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Un estudio de viñeta es, en esencia, una encuesta diseñada ad hoc consistente en evaluar escenarios ficticios por parte de las personas encuestadas, de tal manera que de dicha evaluación se puedan inferir opiniones o actitudes que en encuestas tradicionales no suelen salir a la luz. Sus ventajas principales son dos: en primer lugar, que, en virtud del diseño de la encuesta, se eliminan las correlaciones existentes entre variables que siempre se dan en poblaciones reales, lo que permite desentrañar mejor los efectos de esas variables; y, en segundo lugar, que las personas encuestadas responden indirectamente a las preguntas de investigación, por lo que esta técnica trata de eliminar sesgos de deseabilidad social. Tras revisar las características básicas de la técnica, el artículo plantea su utilidad desde un punto de vista crítico en relación con los siguientes aspectos: con los sesgos de deseabilidad social, con el hecho de plantear situaciones hipotéticas y no analizar comportamientos reales y, sobre todo, con su validez externa cuando se aplica a colectivos muy concretos (o hasta qué punto se pueden generalizar los resultados de este tipo de estudios).

What were the interests of Capital and Labor’s representative groups in the disputes for the formulation of Brazilian state policy for Mercosur during Lula’s administration (2003-2010)? Deploying from Nicos Poulantzas’ reading of the capitalist state and working with a theoretical framework for a state policy formulation analysis structured in inputs, policy, and outputs, this paper investigates the demands from São Paulo State’s Industries Federation and from the Workers Party to the Brazilian policy towards Mercosur. After the evaluation of some Mercosur policies in the considered period, this paper’s argument does not make the case of the literature’s interpretation of a post-hegemony period for regional integration in Latin America that drove Mercosur to pursue autonomy goals. Through a Brazilian class struggles lens, the economic gains of the industrial sector are more tangible than the perceived enlargement of Mercosur’s regional integration in autonomy key.

COVID-19 has exposed, reproduced, and created new inequalities in Latin America and the world. In this introductory paper, we discuss the impact of extant inequities on vulnerability to COVID-19 but we also identify new, and some unexpected, vulnerabilities. We emphasize vulnerabilities to the disease as well as vulnerabilities to policies and other responses in the fight against COVID-19. Building on insights from Peter Hall and Michele Lamont’s work on social resilience, we draw on the papers of this special issue to identify the important role of the state in addressing vulnerabilities and discuss the types of social resilience that vulnerable groups have turned to in their response to COVID-19.

This paper examines the Non-Habitual Residents (NHR) tax regime from a sociological perspective. This analysis is twofold: it explores the social conditions for its emergence and next conceptualizes the political rationality that determines it, and the type of individual subjectivity regulating it. Methodologically, the analysis is developed according to the principles of Foucauldian governmentality studies. The paper is structured in three sections: 1) characterization and analysis of the evolution of the beneficiaries applying for this tax regime; 2) analysis of the emergence of NHR regime within the scope of 2008 financial crisis; and 3) the definition of the political rationality that inspires the regime. We conclude that this is a program conceived according to a neoliberal political rationality, and also a procedure to reproduce such rationality through the promotion of an “economic citizen” model.

The paper discusses Raymond Boudon’s theory of ordinary rationality as well as his assessment of the so-called “analytical sociology”. On the first point, the paper argues that, in order to combine the realism of an unconstrained conception of rationality with the ex-ante facto predictive power of the narrow version of rational choice theory, we should better understand the relation between potentially triggering events and the actor’s “reasons”. Heuristics, social identity, and emotions are regarded as good candidates to advance in that direction. On the second point, the paper recalls some factual elements suggesting that Boudon’s assessment of analytical sociology is excessively severe and explains why some analytical sociologists are right in devoting especial attention to computational modelling.

This paper briefly compares two research traditions: empiricism and generative mechanisms. Moreover, it briefly recalls the arguments of empiricist epistemology and its philosophical justification, whose paradigmatic expression is positivism. The paper then examines the criticisms that have been addressed against this trend and sets out the principles of the generative mechanisms strategy in sociology by focusing on several studies by Boudon which are the most representative of this methodological orientation.

Presentación de los artículos recogidos en el número monográfico de la revista Papers como resultado de diversos intercambios y trabajos de colaboración realizados en el marco del proyecto europeo International Network for Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities (INCASI). Se trata de una red de veinte universidades de cinco países europeos (España, Italia, Francia, el Reino Unido y Finlandia) y de cinco países latinoamericanos (Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Brasil y México), dedicada a la investigación comparativa de las desigualdades sociales desarrollando un proyecto europeo del programa Horizon 2020 (Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, Research and Innovation Staff Exchange, Grant Agreement GA-691004). Los artículos tratan, en una perspectiva comparada, las temáticas de la segmentación del mercado laboral, los trabajadores autónomos profesionales, la desigualdad de oportunidades educativas, la heterogeneidad socioeconómica y la medición de las clases sociales, movilidad social e migraciones, y las brechas de género en el trabajo no remunerado de los hogares. Las diferentes contribuciones buscan encontrar puntos de confluencia y divergencia a través de análisis empíricos comparativos de aspectos específicos de las desigualdades sociales entre países de Europa y América Latina, derivados del marco analítico propuesto por la red INCASI (http://incasi.

The aim of this special issue is to investigate inequality in access to Early Childhood Education and Care services (ECEC) by looking at the extent to which access rules, cost of service and type of provision constitute a barrier for certain socio-economic groups. The monograph engages with discussions on the role of policies addressing the needs of children and the future of welfare states from a Social Investment paradigm. All 8 contributions to this Special Issue were initially presented at the panel on Childcare and Equal Opportunities that we organised in the 8th Congress of the Spanish Social Policy Network (ESPAnet-Spain). The articles present empirical evidence from two research projects: Investing in children: Politics, Policies and Outcomes, financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science (CSO2017-88906-R) coordinated by Margarita León; and Models of early years education and care and labour market participation: a study of social innovation in the city of Barcelona financed by RecerCaixa and coordinated by Raquel Gallego and Sheila González.

La provisión del primer ciclo de educación infantil (EI a partir de ahora) ha aumentado de manera sostenida en España desde el año 2000. A pesar de una considerable dispersión territorial, esta expansión ha tenido lugar en todas las comunidades autónomas. En este artículo estudiamos cómo los distintos diseños institucionales a escala autonómica impactan en la equidad tanto en el acceso al servicio como en el coste para las familias. Tratamos de averiguar en qué condiciones puede el primer ciclo de EI ir más allá de una política de conciliación empleo/familia y considerarse una política redistributiva y de igualdad de oportunidades que favorezca acceder a él y sufrague su coste para los colectivos socialmente más desfavorecidos. Analizamos la evolución de la normativa estatal del primer ciclo de EI desde la LOGSE de 1990 hasta la LOMLOE de 2020, y comparamos siete comunidades autónomas que presentan distintos niveles de cobertura y modelos de gestión. Nuestro estudio concluye que, si bien existe disparidad en los criterios tanto de acceso como de precios, todas las comunidades autónomas estudiadas han ido avanzando hacia un servicio más garantista, con un reconocimiento explícito de las circunstancias de especial dificultad originadas por bajos ingresos, discapacidad, monoparentalidad o violencia de género. Aun así, características estructurales del primer ciclo de EI, como una financiación fluctuante, una regulación y control públicos débiles y una importante externalización a proveedores privados, dificultan su universalización como una política redistributiva y de calidad.

La innovación social es un concepto teórico que ha sido aplicado al debate sobre el estado de bienestar en el ámbito local, por su capacidad de identificar propuestas de iniciativa comunitaria con potencial para generar buenas prácticas para la innovación en las políticas públicas. A pesar de su reconocido potencial innovador, muchos autores han adoptado una mirada crítica hacia estas experiencias. La participación en la innovación social se concentra entre los individuos de clase media ya involucrados en actividades comunitarias y participativas. La atención que han generado en el ámbito municipal dentro de los gobiernos locales, gracias a su capacidad para expresar sus demandas y propuestas, podría percibirse como competidora de la asignación de recursos públicos a los estratos más vulnerables y excluidos de la población. Este artículo aspira a situarse en el debate sobre la compleja relación entre la innovación social y la equidad, en referencia al cuidado de la temprana infancia (0-3 años). Centrándose en el caso de Barcelona, responde a las siguientes preguntas: ¿en qué medida y por qué el acceso a las innovaciones sociales en la etapa 0-3 años presenta un sesgo socioeconómico?; ¿en qué se diferencia la concepción de innovación social en la etapa 0-3 años que tiene la ciudadanía y la que tiene el gobierno local?; ¿cuáles son las potencialidades y los límites de la política pública local para compatibilizar la innovación social y la equidad?

La provisión pública en forma de servicios de educación y atención de la primera infancia (ECEC) constituye una de las áreas principales de desarrollo de los estados de bienestar en las últimas dos décadas. Esta expansión del cuidado formal se fundamenta tanto en los beneficios potenciales de la acumulación de capital humano de los niños/as como en la empleabilidad de las progenitoras, al minimizar la penalización de la maternidad. En relación con este último aspecto, las madres con menos formación — con menores oportunidades laborales y peor remuneración— están más condicionadas a los recursos sustitutivos de cuidado. El artículo cuantifica el coste marginal de los gastos asociados a los servicios de ECEC en relación con los salarios potenciales de las madres. En la medida en que se trata de servicios desarrollados por la administración local, el análisis se focaliza en los municipios del área metropolitana de Barcelona como estudio de caso. Los datos de naturaleza administrativa adquieren un papel central en la investigación. Los resultados muestran cómo la rigidez en el diseño de los servicios, el sistema de precios y los bajos salarios tienen un efecto desalentador para con la actividad laboral de las madres con menores recursos potenciales.

En este trabajo analizamos la evolución de la provisión de educación y atención de la primera infancia (EAPI) en el primer ciclo de la Educación Infantil en el contexto de la Comunidad Valenciana, con particular atención al caso de la implantación de las aulas de 2 años en centros públicos. Durante las últimas dos legislaturas, la Comunidad Valenciana ha pasado de estar en la vanguardia del fomento y desarrollo del modelo de oferta privada a ser de las regiones pioneras en el desarrollo de las aulas de 2 años en la enseñanza pública. Enmarcamos estos cambios en el contexto español, y discutimos su alcance para la equidad del sistema educativo en esta etapa desde el enfoque de los derechos humanos y el marco europeo de calidad actual.

La educación infantil de 0 a 3 años es una política con efectos muy relevantes en el bienestar infantil y la igualdad de género. Su acceso universal es clave para garantizar la igualdad de oportunidades y tiene efectos positivos cuando es de calidad en el corto, medio y largo plazo en toda la infancia, especialmente en la de origen vulnerable. Igualmente, su grado de cobertura es un elemento determinante para la participación de las mujeres en el mercado de trabajo. Este artículo tiene como objetivo estimar los costes y beneficios de universalizar el primer ciclo de educación infantil en España, considerando la situación actual, las posibles mejoras de su calidad y las condiciones laborales, así como su interacción con reformas factibles de políticas fundamentales para la economía feminista: permisos parentales sucesivos y jornadas laborales más cortas. Para la evaluación ex ante se realiza un análisis de coste-beneficio actualizando costes y beneficios a 2021, y considerando la variación de costes en diferentes escenarios posibles en España y potenciales fuentes de financiación. Los beneficios cubren ampliamente los costes no solo de la universalización de la educación infantil de 0 a 3 años, sino también de una mejora notable de su calidad y condiciones laborales. Si se modifica el diseño de los permisos parentales para garantizar la posibilidad de usarlos sucesivamente y alargar a ocho meses el cuidado de bebés en el hogar, se puede costear el aumento de su calidad. Esta reforma permitiría cubrir el coste de mejorar notablemente las condiciones laborales de este sector ampliamente feminizado.

Las políticas de atención a la temprana infancia son consideradas una inversión social clave para la mitigación de desigualdades sociales. No obstante, siguiendo la lógica del efecto Mateo (EM) —el proceso que explica que las desventajas sociales conllevan más desventajas—, las familias más desfavorecidas son las que acceden proporcionalmente menos a estos servicios. El presente estudio se pregunta los mecanismos que producen estas desigualdades y la capacidad de los criterios sociales en el acceso para reducirlas. Se analiza una encuesta realizada en Cataluña y dirigida a 1.219 madres con niños/as menores de 3 años sobre el uso de distintos tipos de cuidado informal y formal. Los resultados muestran que las guarderías, mediante criterios sociales en el acceso, reducen significativamente las desigualdades respecto a los ingresos de la madre. Igualmente, la tarificación social y los servicios sociales son políticas públicas efectivas para la reducción del EM. No obstante, a pesar de estas medidas, persisten las desigualdades en el acceso respecto al nivel de estudios y el lugar de nacimiento de la madre. Las preferencias de la madre no explican estas desigualdades. Se ofrecen dos respuestas alternativas: primera, en un contexto de escasez de oferta, los mayores recursos de las madres con estudios universitarios para tener éxito en el sistema de asignación de plazas; segunda, la falta de estabilidad laboral y horarios atípicos de las madres sin estudios o nacidas fuera de España.

La extensión del 0-3 en España es ya un reto presente en las agendas políticas estatales, autonómicas y locales. Contemplado en las normativas estatales desde hace décadas, su desarrollo por parte de ayuntamientos y gobiernos regionales ha sido especialmente intenso en los últimos años. Sin embargo, analizar este aspecto no es tarea sencilla. La diversidad de modelos y la ausencia de datos comparables entre territorios no hacen fácil avanzar en la generación de conocimiento. Tan solo los estudios de caso, con sus especificidades, permiten profundizar en los modelos de gestión y su impacto. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar cómo el paradigma de atención 0-3 de Navarra ha respondido al reto de promover un modelo más equitativo y universal. Desde un análisis específico de su evolución y sus distintas medidas de extensión, se pretende identificar las estrategias orientadas a la extensión universal y la equidad en el acceso a la infancia más vulnerable al sistema 0-3. Para ello, se realiza un análisis normativo y estadístico de fuentes secundarias, así como distintas entrevistas en profundidad a personal técnico y de gestión. Los resultados aspiran a presentar las medidas desarrolladas y a compartir sus avances y retos con otros territorios, de tal forma que contribuyan a generar conocimiento sobre el desarrollo de esta política de promoción de la infancia.

L’accés als serveis d’educació infantil s’ha demostrat que és una eina eficient de lluita contra la desigualtat educativa. No obstant això, les famílies més avantatjades són més proclius a l’ús d’aquests serveis, mentre que els infants d’entorns més vulnerables se'n queden al marge. La recerca ha explicat aquest fenomen, conegut com l’efecte Mateu, i s’ha centrat principalment en l’estudi de les constriccions derivades de la disponibilitat de serveis, la capacitat econòmica de les famílies per fer-ne ús i les pautes culturals sobre la maternitat. Aquest article vol posar llum, des d’una perspectiva de política pública, a altres factors explicatius de l’efecte Mateu, més enllà de les barreres econòmiques que limiten l’accés a serveis formals d’atenció a la petita infància. A partir de les entrevistes a 34 mares d'infants menors de 3 anys, amb diferents formes de participació en el mercat laboral i diferents models de criança (escoles bressol municipals i escoles bressol privades), analitzem les característiques dels serveis regulats d’atenció a la petita infància i els factors objectius de les condicions familiars i laborals de les mares per entendre l’elecció d’un servei públic o privat de cura durant el període de 0-3 anys. Els resultats apunten que l’existència de la tarifació social ha permès a les mares amb menys recursos econòmics accedir a l’oferta de l’escola bressol pública, mentre que la qualitat dels serveis públics ha estat un factor d’atracció per a les classes mitjanes i altes. No obstant això, no hi ha hagut una adaptació dels serveis públics a les necessitats de les mares de classe treballadora que, tot i no trobar-se en una situació de vulnerabilitat, no poden optar per l’oferta de serveis privats d’atenció a la petita infància.

This paper seeks to explain the origin and content of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Going Digital project, its structure and main results. In particular, the paper seeks to present how Brazil performs in relation to the discussions raised by the project, based on the recently published study Going Digital in Brazil. To this end, it compares the performance of the country and the OECD member States in terms of access, use, innovation, employment, society, trust and market openness, which constitute the seven pillars of the Going Digital project. The paper points out the progress already made by the country in some areas, such as digital government, but it also draws attention to the challenges that still exist, such as in the areas of education and professional training for the digital world. Given the impact of digital transformation on contemporary life, when describing the Going Digital project, the paper offers an overview of the main discussions currently underway at the OECD, as well as the dynamics of the organization.

Este trabajo estudia los niveles de punitivismo que muestra la población cuando se utilizan simultáneamente medidas de nivel global y medidas de nivel específico. Con datos procedentes de la 9.ª ola del Panel Ciudadano para la Investigación Social en Andalucía (otoño de 2019), se pone de manifiesto que la demanda de penas más duras resulta más acusada cuando se refiere a la delincuencia o a los delincuentes en abstracto que cuando se está ante circunstancias y casos concretos y se trata de elegir entre los distintos tipos de pena que contempla la ley. Pese a todo, no cabe afirmar que se muestre más punitivismo en términos globales que específicos, sino que esto depende del tipo de especificidad. La forma de punitivismo más acentuada es la que se manifiesta al aceptar un trato penal más duro frente a determinados delitos. Se trata de algo que, pese a contradecir parte de lo dicho hasta ahora por la literatura, puede explicarse por la problematización social que caracteriza los delitos especificados en las medidas de aceptación aquí empleadas, de carácter violento y sexual.

Hoy en día, las acciones de los individuos, los cuales actúan o dejan de actuar movidos por un rumor, pueden tener grandes implicaciones económicas, políticas y sociales. Este artículo propone, en primer lugar, una nueva definición sociológica de rumor partiendo de una investigación bibliográfica y teniendo en cuenta los conceptos de incertidumbre y de la sospecha de la maldad de las élites. En segundo lugar, estudia cómo afectan a la dinámica de difusión de rumores las variables del número de orígenes de un rumor y del umbral de confianza que las personas tienen en las creencias propias. Mediante la construcción de un modelo basado en agentes con el programa NetLogo, se han realizado distintas simulaciones, y los resultados principales son dos. El primero es que siempre hay difusión total del rumor. El segundo es que las dos variables estudiadas afectan a la velocidad con la que se difunde un rumor, pero no al hecho de si este se difunde o no.

Effectively maintained inequality theory posits that a reduction in vertical inequality following the expansion of a level of education will be compensated by an increase in horizontal inequality. Although this theory has been intensely studied in various countries, it has barely been explored in the Spanish case. To fill this gap, I use data from the Survey on the Transition from Education/Training to Labour Market Insertion and analyse the sample of students who completed compulsory education in 2001, right after the expansion of upper secondary education (baccalaureate) in Spain. I study two forms of horizontal inequality: the type of education enrolled in (including which modality is preferred in the academic track) and the time for completion of the academic track. I report that the saturation of baccalaureate in the choice against vocational education triggered substantial inequalities in the preference for the most rewarding modalities of baccalaureate: socioeconomically advantaged students preferred the natural sciences and technology, while disadvantaged students preferred the social sciences, humanities, and arts. In turn, inequality in the time for completion of baccalaureate is mostly vertical as the two most likely results for all socioeconomic groups are to complete baccalaureate in two years or not complete it at all.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo identificar los factores relativos a la exclusión social atendiendo a cuatro niveles de gravedad entre la población usuaria de programas de inclusión social. Para ello, se realiza un análisis de la base de datos perteneciente a la herramienta SiSo de valoración de las situaciones de dificultad social en el eje inclusión/exclusión. Dicha herramienta se emplea desde el año 2017 en la valoración y el estudio de casos en los servicios sociales de primer nivel en Castilla-La Mancha. En el momento de realizar este artículo, se han valorado un total de 18.968 unidades familiares. Para ello, se recurre a análisis bivariables con los que identificar las principales características en seis dimensiones o ámbitos vitales. Asimismo, los resultados recogen la adecuación del análisis de componentes principales a los respectivos ámbitos vitales. Finalmente, el apartado de resultados recoge un análisis multinomial para determinar su importancia según los niveles de dificultad analizados. Las conclusiones del artículo son relevantes para la segmentación en el primer nivel de atención de los servicios sociales según los niveles de dificultad, con repercusiones en la precisión de necesidades y en la intervención conjunta con otros sistemas de protección social.

En este estudio se elabora un modelo de análisis que busca aportar datos a la comprensión de las trayectorias migrantes. Este modelo se pone a prueba a partir de información empírica recopilada con instrumentos cualitativos en la sociedad chilena. Específicamente, se indaga en la articulación entre (a) las condiciones institucionales que derivan de la acción del Estado, (b) el marco de reproducción de la condición de clase, (c) los elementos estructurales del racismo incrustado en la cultura nacional y (d) las estrategias que despliegan los sujetos migrantes en la persecución de sus objetivos. El propósito específico que se desarrolla es la caracterización de las dimensiones institucional y estructural para situar su impacto sobre las trayectorias migrantes. Con ello, el trabajo permite dialogar con la literatura del campo que se ocupa tanto de los procesos de racialización como de la producción institucional de un sujeto migrante precarizado.

Este artículo analiza el efecto del sexo, el cuidado exclusivo y las necesidades de conciliación en la calidad del empleo global y en sus dimensiones objetivas y subjetivas. A partir de datos de la Encuesta nacional de empleo, trabajo, salud y calidad de vida de los trabajadores y trabajadoras en Chile 2009-2010 (ENETS), elaboramos índices multidimensionales de calidad del empleo válidos y confiables. Las estimaciones del modelo indican que ser mujer, cuidador único y con necesidades de conciliación tiene efectos negativos sobre la calidad del empleo, pero con intensidades distintas. Además, los factores personales y laborales otorgan heterogeneidad a la medición de las dimensiones objetivas y subjetivas, lo que evidencia la importancia de una medición diferenciada.

Abstract Nuclear science and technology are used in many countries to help meet development objectives in areas including energy, human health, food production, water management and environmental protection. The focus of this paper will be on energy and specifically how nuclear energy fits into SDG 7 (Affordable and clean energy) and relates to SDG 13 (Climate action). The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030. Sustainable Development Goal 7, Affordable and clean energy, aims to “Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all”, with a focus on developing countries. This goal classes “renewable” technologies to be sustainable, while excluding nuclear energy. The term "renewable" usually includes unsustainable, high carbon biofuel. From a policy point of view, it is a problematic term. According to multiple scientific bodies, nuclear energy is clean, reliable and is needed to transition away from fossil fuels in order to combat climate change. No country in the world has been able to decarbonise its electricity sector without having either nuclear energy or - where available - substantial hydro or geothermal energy as part of the energy mix. SDG 13, Climate action, focuses on lowering greenhouse gas emissions and adaptation to climate change. This goal does not mention nuclear energy. Significant research has shown that in the absence of suitable hydro or geothermal resources, decarbonisation aims are not achieved without nuclear energy. These issues will be discussed in this paper. ES | Abstract:Lacienciaylatecnologíanuclearesseutilizanenmuchospaísesparaayudaracumplirlosobjetivosdedesarrolloenáreascomolaenergía,lasaludhumana,laproduccióndealimentos,lagestióndelaguaylaproteccióndelmedioambiente.Estedocumentosecentraráenlaenergíay,concretamente,encómolaenergíanuclearencajaenelODS7(Energíaasequibleylimpia)yserelacionaconelODS13(Acciónpor el clima).LosObjetivosdeDesarrolloSostenible(ODS)fueronadoptadosporlasNacionesUnidasen2015comounllamamientouniversalalaacciónparaacabarconlapobreza,protegerelplanetaygarantizarquetodas las personas disfruten de paz y prosperidad para 2030.ElObjetivodeDesarrolloSostenible7,Energíaasequibleylimpia,pretende"Garantizarelaccesoaunaenergía asequible, fiable, sostenible y moderna para todos", centrándose en los países en desarrollo.Este objetivo clasifica las tecnologías "renovables" como sostenibles, pero excluye la energía nuclear.Eltérmino"renovable"sueleincluirelbiocombustibleinsostenibleyconaltocontenidodecarbono.Desdeelpuntodevistapolítico,esuntérminoproblemático.Segúnmúltiplesorganismoscientíficos,laenergíanucleareslimpia,fiableyesnecesariaparalatransicióndesdeloscombustiblesfósilesparacombatirelcambioclimático.Ningúnpaísdelmundohasidocapazdedescarbonizarsusectoreléctricosindisponerdeenergíanuclearo-cuandoenergíanuclearo,cuandoestádisponible,unacantidad considerable de energía hidroeléctrica o geotérmica como parte de la combinación energética.ElODS13,AcciónporelClima,secentraenlareduccióndelasemisionesdegasesdeefectoinvernaderoyenlaadaptaciónalcambioclimático.Esteobjetivonomencionalaenergíanuclear.Unaimportanteinvestigaciónhademostradoque,enausenciaderecursoshidroeléctricosogeotérmicosadecuados,losobjetivosdedescarbonizaciónnosealcanzansinlaenergíanuclear.Estascuestionesse debatirán en este documento.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The paper is an attempt to articulate the defining features of Ignatian Leadership and to clarify what might distinguish it from other brands of leadership without lapsing into motherhood statements and worn-out clichés. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The Ignatian leadership style that is presented is grounded in Ignatian spirituality, which is a source of the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius Loyola. Hence, the research problem was formulated: how can Ignatian leadership be implemented in everyday practice? The method of critical analysis of sources was applied. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The paper argues that Ignatian Leadership is, in fact, a radical form of servant leadership, since the Ignatian Leader is at the service not only of the Community, but also–and for Ignatius of Loyola, even more fundamentally–of the Mission entrusted to that Community. RESEARCH RESULTS: Concretely, it proposes a conception of Ignatian Leadership as a threeway relationship among the Leader, the Community, and the Mission, in the process, illustrating what magis and cura personalis might mean in one’s exercise of leadership, but also, spelling out, in light of these relationships, the key functions of the Ignatian Leader. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Ignatian leadership is a form of servant leadership insofar as Ignatian Leaders ought to prioritize serving the Community that they lead over their own interests. However, what distinguishes Ignatian Leadership from servant leadership is its explicit and non-negotiable prioritization of service of the Mission as well.

This paper succinctly examines the impact and effects of the COVID-19 crisis on the Spanish economy and labour market, with a particular focus on immigrants. The data reveal a significant negative differential effect among foreigners. The paper therefore recommends public administrations continue to work to prevent growing rootlessness and inequality.

Year after year Spain’s seasonal agricultural workers are in the news. In 2020, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, the same problems were repeated over and over again. This paper analyses four cases that made the news: the conditions of the informal settlements in Andalusia; the Moroccan temporary workers hired in their country of origin who ended up trapped in Huelva; the death of an asylum seeker in Lorca and what it reveals about harsh rural working conditions; and seasonal workers living on the street in Lleida, which once again prompted debate over their housing conditions in the midst of the first COVID-19 outbreaks of the summer. The final objective of the paper is to use specific cases to illustrate longstanding structural problems and suggest possible solutions in the short, medium and long term.

This paper describes the state of play for mixed unions between nationals and foreigners and for their descendants in Spain. Broadly termed “mixticidad”, this growing worldwide phenomenon, is beginning to be better known in this country. First, a mainly descriptive statistical overview is given of the main patterns and evolution (in terms of time, type and geographical distribution), both in relation to mixed unions and the births resulting from them. Second, the paper explores the deeper meanings of this reality using first-hand ethnographic information, which allows us to make some reflections on its meaning and social consequences in Spanish social inclusion and exclusion dynamics. Finally, some conclusions are offered along with the main findings.

Scholarly works on film sound are vastly outnumbered by works on film visual aspects. One reason for this discrepancy lies in the “hegemony of the visual”. Another may be the dominance of the visual in the cinema viewing experience, which results in our being naturally less attuned to how we are affected by the aural aspect. Nonetheless, the interaction of music, diegetic sound, and silence plays a vital role in achieving the director’s intention in creating a film and is crucial to establishing the bond between the film and its viewer. In his paper, the author shows, on the example of German contemporary film and TV series, that any analysis of film must examine the interaction of film music, dialogue, silence and diegetic sounds. The paper explores a specific approach to the sonic landscape in German film and TV series and raises questions to be pursued in further research on this topic.

The paper analyzes contextually expressive lexis or figurative usage of words. It is about usage of figures of speech and tropes, whose recognition and analysis requires context in which they appear and at the same time effect the text expressiveness. Essays (published in the collection Sadašnjost za vječnost) and feuilletons (published in the collection En Passant) by Veselko Tenžera, were used for the purpose of this paper. Following figures of speech and tropes were analyzed in terms of their frequency: ellipsis, personification, comparison, hyperbole, metonymy, oxymoron, irony and sarcasm. The analysis shows that figurative usage of words contributes to expressiveness of the text, because in this way additional possibilities are used in language as a system for making new connections between words. The uniqueness of these texts is the author’s creativity, individuality and subjectivity in creating new unusual language forms whose meaning and function are conditioned mainly by the context in which they are put by Tenžera.

The paper gives an overview of modern society and popular culture as a culture of imposed values, the influences that arise from it and the ways in which today’s society, that lives in a kind of media forest, functions. It will also give an overview of how society functions in unlimited freedom of choice and observes today's value system, as well as the influences resulting from the media content consumed. The focus is on the individual and the question is raised as to whether, in today's information forest, the individual can muster the strength to look deeply at the information presented with the intention of various manipulative effects and separate it from that information which is disseminated as such for literal information. The paper presents the idea of today's modern society, which, on one hand, lives its life to the fullest in the accessibility of everything and surrounded by all, but, on the other hand, faces isolation and loneliness.

In this paper, we imply the role and influence of expert associates on the development and application of educational programs for children with autism spectrum disorders. The research sought to determine the extent to which professionals know the characteristics of autism, use appropriate methods of work and on this basis propose developmental and program goals, measures and areas for work and monitoring the achievements of a child with autism. We used the focus group method as a semi-structured instrument conducted by regions. There were a total of 43 respondents: special educators and rehabilitators, psychologists and pedagogues. The paper deals with the fact that school associates work on approaches based on visualization, organization, design, focus, purposefulness, and functionality are applied to children with autism. The basis of the work is the Individual Developmental-Educational Program (IDEP), which sets educational and developmental goals for each child. We found that in Montenegro the level of knowledge among professionals varies in relation to the methods of working with a child with autism spectrum disorders. Speech therapists are somewhat more able to recognize the needs and organize an appropriate approach, special educators are in transition from the paradigm of special to inclusive education, psychologists, pedagogues are not familiar with the characteristics and procedures of working with children with autism spectrum disorders. They identify important development and program goals insufficiently, the focus is on the role of speech therapists and less attention is given to resource experts. Based on the findings it is reccommended that a general framework for autism be developed. Conceptual solutions are oriented towards early learning, primary education and vocational training. Individual program focuses on developmental areas: communication, interaction, behavior, and independence. Then, evaluation indicators should monitor whether the child is being worked with on the basis of adjustments, visual instructions, structure and positive approach, level of communication development...

This paper discusses the medieval theological and political history, and the difference between blue and red blood. The popular phrase blue blood had a special significance during the Middle Ages, and its echo has been present in our culture ever since. One might think that such an abstract concept is only an insignificant legend that emerged from the oral folk tradition without any roots in theory and literature. The author’s intention is to present the concept of blue and red blood as a part of fictional genre theory. The fictional genre discourse becomes especially evident when the king’s simultaneously natural and supernatural bodies, or more simply, the notion that the king possesses a superbody, are discussed. In the given period the concept of blue blood, which referred to the king’s dignity, was coined. Thomas Hobbes, in his famous work Leviathan, develops the social contract theory, which is used to explain the development of the modern political community. Blue blood becomes red when an ordinary citizen becomes involved in politics, as this paper confirms.

En el siguiente artículo se presenta un análisis acerca del empleo de diferentes técnicas y estrategias de traducción como herramientas en la enseñanza del inglés para profesores de lenguas extranjeras. La traducción, junto a la gramática y la fonética, constituyen uno de los procedimientos básicos de mayor importancia en la enseñanza del inglés, aunque con el paso del tiempo han cambiado las posturas acerca del tema. Su utilización sigue siendo una constante en el proceso de enseñanza de las lenguas extranjeras, implementándose así nuevos métodos de enseñanza basados en nuevas orientaciones teórico-prácticas surgidas con el paso del tiempo. El objetivo del artículo es abordar aspectos teóricos acerca de las diferentes técnicas y estrategias de traducción y las ventajas que aportan las mismas al proceso de formación de profesores de las lenguas extranjeras en Cuba. Los principales resultados muestran un cambio favorable en el uso de las técnicas y estrategias de traducción en los estudiantes de lengua inglesa. Palabras clave: Estrategias, inglés, técnicas, traducción. ABSTRACT The following paper presents an analysis about the use of different translation strategies and techniques as tools in the teaching of English for professors of foreign languages. Translation, as well as grammar and phonetics, is one of the basic procedures of great importance in the teaching of English, although over the years the viewpoints about the topic have been changing. The teaching of translation is a constant in foreign language syllabi, implementing new teaching methods based on new theoretical and practical orientations emerged over the years. The objective of the paper is to approach theoretical aspects about different translation techniques and strategies and the benefits they bring to the training of foreign language teachers in Cuba. The main results show a positive change in the use of translation techniques and strategies by students of English language. Keywords: Strategies, English, techniques, translation.

This paper assesses, from a diplomatic perspective and the point of view of Brazilian interests, the modus operandi of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS). The organization’s banking activities are relatively secondary but contribute to its main goal of promoting central bank cooperation. Through historical inquiry and analytical review, the text examines the working methods of the BIS and identifies factors that explain its resilience for the last nine decades as a prime venue for contact and dialogue between central bankers. The BIS faces the challenge of balancing its traditional secrecy with contemporary requirements for greater transparency and legitimacy. Since the 1990s, the institution has significantly broadened its geographic reach, but the European weight is still disproportionate. Based on a thorough investigation, the article presents the shareholding structure of the BIS, which is not disclosed by the bank and remains anachronistically concentrated in the hands of its founders. In addition to discussing the varied formats of central bankers’ meetings held regularly in Basel, the paper evaluates the representativeness of the organization’s decision-making bodies and the power structure within them. Recent changes in the governance of the BIS, particularly in the composition of its Board of Directors and Management, although relevant, may be considered insufficient. The final section briefly describes Brazil’s participation in the BIS and argues for sustained Brazilian engagement to reinforce the institution’s role as it faces new challenges posed by technological innovation and, more recently, by the Covid-19 pandemic.

Esta presentación tiene por objetivo contextualizar e introducir los trabajos incluidos en el número monográfico de la revista Papers sobre movilidad residencial, así como destacar la importancia de este fenómeno. La movilidad residencial es un elemento esencial de la naturaleza dinámica de nuestras ciudades, y sin tenerla en cuenta no es posible una adecuada comprensión de otras cuestiones socialmente relevantes, como las transformaciones de los barrios, el crecimiento urbano o la movilidad social. Las contribuciones a este número constituyen una panorámica de investigaciones empíricas sobre diferentes ámbitos que no solo dibujan el estado de la cuestión sino que también conectan el fenómeno con otras formas de cambio social.

Residential mobility is the process whereby individuals and households adjust their locations in cities. These moves, in the aggregate, change neighborhoods as well as providing specific housing outcomes for households and families as a result of the move. The literature on residential change has evolved from cross-sectional studies of family structure and their housing circumstances, to life course analyses of the motivations for moving, the contexts in which the moves occur, and the intersection of life course change and housing choice. The combined work of demographers, geographers, economists and sociologists has provided a much clearer and more nuanced understanding of behavior in the housing market than was possible with cross-sectional analyses. This paper reviews the evolution of life course approaches to residential mobility and discusses the current state of the research literature.

This paper investigates the use of a semiotic macrostructure called a pending account as an interpretive metatext to configure strategy texts’ motivational affordances and lend authority to deontic claims. Interpretive metatexts tell us what another text means; if they use a pending account to do so, they tell us what it means by telling us what we should do; and they tell us what we should do by telling us what inclines us to act in a certain way, either by verbalizing habits or convoking scripts and passions. Pending accounting is a speech genre oriented towards inducing action. Peircean and Greimasian semiotics suggest two different ways in which emotion is coupled to other sensemaking registers to set up these inducements. If Peirce teaches us how feelings set off an effortful inquiry oriented towards the fixing of belief, Greimas explains how passions (as well as scripts) play an important part in sanctioning and thereby (de)commissioning action. The paper shows how the two semioticians can be combined to explain how emotion is used to articulate and authorize pending accounts, based on an illustrative analysis of four interpretations of the 2020 Brexit withdrawal agreement.

This paper questions archaeology as a practice that, by unearthing and interpreting the signs of the past, leaves its own traces on the present of a site, a district, a community. Archaeology can be used to do so by different stakeholders, through the creation of discontinuity both in a region’s landscape – i.e. by choosing to attract visitors towards an archaeological site/museum rather than towards others – and in the history of a community – by implicitly (but also explicitly) giving the status of historical apex of a civilization to a specific period/event/monument according to which every other age is adjusted. This creates an unbalanced picture made of centres and peripheries. The few key archaeological ‘centres’ spread around the world and the uncountable neglected ‘peripheries’ that derive from this practice have an impact on our understanding of humanity. Bearing in mind this inevitable capacity of archaeology to leave material and cultural traces on us, this paper asks if and how archaeology can be used to have a positive impact on present societies answering current social questions. Does such practice just generate an indiscriminate accumulation of objects that will never be either studied by specialists or exhibited to the public tending to make museums’ storages collapse? Or does it help local and global communities to reflect upon themselves bearing an historically deeper viewpoint on humanity? Is archaeology used to justify actions taken in the present, to look for signs of prestigious ancestry, or as a medium towards accepting and dignifying otherness? Answers to such questions vary sensibly depending on the semiotic stand that specific archaeologists, as actors within the discipline, take on archaeology as a practice, whether they see it, in synthesis, as a discipline of things or as a discipline of traces. Reflecting on a few case studies such as Koudelka’s “Walking Through Outdoors Ruins” project for Magnum, the archaeology or Bronze Age Sardinia, and the dominant paradigm of communicating archaeology to the public, this paper exposes the social roles that archaeological interpretation has had so far, attempting a prediction of its future paths until some of its possible extreme – Funes el-memorioso driven – consequences.

In 2018 the Albert Hirschman Centre on Democracy in Geneva organized together with Europaeum and Alternautas, the workshop on “Democracy, Indigenous Rights and Ethno-Racial Mobilization: Latin America in Comparative Perspective.” This workshop was part of the “Geneva Democracy Week” organized by the Geneva Chancellery of State to promote dialogue between political institutions, civil society, students and citizens, with a view to strengthening their participation in democratic processes. Our focus on Indigenous and Afrodescendant movements was intended to illuminate the ongoing contributions these populations have made to expanding and redefining democracy. Latin America has been the site of inspiring activism over the last decades, as formerly subaltern populations have challenged the ongoing legacies of colonialism and claimed citizenship rights. We received paper proposals from students of different European universities in Switzerland, England, Germany and Luxemburg and selected nine papers to be discussed at the workshop on the 6th of October at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies. The papers received feedback from the workshop conveners, Graziella Moraes, Filipe Calvão and Diego Silva from the Graduate Institute in Geneva, as well as from our special guests Nancy Postero, professor UC San Diego, Ethel Branch, former Attorney General of the Navajo Nation and Karen Ramirez Bóscan, founder of Wayunkerra Indigenous Women’s Initiative in Guajira Colombia, as well as anonymous peer review. Thus, the articles in this special issue of Alternautas are the product of a rich international conversation.

Purpose: This article investigates and classifies firm resources for the internationalization of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) from emerging countries. Originality/value: SMEs from emerging countries in global markets evidence their more restricted access to resources for internationalization. The mainstream international business literature classifies firm’s resources identified in large companies from developed economies. This research classifies firms’ internationalization resources located in different emerging countries based on a systematic literature review (SLR) and interviews. This paper contributes to the theoretical development about the internationalization of SMEs from emerging countries, indicating the importance of organizational resources in this process. Design/methodology/approach: This paper presents an exploratory research developed in two stages: a SLR on emerging countries and interviews with experts, institutions, and SMEs about the Brazilian context. Bibliographic research and an interview with semi-structured script were adopted as data collection techniques. Interviews were analyzed with NVivo software using content analysis technique and providing categorization of resources. Findings: Up to 2016, 15 works mentioned resources for the internationalization of SMEs from emerging countries and seven were done in Asia. We identified 72 resources in ten emerging countries. Organizational resources predominate. The use of financial resources in Brazil contradicts the trend in other emerging countries. More tangible resources seem less strategic for SMEs’ internationali¬zation from emerging countries when compared to more intangible resources, as organizational ones. / Objetivo: Investigar e classificar recursos para internacionalização de pequenas e médias empresas (PMEs) de países emergentes. Originalidade/valor: A participação de PMEs de países emergentes em mercados globais evidencia seu acesso mais restrito aos recursos para internacionalização. A literatura dominante de negócios internacionais segue classificações de recursos identificados em grandes empresas de economias desenvolvidas. Esta pesquisa classifica recursos da firma para internacionalização de PMEs baseada em diferentes países emergentes, com dados de revisão sistemática de literatura (RSL) e entrevistas. O artigo contribui para o desenvolvimento teórico sobre a internacionalização de PMEs de países emergentes, indicando a importância dos recursos organizacionais nesse processo. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Este artigo apresenta uma pesquisa exploratória, de abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvida em duas etapas: RSL, abrangendo diferentes países emergentes, seguida de entrevistas com especialistas, instituições e PMEs no contexto brasileiro. Adotaram-se técnicas de coleta de dados de pesquisa bibliográfica e entrevista com roteiro semiestruturado. A análise das entrevistas baseou-se em técnica de análise de conteúdo e categorização dos recursos, com o software NVivo. Resultados: Até 2016, 15 trabalhos mencionaram recursos para internacionalização de PMEs de países emergentes e sete foram feitos na Ásia. Identificaram-se 72 recursos em dez países emergentes. Predominam recursos organizacionais. O uso de recursos financeiros de terceiros no Brasil contradiz tendências em outros países emergentes. Recursos tangíveis parecem ter menor importância estratégica para a internacionalização do que recursos intangíveis, como os organizacionais.

This paper reflects on the stadium as a symbolic place. The “ethnographic” study of stadiums allows us to understand how these structures reflect the social, economic, and cultural processes of cities and nations. Starting from Andrea Ferreri’s book, the paper analyses the role of stadiums in defining the sense of belonging to a community, through the sports stories that take place there. Sporting legends, therefore, are a decisive part of these processes of narration and self-narration, through which individuals and groups recognise themselves as elements of the same shared destiny. This socialising function of stadiums, linked to the multiplicity of experiences, stories, and legends that they “host”, also concerns the rituality of football. As a kind of “universal secular religion” (Boff, 2014), football can connect a community in the name of a (sporting) faith, which consecrates its temples - the stadiums - according to a codified set of ritual gestures, movements, songs, and choruses.

This paper aims to analyze the importance of business leadership for the dissemination and implementation of environmental strategies in organizations, based on a case study in «Alumina», a Brazilian company producing aluminium and alumina. With main concepts and theories on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and organizational leadership as theoretical reference, we have assessed the basic skills of leaders, as well as the insights and contributions of organizational leadership for the dissemination and implementation of socio-environmental strategies. From semi-structured interviews carried out in the company, it was inferred that indeed leadership has an essential role at such purpose. The findings of the study are presented in the last part of the paper, as well as some reflections on the intended objectives.

Left accelerationism and the transhuman subject who embodies this movement’s political potential have multivalent relations to Marxism. Whilst recent interventions such as Srnicek and Williams’ #Accelerate: Manifesto for an Accelerationist Politics and Bastani’s Fully Automated Luxury Communism (FALC) situate themselves within the Marxist tradition (typically relying heavily on the “fragment on machines” section of the Grundrisse), immediately apparent is a problem of both politics and epistemology. In positing a transhuman subject that resolves ontologically the antagonism between labour and capital, left accelerationism flattens and dehistoricizes the specific and contingent historical and material conditions that make possible the thinking of this subject at all, and lapses from a properly dialectical mode of thought in its breathless rush to adumbrate the “inevitable” conditions for this subject’s emergence. Here, we are close to Althusser’s notion of history as a “process without a subject” (Althusser 1969), and a similar lack of dialectical rigour can be discerned. E.P Thompson’s polemic against Althusser reminds us of what is at stake in a Marxism that is fundamentally antagonistic to a thorough engagement with – and immersion in – history, specifically history as lived and made by real human subjects, and we can likewise trace in left accelerationism’s idealised transhuman a subject for whom history offers no socially embedded place, only an abstract theoretical subject-position. In short, despite the inventiveness and optimistic constructivism evident in Bastani and Srnicek and Williams’ manifestos, these very qualities speak to the lack of a properly and consistently dialectical epistemic framework: they thus implicitly reject what Jameson describes as “the austere dialectical imperative” necessary to think capitalism as “progress and catastrophe all together” (Jameson 2000, 226). Drawing on Noys, Brassier, Wood, Thompson and Jameson, this paper will critique left accelerationism’s consistent divergence from a materialist dialectic, and show how these lapses elide the contingent and always in-process nature of the political struggles that determine who the subject/s of any future historical period will be or can be. Left accelerationism contains seeds of radical political potential, however the lapses into idealism and techno-utopianism to which it is so prone result precisely from an abandonment of dialectical materialism in the very instances where a generic transhuman subject is articulated: in conceiving class relations thus, an inattention to “the hard lesson of some more genuinely dialectical way to think historical development and change” (Jameson 2000, 225) is revealed. The paper will contrast Srnicek and Williams and Bastani’s manifestos with the Xenofeminist Manifesto, arguing that this latter offers a more promising basis for an emancipatory class politics precisely because it demands serious and sustained engagement with the forces and relations of production at the level of their bounded and contingent historical specificity. It is only by resisting the abandonment of the dialectic in order to imagine the future that we might seriously arrive at a useful picture of our destination.

‘Transhumanism’ is the name that has been adopted by a cultural and philosophical movement, a broad coalition of those concerned with the question of enhancing humanity through emergent and innovative bio- and information technologies. As such, it would appear to have little in common with the political programme of Marxism, not least because of a generally uncritical approach to the commodification of human biomaterial that is generally deemed integral to this grand project. The question posed in this paper is whether it is possible to look beyond the contradictory impulses that underpin the contemporary manifestations of transhumanism, and engage with a key theme of the transhumanist movement, that of accelerating the evolutionary development of humanity for the benefit of all? The paper addresses the difficult question of what is human nature, or the nature of being human. And, whether this ‘nature’ is purely a phenotypic quality shared with all biological life, and as such open to biological modification and transformation? Or does human nature constitute a quite different and unique set of attributes, what Marx identifies as ‘species being’, characterised by a very different understanding of transformation, that of productive activity or praxis?