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This paper presents a new, digital, and interactive list of wounds, deaths, and other acts of aggression in the Iliad. After an introduction, it discusses the state of the art in quantitative approaches to the subject. The following section presents the methodology for compiling the data, briefly establishing the criteria for the distribution of instances in each category. In the discussion, I compare the results with previous similar projects and mention a few examples of the potentiality of the new list – to be published online, not included in the paper –, showing the advantages of the digital format.

This paper presents a comparative study of two widely used EFL textbooks in the 4th year of Compulsory Secondary Education in La Rioja, Spain, examining how their reading activities influence learners' cultural cognitive processes through their vocabulary input. Employing Cultural Linguistics' framework (Sharifian, 2011), the study aims to: (i) identify the activation of cultural conceptualizations in the reading passages, (ii) assess the development of schemas and categories with the inclusion of sub-schemas and instances, and (iii) explore what cultures are enhanced by these cultural conceptualizations. Results indicate the activation of cultural schemas and categories, with schemas being more prevalent, and the inclusion of sub-schemas and instances enriching cultural meaning. The approach to addressing culture in EFL textbooks varies in each book. Our findings show that the presence of sub-schemas and instances may facilitate learners in effectively navigating intercultural encounters.

In this paper, we present the activities and products developed during the Ikpeng language documentation project that contributed to the strengthening of the teaching of mother language of this indigenous society at the school, a space in which the use and teaching of the Portuguese language predominates. The Ikpeng linguistic documentation process was set within the Projeto de Documentação de Línguas Indígenas (PRODOCLIN), promoted by Museu do Índio/FUNAI, in partnership with UNESCO, during the period from 2009 to 2012. Among the main contributions of the documentation project are a sociolinguistic diagnosis, the creation of a lexical database, the elaboration of a descriptive grammar of the Ikpeng language, the publication of a monolingual book of traditional narratives and training courses in linguistics for indigenous teachers. The products resulting from the documentation were developed based on the demands of the school context of the Ikpeng society, to preserve and value the language and ancestral memories of this indigenous society. The Ikpeng language is spoken by the homonymous people, who live in the Parque Indígena do Xingu – MT.

This paper aims to understand the correlation between language and discourse identity for Black women through an analysis of Beyoncé’s lyrics across time. Its specific goal is to investigate the occurrence of code-switching between Standard English (SE) and African American Vernacular English (AAVE) in the singer's lyrics within different music domains. So, we analyzed the frequency of five AAVE syntactic structures in different music genres - hip hop and rap - in distinct phases of her career. The results show an overall decrease of SE forms and an increase in the use of AAVE forms, though the singer continues to practice code-switching in her songwriting. This represents a transition in Beyoncé's language use, indicating a correlation between language choice and Black Women discourse identity.

A Storm in Pandemic Times. The Terminological Syntagm ‘Cytokine Storm’ in the Scientific Discourse of Popularisation in Romanian. The object of this contribution is the occurrence of the terminological syntagm cytokine storm (Rom. furtună de citokine) in various excerpts of Romanian scientific discourse of popularisation with reference to the Covid-19 pandemic and/or the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The terminological analysis of the syntagm cytokine storm is limited to a selection of four fragments which have appeared in recent Romanian mass-media discourse. In these fragments, both physicians and journalists specialised in medical science have been asked to explain the cytokine storm anti-inflammatory reaction, which seems to have caused the death of many people during the Covid-19 pandemic. The fragments of popularisation discourse have been selected from interviews broadcast at TV stations or from articles posted on medical websites or in health sections in the online press. As a result of the phenomenon known as the scientific vulgarisation, the corresponding discourse is closely linked to the democratisation of knowledge, in which both mass-media and education play an important part. Moreover, the discourse of popularisation takes into account not only the addresser, but also the addressee of a certain message. In order to make the layman addressee correctly decode the scientific (and terminological) notions, the specialist needs to render the specialised message in a more simplified and easy-to-understand manner. Therefore, the paper aims to highlight the different linguistic means which have been used by various addressers to deliver the necessary explanations for the cytokine storm reaction, so that the non-specialised addressees could understand what the syntagm itself exactly denotes. Furtună în vremea pandemiei. Sintagma terminologică furtună de citokine în discursul de vulgarizare științifică din limba română. Obiectul acestei lucrări este apariția sintagmei terminologice furtună de citokine în diverse fragmente din discursul științific românesc de popularizare, cu referire la pandemia de Covid-19 și/sau la virusul SARS-CoV-2. Analiza terminologică a sintagmei furtună de citokine se limitează la o selecție de patru fragmente apărute în discursul recent al mass-mediei românești. În aceste fragmente, atât medici, cât și jurnaliști specializați în domeniul medical au încercat să explice reacția antiinflamatoare denumită furtună de citokine, care pare să fi cauzat moartea multor persoane în timpul pandemiei de Covid-19. Fragmentele discursive de vulgarizare științifică au fost selectate din interviuri difuzate la posturi de televiziune, precum și din articole postate pe site-uri medicale sau în rubrici de sănătate din presa online. Ca urmare a fenomenului cunoscut sub numele de vulgarizare științifică, discursul corespunzător este strâns legat de democratizarea cunoașterii, în care mass-media, dar și educația joacă un rol important. În plus, discursul de popularizare ia în considerare nu numai emițătorul, ci și destinatarul unui anumit mesaj. Pentru ca destinatarul profan să decodeze corect noțiuni științifice (și terminologice), specialistul trebuie să redea mesajul specializat într-o manieră mai simplificată și mai ușor de înțeles. Prin urmare, lucrarea își propune să evidențieze diferitele mijloace lingvistice care au fost folosite de o serie de emitățori în oferirea de explicații pentru apariția furtunii de citokine, astfel încât destinatarii nespecializați să poată înțelege ce anume denotă sintagma în sine. Cuvinte-cheie: sintagma terminologică „furtună de citokine”, discurs de vulgarizare științifică, cunoștințe medicale, mass-media, mijloace lingvistice de vulgarizare științifică Article history: Received 06 October 2023; Revised 03 January 2024; Accepted 21 January 2024; Available online 27 March 2024; Available print 27 March 2024

Exploring Framework Bias: The Case of Minimalism Vs Parallel Architecture in Studies on Language Evolution. The present paper explores the issue of framework bias through the analysis of two lines of study concerning language evolution, one framed by the Minimalist program and one by the proposal of Parallel Architecture of language. Framework bias, as proposed in this study, raises the question of the degree to which the theoretical framework chosen for a certain line of research will influence the design of an experiment, the selection of data, and therefore the analysis and final results. The studies presented in this paper tackle the same topic (language evolution) using the same parameters for research (gradual versus saltational evolution; continuation versus exaptation; and unique versus shared property) but reach significantly different conclusions because of their respective theoretical framework. O explorare a influenței cadrului teoretic asupra rezultatelor cercetării: Programul Minimalist vs Arhitectura paralelă a limbajului în studii despre evoluția limbajului. Lucrarea de față explorează problema bias-ului creat de cadrul teoretic prin analiza a două linii de cercetare asupra evoluției limbajului, una centrată pe programul minimalist, iar cealaltă pe teoria arhitecturii paralele a limbajului. Bias-ul de cadru teoretic, astfel definit în lucrarea de față, ridică problema măsurii în care cadrul teoretic ales pentru o cercetare influențează design-ul unui experiment, alegerea corpusului de analiză, și implicit analiza în sine și rezultatele aferente. Studiile prezentate în această lucrare abordează aceeași temă (evoluția limbajului) folosind aceiași parametri de cercetare (evoluție graduală vs saltațională; continuare vs exaptare; și proprietate unică sau comună) dar ajung la concluzii semnificativ diferite din cauza cadrului teoretic ales de fiecare studiu în parte. Cuvinte-cheie. bias de cadru teoretic, programul minimalist, arhitectura paralelă, evoluția limbajului Article history: Received 19 January 2024; Revised 08 February 2024; Accepted 08 March 2024; Available online 27 March 2024; Available print 27 March 2024.

Challenging the Palate and the Mind. Introducing Western Baking Vocabulary into Chinese. Starting from the first Western recipe book published in China in 1866, the paper analyzes the attempts to translate Western bakery vocabulary into Chinese. Although the Chinese cuisine was already very rich and refined, with a complex vocabulary, dessert had never been an integral part of a traditional meal, and, in fact, there was no specific word for it. After China’s defeat in the two Opium Wars, in the mid-19th century, the increasing foreign presence on Chinese soil meant both an increase in demand for cooks able to satisfy the dietary needs of the Westerners, and of restaurants serving Western food, especially in cities with foreign concessions, like Shanghai, where dining in such a place had become very “modern”. Zao yang fan shu (Foreign Cookery in Chinese) compiled and translated by Martha Foster Crawford, and published at The American Presbyterian Mission Press, in Shanghai, in 1866, was the first Western recipe book to be translated into Chinese. Out of the 271 recipes, 139 are desserts. Considering the resistance of the Chinese language to loanwords, especially phonetic loans, the paper looks at the solutions employed by Crawford to translate the new vocabulary, find out when were the phonetic loans used and how were they transcribed, if it was possible to identify equivalents in Chinese for the new terms, which terms were translated as semantic loans, and which are still in use today. Provocarea gustului și a minții. Pătrunderea vocabularului de patiserie occidentală în China. Pornind de la prima carte de bucate occidentale publicată în China în 1866, lucrarea de față propune o analiză a transpunerii vocabularului patiseriei occidentale în limba chineză. Deși în momentul publicării cărții, bucătăria chineză era deja extrem de bogată și rafinată, cu un vocabular complex, desertul nu era parte dintr-o masă tradițională și nu exista un termen care să definească acest fel. După înfrângerea Chinei în cele două Războaie ale opiului, prezența tot mai numeroasă a occidentalilor pe teritoriul chinez a făcut ca cererea de bucătari capabili să satisfacă cerințele culinare ale străinilor și numărul restaurantelor care serveau mâncare occidentală să crească, mai ales în orașele cu concesiuni străine, precum Shanghai, unde servitul mesei în restaurante occidentalizate devenise o modă. Prima carte de bucate occidentale în limba chineză, Zao yang fan shu (Rețete occidentale în chineză), a fost tradusă și editată de Martha Foster Crawford, în 1866, publicată la Editura Misiunii Prezbiteriene Americane, din Shanghai. Dintre cele 271 de rețete, 139 sunt deserturi. Luând în considerare rezistența limbii chineze la împrumuturi, mai ales la cele fonetice, lucrarea de față analizează soluțiile folosite de Crawford pentru a reda în chineză vocabularul de patiserie, când și de ce au fost preferate calcurile fonetice, cum au fost ele transcrise, dacă a fost posibilă identificarea unor termeni echivalenți din vocabularul culinar chinez pentru felurile de desert incluse în carte, când s-a folosit calcul semantic și care dintre termenii propuși de autoare mai sunt încă în uz. Cuvinte-cheie: Zao yang fan shu, traducere, carte de bucate, patiserie, împrumuturi fonetice/semantice Article history: Received 22 August 2023; Revised 03 January 2024; Accepted 17 January 2024; Available online 27 March 2024; Available print 27 March 2024

Considerations on Legal, Sworn and Court Translation. This paper departs from the premise that translation represents a type of intercultural communication, reflecting on the different systems of law in order to depict the characteristics of legal language (mainly in Spanish), comparing Common Law and Civil Law. After analyzing the functionality of legal texts and their compared translations into Spanish and Romanian, we deduce that there is a close link between the legal language that derives from each culture and the society from which it originates. Conceptual differences and similarities between legal, sworn and judicial translation are also explored, with the aim of finding elements that can support the interpretation of legal value and wider related areas, which must respect the requirements of form and content. Moreover, we discuss the legal load in the source and target text, in accordance with written, oral and other specific factors to legal language. Some complex translation issues arising from semantic, lexical, syntactic, phraseological, formal and generic difficulties are also touched upon. Last but not least, we aim to highlight some typologies of legal texts, according to their role, mode, tone, genre, effect, which also implies a practical delimitation of legal, sworn and Court translation. Considerații privind traducerea juridică, autorizată și judiciară. Această lucrare pleacă de la premisa că traducerea este o formă de comunicare interculturală, reflectând asupra diferitelor sisteme de drept pentru a ajunge la caracteristicile limbajului juridic (în principiu în limba spaniolă), comparând Common Law și Dreptul Civil. După analiza funcționalității textelor legale și a comparației între traducerilor lor în spaniolă și română, deducem că există o legătură strânsă între limbajul juridic ce caracterizează fiecare cultură și societatea din care provine. De asemenea, se studiază diferențele și asemănările conceptuale între traducerea juridică, autorizată și judiciară, cu scopul de a găsi elemente care pot sprijini interpretarea valorii legale și a altor domenii conexe mai ample, aspecte care trebuie să respecte exigențele legate de formă și de conținut. În același timp, se discută încărcătura juridică din textul sursă și din textul țintă, în concordanță cu factorii nivelului scris, oral și cu alții specifici limbajului juridic. Totodată, se ating unele chestiuni complexe de traducere ce decurg din dificultăți semantice, lexicale, sintactice, frazeologice, formale și generice. În final, ne propunem să evidențiem câteva tipologii ale textelor juridice, în funcție de rolul, modul, tonul, genul, efectul lor, ceea ce implică și o delimitare practică a traducerilor juridice, autorizate și judiciare. Cuvinte-cheie: traducere, comunicare interculturală, traducerea juridică, traducerea autorizată, traducerea judiciară Article history: Received 02 October 2023; Revised 31 December 2023; Accepted 21 January 2024; Available online 27 March 2024; Available print 27 March 2024

Neological Tendencies in the Spanish Gastronomic Terminology. The present paper aims to identify and analyse the neological tendencies in the contemporary Spanish gastronomic terminology, from the angle of term formation. The phenomenon of globalization has privileged the circulation of goods, culinary products, cooking techniques, along with the specific vocabulary related to the gastronomic field. Thus, the gastronomic terminology is being enriched with new items, especially loanwords taken from other languages. Our study is based on a corpus of Spanish newspaper articles on gastronomy topics, in which we have identified a fair amount of neologisms. The second phase of the study consisted of contrasting the identified neologisms with dictionaries and linguistic corpora (CORPES XXI) in order to establish their novelty. In our corpus, apart from the prevailing number of Anglicisms (dumpling), we can also identify a great deal of lexemes borrowed from languages such as Japanese (ramen), Chinese (jiaozi), Korean (kimchi), Arabic (shakshuka), Greek (tzatziki), Turkish (imam bayildi) etc. Also, some of these latter lexemes were borrowed indirectly, via English. The other mechanisms of term formation, namely derivation (comidista), compounding (gastroturista) and resemantization (bikini, 'sandwich'), are less productive and representative, as the number of neologisms formed by these means is significantly lower. Regarding the graphic, phonetic and morpho-syntactic adaptation to the Spanish language, the analysed neologisms present various degrees. The conclusions of this research highlight the adaptability of the Spanish language, its permeability and ability to integrate new lexical items, also demonstrated by the inclusion of many neologisms and foreign words in the academic dictionary of general usage. In addition, our study reveals that a great number of neologisms are not adopted out of designative or semantic necessity, but they rather reflect a linguistic fashion, as well as the need for novelty and stylistic expressiveness. Tendințe neologice în terminologia gastronomică spaniolă. Studiul de față își propune să identifice și să analizeze tendințele neologice care se manifestă în terminologia gastronomică spaniolă actuală, din perspectiva formării termenilor. Fenomenul globalizării a favorizat circulația mărfurilor, a produselor culinare, a tehnicilor de preparare, precum și a vocabularului specific domeniului gastronomic. Astfel, terminologia gastronomică se îmbogățește cu elemente noi, mai ales prin intermediul împrumuturilor din alte limbi. Studiul nostru se bazează pe un corpus format din articole de presă pe teme de gastronomie, din care am selectat un număr semnificativ de neologisme, confruntate, în a doua etapă a studiului, cu o serie de dicționare și corpora de texte (CORPES XXI) cu scopul de a stabili statutul de neologism. În corpusul investigat, în afară de anglicismele prevalente (dumpling), putem întâlni un număr important de împrumuturi din limbi precum japoneza (ramen), chineza (jiaozi), coreeana (kimchi), araba (shakshuka), greaca (tzatziki), turca (imam bayildi) etc. De asemenea, și unele dintre acestea din urmă au fost preluate pe cale indirectă, pe filieră engleză. Celelalte procedee de îmbogățire terminologică, cum ar fi derivarea (comidista), compunerea (gastroturista) și resemantizarea (bikini, ‘sandviș’), sunt mai puțin productive și reprezentative, numărul de neologisme formate prin intermediul lor fiind semnificativ mai redus. Cât privește adaptarea grafică, fonetică și morfo-sintactică la sistemul limbii spaniole, neologismele analizate prezintă diverse grade. Concluziile la care a condus prezenta cercetare pun în evidență adaptabilitatea limbii spaniole, permeabilitatea și capacitatea de a integra elemente lexicale noi, fapt demonstrat și de includerea multor neologisme și xenisme în dicționarul academic de uz general. De asemenea, s-a putut constata că o seamă de neologisme nu sunt adoptate dintr-o necesitate designativă ori semantică, ci reflectă mai degrabă o modă lingvistică, precum și nevoia de noutate și expresivitate stilistică. Cuvinte-cheie: neologie, terminologie gastronomică spaniolă, procedee lexicogenetice, împrumuturi, resemantizare Article history: Received 31 August 2023; Revised 03 January 2024; Accepted 17 January 2024; Available online 27 March 2024; Available print 27 March 2024.

VoTec (Vocabulário Técnico Online) is a web environment for terminographic management created by Fromm (2007) with the aim of training undergraduate and graduate students for terminographic and translation practices. Since 2007, it has been used in several research and projects aimed at researchers training and monolingual and bilingual reference works production. This paper aims to present an overview of the projects and research carried out through VoTec between 2007 and 2023, as well as of the updates made on its database and query page. To do so, we describe its initial version (Fromm, 2007), the Terminology in Fiction (Fromm, 2011a) and the Linguistics Vocabulary (Fromm & Yamamoto, 2013) projects, as well as the following terminographic works/proposals: Vocabulary of Historical Linguistics (Yamamoto, 2015), Vocabulary of Business and Events Tourism (Carvalho, 2015), Vocabulary of Theology (Cardoso, 2017), Bilingual Vocabulary of Linguistics (Yamamoto, 2020), Vocabulary of Digital Marketing (Mateus, 2022) and Vocabulary of Angiology and Vascular Surgery (Santos, 2023). This panorama highlights: (i) VoTec's productivity for research and projects in the scope of Terminology, Translation, monolingual, bilingual and multilingual Terminography and Pedagogical Terminography; (ii) its continuous updates allow VoTec to follow latest trends and technologies on online reference works, becoming increasingly robust and multimodal, as well as to approach the needs of current users of online reference works; (iii) due to the possibilities of customizing fields and functionalities, VoTec easily adapts to different types of research and is capable of generating terminographic products with different purposes and target audiences.

In this paper I explore how girls living in a community economically reliant on the extraction of fossil fuels navigate gender expectations, loyalties, ideologies and moralities within their family structures, their places of employment and their affective communities. I describe how girlhood(s) within resource dependent communities are composed of and configured through the social, political, and economic conditions of extractivism, and the social relations that exist within these material conditions. The meeting of the material conditions of resource extraction and the social relations that exist within these environments, can be understood as “zones of entanglement.” An exploration of girls’ lives within these zones of entanglement, highlights how girls maneuver within the processes of social acceptance, belonging and notions of the “good life” by engaging in various strategies that work to create opportunities, while also reinforce foreclosures. These strategies include moving between speech and silence, learning to pick their battles, taking up space, and engaging in care-work. Through engagement in various strategies girls learn to protect themselves while maintaining opportunities for hope, connection, and transformation in their own lives, and in their interdependent relationships and attachments.

This paper is focused on interpreting the way in which twenty-first-century refugee writing in Canada is currently approached critically and theoretically. It proposes new reading strategies that contest the influence of nation-state powers over literary production deployed with an aesthetics of cosmopolitanism. In particular, this article takes up refugee writing by Kim Thúy and Sharon Bala, respectively, in order to show how its search for a “Good Life” leads to the transformation of the characters’ subjectivity. This transformation responds to an epistemological shift which confronts issues of Western complicity in foreign human rights abuses and poses questions about alternative epistemologies to Eurocentric notions of healing and trauma recovery in the aftermath of mass violence.

Digression is a discourse function that is identifiable and distinct from other similar functional strategies, and varies cross-linguistically. This paper investigates the way speakers of Spanish and English digress from their main discourse topics and how these transitions are marked. Once digression is defined by the proposal of four features considered to be inherent in this concept, the paper focuses on so-called 'digression formulating phrases', recurrent expressions which make explicit reference to the digression and signal that a new direction with respect to topic is proposed. The paper thus adopts a less common than the usual approach to discourse coherence and digression, whose literature has largely focused on discourse markers. The dataset, extracted from a corpus of parliamentary discourse, is analysed in an attempt to address two research questions. I investigate, first, the frequency and distribution of the selected digression formulating phrases in the two languages, and discern which of the two contexts of digression (i.e. beginnings and ends) is more highly marked, and, second, their use in connection to aspects such as syntactic configuration and position, and co-occurring features of semantic and pragmatic meaning. The contrastive perspective adds precision and richness to the treatment of digression.

This paper reports on a research-training module in a conference interpreter training environment where students strive to acquire high-level interpreting skills through intensive practice over two years. Both theory and research are remote from their concerns. The module described was designed specifically for this environment. The aim was to raise the students’ awareness of the nature of research, of the gains it could offer to interpreters-in-training and to the interpreting profession, and of practical challenges it faces. Care was taken not to add a significant workload which they might view as irrelevant to their endeavours. This translated as an introductory two-lecture part followed by micro-experiments in which the students’ own interpreting exercises were used as material. The students were asked to record and transcribe their interpretations of experimental source speeches, to analyse and reflect on the data. In one exercise, they were asked to perform an experiment as researchers with other students as participants. Throughout the process, the instructors provided detailed guidance and explained how the experiments were designed, taking on board challenges and uncertainties, and what inferences could or could not be drawn from the data and why. A questionnaire at the end of the module suggests that the students found the module interesting, not excessively taxing, that it taught them something about research and also about interpreting. Since this module entails virtually no overheads as regards the students’ daily practice and gives them a good sense of the practical issues associated with research, it is suggested that it could be integrated into curricula with more traditional research training as well.

The paper describes the state of legal interpreting training in the Czech Republic, which, as it currently stands, focuses on legal terminology rather than specific interpreting techniques. Against this background of the existing training opportunities, the paper presents a pilot course on legal interpreting, including court interpreting, for BA and MA students of English for Translators and Interpreters at Palacký University Olomouc. It describes the design of the course, its content and the methodology applied. Specifically, it describes the different settings addressed in the courses and the materials and activities used to train interpreters for these settings, including a mock trial. Finally, the paper also discusses the challenges and potential room for further development.

The aim of this paper is to discuss some of the challenges resulting from the fact that interpreting classes at the Institute of Translation Studies (Charles University, Prague, Czechia) are attended by students whose mother tongue is not Czech (double degree students from Universität Leipzig or Erasmus+ incoming students). Drawing on the results of action research conducted in two different interpreting courses, we describe the challenges that this non-standard situation represents for the teacher, how teaching methods need to be adapted, what implications this distorted directionality has on student assessment, how this combination of students with different mother tongues can enrich interpreting seminars and their participants, and what benefits it brings to the interaction between teacher and student and among students.

Healthcare interpreting has been a topic of interest for various fields of study around the world for over 60 years; however, it has not yet been discussed comprehensively in the Czech Republic. This paper aims to lay the groundwork for future research in the country by providing a basic overview of the research findings abroad. Drawing on the summary article by Pöchhacker (2021), the contribution first examines studies and other works on interpreting in healthcare by researchers in fields other than translation studies, such as nursing, psychiatry, linguistics, and social sciences from the 1960s to the early 1990s. Afterwards, the paper compiles the findings of more recent studies from Africa; Asia and Australia; the United States, Canada and Mexico; and Northern, Southern, and Central Europe, concluding with remarks on the few works on healthcare interpreting that have been produced in the Czech Republic.

In Jane Austen’s novels conversation provides internal evidence of the “moral and social nature of characters” (Morini, 2009, p. 9). Among the interplay of speech presentation forms (Page, 1972/2011), Narrative Report of Speech Acts (Leech & Short, 2007) has drawn less scholarly attention than others, for example Free Indirect Speech. However, NRSA condenses information about two communicative acts and therefore two addressers, namely the reporting narrator and the reported speaker (the character). Investigating this superposition of voices requires an integrative approach combining a speech-act theory analysis of the character’s speech with an analysis of both the character’s and the narrator’s dialogic stance, here set in the system of Engagement in Martin and White (2005). This paper aims to present this approach and to apply it to the description of Mansfield Park and its translations into Spanish and German. A sample of instances of NRSA and their translation solutions is analysed. While the most frequent type is literal translation, with both layers of meaning successfully reproduced, instances of translation shifts have been identified involving illocutionary force (addition, elimination or change of illocutionary features) and/or engagement value, combined with changes in certain cooccurring distancing devices. Such shifts suggest possible distortions to characterization cues.

The provision of a translator’s paratext offers greater visibility to the translator and a direct source of information on his/her decisions and intentions. Osório de Oliveira, the translator of the Portuguese version of Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe, replaces the author’s original preface with one of his own in which he justifies the alterations to the original text, whilst underlining that it was a Portuguese vessel on its way to Brazil which saved the hero from his desperate plight. This paper proposes to examine the reasons for Oliveira’s emphasis on this particular episode, to the detriment of others which were unquestionably more interesting within the context of the hero’s adventures. The date of publication of the translation – 1940 – and consequently of the paratext, provides the principal key to the answer, as the ideology of the Estado Novo was founded on the exaltation of the Portuguese “Discoveries”, underpinning a colonial policy which supposedly justified the retention of the “Overseas Provinces”. The paper discusses the translator’s reasons for intervening in the target text, whilst attempting to evaluate how far the paratext may have mediated the reception of a final version in which the deeds of past heroes were exploited in an attempt to appropriate Defoe’s story.

Translation assessment is an activity present in many scenarios and the diverse individuals who must deal with it partly explains the variability of such activity. Previous Translation Studies have already profiled and compared both the behaviour and the results of assessments carried out by a variety of evaluators. This paper examines the main contributions concerning this issue, and adds to the field by distinguishing between the contexts in which evaluators carry out their usual work and other less paradigmatic situations. The result is a compendium of the characteristics defining the prototypical evaluator profiles as well as presenting a warning for researchers, professionals, students and teachers on the special conditions that, depending on the circumstances, affect their evaluation and make it look as a different activity. The discussion includes complex formulas characterized by the collaboration of different groups of evaluators, as well as of those whose profile is not defined always by a single role. Therefore, the present paper may serve as an inspiration for new research investigating the profiles of evaluators to open the focus and take into account the circumstances that may affect their alleged habitual activity.

The article traces the changes in the aesthetic conventions of Modern art in accordance with the dynamics of literary development in Great Britain. The study focuses on three key areas: the impact of “the ancients and moderns” quarrel on European philosophical and literary thought; the nuances of critical and literary discourse in Enlightenment-era Great Britain; and the reception of the Enlightenment aesthetic values and novelties in Victorian criticism, linking them to the emergence of twentieth-century modernism. The subject involves the evolution of Enlightenment aesthetics and poetics in Great Britain, particularly the departure from classical art and literature models, and the emergence of concepts like imagination, novelty, and the reader’s subjective experience of art. Seminal literary-critical essays of the eighteenth century, including works by Joseph Addison, Henry Home, Richard Hurd, and Leslie Stephen’s monograph ‘History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century”, are analyzed. The paper also examines philosophical texts by Michel de Montaigne, Francis Bacon, René Descartes, and Marquis de Condorcet to understand the oscillatory nature of philosophical thought before and during the Age of Enlightenment. The study contextualizes “the ancients and moderns” debate on models for literary excellence and accentuates its role in shaping the discourse of aesthetics and artistic creativity. Contributions by Enlightenment figures such as Addison, Home, and Hurd are explored, emphasizing how they reshaped the discourse of aesthetics by redefining the nature of beauty, the sublime, and the principles of artistic criticism, thereby influencing the literary and artistic productions of their time and beyond. Particular attention is paid to the critical views of Stephen who wrote about the “fluctuating mode” of the literature of the second half of the eighteenth century, illustrating his peculiar subjectivism as an exponent of the Victorian worldview (Stephen saw Sterne’s novels as a serious moral threat), and simultaneously reflecting the normative aesthetic views of the second half of the nineteenth century. The paper also demonstrates how the antinomianism in aesthetic thinking, which challenged traditional norms and values as seen in “the ancients and moderns” quarrel, was further evolved in the works of Friedrich Schiller and Friedrich Schlegel, the latter articulating the antinomy of “classic versus romantic”. This tradition of antinomian thinking, coupled with the rejection of the idea of linear progression in cultural evolution, a call for a reassessment of values amidst a paradigm shift in culture and the breakdown of traditional ethic and aesthetic systems, finds a notable and unique expression in Friedrich Nietzsche’s works, that significantly influenced the transition from Modernity to Postmodernity. In summary, it is argued that the Modern Age was the time of the emergence of a new aesthetic sensibility, and its aesthetic pluralism and anti-classical literary ideas were pivotal in redefining concepts of progress, novelty, and human consciousness in art and literature. This laid the groundwork for modernist art and literature, characterized by a departure from tradition and a quest for new artistic expressions of human experience.

The purpose of the paper is to develop the basic methodological principles of slow reading of literary works with deeply veiled subtextual content. The subject of the research is the short story “Cat in the Rain” by E. Hemingway, whose literary style is clearly manifested by the Iceberg Theory as a well-known way of artistic expression of the implicit meanings. Research questions are to analyze E.Hemingway’s “Cat in the Rain”, using slow reading in order to demonstrate its basic principles; as well as to develop the main methodological principles of the analysis of a literary work, the application of which enable both the identification of the means by which the author creates the implicit plan of the text and mechanisms for decoding subtext meanings by the reader. The considered scientific coverage of the problem of slow reading in the works by M. Adler, D. Mikiks, J. Miedema, and others. The impact of the features of the computer era on the nature of reading is analyzed, the need to counteract the superficial perception of texts caused by clip thinking is indicated. M. Adler revealed in detail the concept of reading comprehension. D.Mikiks developed a number of methodological principles for slow reading of literary works of various genres (novels, short stories, dramatic works, and even essays). J. Miedema explained the importance of a slow way of perceiving texts from the perspective of psychophysiological science. Slow reading of a literary work is the slowest pace of its analysis, an effective method for penetrating the depths of content and the implicit level of the text. It is appropriate when the object of analysis is a highly artistic literary work that implies the depth of its content and the effectiveness of expressive techniques that create an aesthetic impact on the recipients. The slow reading methodology requires the application of certain basic methodological principles. Since there is an implicit level of a text, the interpreter must decode information that is not explicitly stated. This decoding process is based on three main points. Firstly, slow reading requires a conditional division of the text into episodes, each of which expresses an artistic meaning, all of which together form the main idea of the work. In turn, the method of analysing each episode involves identifying the artistic meanings expressed in its visualised moments, as well as dialogues (polylogues, internal monologues). In a highly artistic text, each image contains an implicit meaning. The ability to analyse the visual leads to decoding the unspoken. This also applies to the language of the characters. To demonstrate the method of slow reading, the short story “Cat in the Rain” by E. Hemingway was chosen, which exemplifies the “Iceberg Principle” cultivated by the author. The conditional division of the story into episodes allowed delving into the artistic world of the story and understanding how the meanings and motives of individual episodes form the main artistic meaning of the story. A detailed analysis of the visualised moments of the work made it possible to trace how the writer introduces the reader to his artistic world, creates the illusion of being present in it. This increases the level of the reader’s empathy – his/her ability to feel the internal emotional states of the characters. Nevertheless, the analysis of dialogues lets the reader reveal the psychological content, create a psychological behavioural model, and understand the internal psychological states of the characters. Such a dual interaction of the text components “visualisation – dialogue” forms the subtextual meaning of the work. The slow method of reading the short story “Cat in the Rain” makes it possible to reveal the hidden artistic meanings of the work. It raises the problem of family happiness that requires mutual understanding and spiritual intimacy between spouses. The story deals mainly with the inner states of an American woman. They centre around one single idea, which is the desire to have a real family and a home. Likewise, the method of slow reading allows us to understand the image of George as a representative of the “Lost Generation” which was one of the objects of artistic reflection in Hemingway’s works. George is a typical representative of that generation. He is one of those young people who, having survived the war, cannot find themselves in the post-war world. At the same time, the main artistic meaning of the story can also be interpreted as an expression of the idea of the global loneliness of people, the alienation of human existence, that is embodied in the images of the American couple, the hotel owner, and the writer himself as an “image of the author.” Slow reading should be based on an understanding of the theory of a literary work as a systemintegrated entity. The main categories of this theory are the concepts of the integrity of a literary work, the system-forming factor, and the system of artistic means interpreted as “techniques”, each of which has its own function. Thus, the aesthetic impact of the literary text is revealed that is the main goal of true art.

In the paper, on the basis of a multimodal critical discourse analysis of political posters and social media posts, the authors outline the complex interplay of multimodal means serving to convey a political leader’s charisma. The paper aims to advance a set of historically conventionalized features typical of the charismatic personality (such as intelligence, self-confidence, persistence, ability to inspire, sociability, dominance, narcissism, and vision), present the updated definition of this notion, and substantiate theoretical and methodological grounds for the study of the interplay of multimodal means portraying a charismatic political leader that assist in conveying a political speaker’s charisma creation through its graphical image, namely political posters and social media posts. The results of the study reveal that charisma is a complex communicative and cognitive phenomenon reflecting person’s beliefs about certain innate, obtained or promoted by media, internal or external subliminal traits of a leader. These beliefs are shaped in the recipients’ consciousness during interactive communication on the basis of the leader’s strategy, techniques, and methods used in oral or written communication, as well as a set of linguistic and extralinguistic means associated with the speaker’s ability to satisfy certain needs of the community. As a study material the authors opted for the images of Boris Johnson, a politician already acknowledged as a charismatic one by international audiences, who has been a prominent political figure for almost a decade and has recently come to the forefront of political and diplomatic support of Ukraine in the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war. The carried out analysis proves the highly informative as well as subliminal potential of multimodal visual pictographic means aimed at creating a charismatic image of a public person. The authors outline a set of verbal (elliptical sentences, catchy slogans in imperative mood, assonance, alliteration, the use of first person plural pronoun “We”, the lexical unit together, etc.) and visual-graphical means (font of the message, symbolic colour scheme, clothes style, body posture, gestures, oculesic features, etc.), whose interaction is aimed at triggering cognitive processes in the recipient’s mind in perceiving a charismatic image of the politician. Boris Johnson’s charisma is confirmed by the survey conducted among British and Ukrainian respondents as well as by his subscribers’ reactions, comments and likes following his posts on social media. The carried out analysis allows summarising the markers of a politician’s charisma portrayed on social media as follows: the number of comments and likes for their posts; informality while addressing the Prime Minister by his first name “Boris” and presence of a “popular name” “BoJo”; high degree of the followers’ messages expressiveness actualised through verbal means (significant amount of exclamatory sentences, interjections, evaluative epithets and idiomatic expressions), as well as graphical-visual means, in particular through the usage of graphic emoticons (emojis), serving to intensify the overall expressiveness of a message. The conclusion is that social media graphical images are aimed at conveying charismatic political leaders’ vision, offering their followers support and promise of a better future, portraying them as approachable, down-to-earth, considerate but at the same time serious leaders, ready to work to endure a better future. The results of the performed study can provide grounds for interdisciplinary research of both oral and written charismatic communication within the cognitive approach framework considering verbal, nonverbal and paralingual means’ (physiological, psychological, social, etc.) interplay that allows the audience to perceive a speaker as a charismatic one.

Euphemism occupies a central place in political discourse. The article aims to probe into the rhetorical device of euphemism in the political discourse of the 46th President of the United States, Joseph Biden, during the Ukrainian-Russian war. The significance of the study is based on the necessity to research the linguistic image of the Russian-Ukrainian war and its main political actors in current political discourse. The relevance of this study is also determined by the aim to show the use of euphemisms in current political discourse on the example of Joseph Biden’s speeches. The research methods of the article combine continuous sampling, component analysis; comparison and observation, classification and systematization of data, quantitative calculations, etc. The also study employs Multimodal Discourse Analysis (MDA) which explores the relations between language and power as well as the relations between language and image. Our research limits its analysis of multimodality to two modalities, gesture and speech. President Joseph Biden’s speeches on the United Efforts of the Free World to Support the People of Ukraine (February 26, 2022) and on the One-Year Anniversary of Russia’s Brutal and Unprovoked Invasion of Ukraine of the US (February 21, 2023) at the Royal Castle in Warsaw serve as a material for the study of euphemisms in political discourse. Conclusions. Euphemism is a characteristic element of political discourse. The role of euphemisms in political discourse is primarily determined by the desire for politically correct intercultural communication, politeness and tolerance, and mutual understanding. Euphemisms express the moral values of society and help to overcome intercultural barriers. The analysis of Joseph Biden’s political speeches made it possible to identify groups of the most commonly used types of euphemisms, namely, concealment of military conflicts (“conflict”, “invasion”, “aggression”, “fight for freedom”, “crisis”, “the great battle for freedom”); taboo of death (“sacrifice”, “pass away”, “lose their lives”); socio-economic sphere (“the continued support”, “support”). According to research data, 47.2% of euphemisms have a veiling function, 38.9% of euphemisms perform a cooperative function and 8.3% of euphemisms have a preventive function in Joseph Biden’s speeches. We suggest Joseph Biden delivers the same viewpoint across his gestures and speeches. Analyzing the gesture-euphemism correlation, we conclude that the 46th US President mainly employed these gestures with integrative and complementary functions. The present paper shows how the polyphonic self of the US political leader is conveyed not solely through speech, but also through gesture. Thus, we assume that the driving force in the evolution of the politician’s polyphonic self is the distribution of viewpoints across modalities of political discourse, where they influence each other in live communication. Biden’s speech is characterized by a short syntagm, as he slows down the pace, trying to convey every word to the audience. The stress is mostly emphatic, with emphasis created by increasing pitch, volume, and duration. Pauses, intonations, voice, register, and tone of speech, being a frame of euphemistic connotations, form the specificity of the communicative and pragmatic field of audiovisual narrative.

The paper aims to clarify the biblical image-symbols in Frank Peretti’s mystical thrillers. The problem of the detailed analysis of the lingual representation of the biblical image-symbols and their pragmatic value is solved in the article by applying a complex of methods of linguistic poetics, cognitive linguistics, stylistics and methodological tools of discourse analysis. The paper considers the biblical images-symbols, used in American mystical thrillers written by the protestant author Frank Peretti, as biblical intertexts depicting not only biblical knowledge but also author’s intentions and beliefs in conveying the most profound ideas and principles of the literary texts. Executed in the written works by lexical means, biblical image-symbols become the heart of biblically-marked contexts, which are differentiated according to their addressee orientation into author`s and character`s biblically-marked contexts and their scope – into propositional, composite, and complex biblically-marked contexts. The lingual representation of the biblical image-symbols is differentiated according to their structure into one-component (anthroponyms, toponyms, artifact, animalistic, anthropomorphic) and multicomponent, (two-component, three-component and four-component). The type of semantic transposition in the meaning of the lingual representation and pragmatic value of the biblical image-symbols determined the distinguishing of metaphoric and metonymic linguistic classification of the biblical image-symbols. Metaphoric are classified according to their structure (onecomponent and multi-component), their stylistic characteristics (language and speech metaphoric linguistic representants of the biblical image-symbols), and their denotative meaning (anthropomorphic, naturalmorphic, zoomorphic, and phytomorphic). Metonymic are differentiated according to the kinds of the metonymic transference of meaning into four groups: metonymy of belonging, metonymy of place, metonymy of signs, and metonymy of phenomenon.

The article represents an attempt to build and apply a linguosemiotic model of existential conflict research in modern English fictional discourse. The modern tendency of philological and socio-humanistic studies to involve the tools of semiotics, discourse theory, and multimodality in the process of complex analysis of a literary work as an artistic model of reality is highlighted. The research is based on practical blocks of illustrative material, selected discursive fragments from a literary work, which contain an existential conflict. Basically, the key point here is the analysis of intra- and interpersonal conflict based on the theoretical achievements of semiotics and linguosemiotics (Ch. Pierce, Yu. Lotman, U. Eco, G. Pocheptsov) and the theory of discourse and multimodality (G. Kress, K. O’Halloran, C . Forceville, M. Halliday). It makes it possible to provide a detailed research of existential conflict in fictional discourse with the identification of latent, ambivalent meanings and the relevant reconstruction and interpretation of the conflict by the reader. The paper aims at projecting the modern tendency towards the synergy of various aspects of conflict studies across the humanities. Therefore, the goal of the paper is to outline the advantages of an integral approach to the study of conflict in modern linguistic conflictology and to build a linguosemiotic model for the analysis and interpretation of existential conflict in fictional discourse. Thus, the paper`s core objectives involve: 1) to study the achievements of the semiotic and multimodal approach in its application to synthetic level communicative systems containing conflict; 2) to reveal the place, role and potential of the existential conflict in fictional discourse using the above-mentioned methods; 3) to present a linguosemiotic model for the study of existential conflict in modern English fictional discourse. The theoretical and methodological base of the research involves general-scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, deduction as well as the method of linguosemiotic and multimodal analysis to determine the components of semiosis of existential intrapersonal conflict in fictional discourse. The results of the research consist in the creation of an integral semiotic model of the analysis of existential conflict in modern English-language fictional discourse, which assumes the presence of a static and dynamic component in its structure, revealed, in particular, in the process of semiotic reading of the work in three successive stages of mimesis, semiosis, and synthesis. The process of conflict interpretation presupposes a comprehensive approach to semiotic reading activity developed in consecutive steps. The linguosemiotic means of representing the existential conflict at different levels of the literary work, which have a multimodal nature, have been revealed. The temporal, psychological, and sign-symbolic characteristics of the existential conflict, which make up the semiotic space or semiosphere of the literary work, are analyzed and classified. As a result of the identification and unification of the factors that determine the way of development of existential conflict in fictional discourse, the linguosemiotic model of the analysis of this type of intrapersonal conflict was reconstructed. The model covers the study of the semiotic components of the sign-symbolic, psychological and temporal space and the surface and deep levels of the semiotic reading of the literary work, at which the cognitive, behavioral and emotional aspects of the conflict are decoded and reconstructed.

The paper outlines a framework for approaching the complexities of translating multimodal means in horror fiction. Nowadays, the horror genre is reaching its peak, becoming the most remarkable mass product in demand. It is sharply distinguished from other literary genres due to generating a morbid mood and heart-stopping suspense in the textual canvas. From this perspective, the research aims to identify multimodal means essential for creating suspense in King’s horror novels “Pet Sematary” (1983) and “Outsider” (2018) and determine the translation strategies used to render them into Ukrainian. In this regard, multimodal means stir fresh interest since they implicitly complement and clarify the information transmitted verbally. The research framework is designed with two primary objectives. Firstly, to disclose the phonic and graphic means utilized in recreating horror imagery in the TL text. Secondly, to examine the translation strategies employed in rendering the multimodal means into the TL. The principles of the comparative approach were chosen to identify the similarities and differences between translation strategies in the analyzed texts. The research methodology adopted in this study enables a comprehensive study of the multimodal means in the horror fiction genre, employing a meticulous approach that involves data collection, analysis, and interpretation through the lens of translation strategies, contextual and pragmatic analyses. The conducted research reveals the involvement of phonic and graphic means to influence the readership unconsciously. The frequency of phonic means depends on the context of their occurrence. Graphic means are represented by syngraphemic, supragraphemic, and topographemic elements. To render the sense of the SL adequately and meet the TL audience expectations, the translators of “Pet Sematary” and “Outsider” advocated semantic, grammatical, and pragmatic translation strategies. Synonymous and contextual substitution, loan, antonymous and descriptive translation, addition, and compression proved to be the dominant translation transformations. The in-depth analysis has shown that the translators faced multiple hindrances, making some errors in encoding polysemiotic signs. However, the TL version makes sense, undeniably affecting the reader and retaining the author’s communicative intent.

The cultural turn makes translation shift from word – text to cultural register. According to the view of cultural translation, culture serves as the translational unit. The lacunarity phenomenon, which is a linguistic and cultural occurrence when two languages are compared, has grown into a significant issue that translators must resolve. Therefore, the urgency of this research has changed to how to eliminate cultural conflict and fill up lexical lacunas. In this paper, we first clarify the similarities and differences of terms related to the lacunarity phenomenon from the perspective of their relevance. Then, aiming at the compensation of linguistic lacunas (semantic and pragmatic) in literary works, we adopt inductive, deductive, and modeling research methods according to the adequacy principle of translation, and put forward for the first time the concept of constructing the lacuna’s translation model in modern linguistics (novelty), with the purpose of building a complete set of systematic solutions to the translation problem of this phenomenon, so as to make the translation harmonious and unified in three aspects: aesthetic value, text equivalence, and functional correspondence. We can draw this conclusion from the meta-theoretical analysis of the lacuna’s translation model in modern linguistics and its use in the translation of the book “Tales of Hulan River” by Chinese author Xiao Hong: The model is a systematic innovation and endeavor in the field of translation based on linguistic research, and it has practical methodological importance. It can provide a set of formulaic reference standards for translators to interpret lexical lacunas. The following are the justifications for the conclusion: First, the model’s foundation is linguistic research on the concept of “lacuna”, including the examination of the relationships between terms such as “reality”, “non-equivalent words”, and “lacuna”, as well as the investigation of their definition, nature, classification, and semantic range; Second, the model adheres to the “adequacy” principle of translation, which comprises acceptability, similarity, and transmissibility while taking into account both the reader-translator and original-author orientations. This approach is robust and universal exactly because it takes into account every side involved in the translation process; Third, the model’s three theories work well together. L. S. Barchudarov developed 6 levels of semantic equivalence for language translation units, which focused more on the text’s equivalent in translation and disregarded the text’s communicative and aesthetic purposes. As a pragmatic addition to the equivalency theory of the former, the 7 functional dimensions outlined by Juliane House in the idea of functional correspondence of text can be applied. Meanwhile, by using the 6 organization principles of Gestalt psychology, the lacuna’s translation model in modern linguistics incorporates the translation form and subjective feelings into the reference mechanism from the needs of the reader as the subject of aesthetic meaning. It can be said that the triple theory offers a variety of reference indicators for translators, and they are free to combine suitable reference indicators in the filling of lexical lacunas represented by material culture, behavioral culture, institutional culture, and conceptual culture. According to the different types of lacunas, they can use translation methods such as transformational, interlinear, pragmatic translation, as well as by combining transcription, transliteration, replacement, omission, amplification, reconstructing, permutations, explanations in the text and other translation techniques, which reflects the flexibility of the translation model. However, the lexical lacunas themselves can be interpreted as a defective vocabulary in the target language, and the primary goal of the translator should be to compensate for or fill this defect, to let the reader understand “what does this mean”, then the functional correspondence of the lacuna's translation becomes more important. In other words, the lacuna’s translation model in modern linguistics requires the translator to pay more attention to pragmatic function and aesthetic effect; when necessary, translators must abandon low-level semantic equivalence and strive for high-level equivalence.

ABSTRACT Typical resultative constructions in English are unavailable in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) and in Romance. This fact has been attributed by previous studies to different event-framings, following the Talmian view. English would illustrate the satellite-framing pattern, whereas Romance would illustrate the verb-framing pattern. Literature in BP has mainly focused on describing properties of different sentences similar to resultatives of the English type. A large part of the debate has been devoted to answering whether these can be classified as true resultatives. Much less attention has been dedicated to a proper description of the framing patterns in BP. This paper fills in this gap and, by doing so, argues that BP admits both framing patterns. The v-framing pattern is highly productive, exemplified by numerous complex parasynthetic verbs that entail a result. The s-framing pattern is marginal, illustrated by a small sample of modified resultatives and verb-particle constructions. This paper supports the framing analysis, but recasts its merits in light of new connections established among (apparent) resultatives in BP.

The transition between the Late Bronze and Iron Age, often described as a collapse, is most often characterized by comparing the changes between these two periods. As trade and connectivity is one of the hallmarks of the Late Bronze Age, the lack of evidence for international trade during the early Iron Age is seen of evidence of the profound changes that occurred during this transition. In this paper, I will reassess the evidence for international trade during the early Iron Age in Philistia and neighboring regions, demonstrating that while there was a substantial degrading in the volume of international trade during this period, it did not cease completely. And based on this, what does this tell us about the processes and mechanisms occurring during the Late Bronze Age/Iron Age transition in the eastern Mediterranean.

The idea of assessment, while prevalent in education, needs rethinking. This paper reflects on the notion of assessment in today’s society, proposing an alternative for what it could (and should) be. By critically analyzing the role of assessment in today’s education, we conducted a hermeneutic examination of its original concept’s influence on the potential shift away from subject taxation and its current pornification. Through a discussion of assessment’s role in contemporary society and its true nature, the authors propose a shift from viewing assessment as a mere curriculum add-on to envisioning how a philosophy of assessment could profoundly transform education and society.

Northern dialects and the Lancashire vernacular have been substantially represented in literature. Regional literature is principally classified into dialect literature and literary dialect. The former is addressed to a limited readership as it comprises those novels, plays and poems that are entirely composed in a non-standard variety. The latter relates to the literary production which is for the most part written in standard English, except the characters’ dialogues that are marked with a particular variety. This last approach is considered to be a useful tool for linguists in dialect study. This paper analyses the sounds and spellings related to the FLEECE lexical set in the nineteenth-century Lancashire vernacular, according to Wells’s classification (1982) for words containing RP [i:]. To this end, several nineteenth-century literary dialect works were compiled and studied. In this endeavor, the deviant spellings associated with RP [i:] are gathered and attributed to their pronunciations in the dialect. The present paper examines the coexistence of sounds for FLEECE on the grounds of historical and sociolinguistic reasons. Keywords: Lancashire dialect; literary dialect; deviant spellings; dialect sounds; FLEECE lexical set

Semiotics, as the field dealing with the production of meaning-making mechanisms, was supposed to be a holistic project. Semioticians in the 20th century were concerned about providing semiotics an epistemological identity. For instance, semiotics was aimed at following a meta-role (Greimas, 1976) as ‘a metadiscipline of all academic disciplines’ (Posner, 2003, p. 2366). In fact, Sebeok (1976) deemed semiotics as a ‘doctrine of signs’, refusing to call it a science or a theory. Despite this sophisticated terminology, semiotics remained poorly organised in the national academic systems. This lack of organisation in the academic institutions did not allow semiotics to show this allegedly federative role of general knowledge. Instead, semiotics ended up receiving different designations such as ‘esoteric knowledge’, ‘cabalistic language’, ‘formalistic paranoia’, and so forth. This paper delves into the institutional disorganisation of semiotics by addressing two main aspects. Firstly, the lack of interest by early semioticians to accurately organise their field in the institutions, and secondly, how this treatment, as a meta-field, thwarted its aspirations to be considered as a fully-fledged discipline. Thirdly, I engage in a current discussion (Parra, 2020) in semiotics that questions how semiotics has favoured applied approaches to the production of meaning.

Although Anglicisms1 have been the subject of research for quite some time now, their definition in the literature sometimes tends to be somewhat inexplicit, and there are points of disagreement, especially regarding their classification and the distinction between their types. This paper advocates a uniform, consistent approach to defining loans (Anglicisms) and their typology in terms of an interplay between three criterial features which are transferred in, and thereby constitute, (lexical) borrowing: concept, model, and form. Their combination results in seven feature patterns or loan types (both mono- and bilingual), which the paper correlates and compares with standard categories of Anglicisms found in the literature and illustrates using examples from Czech

The paper presents the initial findings of a research project that investigates the origins of Italian ATAP NNs, such as parolaN chiaveN (keyword) or luogoN simboloN (place.symbol — symbolic place). This study is based on a meticulously chosen sample of 1,924 NN types that include 47 different modifiers as their rightmost constituent, sourced from Google n-grams frequency lists (2020), which represent the most extensive diachronic linguistic data currently available. While recent literature suggests that Italian ATAP NNs emerged in the latter half of the 20th century and gained significant productivity only after 2000, our data indicate that this process occurred approximately 50 years earlier, particularly for a notable subset of N2-based semi-schematic constructions. With respect to the theoretical frameworks of Construction Morphology, Relational Morphology, and Diachronic Construction Grammar, the analysis of the data provides an insight into the interaction between the fully schematic ATAP NN construction and various semi-schematic constructions (N2-based families). Moreover, the study attempts to identify key diachronic stages in the development of the pattern.

The paper examines the guidelines dedicated to Italian teaching and, above all, to the ideal thematic, language and stylistic features of school reading books in the programmes for primary school and in the related instructions for teachers issued by the Ministry of Education from 1860 to 1905: a decisive period for the arrangement of the Italian school system, the literacy processes and the spread of the national language. It can be seen how these official documents significantly shaped the writing of school books. The paper also explores the complex relationship between the institutional attempts to regulate textbook production, as evidenced by relevant ministerial documentation parallel to the programmes, and the rich publishing activity in this field. To complete the overview of the dialectic between school-educational publishing and the regulatory will of the Ministry and of the boards connected to it, responsible for the evaluation of textbooks, the witnesses of two prominent school female authors of the 2nd half of the 19th century are commented on: Ida Baccini and Felicita Morandi.

This paper analyses the descriptions of the Catalan language provided by foreign travellers who journeyed through the Catalan-speaking territories in the second third of the 19th century. It examines their observations and linguistic perceptions of the Catalan language and the language spoken by the inhabitants of these regions. Additionally, the study delves into the names used by travellers to refer to the Catalan language, its origins, its relationship with other Romance languages, and its status among them. While some travellers may not have provided detailed descriptions of the language due to the diverse purposes of their journeys, their various accounts and statements allow us to deduce their positions and opinions in addressing these questions. This analysis takes place during the 19th century, a period in which Romance philology was still an emerging area of research.

The majority of recent research studies show the emotional state of language learners at the onset of the Covid-19 . Although the language students themselves identified issues limiting their learning, such as lack of interaction, lack of motivation and feedback, isolation, problems with the Internet, language teachers have admitted their concerns about students learning and confessed to being flexible, tolerant, and more humane. Today, there is a need to follow up on those student issues regarding their language learning beyond the Spring of 2020. This paper sheds light on the evolution of life, emotions, and wellbeing of the students, and their language learning beyond the rapid transition in Spring 2020 from forced unplanned teaching to the planned teaching during the pandemic of Fall 2020 and Spring 2021. This study explores the perceptions of 68 foreign language students in an American context through a survey. The results report on college language students’ needs, their emotions and wellbeing, and their recommendations to administrators based on their needs and perceptions.

Setting up a Creative Writing Program at Babeș-Bolyai University. The present paper argues for the establishment of a Creative Writing program within Babeș-Bolyai University, by initially providing more courses at the BA level, with an MA in Creative Writing being the end goal. By examining the history of the field and its current status within higher education in America, the UK and beyond, I show that, wherever Creative Writing programs have appeared and gained sufficient traction, they have thrived, attracting significant numbers of students year after year. In those countries outside of Anglophone space where the implementation of Creative Writing is a much more recent endeavor, significant steps have already been taken to analyze and find solutions for the current issues that might slow down the spread of interest in this field. With this in mind, the paper concludes that it is time for Babeș-Bolyai University to embrace this growing trend. REZUMAT. Înființarea unui program de scriere creativă în cadrul Universității Babeş-Bolyai. Lucrarea de față pledează pentru înființarea unui program de Scriere Creativă în cadrul Universității Babeș-Bolyai, prin oferirea inițial de mai multe cursuri la nivel de licență, având ca scop final un Masterat în Scriere Creativă. Examinând istoria domeniului și statutul său actual în învățământul superior din America, Marea Britanie și nu numai, arăt că, oriunde au apărut programele de Scriere Creativă și au avut un pic de succes, acestea au prosperat, atrăgând un număr semnificativ de studenți an de an. În acele țări din afara spațiului anglofon în care implementarea Scrierii Creative este un demers mult mai recent, au fost deja făcuți pași semnificativi pentru a analiza și găsi soluții pentru problemele actuale care ar putea încetini răspândirea interesului în acest domeniu. Având în vedere acest lucru, lucrarea concluzionează că este timpul ca Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai să îmbrățișeze această tendință în creștere. Cuvinte-cheie: Scriere Creativă, Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai, Științe Umaniste, pedagogie, program de studii. Article history: Received 11 September 2023; Revised 2 November 2023; Accepted 28 November 2023; Available online 20 December 2023; Available print 31 December 2023.

Contributions for the description and translation of the discourse marker ainda por cima in contemporary European Portuguese. Based on a cognitive-functional framework, this paper analyses the different uses of the discourse marker ainda por cima in contemporary European Portuguese and, in a second step, its translation into Spanish, French, English, and German. This analysis is based on data collected in two corpora, CETEMPúblico, which allowed the identification of the functions of the marker in European Portuguese, and Europarl, for the listing of its translations. The research carried out in the source language reveals that the marker has an elaborative value, and more specifically an additive value, always associated with an element of unexpectedness, prefacing a new argument that reinforces the conclusion to be reached, which may (or may not) be the strongest argument in an argumentative scale. The contrastive analysis, in turn, shows the great variety of translational solutions adopted and a value not mentioned in any of the monolingual analyses: the counter-argumentative. The text concludes that (i) the different meanings of the marker in Portuguese are quite close and present themselves in a continuum, linked by family resemblances; (ii) there are important challenges in translating DM; (iii) the analysis of translations may require a reinterpretation of the DM in the source text. REZUMAT. Contribuții pentru descrierea și traducerea marcatorului discursiv ainda por cima în portugheza europeană contemporană. Pe baza unui cadru cognitiv-funcțional, această lucrare analizează diferitele utilizări ale marcatorului discursiv ainda por cima în portugheza europeană contemporană și, într-o a doua etapă, traducerea acestuia în spaniolă, franceză, engleză și germană. Această analiză se bazează pe date colectate în două corpusuri, CETEMPúblico, care a permis identificarea funcțiilor marcatorului în portugheză, și Europarl, pentru identificarea traducerilor. Cercetarea efectuată în limba sursă relevă faptul că marcatorul are o valoare elaborativă și, mai precis, o valoare aditivă, asociată întotdeauna cu un element ce exprimă neașteptarea, prefațând un nou argument, care întărește concluzia la care se va ajunge, care poate fi (sau nu) cel mai puternic argument dintr-o scală argumentativă. Analiza contrastivă arată, la rândul ei, marea varietate de soluții de traducere adoptate și o valoare care nu este menționată în niciuna dintre analizele monolingve: contra-argumentativul. Textul concluzionează că (i) diferitele sensuri ale marcatorului în portugheză sunt destul de apropiate și se prezintă într-un continuum, fiind legate prin asemănări de familie; (ii) provocările pe care le ridică traducerea MD sunt semnificative; (iii) analiza traducerilor poate necesita o reinterpretare a MD din textul sursă. Cuvinte-cheie: ainda por cima; marcatori discursivi; traducere; strategii de traducere; analiză contrastivă. Article history: Received 12 August 2023; Revised 19 October 2023; Accepted 30 October 2023; Available online 20 December 2023; Available print 31 December 2023.

Pois: discursive and interactional properties of a Portuguese discourse marker translated into Italian. In this paper we intend to present the study of the Portuguese discursive marker pois to emphasise the various discursive and interactional possibilities. This discursive connector is included by Lopes e Carrilho (2020) among the explanatory discursive markers: the lexical element takes the form of an operator with anaphoric value that proposes the part of discourse that follows it as an explanation of the part of discourse that precedes it. Part of this semantic value is also found in the pois with an interactional function of response. This phenomenon could be explained by considering the process of semantic drift that sees the expansion of the discursive space of use of a lexical element. To present the various areas of use of the discursive marker pois, written and oral language data will be examined. In addition, a contrastive analysis with Italian will be proposed based on the possible translations that this discourse marker can have in this language in order to broaden the contrastive studies between the two Romance languages. REZUMAT. Pois: proprietăți discursive și interacționale ale unui marcator discursiv portughez tradus în italiană. În această lucrare ne propunem să studiem marcatorul discursiv pois (portugheză europeană), pentru a sublinia diferitele sale posibilități discursive și interacționale. Acest conector discursiv este inclus de Lopes e Carrilho (2020) în categoria marcatorilor discursivi explicativi: elementul lexical ia forma unui operator cu valoare anaforică ce propune partea de discurs care îl urmează ca explicație a părții de discurs care îl precedă. O parte a acestei valori semantice se regăsește și în pois cu funcție interacțională de răspuns. Acest fenomen ar putea fi explicat prin prisma procesului de derivă semantică care cuprinde extinderea spațiului discursiv de utilizare a unui element lexical. Pentru a prezenta diferitele domenii de utilizare ale marcatorului discursiv pois, vor fi examinate date de limbă scrisă și orală. În plus, se va propune o analiză contrastivă cu limba italiană, bazată pe posibilele traduceri ale acestui marcator discursiv, pentru a îmbogăți studiile contrastive între cele două limbi romanice. Cuvinte-cheie: marcatori discursivi; portugheză, italiană; pois; interacțiune lingvistică. Article history: Received 1 August 2023; Revised 1 November 2023; Accepted 10 November 2023; Available online 20 December 2023; Available print 31 December 2023.

Multifunctionality of discourse marker portanto in Braga’s Speech. This paper explores the multifunctionality and usage patterns of the discourse marker portanto in Braga’s speech. Our main goal is to propose a revised description of portanto, while acknowledging the validity of previous research on the topic. The investigation focused on the co-occurrence of functions associated with portanto, emphasizing its pivotal role in speech construction. The frequency distribution of portanto usage was found to be consistent with earlier studies, affirming its most prevalent application as a filler (marker). Our study also highlighted that an excessive use of discourse markers can create the illusion of coherence, rather than genuinely ensuring it, especially in contexts characterized by frequent pauses, verbal hesitations, and syntactic interruptions. Furthermore, this research examined the influence of discourse genre on portanto’s usage patterns. Notably, the two predominant uses observed in Braga’s speech were linked to specific aspects of sociolinguistic interviews, particularly the recollection of life stories and features of spontaneous speech. The findings enrich our understanding of this discourse marker's multifaceted role in facilitating coherent communication and its significance in various speech contexts. REZUMAT. Multifuncționalitatea marcatorului discursiv portanto în graiul din Braga. Acest articol explorează multifuncționalitatea și modelele de utilizare ale marcatorului discursiv portanto în graiul din Braga. Scopul nostru principal este să propunem o descriere revizuită a marcatorului portanto, recunoscând în același timp validitatea cercetărilor anterioare. Cercetarea noastră s-a concentrat asupra co-ocurenței funcțiilor marcatorului portanto, care subliniază rolul esențial al acestuia în coeziunea discursului. Distribuția frecvenței utilizării lui portanto s-a dovedit a fi în concordanță cu studiile anterioare, confirmând că cea mai frecventă utilizare este de marcator. Studiul nostru a subliniat, de asemenea, că utilizarea excesivă a marcatorilor discursivi poate crea iluzia coerenței, fără însă a o asigura cu adevărat, mai ales în contexte caracterizate de pauze frecvente, ezitări verbale și discontinuități sintactice. În plus, cercetarea noastră a examinat și influența genului discursiv asupra modelelor de utilizare ale marcatorului portanto. Cele două utilizări predominante observate în graiul din Braga au fost influențate de aspecte specifice ale interviurilor sociolingvistice, în special nararea poveștilor de viață și trăsăturile discursului spontan. Concluziile noastre contribuie la înțelegerea rolului multifațetat al acestui marcator discursiv în facilitarea comunicării coerente și clarifică sensurile sale în mai multe contexte. Cuvinte-cheie: graiul din Braga, registrul colocvial, marcatori discursivi, portugheză europeană, multifuncționalitate. Article history: Received 28 July 2023; Revised 2 November 2023; Accepted 12 November 2023; Available online 20 December 2023; Available print 31 December 2023.

The discourse marker eso sí in Spanish and its correspondences in Portuguese. This paper analyzes the correspondences of eso sí in Portuguese. In the first part, the predominant values of this discursive marker in Spanish are studied and its evolution from the 16th century to the present is determined. Then, the most common values as a discourse marker of isso sim are analyzed (the literal correspondence of eso sí) in current Portuguese, also establishing its evolution in the history of Portuguese until its grammaticalization as a discourse marker in the 19th century. In the second part of the paper, a contrastive analysis is carried out between these two discourse markers, establishing the convergences and divergences, according to three parameters: i) the values; ii) the position in the statement; iii) the explicitation of the negation in the sentence before the one in which the discourse marker is integrated. In the final part of the article, the correspondences of eso sí in fourteen Portuguese translations of narrative works in Spanish are presented, and their acceptability is analyzed according to the predominant value of eso sí. REZUMAT. Marcatorul discursiv eso sí în spaniolă și corespondențele sale în portugheză. Această lucrare analizează corespondențele lui eso sí în limba portugheză. În prima parte, sunt studiate valorile predominante ale acestui marcador discursiv în spaniolă și este determinată evoluția sa din secolul al XVI-lea până în prezent. Apoi, sunt analizate cele mai frecvente valori ca marcador discursiv ale lui isso sim (corespondentul literal al lui eso sí) în portugheza actuală, stabilindu-se, de asemenea, evoluția sa în istoria limbii portugheze până la gramaticalizarea sa ca marcador discursiv în secolul al XIX-lea. În partea a doua a lucrării, se realizează o analiză contrastivă a acestor doi marcadori discursivi, stabilindu-se convergențele și divergențele, în funcție de trei parametri: i) valorile; ii) poziția în enunț; iii) explicitarea negației în propoziția anterioară. În partea finală a articolului, sunt prezentate corespondențele lui eso sí în paisprezece traduceri portugheze ale unor opere narative în limba spaniolă, iar acceptabilitatea acestora este analizată în funcție de valoarea predominantă a lui eso sí. Cuvinte-cheie: marcatori discursivi, eso sí, isso sim, analiză contrastivă, traducere Article history: Received 1 August 2023; Revised 25 September 2023; Accepted 26 September 2023; Available online 20 December 2023; Available print 31 December 2023.

The markedness principle in Brazilian Portuguese verb-based discourse markers viu? and entendeu?. A productive, vigorous debate on grammar issues took place as the new millennium approached. A significant amount of work was published in that field as we witnessed a grammatical boom between 1991 and 2014 in Brazil (Faraco and Vieira 2016). Along with a resulting new range of descriptive perspectives and propositions, the debate over discourse markers (DMs) relevance has increased sharply among language curriculum professionals. Although they have played an important role in functionalist grammars where interaction is a key component, DMs are still regarded as a peripheral category in natural language normative grammars. Also, DMs are typically associated with language users’ social status. Based on cognitive-functionalist grammar studies, my research has placed DMs on the common ground between a functionalist framework (by investigating the relationship between form and content) and cognitive linguistics theory (categorization, prototypicality, conceptual metaphors). This paper explores some of my research findings on the markedness principle as applied to Brazilian Portuguese DMs viu? and entendeu? in the light of cognitive-functionalist theories. Some contrast between these DMs and their English equivalent is also explored. In doing so, I hope to bring forward new resources to explore verb-based DMs in teaching Portuguese to speakers of other languages. REZUMAT. Principiul de marcare în cazul marcatorilor discursivi verbali din portugheza braziliană viu? și entendeu?. O dezbatere productivă și viguroasă pe teme gramaticale a avut loc odată cu apropierea noului mileniu. O cantitate semnificativă de lucrări a fost publicată în acest domeniu, asistând la un boom gramatical între 1991 și 2014 în Brazilia (Faraco și Vieira 2016). Împreună cu o nouă serie de perspective și propuneri descriptive rezultate, dezbaterea privind relevanța marcatorilor discursivi (MD) a crescut brusc în rândul profesioniștilor în curriculum lingvistic. Deși au jucat un rol important în gramaticile funcționaliste în care interacțiunea este o componentă cheie, MD sunt încă considerați o categorie periferică în gramaticile normative ale limbii naturale. De asemenea, MD sunt de obicei asociați cu statutul social al utilizatorilor de limbi străine. Pe baza studiilor de gramatică cognitiv-funcționalistă, cercetarea mea a plasat MD pe terenul comun definit de un cadru teoretic funcționalist (prin investigarea relației dintre formă și conținut) și teoria lingvisticii cognitive (categorizare, prototipicalitate, metafore conceptuale). Această lucrare explorează unele dintre rezultatele cercetării mele privind principiul marcării aplicat MD viu? și entendeu? din portugheza braziliană în lumina teoriilor cognitiv-funcționaliste. De asemenea, sunt explorate unele contraste între acesti MD și echivalentul lor în limba engleză. În acest fel, sper să aduc noi perspective pentru a explora MD deverbali în predarea limbii portugheze pentru vorbitorii de alte limbi. Cuvinte-cheie: marcatori discursivi, funcționalism, lingvistică cognitivă, marcare, predarea limbii portugheze vorbitorilor de alte limbi. Article history: Received 25 August 2023; Revised 5 October 2023; Accepted 5 November 2023; Available online 20 December 2023; Available print 31 December 2023.

The paper is a narratological study that problematizes the graphic or textual demarcation between the preface to the novel as a secondary text and the novel as a primary text. Methodologically, it draws on the study Thresholds (Seuils, 1987) and attempts to explain Genette’s structural and functional definition of prefaces, especially those that the French structuralist labels as pseudo-editorial, through more recent studies on the frame narrative (e.g. Abbot 2004, Fludernik 2009, Wolf 2006). On one hand, it outlines the possibilities of the above-mentioned structural categories coinciding, while on the other hand it points to the presence of an independent, broader fabula in both the preface and the frame narrative. In particular, it focuses on the problem of the functional image of certain prefaces in the Enlightenment novel, analysing the prefaces to Prévost’s Manon Lescaut and Marivaux’s The Life of Marianne, while taking Cervantes’s Don Quixote as a historical starting point. The chosen examples demonstrate how and why the boundary between the preface and the novel became blurred in the 18th century, a time when the novel as a narrative genre was articulated and established. One of the main, if not the only, functions of the pseudo-editorial preface, which is per definitionem fictional, is to create the impression of authenticity, with the preface-writer most often using the topos of a found manuscript. However, it turns out that its “dramatization” goes beyond the textual boundaries of the preface and continues in the novel itself, proving that the graphic image of the preface as a paratext no longer corresponds to its functional image. Even if we can trace a similar narrative strategy in both Baroque and Enlightenment novels, it is necessary to distinguish between the reasons for it application. Don Quixote is an example of artful, dynamic, “ingenious” composition and parodies the preface as a rhetorical convention. The fictional nature of the Enlightenment novel, however, inevitably rests on an impression of verisimilitude, and consequently the preface, the privileged place where these two characteristics meet, becomes a full-fledged literary component of the narrative work.

The article discusses Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a disruptive power, i.e., a power that – as the dictionary SSKJ states – “because of its otherness, its visionary conception in relation to the status quo, acts boldly and unexpectedly”. At the beginning of the paper, the theoretical background of AI tools is presented, along with some examples of the potential and problems of their use in foreign language teaching. The use of AI-powered tools in foreign language teaching must be thoroughly considered, researched, and regulated at national and supranational levels – e.g., the ethical aspects of using AI in teaching, intellectual property, data protection, and the actual impact of AI-assisted learning. Beyond these challenges, it is worth highlighting, exploring, and, above all, exploiting the potential of AI-based tools and the potential and constructive use of these tools in and for foreign language teaching. In the second part of the paper, the selected AI-based tools suitable for foreign language teaching are briefly presented and analysed through a use case. The advantages and disadvantages of these tools and their use for language learning, chatbots (including ChatGPT), AI-based tools for writing and text proofreading (grammar and spelling), and machine translation tools are illustrated using examples. Despite the advantages, disadvantages, and problems that the use of AI-powered tools entails, the paper aims to highlight their benefits and potential with regard to optimizing users’ — i.e., teachers and learners – time, and, above all, we want to encourage their constructive use.

The behavior of Spanish verbs of becoming (e.g., volverse rico ‘to become rich’), also known as pseudocopular or semicopular verbs, has received relatively little attention in the literature. Bybee & Eddington (2006) (B&E) analyze these verbs employing an exemplar model based on frequency and semantic similarity. The current paper presents an analysis of verbs of becoming based on the notion of cluster concepts (Jackendoff 2002, 1983), set within a scale, as an alternative account to B&E’s, that explains the behavior of this class of verbs in a more precise and comprehensive way. The current study shows that there are strong tendencies in the use of adjectives with a given verb of becoming, which correlate to their use with the copular verbs ser/estar. Crucially, the cluster concept model accounts for uses of adjectives that do not fall into any particular grouping in B&E’s model. A corpus study supports the analysis. The current study represents an original contribution in that it is the only study that treats verbs of becoming using the notion of cluster concepts.

It has been claimed in the literature that referential null subjects receive definite readings in consistent null-subject languages, like Spanish. That is why they are said to display the typical behavior of definite pronouns (pro). However, referential null subjects can receive indefinite readings under the following conditions: i) the antecedent must be a bare plural, ii) the indefinite null argument is interpreted as a bare noun, typically as an internal argument, and iii) identity of sense anaphora is involved. Crucially, referential null objects appear under the same conditions, and receive indefinite readings in Peninsular Spanish. This suggests that the gap could be analyzed in the same way. In this paper, I argue that both null arguments should not be analyzed as empty pronominals (pro), given the syntactic behavior that they show. By contrast, I will argue that an argument ellipsis analysis should be assumed, given that the internal argument position is occupied by an indefinite, non-specific bare noun, the null gap can receive sloppy readings, and the omission is not as ‘big’ as the one at verb-stranding VP-ellipsis, nor as ‘small’ as the one at nominal ellipsis.

This paper offers an in-depth analysis of a novel elliptical construction Spanish, dubbed Topic-Remnant Elided Polar Questions (or polar TREQs in short). A detailed examination of polar TREQs will provide evidence for the claim that (a) they are a type of TP-Ellipsis, triggered by the presence of an [E]-feature on C, and (b) the remnant is a topicalized XP that undergoes movement out of the ellipsis site. Furthermore, the analysis of polar TREQs in various contexts (in particular, with respect to so-called connectivity effects) confirms the need of syntactic identity between the linguistic antecedent and the ellipsis site to license ellipsis here. Additionally, this study sheds light on the syntactic structure underlying these constructions, particularly the presence of an intermediate TopP position within the embedded clause. Moreover, an examination of the patterns related to the presence or absence of an overt complementizer in this elliptical construction provides empirical support for Merchant's (2001) Sluicing-COMP Generalization. In summary, this paper not only provides a comprehensive account of the syntactic intricacies of a new elliptical construction in Spanish, but also provides valuable insights into the broader landscape of ellipsis phenomena in this language.

This paper explores expressive illocutionary acts in responses to hotel guests' reviews posted on Tripadvisor and aims to compare their occurrences and realizations in 320 managerial responses in English from English and Serbian hotels, with manifestations of linguistic politeness a focus of analysis. Drawing largely on Leech's (2014) framework, it has attempted to determine whether the acts which tend to come in the form of formulaic, routinized expressions occurring in the responses written by hotel representatives with different backgrounds exhibit some differences as a reflection of culture-specific politeness values. The analysis has revealed considerable similarity between the two data sets in the lexico-grammatical realization of expressives and the use of resources for politeness. However, some noteworthy points of dissimilarity have emerged which correlate closely with the differences in cultural value preferences of the two countries in Hofstede et al.'s (2010) dimensions of power distance and of individualism.