmateriales, como sentimientos y prejuicios, y que se apoyan sobre todo en discursos educativos y familiares a la hora de reconstruir el pasado. También se señalan algunos de los huecos principales que se han identificado. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1043

La salamanquesa común, Tarentola mauritanica (L., 1758) cuenta con registros en el centro y norte de Álava desde el año 2006, en la presente nota se incrementa el número de observaciones comprendidas dentro del periodo 2011-2021. En esta década se observan por primera vez ejemplares neonatos y juveniles. Se valora la existencia de una población incipiente en determinados núcleos urbanos y rurales de la Llanada Alavesa. _____________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: There have been records of the common gecko, Tarentola mauritanica (L., 1758) in the centre and north of Alava since 2006. In this note, the number of observations increased during the period 2011-2021, with citations of adult, juvenile and neonatal specimens. The existence of an incipient population in certain urban and rural areas of the plain of Alava is assessed.

This article discusses a set of both theoretical and practical socio-political problems, on what we call the Basque “ecosocialism-feminism”. It reflects on the link and the alliance among three social movements – unionism, environmentalism and feminism – in the Basque Country (Euskal Herria), making a brief historical review that explains, roughly, the causes and difficulties for the construction of this ideological current, and also their debates and campaigns.

Se presentan tres estructuras descubiertas y excavadas en Beaskinarte (Sierra de Aralar). Una de ellas es una tumba de incineración con estela ante la cual había un depósito de huesos, así como cuatro vasos, uno de ellos, quizás, liso y tres decorados (con motivos acanalados, con temas triangulares excisos y con un cordón con ungulaciones). Se dató en la Edad del Bronce. La segunda es un cromlech que aportó en la zona central fragmentos de dos vasos y un sílex con huellas de uso; además, al pie de varios testigos se hallaron carbones, un cristal de cuarzo, cantos de arenisca, etc. Se dató en la Edad del Hierro y, al parecer, se utilizó como hito central de sel durante la Edad Media-Moderna. Finalmente, tenemos una estructura cuadrangular con entrada orientada al sur contemporánea a las descritas. Ha aportado carbones, fragmentos cerámicos, un canto alisado y una pequeña chapa de bronce. ___________________________________________ This article is about three structures that we discovered and excavated in Beaskinarte (Aralar mountain range, Gipuzkoa). One of them is a cremation tomb with a stele, before which there was a bone deposit. The nearest places to the stele were altered, probably due to attempts during the Middle Ages to check if it was a haustarri –shieling marking stone. Cremated bones (approximately 100 gr) were deposited on a small loculus excavated in the bedrock. Next to the deposit there were found fragment of four ceramic vessels, out of context, two of which present only one fragment. One of the vessels is apparently without any decoration and the other three are decorated (with grooved motives, with triangular excised themes; and with a cordon decorated with fingernail impressions). The recovered charcoals fragments were dated to Late Bronze Age (BP 2770±30). This new cremation tomb is a sign of the possible complexity of the funerary practices of these mountain areas, up to now represented only by the baratze or stone circles, in their different varieties, or the occasionally reuse of previous funerary monuments –cists–. A few meters away we have another cremation structure, a baratze stone circles, originally circular, but nowadays distort. All its the sandstone standing stones were fractured, stretched out and almost covered by the soil. In the central area were found fragments of two pottery vessels and two flint flakes, one of which has use-wear traces. Moreover, at the foot of some of the standing stones were also found charcoal fragments, a rock crystal, sandstone pebbles… probably related to the funerary ritual, as we verified in the burial-mound stone circles of Ondarre. Dated to Iron Age (BP 2470±30). Apparently, this structure, as the baratze of Ondarre III (Mujika-Alustiza et al., 2018), was reused as shieling marking stone (haustarri) during Middle Age-Modern Age. Signs of it are the charcoals fragments –maybe remains of the fires documented during the Middle Ages?– dated to cal AD 1285-1400 and the haustarri placed over a stretched out standing stone of the stone circle. Do these elements extend in time the possible function of milestone related to livestock activities, while were also shared with its funerary function? Finally, we have a quadrangular structure, with south-facing entrance, contemporary to the described funerary structures (BP 2770±30 and 2420±30). A small excavation survey was done, that did not provide many archaeological material evidences (pottery fragments, a smoothed pebble and a circular bronze element). This small archaeological ensemble could be considered a simple and casual addition of structures, but we think that proves continued livestock activity in their surroundings and so that is, probably, the reflection of a social complexity so far undetected on the mountain areas of the Basque Country.

This article focuses on the process of rapprochement between Spain and Europe in the years after Spain’s political transition to democracy and prior to its formal entry into the European Economic Community in 1986. It looks deeply into a concrete case at the regional level, namely the steps taken on the path towards European integration in the Basque Country with the founding of the Instituto de Estudios Europeos at the University of Deusto (Bilbao). The European issues taught at the Institute centered on technical and administrative elements, contributing to the education of a rather functional elite capable of responding to practical needs related to Spain’s European integration. This article will first analyze the perspective of the Institute’s founding-director, Basque-Navarre jurist and politician Juan Churruca Arrellano, looking into his intellectual socialization, as well as his idea of Europe. In this respect, Churruca followed an Ortegian conception of Europe, that is, a historical and cultural understanding of Europe very present in Spain’s intellectual, cultural and political elite during that time. Furthermore, this study delves into the immediate political-historical context surrounding the Institute’s foundation, paying particular attention to the relationship between Churruca and the University of Deusto in terms of national and regional politics. Finally, in the conclusion, this paper outlines an answer to the question of how the Instituto de Estudios Europeos contributed to Spain’s initial European integration.

Military service is one of the main reasons used both by contemporary witnesses and present-day historiography to explain mass migrations from Spain overseas in the 19th-20th centuries. In this article it is made a state of the art on the topic with the latest literature, as well as with a study on several primary sources. Even though there is a clear correlation between the figures of desertion and geographical distribution of emigration, it is still difficult to establish a direct causal link between them. Nonetheless, military recruitment is a very valuable source for studying overseas migration from a microlocal perspective.

Se citan varios taxones interesantes de la flora vascular del norte de la península ibérica, concretamente de las provincias vascas de Araba/Álava, Bizkaia y Gipuzkoa y de las comunidades de Navarra, Cantabria, Asturias, La Rioja y Castilla-León. Se mencionan 6 primeras citas provinciales, 17 taxones de flora amenazada o protegida, 6 especies orófitas que presentan cierto efecto pedinótico y 12 especies alóctonas en los citados territorios. También se indican 2 primeras citas para la margen derecha vizcaína y 3 primeras citas para la franja oriental cántabra, además de otras citas provinciales relevantes por su rareza. Asimismo, se incluyen algunas especies más comunes cuyo interés radica en determinados aspectos biogeográficos (e.g. rebajan la altitud mínima conocida, dan continuidad geográfica en zonas donde no estaban citadas, se presentan en un hábitat peculiar no habitual). ______________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: Several interesting taxa of vascular flora of the North of the Iberian Peninsula are recorded, specifically in the Basque territories of Araba/Álava, Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa and in the regional communities of Navarra, Cantabria, Asturias, La Rioja and Castile and Leon. Six first provincial records are mentioned, 17 taxa of threatened or protected flora, 6 orophytic species that have a certain pedinotic effect and 12 non-native species in the afore-mentioned territories. There are also 2 first records for eastern Bizkaia and 3 first records for the eastern fringe of Cantabria, in addition to other relevant provincial records due to their rarity. Likewise, a number of more common species whose interest lies in certain biogeographical aspects are included (e.g. they lower the known minimum altitude, they provide geographical continuity in areas where they were not mentioned or they occur in a peculiar and unusual habitat).

Las plantaciones de eucalipto (género Eucalyptus) tienen una amplia distribución a escala global y causan preocupación por los efectos que pueden ocasionar sobre el medio ambiente. En este trabajo revisamos la evolución de la superficie cubierta por los eucaliptos en Euskadi y evaluamos sus efectos ambientales a partir de la bibliografía científica existente sobre esta región y sobre la península ibérica. Entre 1986 y 2019, la superficie de plantaciones de eucaliptos se ha cuadruplicado, pasando de 4.866 a 19.643 ha, proceso este que está acelerándose a causa de la plaga de la banda marrón del pino. Los estudios publicados muestran de manera sistemática que las plantaciones de eucaliptos en Euskadi y el resto de la Península tienen un efecto medioambiental negativo si se compara con las plantaciones de pino y, especialmente, con los bosques nativos. Las plantaciones de eucalipto modifican las características del suelo y disminuyen la biodiversidad. Entre los organismos más afectados se encuentran los hongos, líquenes, plantas herbáceas, anfibios, aves e invertebrados acuáticos. También se detectan alteraciones en el funcionamiento del ecosistema, en procesos como la descomposición de hojarasca. Aunque algunas afecciones parecen ser consecuencia de la intensidad con la que se explotan estas plantaciones y podrían reducirse mediante medidas correctoras, otros efectos parecen guardar relación con las características intrínsecas del eucalipto que, en consecuencia, no pueden modificarse. Es previsible que la magnitud de los impactos se agrave conforme se incremente la superficie cubierta por eucaliptales así como el número de rotaciones en sus explotaciones. ___________________________________________ Abstract Eucalyptus plantations are widely distributed throughout the world, thus creating concern due to their potential environmental effects. In this work we analyse the evolution of the coverage of eucalypts in the Basque Country and assess their environmental effects based on the scientific literature from this region and from the Iberian Peninsula. From 1986 to 2019 the area covered by eucalypt plantations increased fourfold, from 4,866 to 19,643 ha, a process that is accelerating as a consequence of the pine needle blight. The research so far published shows systematically that eucalypt plantations in the Basque Country and in the rest of the peninsula have detrimental environmental effects, compared to pine plantations and, especially, to native forests. Eucalypt plantations alter soil characteristics and reduce biodiversity. Fungi, lichens, herbaceous plants, amphibians, birds and aquatic invertebrates are among the most seriously affected groups of organisms. Ecosystem processes, such as leaf-litter breakdown, are also affected. Some of these effects seem to be a consequence of the intensity of exploitation in these plantations and, thus, could be reduced by means of improved management; other effects seem to relate to the intrinsic characteristics of the eucalypts, which cannot be modified. The magnitude of the impacts will likely increase with the area covered by eucalypt plantations, as well as with the number of crop rotations.

Un macho de Daphnis nerii (Linnaeus, 1758) fue observado en Vitoria-Gasteiz el 29.10.2016. Se trata de la segunda cita de la especie para el País Vasco, 161 años después de la primera, que tuvo lugar en Getxo en 1855. ___________________________________________ A male of Daphnis nerii (Linnaeus, 1758) was observed in Vitoria-Gasteiz on 29.10.2016. This is the second record of the species for the Basque Country, 161 years after the first one, which took place in Getxo in 1855.

Se reporta la primera cita de nidificación conocida de pico mediano (Dendrocoptes medius, Linn. 1758) en la sierra de Elgea-Urkilla (Álava). Esta observación tiene trascendencia para determinar mejor la distribución, el patrón de ocupación y los factores que condicionan ambas, en el conjunto de la población del País Vasco. _____________________________________________ Abstract : In this article we report the first known breeding record of the middle-spotted woodpecker (Dendrocoptes medius, Linn. 1758) on the Elgea-Urkilla mountain range (Alava). This observation is important as it allows us to determine the distribution and occupation patterns of this species as well as the factors that influence both of these parameters in the entire population of the Basque Country.

Este trabajo pretende hacer una síntesis de los diferentes hallazgos arqueológicos que puedan aportar información sobre los rituales funerarios y el proceso de cristianización que se dio en el entorno vasco durante la Antigüedad Tardía. De este modo, y a la luz de los nuevos registros aparecidos en los últimos años, trataremos de contribuir al estudio del aún inconcluso debate sobre el desarrollo y asentamiento de la religión cristiana en este espacio geográfico. Antzinate Berantiarrean euskal ingurunean jasotako hileta-erritualei eta kristautze-prozesuari buruzko informazioa ekar dezaketen aurkikuntza arkeologikoen laburpena egin nahi du lan honek. Horrela, eta azken urteetan agertutako erregistro berrien argitan, gure ekarpena egiten saiatuko gara esparru geografko horretako kristau-erlijioaren garapenari eta ezarpenari buruzko oraindik ere amaitu ez den debatea aztertzeko. This article tries to make a synthesis of the diferent archaeological fndings that could contribute to inform about funeral rituals and the process of christianization that happened in the Basque environment during the Late Antiquity. Thus, and as a result of the new appeared evidences in the last years, I will try to contribute to the study of the still incomplete discussion in the development and establishing of the Christian religion in this geographical space.

La primera industrialización de la Ría de Bilbao constituyó un proceso transformador de gran envergadura que afectó, de una manera u otra, a los territorios más próximos, como la provincia de Álava. Las características y consecuencias de la industrialización en la Ría han sido bien estudiadas por la historiografía pero, ¿qué ocurrió en aquellas comarcas próximas que aún no se industrializaron? ¿En qué medida y de qué manera se vieron infuenciadas por el desarrollo de la Ría? Bilboko itsasadarraren lehenengo industrializazioa hedadura handiko prozesu eraldatzailea izan zen, eta modu batera edo bestera hartu zituen eraginpean hurbileneko lurraldeak, hala nola Arabako probintzia. Historiografak ondo aztertu ditu industrializazio horren ezaugarri eta ondorioak Itsasadarrean, baina zer gertatu zen oraindik industrializatu ez ziren hurbileko eskualdeetan? Zenbateraino eta nola hartu zituen eraginpean Itsasadarraren garapenak? The earliest industrialisation of the river in Bilbao was a transformative process of great scope which affected, one way or another, the closest territories, such as the province of Álava. The characteristics and consequences of the industrialisation of the river have been studied by historiography, but what happened to those nearby areas which did not undergo industrialisation? To what extent and in what way were they influenced by the development of the river?

After more than forty years of violent conflict, ETA announced in 2011 the definitive cessation of armed activity in the Basque Country and Spain. The announcement raised questions about how to address the violent legacy of the past in a society characterized by pluralism with a history of opposed political sensibilities, and simultaneously, work towards peaceful coexistence. This article examines how the institutional action of, and in, the Basque regional Government and Parliament shaped ‘political coexistence’ between 2011 and 2015. It uses a content/discourse analysis of three institutional initiatives: Working Group for Peace and Coexistence, Ethical Minimum Agreement, and Plan for Peace and Coexistence. These initiatives formed an institutional framework that opened a small but meaningful public space in Basque political institutions and discourse. The article shows how ‘political coexistence’ within Basque institutions is informed by political parties and groups’ experiences, perspectives and positions on violence, pluralism, and agreement/consensus. ETA anunció en 2011 el cese definitivo de su actividad armada. Surgieron preguntas sobre cómo abordar el legado del pasado violento en una sociedad caracterizada por la pluralidad, con sensibilidades políticas opuestas, y simultáneamente trabajar por la convivencia pacífica. Este artículo examina cómo la acción institucional del Gobierno Vasco y del Parlamento Vasco dio forma a la ‘convivencia política’ entre 2011 y 2015. Se examinan tres iniciativas institucionales: Grupo de Trabajo de Paz y Convivencia, Suelo Ético y Plan de Paz y Convivencia. Dichas iniciativas abrieron un pequeño pero significativo espacio público en las en las instituciones y el discurso político vasco. Este artículo demuestra como la ‘convivencia política’ en las instituciones vascas toma forma según la experiencia, perspectiva y posiciones de los partidos y grupos políticos sobre violencia, pluralismo y acuerdos/consensos. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=3220276

In the town of Oñati (Basque Country, Spain) we find the community project of Eltzia: a public initiative aimed at enriching local cultural life through the articulation of its creative people. Eltzia is enlightening for having a model of organisation that can be related to the Basque Country’s cooperative movement, but also for showing the benefits of popular participation in culture policymaking. This research explores Eltzia as an example of democratization of cultural policy through the involvement of citizens; an expression of cultural rights that engages with how law is interpreted. Eltzia emerged from a municipal initiative and its creation was influenced by the participation of the local groups and a private company providing mediation services in social processes of community development. The analysis will focus on the contributions that are drawn from Eltzia in relation to the fields of cultural policy and socio-legal studies.

There is not Detention Centre for Foreigners located in the Basque Country, so detained persons in this Community with a confinement order are transferred to the Aluche Centre (Madrid) or incidentally to that of the Zona Franca (Barcelona). This work is the result of the survey over 211 confinement records before the courts of instruction in the Basque Country over 2015 that we have had direct access together with the confinement data provided by the aforementioned centres, obtaining an up until now innovative perspective of the process of arrest, confinement and expulsion of foreign population in irregular situation. Using the cross of several variables, we approach to the main arguments put forward by the relevant actors in those procedures, as the application for the confinement by the police, the reasons of the prosecutors, of the defence counsel and the foreigner him/herself, the judicial grounds to grant or reject placement, or even the circumstances where releases or expulsions take place from the same Detention centres. This empirical approach may be of interest not only for future studies but also of great use for practitioners as lawyers, judges or prosecutors interested in the day to day practice of this procedure.

This article examines the shifting territorial goals of two of the most electorally successful and politically relevant nationalist parties in Spain: the Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV) and Convergència i Unió (CiU). Whilst both parties have often co-operated to challenge the authority of the Spanish state, their territorial goals have varied over time and from party to party. We map these changes and identify key drivers of territorial preferences; these include party ideology, the impact of the financial crisis, the territorial structure of the state, party competition, public opinion, government versus opposition, the impact of multi-level politics and the particularities of party organisation. These factors interact to shape what nationalist parties say and do on core territorial issues, and contribute to their oscillation between territorial accommodation and secession. However, the way in which these factors play out is highly context-specific, and this accounts for the different territorial preferences of the PNV and CiU. These findings advance our understanding of persistent territorial tensions in Spain, and provide broader theoretical insights into the internal and external dynamics that determine the territorial positioning of stateless nationalist and regionalist parties in plurinational states.

This paper presents the results of ethnographic fieldwork carried out in the city of Vitoria-Gasteiz, capital of the Basque country, between the 4th and the 8th of December 2017. In the last decade, Vitoria-Gasteiz has become internationally known thanks to its urban gallery of public mural art. The murals of Vitoria-Gasteiz, in fact, were one of the main attractions of the city when it got the recognition of European Green Capital in 2012. They started being produced by the IMVG project in 2007 on the same basis of sustainability as the general agenda of the city. This cultural agenda became a world-class reference in the field of cultural heritage studies, management and the archaeology of architecture thanks to the project Abierto por Obras (Open for works) that integrated sustainability within the research and development processes of excavating, restoring, repairing, consolidating, documenting and exhibiting the Gothic cathedral of St. Mary through cultural interpretation. That program became an example of good practice recognized internationally and attracting people such as Ken Follet, who presented A World without End, his sequel to The Pillars of Earth, in the building. The emphasis on sustainability makes the IMVG an exceptional case-study within the current Street Art world, where normally expressions tend to be more ephemeral. One of the most singular aspects of the IMVG is its working methods based on community practice, social engagement and public participation. The combination of these particular features makes the IMVG an exceptional case in the Iberian peninsula, where many Street Art festivals and projects developed quickly and produced large pieces of public mural art in parallel to the IMVG since the 2000s.

The first four individuals of Timon Lepidus (Daudin, 1802) have been observed in the province of Gipuzkoa where this species had not been recorded previously.

La teoría de los cleavages, formulada en los años 60 por Lipset y Rokkan, es una de las más utilizadas en ciencia política no sólo en lo que respecta al origen de los partidos políticos sino también para el análisis electoral y la relación partidos-electores. El objetivo de este artículo es hacer un somero repaso a la historia política vasca de los últimos dos siglos a la luz de este influyente marco teórico.Palabras clave: País Vasco, cleavages, discurso político._______________ Social Cleavage Theory, set up in the 60s by Lipset and Rokkan, is one of the most commonly employed in political science not only for the origin of political parties but also for electoral analysis and relationship-party voters. The aim of this article is making a brief review of the Basque political history of the last two centuries in the light of this influential the-oretical framework.Keywords: Basque Country, Cleavages, Political Discourse.