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El tipo de materia orgánica presente en el agua residual influye sobre el grado y la complejidad del tratamiento biológico, por lo que el análisis del fraccionamiento de la materia orgánica puede brindar información complementaria para la optimización de los procesos. En esta investigación, se identificaron las fracciones de materia orgánica: biodegradable particulada, biodegradable soluble, no biodegradable particulada y no biodegradable soluble, en el agua residual de una industria papelera y en los efluentes de las unidades que componen la planta de tratamiento de agua residual (clarificador primario, laguna aireada facultativa y laguna de sedimentación). Los resultados mostraron que la fracción no biodegradable representó el 69% de la DQO total del afluente, mientras que la fracción biodegradable significó el 31%. La clarificación primaria desempeñó un papel fundamental en la tratabilidad biológica del agua residual, al reducir significativamente la fracción no biodegradable. La laguna aireada facultativa disminuyó, representativamente, la fracción biodegradable soluble de 44% a 12%, mientras que la laguna de sedimentación desarrolló un efecto de pulimiento sobre el efluente, alterando, principalmente, la fracción particulada. La disminución de la materia orgánica no biodegradable soluble fue especialmente obtenida como resultado de su adsorción sobre la biomasa en la laguna aireada facultativa; la fracción de este tipo de materia orgánica fue adquiriendo mayor protagonismo en el agua residual, a medida que avanzó el grado de tratamiento, incrementado su valor desde 19%, en el afluente, hasta 45%, en el efluente de la laguna de sedimentación.Slowly biodegradable organic matter represents the bulk of organic matter content of pulp and paper mill wastewater which can influence the performance of treatment systems. The organic matter fractionation is a useful tool that generates information for optimize treatment processes of wastewater. Organic matter fractionation study was carried out. Biodegradable soluble, biodegradable particulate, non- biodegradable soluble and non-biodegradable particulate fractions were identifies in effluents of primary clarifier, facultative aerated pond and sedimentation pond. Results of this study show that organic matter non-biodegradable/ total organic matter ratios of the influent were 69% while biodegradable fraction was 31%. Primary clarifi�er removed significantly the non-biodegradable fraction it was key for biological treatment. The biodegradable soluble fraction was mostly removed in facultative aerated pond (44% to 12%). The effluent was polished in the sedimentation pond, mainly particulate organic matter fraction. Only a small percentage of non-biodegradable organic matter was adsorbed by facultative aerated pond biomass, the fraction of this organic matter accounted for 19% in the influent and increased to 45% in the effluent.

This EDIS publication is an alternate version of a page published first on the Featured Creatures website. The Featured Creatures collection provides in-depth profiles of insects, nematodes, arachnids and other organisms relevant to Florida. These profiles are intended for the use of interested laypersons with some knowledge of biology as well as academic audiences. This 3-page fact sheet that discusses the paper wasp was written by Lizzie Paulus and Andrea Lucky, and published by the UF Entomology and Nematology Department, November 2015. EENY640/IN1112: Paper Wasp, Red Wasp (Suggested Common Names) Polistes carolina (L.) (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Vespidae) (ufl.edu)

Companies have been witnessing major changes in their environment and environmental models have been developed aiming to improve their strategic planning. The objective of this study was to examine the environmental approach adopted by companies within the Pulp and Paper, Metallurgical and Sugar and Alcohol sectors, in order to evaluate their environmental performances. The analysis was based on a matrix which relates managerial functions with a set of environmental approaches and performance indicators, classifying the company environmental performance as weak, moderate or strong. The managerial functions approached in this model are: Management (General, Legal Affairs, Finance, Human Resources and Purchasing); Product and Process Development; Production and Maintenance; and Marketing. The analyzed indicators include: international insertion; capital origin and location. The pulp and paper and metallurgical companies obtained average scores of 54.5 and 51.56 points, respectively, being classified as having a strong environmental performance. On the other hand, the sugar and alcohol companies obtained average score of 46 points, being classified as moderate in environmental performance. The high level of environmental performance of pulp and paper and metallurgical companies can be attributed to the following factors: larger international insertion, presence of foreign capital in controlling shares, performance in the international market and company location near large population centers. Pulp and paper and mainly sugar and alcohol companies are less efficient in meeting the requirements of the environmental legislation, particularly those related to the conformity of permanent protected areas and legal reserves.As empresas têm presenciado transformações amplas no ambiente em que estão inseridas e, com o intuito de auxiliar no planejamento estratégico das empresas, têm sido desenvolvidos modelos ambientais. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a conduta ambiental de empresas dos setores de Celulose e Papel, Siderúrgico e Sucroalcooleiro, de forma a verificar as suas performances em termos ambientais. Essa análise baseou-se em uma matriz que relaciona as funções gerenciais com um conjunto de indicadores de conduta e performance ambiental, classificando a conduta ambiental das empresas como fraca, intermediária ou forte. As funções gerenciais abordadas nesse modelo são: administração (Geral, Jurídica, Financeira, Recursos Humanos e Compras); Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento; Produção e Manutenção; e Marketing. Dentre os indicadores analisados destacam-se: inserção internacional; origem de capital e localização. As empresas de Celulose e Papel e Siderúrgicas apresentaram uma pontuação média de 54,50 e 51,56 pontos, respectivamente, sendo classificadas com uma conduta ambiental forte. Por outro lado, as empresas sucroalcooleiras apresentaram uma pontuação média de 46,00 pontos, que as classificaram com uma conduta ambiental intermediária. O nível mais elevado de performance ambiental apresentado pelas empresas dos setores de Celulose e Papel e Siderúrgico pode ser atribuído aos seguintes fatores: maior inserção internacional, presença de capital estrangeiro no controle acionário, atuação no mercado internacional e localização dessas empresas nas proximidades dos grandes centros populacionais. As empresas de Celulose e Papel e principalmente as sucroalcooleiras são menos eficientes no atendimento aos requisitos da legislação ambiental, particularmente quanto à conformidade das áreas de preservação permanente e de reserva legal.

Neste último número de 2015, registramos alguns acontecimentos importantes que marcaram nossa trajetória e nossos esforços na consolidação do campo da Alimentação e Nutrição no Brasil como espaço caracteristicamente interdisciplinar. Alcançamos todas as metas editoriais que nos colocamos: a periodicidade está em dia; publicamos quatro números no ano; há 20 artigos no último número. Em termos numéricos, chegamos ao patamar exigido para indexação em bases de dados internacionais consideradas pelas principais agências de fomento brasileiras como referência para cálculo de indicadores de circulação no campo da ciência. E 2016 será o ano em que daremos início aos movimentos para solicitar a inserção de nosso periódico nesses espaços. Esse movimento está sendo possível, em especial, por conta da crescente presença de pesquisadores em programas de pós-graduação, juntamente com seus orientandos, como autores de artigos em nossa revista. Hoje, Demetra é a segunda revista brasileira no campo alimentar-nutricional mais utilizada para publicação de artigos por pesquisadores dos programas de pós-graduação inseridos na área de avaliação “Nutrição” da CAPES. Os pesquisadores do campo alimentar-nutricional estão apostando na revista, investindo em sua consolidação, vendo nela um caminho a ser trilhado. É um importante reconhecimento do nosso trabalho! DOI: 10.12957/demetra.2015.20084

HS1156, a 14-page white paper from the UF/IFAS Vegetable Fertilizer Task Force, identifies differences between actual fertilization practices and UF/IFAS fertilizer recommendations, especially for vegetables grown with subsurface (Central and South Florida) and overhead (Miami-Dade County) irrigation. The recommendations of the VFTF aim at bridging the gaps between science-based results and the diversity in production systems found in the Florida vegetable industry. Includes references. Published by the UF Department of Horticultural Sciences, April 2009. Reviewed June 2012. This document previously published -- Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 119:240-248. HS1156/HS1156: Review of Nutrient Management Systems for Florida Vegetable Producers: A White Paper from the UF/IFAS Vegetable Fertilizer Task Force, 2009 (ufl.edu)

Persuasion can be used in written essays, speeches or as part of media campaigns that attempt to influence an audience to change their thinking or behavior. This publication will familiarize you with the tools necessary to develop a persuasive essay, speech, or media campaign. This 3-page fact sheet was written by Laura Gorham, Ricky Telg, and Tracy Irani, and published by the UF Department of Agricultural Education and Communication, July 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/wc146

ENH1166, a 5-page illustrated fact sheet by Gail Hansen and Erin Alvarez, discusses how to draw a base map using a legal site survey in order to plan a design for your yard’s landscape. Includes advice on taking measurements and tips for drawing a base map. Published by the UF Department of Environmental Horticulture, June 2010. ENH1166/EP427: Landscape Design: Putting Your Yard on Paper—Site Measurements and Base Maps (ufl.edu)

The true environmental impact of these packages parallel their monetary cost rather closely. In either case, using the paper sack or the plastic bag multiple times before it enters the waste stream is the best choice you can make when deciding between "paper or plastic." This document is ABE329, one of a series of the Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. First published December 2002. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ae209

Disasters are a part of life. Whether the disaster is a hurricane, tornado or a terrorist attack preparation is the key to survival and to clean up after the event. Knowing where your family’s records and valuable documents are and being able to pick them up and take them with you, if you must evacuate, can save valuable time. For your “on the go” papers you will want to purchase a packet, folder, brief case or other carrying case for your documents. Place documents in this case in a secure but easily accessed location in your home. Then if you need to evacuate, important documents that need to go with you are in one place. This document is FCS9197, one of a series of the Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611. First published: May 2003. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fy619

Retain water within the basin or watershed for the betterment of society, agriculture, and the environment. Develop a means by which private land owners/growers can benefit from assisting with the management of water at the watershed level for control of non-urban stormwater runoff, nutrient sequestering, and soil quality improvement. This document is SL227, a fact sheet of the Soil and Water Science Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date July 2005.

This document, IFAS publication DH0505, was published June 1998, revised May 2003. It is part of The Disaster Handbook, a component of the Comprehensive Disaster Preparedness and Recovery Education Module. DH215/DH215: Replacing Lost or Damaged Documents (ufl.edu)

ABSTRACT Knowledge of droplet spectra generated by spray nozzle tips is important to ensure the quality of applications of plant protection products. However, there are different methods for this evaluation, which can cause difficulty in interpreting the results. This study aimed to evaluate the droplet spectra produced by the flat fan spray tip AD 11002 operated under different pressures and using different techniques and equipment. The volume median diameter (VMD), percentage of spray volume in droplets smaller than 100 µm diameter and relative spam (RS), considering pressures of 200, 300, and 400 kPa were determined using two direct measurement equipment (Spraytec and Shadow Sizer), based on laser diffraction and image analysis, respectively, and a measure based on indirect analysis, through the digitization of water-sensitive paper. Thus, the use of different analysis techniques led to variations of the analyzed parameters. Among the direct measurement equipment, a difference of up to 58% was observed in VMD. The use of water-sensitive paper to characterize droplet spectra must be carried out with great discretion because there is an underestimation of fine droplets. Pressure variations of 200 to 400 kPa did not influence VMD and RS.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de apresentar o algoritmo de um programa computacional baseado em um método numérico de estimativa de perdas de herbicidas aplicados por pulverização aérea. Este método apresenta como entrada de dados a freqüência de tamanhos das gotas em papéis hidrossensíveis, observadas no gratículo de Porton acoplado ao microscópio. A partir desses valores calcula-se a distribuição acumulada do diâmetro médio do tamanho e do volume das gotas formadas pelo bico de pulverização utilizados na aplicação, conforme metodologia já conhecida. Os dados obtidos para estas curvas de distribuição permitem fazer uso do método numérico de interpolação linear para a obtenção do diâmetro mediano volumétrico e do diâmetro mediano numérico da gota. Estes valores são fundamentais para a determinação da uniformidade de gota. Este método numérico foi implementado em linguagem computacional, permitindo a comparação de valores observados com os encontrados pela interpolação, para papéis espalhados nas faixas de aplicação. É apresentado um exemplo de utilização do programa para placas de papel hidrossensível amostradas em experimento realizado em Pelotas, RS.The main objective of this work was to present an algorithm of the computational program based on a numeric method to estimate losses of herbicides caused by aerial spraying. This method has as input, the frequency of droplets sizes collected on water sensitive paper, observed on the Porton graticule coupled to the microscope. With this values the accumulated distribution of the mean diameter is computed for droplets size and for droplets volume, both formed by the spraying nozzle, following already known methodology. Data obtained for this two distribution curves make possible to use a numeric method of the linear interpolation in order to obtain the volume median diameter and the numeric median diameter. These two values are fundamental to the determination of the droplets uniformity. This method was implemented on computer language to enable users to compare observed values against estimated by interpolation techniques. An example of the program is presented for an hydro sensitive paper capture on the sampling carried out in Pelotas, RS, Brazil.

Conduziu-se um experimento, em 1994, em casa de vegetação com seis solos do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com o objetivo de avaliar a disponibilidade de fósforo no solo extraído pelos métodos duplo ácido (Mehlich-1), resinas em esferas (RE), em cápsulas (RC) e em membrana (RM) e papéis de filtro impregnados com óxido de ferro em solo umedecido a 75% da capacidade de campo (D1) e solo saturado (D2). Os solos foram previamente incubados com quatro doses de fósforo, e cultivados com milho durante 28 dias. Os coeficientes de determinação obtidos entre o fósforo absorvido pelas plantas de milho e o fósforo extraído foram: 0,85 para o Mehlich-1; 0,82 para o RE; 0,84 para o RC; 0,89 para o RM; 0,75 para o D1 e 0,70 para o D2. As quantidades de fósforo extraídas pelos métodos das resinas foram altamente correlacionadas entre si (r=0,98) e com as extraídas pelo método D1 (r=0,89). Os resultados permitiram concluir que os métodos testados foram igualmente eficientes na extração do fósforo do solo e para avaliar a disponibilidade deste elemento para a cultura do milho.In order to evaluate soil phosphorus availability to plants, the extraction methods: Mehlich-1, exchange resins in beads (RE), encapsulated (RC) and as membrane (RM) and iron oxide impregnated filter papers with 75% field capacity (D1) and waterlogged conditions (D2) were studied in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, in 1994, in a greenhouse experiment with six soils fertilized with four phosphate rates and cultivated with corn (Zea mays L.) for 28 days. Determination coefficients between plant absorbed phosphorus and the amounts determined by the extraction methods were: 0.85 (Mehlich-1), 0.82 (RE), 0.84 (RC), 0.89 (RM), 0.75 (D1) and 0.70 (D2). Soil phosphorus contents extracted by the exchange resin methods were highly correlated (r=0.98), as well as with the amounts extracted by the D-1 method (r = 0.89). The results indicated that the studied methods are equally effective for predicting P availability to the corn plants.

The relevance of this research is associated with the great potential of using montmorillonite clay for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases of important farm animals and the lack of knowledge of these issues in modern literature. The paper was aimed at studying the toxicity, therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of a veterinary drug developed based on montmorillonite clay of Western Kazakhstan for bovine gastroenteritis. The paper involved clinical, laboratory and pathoanatomical research methods. The obtained data were analysed using statistical methods. Oral administration of the developed veterinary drug did not have a significant effect on the parameters of the biochemical blood test of rats (p > 0.05) and the morphology of their internal organs after 2 weeks. The developed drug does not have toxicity; it can be attributed to the class of low-hazard substances. With a high degree of probability (p < 0.05), it can be argued that the veterinary drug improves the results of the standard treatment regimen for acute gastroenteritis in Kazakh whitehead cattle by 15%-30%. With a probability of 95%, it can be argued that the addition of the developed veterinary drug to the diet for 30 days led to a decrease in the incidence of gastroenteritis by 2.3 - 3.5 times among cattle. In addition, metabolic processes in the body of animals significantly (p < 0.05) improved in the three experimental groups, compared with the control group, in which cattle received a standard diet. Pathological and anatomical study and histological examination of organs and tissues of cows did not reveal significant differences between animals from the experimental and control groups. The results obtained may be useful in the development of effective methods for the treatment and prevention of gastroenteritis in cattle.

Trichoderma is a cosmopolitan fungus widely distributed around the world. The different uses of this beneficial fungus are varied in several industries, like agriculture, textile, and paper, including the pharmaceutical industry. The genus Trichoderma has other mechanisms of action, including the production of different enzymes and secreted secondary metabolites used in various industries. The genomes of different Trichoderma species have been sequenced to identify the mechanisms for producing several compounds. The advancement of multiple technologies has allowed the development of transformation tools for the genetic improvement of Trichoderma, thus increasing biomass, primary and secondary metabolites, and enzymes. Therefore, genetic modification aims to increase compound production in several Trichoderma strains. Characterization of Trichoderma through gene expression analysis is essential for biotechnology applications. It helps counteract one of the most challenging problems for agriculture today, including climate change and the appearance of pathogens that attack crops with high commercial and food demand. In conclusion, this review analyzes various strategies to improve Trichoderma strains genetically and their multiple applications in the agricultural, textile, paper, and pharmaceutical industries. As a recommendation for future studies with potential impact, the optimization of specific genetic modifications in Trichoderma strains is recommended to improve their adaptability and effectiveness in combating emerging challenges in agriculture, especially those linked to climate change. Investigating possible synergies between genetically modified Trichoderma strains and environmentally sustainable agricultural practices could contribute to developing solutions for crop protection and yield improvement.

ABSTRACT The traditional wheat plot seed-metering device is hampered by poor seed dispersion uniformity and a long seed falling time. To improve upon these characteristics, in this paper, we designed a double-cone combined seed-metering device. Motion analysis was conducted of wheat seeds sliding down the device, and it was concluded that the motion of wheat seed grains is affected by the cone diameter (D), cone angle (θ), and cone compartment tray rotational speed (n). The D, θ, and n were listed as test factors, and the variation coefficient of seed dispersion uniformity (VCU) and the speed of seed entry into the compartment tray (SC) were used as test indexes to conduct a test with discrete element simulation software. The results of the simulation test showed that the best performance of the seed-metering device, a VCU of 8.75% and an SC of 1.03 m s-1, was obtained when the D was 173.23 mm, θ was 45.78°, and n was 4.43r min-1, and the bench verification test was carried out under the optimal parameters, a VCU of 9.10% and an SC of 1.05 m s-1. It was shown that the simulation test was consistent with the bench test. The results of this paper provide a reference for optimizing the design of the seed-metering device and improving the seed dispersion uniformity of the wheat plot seeder.

Background. Chili is an important crop for Mexican culture. Objective. To identify the pathogen associated with the causal agent of root rot in a native chili pepper Apaxtleco in Guerrero, Mexico. Methodology. Root samples of diseased plants were taken from a chili plot in Apaxtla, Guerrero, and were taken to the Phytopathology Laboratory, at Colegio Superior Agropecuario del Estado de Guerrero (CSAEGRO), México. Subsequently, 1 cm root sections were made from healthy and diseased tissue, which were disinfected with 3% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min, and washed three times with sterile distilled water for 1 min, and dried with sterile absorbent paper, later, moistened sterilized paper was placed in the Petri dish and moistened with sterile distilled water and two slides were placed on it arranged in the shape of a cross and at each end of the slides and in the center of these, a piece of previously disinfected root was placed. The plates were kept at 28 °C ± 2 °C for 168 h. The purification of the pathogen was carried out using the hyphal tip and the identification was morpho-molecular. Results. The causal agent of root rot in Apaxtleco native chili plants was Macrophomina pseudophaseolina. Implications. Our result reveals the opportunity to improve the control of this pathogen at Guerrero, Mexico. Conclusion. M. pseudophaseolina causing root rot, in Apaxtleco native chili is reported for the first time.

ABSTRACT Maize yields are important for human food security, and the issue of how to quickly and accurately segment areas of maize disease is an important one in the field of smart agriculture. To address the problem of irregular and multi-area clustering of regions of maize leaf lesions, which can lead to inaccurate segmentation, this paper proposes an improved Swin-Unet model called squeeze-and-excitation Swin-Unet (SE-Swin Unet). Our model applies Swin Transformer modules and skip connection structures for global and local learning. At each skip connection, a SENet module is incorporated to focus on global target features through channel-wise attention, with the aims of highlighting significant regions of disease on maize leaves and suppressing irrelevant background areas. The improved loss function in SE-Swin Unet is based on a combination of the binary cross entropy and Dice loss functions, which form the semantic segmentation model. Compared to other traditional convolutional neural networks on the same dataset, SE-Swin Unet achieves higher mean results for the intersection over union, accuracy, and F1-score, with values of 84.61%, 92.98%, and 89.91%, respectively. The SE-Swin Unet model proposed in this paper is therefore better able to extract information on maize leaf disease, and can provide a reference for the realisation of the complex task of corn leaf disease segmentation.

ABSTRACT The seed deterioration process during storage is inevitable, but it can be slowed down using packaging that reduces the influence of the external environment on stored corn seeds. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the physiological quality of corn seeds stored in different packages and subjected to storage conditions in the central region of Brazil. Thirty-seven corn genotypes were analyzed in three storage environments: multiwall paper, 10 °C temperature, and 40% relative air humidity; multiwall paper under uncontrolled conditions; and hermetic packaging under uncontrolled conditions. The results of germination, water content, electrical conductivity, accelerated aging, soilless cold test, and field emergence test were used. Physiological quality assessments indicated that storage under conditions of 10 °C temperature and 40% relative air humidity is more efficient in preserving corn seeds' physiological quality than packaging in an uncontrolled environment.

ABSTRACT Broccoli is increasingly favored by consumers as it is rich in vitamins and many other bioactive compounds. However, existing large tractor-drawn vegetable harvesting machinery is more suitable for large farmland and farm cultivation patterns. Therefore, this paper develops tracked broccoli harvesting equipment for small farmland and tests the ability to harvest broccoli. The tracked broccoli harvester developed in this paper is capable of traveling on its own in the field, cutting the stalks and transporting the broccoli bulbs. This paper analyses the working process of the cutting device and designs the working parameters. Through the cutting bench experiment, the optimal working parameters of the cutting device were determined as 456 r/min of rotational speed, 8.312 mm of overlap, and 0.255 m/s of pusher speed. In the field test, the broccoli leakage rate was 4.8%, the cutting qualification rate was 81.6%, the transport qualification rate was 95.62%, the damage rate was 3.96%, and the total loss rate was 8.55%. This structural model is an important technical support for broccoli harvesting equipment in China.

Objective: To characterize the scientific production of the Pastos y Forrajes journal during the period 1978-2021 and its relation to the paradigm changes in the research + development + innovation (R + D + i) processes of the Pastures and Forages Research Station Indio Hatuey. Materials and Methods: The dominion was constituted by the Pastures and Forages Research Station Indio Hatuey. Some bibliometric indicators related to the scientific production of this journal were described and evaluated. The study is classified as descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective. A total of 1 508 papers was recovered, and a database was created with the bibliographic manager EndNote X7. The analyzed indicators were the following: total published papers per year, geographic distribution, co-authorship index, collaboration networks of authors, co-occurrence networks for keywords, and most studied species. For the analysis of the thematic area the terms of the Agricultural Thesaurus AGROVOC and that of UNESCO were used. Results: In the first stage a higher quantity of papers about the introduction, evaluation and selection of pasture and forage species and varieties aimed at livestock feeding, was published, which was in correspondence with the existing genocentric model in the period. The second stage was marked by the papers related to the use of trees for animal production, with agroecological and sustainable approach, which was enhanced with the creation of the Socioeconomics group, which had a systemic and holistic vision of research. In the last stage the topics published in the journal were broadened and diversified, not only focused on cattle, but also on other species that can utilize the forage resources and created systems, with the inclusion of socioeconomic and environmental topics. Conclusions: The use of the bibliometric tools revealed high scientific and practical pertinence, which allowed to visualize the paradigm changes associated to the mission and the R+D+i lines. The most studied species have been Leucaena leucocephala andMegathysus maximus; while the most outstanding researched topics are: milk production, silage, nutritional value, silvopastoral systems, evaluation of plants, application of fertilizers and seed production.

Sustainable watershed management stands at the forefront of global efforts to tackle pressing environmental and socio-economic challenges. This study offers a pioneering assessment of the state of research on Peru's watersheds, integrating geographical, environmental, and socio-economic dimensions. By harnessing cutting-edge bibliometric tools, including Bibliometrix and VOSviewer, and adhering to PRISMA guidelines for a systematic review, this work maps the scientific landscape of watershed management in Peru. Utilizing comprehensive databases such as Scopus and Web of Science, the study identifies and analyses key thematic clusters, revealing an escalating focus on the urgent issues of climate change and urbanization, particularly within the critical Rimac River Basin. This basin, vital to the water supply of Lima, the world's second-largest desert city, faces severe threats from pollution and climate instability. Our findings not only chart the evolution of research in this domain but also spotlight emerging opportunities to modernize water management practices through the integration of climate change models, advanced data monitoring, and artificial intelligence. The study makes a compelling case for a collaborative approach, urging stronger alliances among local communities, research institutions, and international stakeholders to foster more resilient and sustainable watershed management strategies in Peru. This paper provides actionable insights, making it an indispensable resource for policymakers and practitioners aiming to secure Peru's water future.

Pineapple is the third most-produced tropical fruit worldwide; however, it is a crop that, due to its management, can lead to the generation and intensification of processes such as soil erosion. This paper presents a bibliographic review about the factors that influence erosion in soils dedicated to pineapple cultivation, addressing papers reported in the international literature, subsequently positioning it in the context of the main producing municipalities presented in the Valle del Cauca region. The available research covers the last four decades, where losses are estimated between 35 and 178t ha-1year-1; the topography, the conditions of the access roads, some management practices, and edaphic properties related to erodibility stand out among the most critical factors. Finally, based on the climatic, edaphological, and topographic traits reported in the literature for the main pineapple producing region of Valle del Cauca, and considering current management practices, it is found that this area can present very high erosion values since the soils are susceptible, and the slopes are steep, some of them even higher than 70%. Therefore, it is suggested to carry out more research to determine the erodibility and erosivity of these areas to know the potential degradation index, which will function as a valuable tool for decision-making, the generation of management, and conservation recommendations of these soils.

The Caatinga biome is presented in the vegetation where the Brazilian semiarid region predominates, with a great variety of native species, and facheiro is one of the most important species because of its wide range in the semiarid region in northeastern Brazil. Therefore, the knowledge of the germinative behavior of the Caatinga species is essential to subsidize conservationist actions in this ecosystem. This study aimed to determine the effect of temperature and substrate on the germination and vigor of facheiro’s seeds. These seeds were obtained from ripe fruits collected in three localities of the Agreste of Paraíba: Arara, Bananeiras, and Boa Vista. After extraction, the seeds were placed to dry on paper for one week in a laboratory environment. Subsequently, the experiment was started by testing four temperatures: 20, 25, 30, and 20-30 °C. The germination test was conducted with four replications of 50 seeds distributed in “gerbox” boxes and placed in bio-oxygen demand (BOD) chambers using as a substrate the germitest paper, with a photoperiod of 12 hours. The statistical design was randomized in a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement (3 localities and 4 temperatures). A significant effect was observed for populations and substrates. The best substrate for germination was the germitest, while the substrate vermiculite presented a good performance, and the substrate soil presented low germination. Therefore, seeds presented the best vigor in the germitest paper, mainly with a temperature of 25 °C where the best performance for all localities was found. The vigor of seeds in the localities of Bananeiras and Boa Vista, temperatures of 25, 30, and 20-30 °C, and substrate germitest paper provided the highest vigor. The germitest substrate is the recommended substrate for the germination of the species, maximizing its physiological potential and being able to accelerate conservation projects for the species.

Background: Dairy industry economics and public health are negatively impacted when udder health is compromised. Intramammary infection is the most important infectious problem generating economic losses to the milk production systems around the world. Affectations of animal generated diseases on public health are well known. Several categories of analysis have been studied to implement prevention and control strategies against intramammary disease. However, the control of these affectations has been considered a complex problem based on various factors. Objective: characterize the categories and subcategories of analysis used for the study of udder health published in research papers during the period comprehend between 1962 - 2019. Methodology: A systematic review with a broad approach in the research protocol was designed applying the identification phases, screening, choice, and inclusion criteria described in the PRISMA guide. A qualitative synthesis of year of publication, continent, focus, category of udder health analysis, and subcategories of udder health analysis was performed. Results: We found that more than half of the papers identified in this topic were published in the last decade of the studied period (1962 - 2019). New categories were incorporated into the timeline, evidencing an evolution in the way of understanding udder health problems. Implications: Many of the countries that publish most of the papers have implemented programs and policies on udder health management in recent years. Precisely in the last decade, cultural processes and political processes were incorporated into the study of udder health. This incorporation of new and relevant topics may have been very useful in the design and evaluation of public policies on udder health in those countries. Conclusions: These results show the interest in the academic, productive, and political sectors for udder health and its consequences on public health.

ABSTRACT In view of the fact that the design of the cab structure of wheeled combine harvesters in China lacks ergonomic design parameters exclusive for Chinese drivers, there are generally problems such as high vibration and poor comfort of the whole machine structure during the harvesting process. Firstly, this paper designed the cab structure of a wheeled grain combine harvester based on ergonomics. Then, the driver's handling comfort and visibility were simulated and analyzed using Creo. Finally, the relevant dimensions of the driver's control device were optimized. The results show that the wheeled grain combine harvester cab based on ergonomic design better meets their driving comfort needs. In addition, it is found that the operating frequencies of the key components, such as the main shaft of the conveyor spindle, the vibrating screen, the threshing drum, and the intermediate shaft of the engine, partially overlap with the frequency of human discomfort. Therefore, modal planning is also needed for this harvester to meet human comfort requirements better. This paper provides the basic parameters for the design of the cab structure of the combine harvester with high comfort for the Chinese harvesting machinery driver.

ABSTRACT The combine harvester is a widely used piece of agricultural equipment in modern agriculture, and the seed loss rate is one of the important indexes used to measure its operational performance, so the monitoring of the seed loss rate is crucial for adjusting the operational parameters of combine harvesters and improving the quality of grain harvesting. Aiming at the problems of the slow response speed and low monitoring accuracy of the existing domestic seed loss rate monitoring models, this paper proposed a rice seed loss rate monitoring method based on the whale optimization algorithm-back propagation neural network (WOA-BP). The loss rate monitoring device consisted of a piezoelectric ceramic sensor module, charge amplification circuit, band-pass filter circuit, analog-to-digital (AD) converter, main control unit, etc. The WOA-BP algorithm, which has a high accuracy and fast response speed, was used to classify and count the signals to realise seed loss rate monitoring. The indoor test results showed that the relative errors of the monitoring results are less than 8.5% under the condition of a conveying speed of 1.3-2.1m/s, and the relative errors showed an increasing trend as the proportion of straw increased.

ABSTRACT The recognition of oocytes, in their maturational stages, allow estimate the ovarian development and the type of spawning of a species. Although, distinguishing oocytes on histological images requires a visual and subjective interpretation by the specialist. With the development of deep learning techniques, automatic object detection has become an important mechanism for this task. However, studies that use deep learning techniques have not been widely explored for the analysis of fish oocyte samples so far. In this paper, we propose the use of YOLO, a family of convolutional neural networks, for oocyte morphology detection of Centropomus undecimalis fish. The research uses an image database with 5,680 oocytes with different maturation stadiums (PV - pre-vitellogenesis, VI - early vitellogenesis and VF - late vitellogenesis), in histological images, divided into training, testing and validation, and detection performed by YOLOv3, YOLOv4, and YOLOv5 architectures. The results obtained were promising, highlighting that the YOLOv5l model, in the detection of oocytes of the VF class, reached the best values in the metrics precision, recall, mAP@.5 and mAP@.95 with 85.4%, 95.3%, 95.7%, and 75.9%, respectively. When considering all classes, YOLOv5l was the model that obtained the best results in the analyzed metrics.

ABSTRACT The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to apply pesticides has grown significantly, but technical data to support improvements in application efficiency are lacking, especially for perennial crops. This study aimed to determine the best operational parameters for the application of pesticides to coffee plants using UAVs. The experiment consisted of 8 treatments and 4 replicates in a 2x2x2 factorial design: two spray mixture compositions (solutions with spreading adjuvant and mineral oil), two spray nozzles (XR flat-fan nozzle and Airmix flat-fan nozzle with air induction) and two spray volumes (10 and 20 L ha-1). Spray solution deposition was evaluated by spectrophotometric detection of a tracer in leaves from the upper and lower parts of the coffee canopy, and spray coverage, droplet density and droplet size were evaluated using water-sensitive paper. The surface tension, pH and electrical conductivity of the solutions were also evaluated. The air induction nozzle was more suitable than the standard nozzle for UAV application, as the former yielded greater deposition of spray solution. Mineral oil improved the spray deposition on the coffee leaves, although the spreader reduced the surface tension to a greater extent. The higher spray volume increased the droplet density, as well as the coverage, which is very relevant, especially whit contact pesticides.

Abstract This review paper presents the current context of wheat production in Brazil, the management strategies to reduce yield losses due to blast, and the biotechnological approaches to improve wheat resistance. Wheat blast or brusone is caused by the Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum (MoT) pathotype fungus that can infect all the aboveground parts of the plant. The main symptom of the blast disease is spike bleaching that impairs grain production, causing yield losses up to 100% in susceptible wheat cultivars. The first world report of blast in wheat spikes was in Brazil, in 1985, and, currently, the disease is the main constraint to wheat cultivation in tropical and subtropical areas of the Cerrado and Mata Atlântica biomes. For a long time, the use of fungicides has been found to be ineffective under high-pressure disease conditions. However, recent works have pointed out that fungicide efficiency depends on the integration of other control measures, particularly the choice of cultivars with moderate resistance. In this review paper, the high variability of wheat reaction to MoT is presented, as well as a panel of resistant or moderately resistant cultivars (including non-2NS carriers), promptly available for cultivation in regions where blast is endemic.

ABSTRACT The usage of digital data is one of the main characteristics of the Agriculture 4.0 era. Different devices and sensors may be used to capture a variety of types of data that enable the development of applications of computer vision, acoustic events, and data processing. These applications are useful for monitoring, understanding, and predicting many attributes of agricultural chain production with the objective of assisting farmers in the decision-making process. In a scenario of increasing obligation for sustainable usage of natural resources and an increase in production rates to assure a food security situation in the world, there is a high demand for improvements at any stage of agricultural processes. This paper aims to contribute to further research on artificial intelligence in the agricultural context, listing sample practical AI scenarios, including those that the Eldorado Research Institute has contributed. Throughout this paper, different applications of AI are discussed, highlighting some characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and results to provide an overview of the different technologies that can be applied in agriculture. Furthermore, we presented the main challenges of popularizing the use of AI-based systems, some possible approaches to reduce the difficulties, and a view of the next most promising technologies in conjunction with AI.

This paper is about the ProSAVANA Programme, a trilateral cooperation project between Japan, Brazil and, Mozambique. ProSAVANA Programme goal is to develop the agriculture sector in the Nacala Corridor and it has been controversial due to conflicts among government, private corporations, and civil society organizations. Private investments were expected to occur in the Nacala Corridor, mainly from Brazilian agribusiness, however, Brazilian private investments in Mozambique’s agriculture sector have been in a stagnant state in the period 2007-2017. The paper examines the status of the ProSAVANA Programme and what are the difficulties to Brazilian agribusiness invest to Mozambique. Current challenges of the programme were found as follows: (1) high risk of investment due to non-existent public subsidies to small, medium and large-scale agribusiness; (2) “land property” law bureaucracy; and (3) civil society mobilization against ProSAVANA. All they are key factors to repel Brazilian agribusinesses.

Context: The social ecological systems (SES), characterised by intertwined relations between humans and nature, have been studied by researchers from different disciplines in the last 20 years. The concept of SES has been used to explain resilience in the face of change, including ecosystem regime shifts, climate change, disturbances and stresses over agricultural systems. Objective: This paper is a literature review of the contributions of Social Network Theory for the study of adaptive management of social-ecological systems, which is influenced by capacities of the social subsystem, such as learning, innovation and collaboration. Methods: A research for peer-reviewed articles was carried out, totalling 46 scientific articles using the social network approaches for the analysis adaptive management. A complementary review of the main concepts discussed was also conducted. Results: This paper presents the most relevant structural characteristics of social networks to explain systems’ capacity to self-organisein order to adapt to crises and change. Individuals and institutions play different roles in co-management and governance processes, which is reflected in decision-making capacity, leadership and cooperation. Conclusions: The structural features of social networks are associated with adaptive capacity of socio-ecological systems. The adaptive approach allows social groups and institutions to improve resilience in different management systems. The existence of polycentric structures, with well-connected nodes, indicates the heterogeneity necessary for experimentation and innovation, which can be ensured with adequate network coordination.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the response surface methodology (RSM), with a large sample size, to investigate the effects of NaCl and pH on the root elongation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in vitro. For this, 20 lettuce seeds were placed in sterile Petri dishes with two filter papers at the bottom and 3.0 mL of the sample being tested. A rotatable 2x2 factorial arrangement was used, with two factors and a two-level matrix, incorporating two center points and ±1.41 α axial points. Each treatment group consisted of 40 replicates, resulting in 400 experimental observations. Increasing NaCl concentration from 0.0065 to 2,700 g L-1 caused a 19.3% decrease in lettuce root elongation. When pH decreased from 7.0 to 1.5, there was a 68.8% decrease in root elongation, but, when it increased from 7.0 to 12.5, there was a 44.9% decrease. The analysis of combined effects showed that the increase in NaCl concentration reduced the ability of the plant to resist changes in pH. The RSM was effective in evaluating the statistical significance of the NaCl and pH factors, including their second-order effects and interactions, as well as in quantifying their effects on the root elongation of lettuce under the experimental conditions. Therefore, the RSM is a valuable tool for interpreting the results and evaluating the sensitivity of multi-factor research, even when dealing with a large sample size.

ABSTRACT Mathematical models to determine external pressure coefficients (Cpe) in conical silo roofs are scarce in silo design standards and scientific papers. These coefficients are dimensionless and are influenced by Reynolds number, air viscosity, geometry, and surface roughness of the material used in the structure. Pressure coefficients in conical roofs vary in the circumferential and meridional directions. Cpe values are essential in designing these structures to determine the pressures that arise from wind action. However, the scarcity of mathematical models for calculating external pressure coefficients in conical silo roofs made us conduct harmonic regression analyses to fit mathematical models based on experimental data developed in wind tunnels. Model fitting to experimental data had coefficients of variation lower than 10% in 87.5% (7/8) of the analyzed levels. These models are recommended for cases where wind gust duration does not exceed 3 seconds.

Syzygium cumini seeds are recalcitrant, thus cannot tolerate drying and storage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the longevity of these seeds under different storage conditions and to assess the effect of osmotic treatment with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and abscisic acid (ABA) on reducing sensitivity to desiccation and increasing the longevity of these seeds. Seeds were desiccated until they reached preestablished moisture contents (40, 35, 30, 25 and 15%) and allowed to germinate. With 25% moisture content, germination was approximately 40%, and, with 15%, germination did not occur anymore. In the treatments aimed at reducing sensitivity to desiccation, seeds were incubated for 15 days in a solution of PEG (-1.88 MPa) or PEG (-1.88 MPa) + ABA (10-4 M), desiccated until they reached the preestablished moisture contents mentioned above, and then allowed to germinate. Five conditions were tested for storage: plastic bag in a cold room (8-10 °C; 45% RH); plastic bag in an air-conditioned room (20 °C; 60% RH); paper bag at room temperature; PEG solution at -1.88 MPa at 20 °C; and PEG solution at -1.88 MPa + ABA 10-4 M at 20 °C. Germination tests were carried out after 15, 30 and 90 days of storage. The best storage condition was in a plastic bag in an air-conditioned room, which was capable to keep a germinate rate close to 100% for up to 90 days. Under the conditions tested, osmotic treatment with or without ABA did not reduce sensitivity to desiccation and did not prolong seed longevity.

ABSTRACT Fatigue vibration is a primary cause of fruit damage during transportation. Drawing on the Palmgren–Miner fatigue accumulation damage theory and the correlation between fruit vibration damage characteristics and external vibration excitation, this paper proposes a fruit vibration fatigue accumulation damage model and its method for parameter determination. Using pears as the research objects, we conducted fatigue damage vibration and critical fatigue damage vibration tests under various conditions to determine the vibration fatigue constant of the pears. By utilizing the critical value of the damage area specified in the pear grading standard for premium grade, we derived the threshold acceleration value for pear damage. These findings serve as a technical foundation for advancing our understanding of fruit vibration fatigue damage mechanisms and guiding the development of cushioning packaging to protect fruit from vibrations.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of saline and water stresses on the germination of seeds and of saline stress on the development of seedlings of 'SCS437 Catarina' Passiflora edulis. The seeds were germinated on paper moistened with NaCl and PEG 6,000 solutions, at the osmotic potentials of 0.00, −0.25, −0.50, −0.75, −1.00, and −2.00 MPa. The produced seedlings were exposed only to NaCl. The seeds show tolerance to saline stress up to an osmotic potential of −0.75 MPa, while the seedlings present tolerance up to an osmotic potential of −0.50 MPa (10.96 mS cm−1).

This article investigates the beginning of the adoption of a new generation of “resistant” grapevine varieties (RVs) in France, in a European context in which varietal innovation has become more and more dynamic over the last thirty years. Today, there is a growing interest in this plant material, because it constitutes a lever for adaptation to the combined impacts of climate change and fungal diseases in vineyards. Based on data from the French digital vineyard register (CVI: “casier viticole informatisé”), this paper provides RV maps of leading regions, as well as less involved ones, which show the implantation of these varieties.

Background. Pedology is the study of soil genesis in its natural state. One way to assess the strength and productivity of a scientific field is to measure the number of publications over time. The number of soil papers published worldwide has almost doubled in the last ten years. However, that has not been the case in Eastern Africa, where this review is conducted. The scarcity of research in pedology motivates this study. Objectives. To review and analyze trends of publications in pedology/soil survey for the last ten years in (2010 - 2019) in Eastern Africa. Methodology. A search of scientific literature using Google and Google Scholar was conducted from 2010 - 2019. The search terms used were - soil survey, soil characterization, pedological characterization, and each of the Eastern African countries (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, and Sudan). We then scrutinized the abstracts to find quantitative data on geographical locations. Additional articles were reviewed by checking through the reference lists of relevant studies in the peer-reviewed articles. Results. 56 scientific articles, 3 MSc/PhD theses reports, and 4 project reports/ proceedings were included for the full review. Out of this, 39 journal papers were identified and reviewed based on the years they were published, and the countries where they were published. Most articles were published in 2018. The data was then split into two segments, from the years 2010 - 2014 and 2015 - 2019. Between the years 2015 to 2019, a total of 36 articles were published compared to the years 2010 to 2014 where a total of 15 articles were published. This shows a slight increase in publications for the years under study. From the 56 articles, Ethiopia records the highest number of published articles from various journals having a total of 25 papers constituting 45% closely followed by Tanzania, having 27% equivalent to 15 papers. Kenya comes third in the overall ranking at 13% with 7 papers. The last three countries are Sudan, Rwanda, and Uganda with 10%, 3%, and 2% respectively. Implications. The results suggest that pedology seems to be a disappearing skill in the Eastern Africa region. Though there has been a spike in publications from 2015-2018, the current situation must be improved as there are limited publications from 2010 - 2019. Conclusion. The study shows that there have been a low number of publications in Eastern African countries. Ethiopia which has the highest number of publications shows the most promise in soil pedology publications. There is a need for an increase in pedology research which is important for agricultural production and land use planning.

Background. Malnutrition is the biggest problem currently threatening human wellbeing across the world directly affecting one-third of people and occurring in many forms. In developing countries, it expresses itself via stunted growth in children, diseases occurrences and deficiency of vital nutrients required for normal physiological functions. In the perspective of animal production, addressing poor animal protein intake by increasing supply of meat for consumption is a viable option for fighting the menace of malnutrition. Main findings This paper identified malnutrition and hunger as major problems in developing countries and suggested rabbit production as cheaper alternative for increasing protein supply because rabbit production is cheap and can supply affordable meat, it has short gestation interval hence it has potential for high yield per production period, it has superior meat quality and require minimal capital investment for its production compared with other animal production units. Implications. Apart from its roles in food supply; rabbit has strong relevance in bioscience research as model animal in studying pathophysiology of diseases and metabolic dysfunctions of man because of its genetical and physiological closeness to humans. Conclusion. This paper summarized and made cases for re-introduction of rabbit as micro-livestock for meat production and it use as model animal in biological research investigations.

Introduction: The present work brings together contributions from the psychoanalytic theory to discuss the use of the “body image” category in works in the field of Food and Nutrition. Objective: to map the use of the concept of “body image” in scientific papers in the field of Nutrition and to compare its use in different approaches in Human and Social Sciences. Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out in in all editions of Revista de Nutrição until September 2019, using the term “body image” as an indexer on the magazine's database. Results: Eight papers containing the expression “body image” in the title or keywords were analyzed and it was possible to observe that the concept receives a reductionist approach, mainly related to the application of tests and evaluation scales, leading to simplifying understanding of the subject-body relationship. Discussion: To clarify the concept, the main references in psychoanalysis on the topic of body image and the psychoanalytic debate related to the concepts of body and subject are used. The Freudian concept of narcissism is used to demonstrate the complexity of the construction of the image of oneself in the psychoanalytic perspective, pointing out how this category is often employed based on its use by common sense, which requires a better conceptualization of it in the field of Food and Nutrition. Conclusion: This work demonstrates how the use of psychoanalytic theory can contribute to a better understanding of the complex relationships that involve subject, body and food, so that this dialogue is reflected in studies that produce not only quantitative evidence, but also enable the construction of new approaches to eating disorders and obesity.

ABSTRACT: Companies develop strategies to describe where they want to go and how they will reach their destination. Business strategies are useful but may not be sufficiently detailed for areas of high importance, such as technology and innovation. In this paper we examined the effort of building a technology roadmap with an early growth stage company located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Roadmaps are easy to design yet flexible tools that can allow decision makers to explore a myriad of possible strategies. However, the challenges ahead for new companies facing uncertain growth scenarios demand that framework conditions be adequately addressed, and that innovation culture and technology management tools are integrated with the technology roadmapping strategy. Based on the empirical evidence collected from the startup studied, along with the literature and interviews with key stakeholders, this paper developed a pathway to support technology and innovation plans for startups going through similar growth stages and provides directions for future research in the area, given the scarcity of evidence available of new high-tech companies' efforts in planning and developing new products

ABSTRACT The use of an appropriate method that accurately expresses physiological seed quality and minimizes possible phytotoxicity by chemical products in laboratory testing with soybean seeds is relevant. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence and infer the method adequacy for the representative evaluation of physiological quality of soybean seeds treated with phytosanitary products. Two experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design, with trial 1 in a 9×5 factorial scheme involving nine seed treatments, including fungicides and insecticides, and solutions with five osmotic potentials (0, -0.25, -0.5, -0.75 and -1.0 MPa) for wetting a paper substrate in a germination experiment, with evaluation of the normal seedlings at five and eight days after sowing. The second experiment consisted of a 9×7 factorial, with nine seed treatments and seven methods for germination evaluation at 5 days (between paper - BP, between sand - BS, between paper with water restriction - BPWR, between paper with preconditioning - BPC, sand between paper - SBP and vermiculite between paper - VBP). Treatments with insecticides affect seedling germination and evaluation, with greater phytotoxicity in relation to fungicides. Methods with readily available water led to greater phytotoxicity than methods with low water availability. For soybean germination evaluation of seeds treated with phytosanitary products, the BPC, SBP and VBP methods were optimal.

ABSTRACT Optimum seed germination conditions are crucial for the complete utilization of the potential of a crop. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of light, temperature, and substrate on the germination of Physalis peruviana L. seeds. Three seed lots were used, which were first assessed over a temperature gradient of nine intervals (from 15 ºC to 35 ºC) and alternating temperatures of 20-30 ºC and 15-35 ºC under a photoperiod of 8h light. Subsequently, germination was studied according to the substrate used, i.e., paper (on paper), sand (between sand), and vermiculite (between vermiculite), under 8h light per day at a constant temperature of 25 ºC or alternating temperatures (20-30 ºC). Evaluations were conducted daily until germination stabilized, and normal seedlings were counted. The results are expressed in percentage, germination speed index, and mean germination time. The germination of P. peruviana seeds occurred within a wide temperature range (15 ºC to 30 ºC). A constant temperature of 25 ºC and alternating temperatures of 20-30 ºC were found to be optimum under 8h light per day. Sand was the most suitable substrate, but paper and vermiculite can also be used as alternatives. Germination test can be evaluated on the 7th day (first count) and 14th day (last count) after test initiation.