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Introduction/Frame: Recent pandemic responsiveness has prompted increased online qualitative data collection. Few researchers have offered detailed discussions reflecting on how and/or why they maintained or adjusted in-person data collection techniques for online shifts. This paper pulled on lived experiences from researchers who reflected upon their online data collection practices, galvanized by evidence from peer-reviewed research. Research Question/Objectives: The following research questions guided this project: (1) How did qualitative data collection change when research rapidly shifted online? (2) What were essential elements to consider from in-person to online qualitative data collection practices? Goals and Methods: The goal was to inform qualitative researchers of key concepts to consider in adjusting to online data collection based on a fusion of the literature alongside professional experiences. This applied methodological paper utilized field notebooks and notes from research discussion groups during the transition to online data collection to examine considerations toward responsively revising data collection procedures aligned to online contexts. Results: Our investigation identified eight essential Successfully Applied, Grounded-in-Experience (SAGE) practices to consider in reconceptualizing data collection approaches for online contexts: (1) (re)examining online data collection differences in proximity and amplification of facial-emphasis communication, (2) strengthening awareness of truncated corporal visuality in online contexts, (3) increasing fluency and agility with digital tools, (4) increasing mindfulness of temporal need for visual data over audio-only data, (5) increasing research-oriented professionalism to counterbalance casual social or classroom-styled video chat practices, (6) enhancing researcher reflexivity regarding transcription and field notes, (7) maintaining procedural flexibility and balance regarding potential hybrid data collection, and (8) increasing temporal accessibility vis-à-vis boundaries. Final Considerations: Building from reactionary experiences and guidance during the emergency transition to online data collection modes and approaches, there is a need to reflexively reconceptualize data collection for online contexts.

The Spanish Health Information System (HIS) collects health information. Trans people have poorer health status. This paper aimed to assess the adequacy of the HIS to collect the health data on trans individuals. The HIS sources available in the Statistical Portal of the National Health System were reviewed. The sources containing population health data were selected. The variables "sex" and "gender identity" were searched. Nineteen sources were identified. In all of them the variable "sex" was found, whereas "gender identify" did not appear in any of the 19. In two sources, the variable "sex" allowed values of "transsexual". The SIS contains little information regarding gender identity. This leads to the invisibility of trans people in Spanish health statistics. Obtaining this information would allow for a better understanding of the barriers to health care access, and the health needs of one of the most discriminated groups in our society., (Copyright © 2017 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Qualitative research has traditionally relied on specific methodologies for data collection, with interviews being the predominant and preferred approach. Vast quantities of information have been published regarding traditional mechanisms for collecting qualitative data, but few studies have addressed more unconventional mechanisms such as body mapping. This is a distinctive technique commonly used in health sciences. It offers a versatile alternative that encourages participant creativity, reflexivity, and protagonism. It was adapted for use in an educational study with the aim of eliciting participants' constructivist experiences and emotions related to a particular social phenomenon. It was used as part of a descriptive case study which employed two other triangulation techniques, namely semi-structured virtual interviews, and document collection. After the researchers’ reflective processes, it was concluded that body mapping represented an ideal means to facilitate the data collection process. The primary objective of the study, grounded in qualitative research, was to explore the perceptions of five primary English teachers in the Sarapiquí Regional Directorate of Education in Costa Rica regarding the return to in-person education amid the COVID-19 public health crisis. For the body mapping technique, three participants engaged in a face-to-face session, structured into seven phases: map outlining, reflections on distance education, reflections on combined education, reflections on in-person education, finalization of body maps, testimony giving, and concluding reflections on the technique. Although the focus was on in-person education (2022), the distance and combined modalities (2020-2021) were used to activate participants’ prior knowledge and to provide context for the study. This paper demonstrates the procedure followed in applying the body mapping technique for qualitative data collection in a study on the perspective and experiences of teachers, and highlights the valuable insights gained through its use.

The Region of the Americas, with a homicide rate of 16.4 per 100,000 population (2004), is the second most violent region in the world, but public policy-making for the prevention of violence and crime is hampered by the absence of reliable and comparable data on the problem's various manifestations. This paper describes a 14-country initiative, sponsored by the Inter-American Development Bank in partnership with other regional agencies, to develop-collectively and by consensus- indicators for peaceful coexistence and citizen security that permit comparisons among countries, systematization of methods for the production and collection of pertinent data, the development of regional policies, and the dissemination and sharing of good practices. The selected indicators were homicide, death from road traffic injuries, suicide, death by firearm, sexual crime, family violence, child abuse, robbery, theft, vehicle theft and robbery, abduction, traffic offenses committed while under the influence of alcohol, general victimization, victimization by theft, victimization by robbery, perception of insecurity, perception of fear, confidence in institutions, and justification of the use of violence. For each indicator, agreement was reached on the type of measurement and the minimum variables that should be taken into account to have appropriate criteria for comparison.

In the psychological measurement, especially in personality, the paper-pencil method is the usual device between the psychologist and allied professions. The score obtained by a person examined can have questionable validity if the responses were random. To identify this problem, different methods have been used. The random response is a challenging situation for the measurement research and diagnosis in cognitive performance and personality, when they have been measured by test of dichotomous type. In this study a computer program that implements the Charter's method of point estimate and confidence intervals is presented in order to identify if the score obtained can be considered random. We analyze and discuss this program uses in the research and professional practice.

Electronic data capture helps improving the quality of clinical research; mainly yielding a more reliable data collection process, but also introducing new resources for controlling the execution of clinical trials and facilitating the monitoring tasks. The protocol can be implemented rather than followed, and tools are at hand to help minimising the human error. The principal difficulty in the use of the electronic data capture lays in a more complex set up. This forces the adaptation of the people involved in the execution of clinical trials to a different workflow. In the future, most of the clinical research will use electronic data capture systems, and the paper shall be left for a few particular cases.

The purpose of this paper is to show up the importance of the standardization concepts in American Trypanosomiasis epidemiological studies. The consistence in the measurement of some dwelling characteristics was evaluated. A validation of the Queretaro antigen for indirect hemagglutination reaction as a diagnostic test and the interobserver concordance for the serologic readings were also made. The observers were instructed in some sessions. The pretests were made in the laboratory with positive and negative sera, with sera from the studied population. Results show that the interobserver concordance after the instruction, for the dwelling variables ranged from 70% to 100%. Sensitivity of the Queretaro antigen was 100%, specificity 55%, the predictive value of a positive test 55%, and the predictive value of a negative test 93%. The interobserver concordance was 47%. The pretest and the pilot study are very important in getting the objectives of the principal study.

A survey about asthma management was conducted in a group of 300 chest physicians randomized from a list of the whole country. This paper dealt with the questions about treatment in acute asthma and during maintenance therapy in adults and in children older than 6 years. Of the questionnaires mailed, 98 responses were obtained (32.7%)); 71% of the responders were respiratory medicine specialists (RM), 12% RM + Internal Medicine (IM), 6% in RM + Allergy (A), 5% in A, 4% in IM and 2% in IM + A. For the treatment of acute severe episodes 57.5% of the physicians chose nebulized or inhaled beta agonists (IBA) as the first choice for adults and 63.4% for children, parenteral steroids 26.3% in adults and 22.5% in children. For maintenance therapy, the first choice formulation was IBA for adults in 37.6% of the responders and inhaled steroid (IS) in 34.1% of them. In children, 34.7% of the responders choose IBA, 25.3% cromoglicate or nedocromil and 14.7% IS. IBA were prescribed more commonly for treating symptoms, secondly for preventing symptoms and in third place for continuous preventive treatment in adults and in children. The recommendation of IBA for treating and preventing symptoms were more commonly done in children. The average normal daily dose of IS was 297 and 254 micrograms for adults and children, respectively. The average maximal dose was 1176 and 618 micrograms for adults and children, respectively. The recommendation of hyposensitization for allergic asthma was, as mean score of frequency of use (from 0 = never to 3 = always), 0.96 for adults and 1.13 for children. Important drawbacks were detected in the treatment approach. In acute asthma episodes about 40% of the responders did not use IBA as the first choice of treatment. For maintenance treatment IS were rarely used, and their doses were less than the usually recommended by different guidelines. IBA were seldom recommended for prevention or treatment of symptoms. They are used moderately as continuous preventive treatment. Hyposensitization is commonly recommended and more frequently used than in other countries.

Traffic accidents are a well-known public health problem worldwide. In Mexico research into risk factors for motor involving vehicles accidents and their consequences has recently been taken into account. The relevant literature does not normally describe the methodological aspects involved in the collection of primary data, since most studies have used secondary data the good quality and validity of which are assumed. The paper presented seeks to discuss and share with researchers in this field, some of the methodological aspects to be considered in the attempt to recreate the scene of the accident and obtain information approximating to reality. The measurements in situ of, such traffic accident variables as injury, use of seat belt, speed and alcohol intake are discussed.

Background: This paper has two objectives. The first is to examine the consistency of the main nutritional studies carried out in Spain over the last fifty years. The second is to use these studies to describe the changes in the Spanish diet over this period and to characterize the present dietary pattern., Material and Methods: We have used three types of studies. First, food balance sheets elaborated by Barbancho, FAO, OECD and the Department of Agriculture. Second, surveys on the foods purchased by population groups, in particular the household budget surveys, and the "panel de consumo alimentario" from the Department of Agriculture. Third, food consumption surveys from Catalonia, Vasque Country, Murcia, Madrid, and Reus., Results: Protein, lipid and total caloric intake have increased over the last fifty years. Carbohydrate intake has been stable. Caloric intake from lipids has increased, caloric intake from protein has been stable and that from carbohydrates has decreased. All studies are consistent in that, from 1980 onwards, caloric intake from protein has been 12.5-16.7%, caloric intake from carbohydrates has been 39.3-48.1%, and that from lipids has been 36.6-46.0%. The monounsaturated/saturated ratio has been 1.2-1.7 and the polyunsaturated/saturated ratio 0.4-0.7. All data sources show a high consumption of foods typical of the Mediterranean diet, in particular fruit, vegetables, fish and vegetable oil, rich in unsaturated fats. Consistency among data sources is higher when data are expressed as percentage of total caloric intake than when they are expelled in absolute quantities., Conclusions: All data sources suggest that the Spanish diet has changed with the economic development, but it still keeps most of the characteristics of the Mediterranean diet.

"The paper starts with a brief analysis of the sources and the quality of the data and the mortality indices [for trends in adult mortality from chronic diseases in Chile]....A comparison is made of mortality among the 13 regions of the country and an attempt is made to relate the observed differences to some environmental and life-style factors. Rural-urban and educational differences of mortality by cause of death are also analyzed. The paper ends by comparing mortality by chronic disease in Chile with that of other countries of the Latin American region, noting some difficulties [in] such a comparison and proposing hypotheses for future studies." (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)

"This paper refers to problems of definition and measurement of the economically active population in the early nineties in different Mexican sources of information, considering in particular the 1990 Population Census and the 1991 National Survey on Employment. The study analyzes in detail the questions, reference periods, and coding systems of these two and other previous surveys and censuses. Its findings allow us to state that the 1990 Population Census is an adequate source of information for analyzing [the] national full-time salaried work force." (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)

"During the last few years, Spain has become a host country for Maghreb emigrants that cross the Straits of Gibraltar hoping to find a better life. This article evaluates the importance of this migratory trend, its evolution, location and characteristics. At the same time, this paper sets forth new data about the recent Official Registration process of alien residents." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE), (excerpt)

A methodological experiment was conducted as part of the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) project to determine whether different approaches to measuring the same variables would yield similar results. The experiment consisted of the use of a new questionnaire, incorporating variants of many of the traditional approaches to the collection of demographic and health data. The experimental questionnaire was applied in 2 countries, Peru and the Dominican Republic at the same time as the standard survey. The most salient feature of this new questionnaire pregnancies, contraceptive practice, and postpartum, marriage, employment, and migration information. In this paper, the authors evaluate whether the use of the calendar in the experimental questionnaire improved the quality of the resulting information on contraception in the DHS surveys from the abovementioned countries. Specifically, the author determine whether the monthly calendar led to better estimates of contraceptive prevalence, failure, and discontinuation, and discuss the advantages and drawbacks of the calendar over the more standard approach. Results from this evaluation suggest that the major advantages of the calendar over the more standard questionnaire are 3-fold: it allows for more complete reports of use for periods prior to the survey; it allows for a detailed study of contraceptive use patterns; and it obtains information which is more internally consistent with other types of information. On the bases of these findings, the DHS project will include a calendar in the new standard questionnaire to be used in the 2nd round of surveys (DHS II).

Objetivo: Analizar la utilización de las Encuestas de Condiciones de Trabajo y Salud (ECTS) en el ámbito de la investigación en salud laboral. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre ECTS incluyendo artículos originales publicados en revistas indexadas en PubMed y CISDOC 1990-2009. En los artículos seleccionados se identificaron objetivos, temáticas abordadas y vacíos conceptuales, entre otras dimensiones. Resultados: Inicialmente se localizaron 627 publicaciones, tras la selección se analizaron 15. Las temáticas más estudiadas fueron las condiciones de empleo y la salud (14 artículos en ambos). En las condiciones de trabajo se destacaron los riesgos ergonómicos (11 artículos) y psicosociales (10 artículos). Bajo la dimensión de salud 9 estudios analizaron los síntomas psicosomáticos. Sólo 4 estudios incluyeron una perspectiva de género y 3 incorporaron la clase social. Fue escasa la investigación en prevención (2 artículos) y participación de los trabajadores (1 artículo). Conclusiones: La literatura científica producida a partir de las ECTS refleja que ciertos tópicos, como la participación de los trabajadores y las intervenciones preventivas, han sido prácticamente inexplorados. Igualmente, sería de gran interés la introducción de la perspectiva de género, migraciones y clase social ocupacional en los artículos científicos basados en las ECTS.Objective: To analyse the use of the working and health conditions survey (WHCS) in occupational health research. Method: A literature review about working and health conditions survey (WHCS) was conducted in PubMed and CISDOC in the period 1990-2009 including research articles. In selected papers objectives, main issues and gaps were identified. Results: 627 publications were located and we analysed 15 papers about WHCS. Employment conditions and Health were the most explored issues (n=14). Considering working conditions, ergonomic (n=11) and psychosocial risk factors (n=10) were more described. 9 papers analysed psychosomatic symptoms and 7 papers described self-perceived health status. Only 4 papers included gender perspective and 3 papers incorporated social class within the analysis. Research on workers' participation (n=1) and prevention (n=2) was scarcely. Conclusions: Scientific literature based on the WHCS show that some topics have been practically unexplored, such as workers participation, preventive interventions, and labour and familiar conciliation. The introduction of a gender perspective, migration and social class in the analysis of the scientific articles would be well acknowledged.

"The paper analyzes some problems related to the census measurement of internal migration according to the three following aspects: The lack of agreement between the proposed objectives and the type of question made; questionnaire design errors and enumeration errors; and inadequate data elaboration." The geographic focus is on Latin America. Problems concerning data on place of birth or place of previous residence and how these can affect the calculation of migration trends are considered. (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)

"A procedure is described to obtain an age distribution of emigrant surviving children from the reports of such children obtained from women by a census or survey. A simple form of the procedure, requiring a minimum of calculation, is shown to work almost as well as the more elaborate form, and is recommended for most uses. "These new procedures, explicitly introducing an age model of migration, yield age distributions which are substantially different from, and probably more realistic than those obtained through the use of model fertility and mortality schedules alone.... The age distributions of migrant children [in Colombia] as obtained in this paper are compared with those obtained by Somoza.... The procedure described here produces a total almost 10 percent higher because it shifts the age distribution of the migrant children towards higher ages with lower proportions of surviving mothers." (summary in ENG), (excerpt)

"During the latter part of 1986, national probability sample surveys of women of reproductive ages were carried out in... Peru and the Dominican Republic. These surveys were made as part of the Demographic Health Surveys project (DHS). In each country, one survey was conducted with the standard core questionnaire developed for DHS; the other survey was based on an experimental questionnaire. The major difference between the two questionnaires is the inclusion in the experimental one of a monthly calendar, which records pregnancies, contraceptive use, reasons for contraceptive discontinuation, breastfeeding, post-partum amenorrhea, post-partum abstinence, women's employment and place of residence for the period 1981-1986. This paper presents results from the first stage of the analysis of the Peruvian data: a comparison of basic characteristics of the two samples and an assessment of the completeness of reporting of recent births and infant and child deaths, i.e., a comparison of information in the truncated and full birth histories." (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)

This paper describes the general principles that must be used as a frame of reference to identify the appropriate procedures for the management of data collected in large scale studies. It has two parts: 1) Data recording and, 2) data processing. In the first part (data recording), the various steps required for the preparation of forms and/or questionnaires and for the recollection of data are discussed. In the second part (data processing), the steps to achieve real quality control, proper coding and data entry for analysis are described. For the latter case, an outline of continuous general steps is proposed, and some statistical procedures commonly used for testing different hypotheses are identified. The overall process is illustrated through flow charts, emphasizing the fact that the processing and analysis of data, must be a continuous action which requires careful definition in the standard protocol of operations.

"The purpose of this paper is to define the data processing methods that will be used in the 1990 population censuses in the different countries of Latin America.... The countries are divided into four groups, and procedures and methodologies are suggested for each of the main eight stages of a census processing." In general, microcomputers are recommended at the initial stages of processing census data, with the exception of data entry for populations over 10 million, for which the utilization of optical readers is recommended. For the final stages of consistency, tabulation, and data base management, microcomputers are recommended only for populations less than a million. (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)

"This paper describes the historical evolution of five populations and analyzes the circumstances under which data on maternal and paternal orphanhood of couples at the moment of marriage were collected and compiled." The data, which concern historical populations in Mexico, Chile, Peru, Brazil, and Argentina, are used to construct life tables for male and female adults. Consideration is given to mortality differentials by sex. (summary in ENG), (excerpt)

"This paper presents the results of the first direct attempt at evaluating the coverage of the perinatal death registration in the Distrito Federal [of Mexico]; this study is based on the information gathered from 574 deaths which took place in 23 hospitals in the Distrito Federal during a three month period in 1984. Both the causes of the failure to register many of these deaths and the quality of the information presented in perinatal death certificates are pointed out and discussed here. According to the evidence analyzed, it is clear that underregistration in the Distrito Federal is extremely marked.... The paper suggests the possibility of establishing a hospital registration system which would keep a record of both deaths and births. It also stresses the need for establishing rules to detect fetal deaths plus the need for unifying criteria regarding the definition of 'live birth'." (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)

"This paper presents six indirect techniques for estimating the degree of death coverage as applied to vital statistics information in Venezuela between 1960 and 1982, collected by two public institutions, namely, the 'Oficina Central de Estadistica e Informatica' (OCEI) and the Ministry of Health and Social Assistance (MSAS).... The results show remarkable improvements in the death registry coverage for both institutions, that amount to 97 or 98 per cent at the beginning of the 80's. Nevertheless, great differences can be observed between them regarding both structure and volume of deaths by sex and age." Among the problems discussed are the impact of immigration and errors in age reporting. (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)

El presente trabajo examina las principales aportaciones realizadas a la investigación de la inmigración extranjera aplicando el análisis de redes sociales, fundamentalmente en el contexto español. Para ello, se emplea una doble perspectiva. Por un lado, se atiende a la aproximación metodológica particular utilizada en la recogida de datos y en las técnicas estadísticas usadas para su análisis. Por otro, se ubican los trabajos en los ejes temáticos principales identificados. Previamente, se contextualiza la cuestión en el debate más general sobre redes migratorias y capital social, se presentan algunos conceptos sobre el análisis de redes y se proporcionan algunas claves sobre la recogida de datos reticulares y las técnicas más apropiadas para su explotación. Por último, se sugieren las fortalezas de esta perspectiva metodológica y las limitaciones a las que se enfrenta su utilización. In this paper, the main contributions to the research on foreign migration through the application of social network analysis are examined, especially for the Spanish context. A dual perspective is used. On one hand, the focus is on the specific methodological approach applied for the data collection and the statistical techniques chosen for the analysis. On the other hand, the works are classified according to a proposed thematic division. Previously, the topic is framed in the more general debate about migration networks and social capital, some concepts on network analysis are introduced and some key facts about network data collection and the appropriate techniques for their exploitation are discussed. Finally, the strengths and the limitations of this methodological approach are suggested.

Objective: in this paper, we problematize how online methods were reduced to mere adaptations from previous data collection techniques, and then discuss how some of the idiosyncratic properties of the online scope may drive the development of future, paradigmatic, online qualitative methods. Proposition: we identified five clues for the paradigmatic development of online qualitative methods: (1) the new socialities allowed by online interactions; (2) the processes involved in asserting identities and selves online; (3) the increasing difficulty in distinguishing what is private and what is public online, and what does privacy mean in this context; (4) the increase of participants’ agency in online qualitative research; and (5) the declining distinction between offline and online social phenomena. Conclusion: by using ontological and epistemological assumptions that do not consider the specificities of online experiences, and by focusing excessively on adapting known methods to the new settings, we researchers are bound to conceive the online experience and operate in it using offline categories. This way, we might be missing the opportunity to develop native, paradigmatic, online qualitative methods that, ultimately, would allow for a better understanding of the phenomena we investigate.

Nuestro país requiere que las investigaciones en salud desempeñen un papel cada vez más importante en el bienestar y el desarrollo integral de nuestra población. Uno de los indicadores que propician un mayor impacto de nuestras investigaciones en los territorios donde estas son realizadas es la concordancia entre el alcance geográfico del estudio por un lado, y el nivel geográfico al cual se justifica el estudio. En definitiva, se trata de que el problema que se investiga sea una prioridad para la comunidad estudiada. En el presente trabajo se hace una revisión de los artículos publicados en la Revista Cubana de Medicina General Integral en los años 1995, 1998 y 1999, donde se determina hasta qué punto esta concordancia se logra. Los resultados demuestran que en la mayoría de los artículos revisados (87 %) esta concordancia no se produce, lo que puede comprometer el impacto práctico de estos trabajos. Se comentan las posibles razones de esta problemática, de donde se pueden identificar acciones que ayuden a resolverla.Our country requires that health research plays an increasingly important role in the welfare and comprehensive development of our population. One of the indicators that favors a higher impact of our research works on the territories where they are carried out is the agreement between the geographical scope of the study on one hand and the geographical level at which this study is justified. Definitively, it is a question of to do research about a problem that is a real priority for the studied community. The present paper made a review of the articles published in Revista Cubana de Medicina General Integral in the years 1995, 1998 and 1999 and determined to what extent this agreement has been reached. The results showed that the majority of the reviewed articles (87 %) did not reach such an agreement, which may jeopardize the practical impact of these papers. Comments were made on the possible causes of this problem from which actions that might help to solve it can be identified.

Within the field of Linguistics, Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, a crowdsourcing marketplace specializes in computer-based Human Intelligence Tasks, has been praised as a cost efficient source of data for English and other major languages. Spanish is a good candidate due to its presence within the US and beyond. Still, detailed information concerning the linguistic and demographic profile of Spanish-speaking ‘Turkers’ is missing, thus making it difficult for researchers to evaluate whether the Mechanical Turk provides the right environment for their tasks. This paper addresses this gap in our knowledge by developing the first detailed study of the presence of Spanish-speaking workers, focusing on factors relevant for research planning, namely, (socio)linguistically relevant variables and information concerning work habits. The results show that this platform provides access to a fairly active participant pool of both L1 and L2Spanish speakers as well as bilinguals. A brief introduction to how Amazon’s Mechanical Turk works and overview of Hispanic Linguistics projects that have so far used the Mechanical Turk successfully is included.