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Este artigo visa apresentar como os veículos de mídia brasileiros apareceram na cobertura dos principais jornais e agências de notícias internacionais que trabalharam no país durante os anos do Regime Militar (1964-1985). Com este trabalho historiográfico, a pesquisa apresentada permite que se ampliem estudos sobre: as distinções entre os métodos de censura aplicados a veículos nacionais e internacionais; o decorrer das mudanças nas políticas externas brasileiras e estadunidenses ao longo dos 21 anos de ditadura, refletidas no jornalismo transnacional; a evolução midiática nacional e sua influência política, considerando as alterações no modelo jornalístico, outorgadas pela realidade da Guerra Fria. Este artigo ambiciona uma proposta interdisciplinar e transnacional para o objeto oferecido.

Amate (amatl) is a handmade paper of Mexico made by Otomi Indians. This craft is made from bark of tree bark amate or jonote. It is originally developed in the states of Puebla, Hidalgo and Veracruz especially in San Pablito, Puebla. However, amate paper is sold as background Nahua paintings by artists from the state of Guerrero. Amate paper paintings are a combination of Nahua and Otomi traditions. While there have been some minor innovations, the amate paper is still done with the same basic process used in the pre-Hispanic period by obtaining a classical amate tree bark fiber. This is negatively affecting the ecosystem of the North of Puebla and forcing vendors bark in search of other species, so it is necessary to make paper amate more sustainably, including new types of bark from other species and by-products of agro-industries such as rice, coffee sugar cane, and other types of fiber that have high-availability The objective of this work was to analyze and compare the Chemical pulp of coffee characteristics, as raw material for amate paper of higher quality than that produced from the bark of other species. The results showed that the structural and chemical characteristics of coffee pulp cellulose pulp showed ease of paper making, due to its properties of adherence, formation and agglutination of fibers similar to the high quality of the final product as the amate tree bark-derived paper.

Reseña del libro, Critical Essays on the Privatisation Experience, Palgrave Macmillan (International Papers in Political Economy), Basingstoke y Nueva York, 2009, 252 pp., ISBN 978-1-4039-9936-8.

This article describes a multi-method approach for usability testing. The approach combines paper prototyping and think-aloud with two supplemental methods: advanced scribbling and a handicraft task. The method of advanced scribbling instructs the participants to use different colors for marking important, unnecessary and confusing elements in a paper prototype. In the handicraft task the participants have to tinker a paper prototype of their wish version. Both methods deliver additional information on the needs and expectations of the potential users and provide helpful indicators for clarifying complex or contradictory findings. The multi-method approach and its surplus benefit are illustrated by a pilot study on the redesign of the homepage of a library 2.0. The findings provide positive evidence for the applicability of the advanced scribbling and the handicraft task as well as for the surplus merit of the multi-method approach. The article closes with a discussion and outlook. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs150379

Chile es un caso emblemático en la apertura de la educación superior al libre mercado y en la reformulación de las lógicas que regulan la producción científica en las universidades. Esto se traduce en un sistema de gestión del personal académico orientado por bonos de productividad asociados a las publicaciones de alto impacto, distribución de fondos de investigación condicionados a la productividad de investigadores y jerarquización de las tareas académicas. En este artículo presentamos los resultados de un estudio que buscó explorar y comprender cómo académicas y académicos de ciencias sociales, altamente productivas y productivos, describen la escritura científica desde la práctica laboral cotidiana enmarcada en nuevas regulaciones de la producción científica. A partir del análisis de 20 entrevistas, proponemos que hay facetas fundamentales para definir la escritura científica: la afectividad, la fragilidad y la estrategia. Éstas dan cuenta de aspectos cotidianos, así como de tensiones y conflictos presentes en el proceso de escritura científica

Não há.

This article analyzes the social production of space in Atenquique, an industrial town in the southern region of Jalisco in western Mexico. The theoretical framework draws on insights from critical geography. Through the case of Atenquique we reflect on the transformation of the area from the beginning of the neoliberal period in Mexico. Neoliberalism ushered in the growth of precarious and insecure working conditions, something which has deepened over the past several decades. The methodology employed is based on ethnographic research undertaken over a period of four months in Atenquique. During this time period we used three different audiovisual methods to collect information: photography, oral history and the production of an ethnographic documentary film. The results of the study show how the ex-inhabitants of Atenquique have knit together complex constructions- both material and symbolic- that provide insight on how the changes of the past several decades have affected the area. In the conclusions, we return to the broader debates on the local and territorial consequences of the implementation of the neoliberal policies in Mexico.

Resumen del libro "Paper cadavers: the archives of dictatorshio in Guatemala", de Kirsten Weld.

Nas últimas décadas, temos assistido ao surgimento de publicações (muitas denominadas “street papers”) que pretendem constituir um canal de visibilidade para a população de rua. Sob uma perspectiva histórica, este artigo estuda o surgimento dessas experiências, tendo como foco central o jornal O Trecheiro, um projeto peculiar dentre os street papers, já que suas pautas voltam-se exclusivamente à realidade da população de rua e de grupos marginalizados. Assim, procuraremos compreender como se dá a representação da população de rua nesse veículo, caracterizada por algumas estratégias principais: afirmação de uma memória coletiva; humanização do sujeito; e ocupação de espaços do jornal por pessoas em situação de rua

Este artigo faz uma breve descrição das características e do modo de vida das pessoas em situação de rua e aponta como uma mídia alternativa pode romper com o estereótipo de que nas ruas só existem pessoas incapazes. Este produto jornalístico, que cresce em escala mundial, além de legitimar o indivíduo como trabalhador, não exige nenhum grau de escolaridade ou qualificação profissional e pode ser um novo caminho para quem deseja resgatar sonhos e ser menos dependentes de ajudas assistencialistas ou de caridade

Es discuteix molt sobre la plurinacionalitat de l’Estat espanyol, però potser poc sobre el concepte mateix d’Espanya. La diferència entre ser un estat o una nació sense estat consisteix en el fet que les primeres no han de qüestionar-se models identitaris, ja que el reconeixement internacional els concedeix un color determinat en un mapa o una nacionalitat que evita que gran part de la població haja de plantejar-se al llarg de la seua vida qüestions com què és la seua nació, qui la compon o per què s’hi sent vinculat. La semàntica és important, i el concepte de nació pot ser interpretat de manera molt diversa en diferents territoris o col·lectius de l’Estat espanyol. La comprensió per part de totes les parts del que totes entenen per nació, país o estat pot ser una de les claus que pot obrir una oportunitat de comprensió mútua a partir de la qual es pot desenvolupar un debat seré i democràtic sobre conceptes com la plurinacionalitat o el dret a decidir. Al seu torn, en ple segle xxi, tots aquests conceptes estan en debat constant en diferents estats de la Unió Europea, per la qual cosa el debat sobre l’encaix de les nacions sense estat, o fins i tot l’encaix del dret a decidir en el marc europeu, també ha de ser tingut en compte.

This essay attempts to show that the ancient rhetorical theory has explanatory capabilities to understand and learn to write modern texts and to analyze them in order to understand their communication skills, as in the scientific article, one of the most prestigious forms on scientific communication. It starts with the notion of discourse in the field of scientific communication and then address the rhetorical dimension of the paper.

Rebecca J. Scott y Jean M. Hébrard, Freedom papers. An Atlantic odyssey in the age of emancipation, Cambridge/Londres, Harvard University Press, 2012, 259 páginas

The following review is about degree works of students of Bachelor of Basic Education with emphasis in Humanities and Spanish Language, cohort one, made up of Superior Normalists in the Municipality of Jericó, who carried out the investigative practice between 2007 and 2008. Its realization , which started from the reading of each report to identify generalities and particularities, has two intentions. The first is to recognize the effort made by teachers in professionalization, to approach their realities from other perspectives, with a sense of questioning and confrontation that, although it generates ups and downs, brings satisfaction; also to invite those who continue the journey of their lives accompanied by this Institution to continue the path undertaken in their institutional realities and call for daring. The second purpose in making a critical reading of the materials achieved by this cohort of graduates is to offer its protagonists an external view that invites them to continue improving processes and work performance; to those who are in the process of training at the headquarters and different subregions , present insights that they can contribute to the approach of their experiences of investigative practice including the communication of what happened and what was achieved. From the structural point of view and with the aim of speeding up the reading the review, I have identified relevant aspects, by affinity or difference, and I have grouped them into different items that mobilize a research process and are present in the written body of the same.

This work presents a systematized count of those articles published in peer-reviewed academic journals in Mexico and abroad, which contents refer to issues of communication and culture concerning Baja California. The essay begins showing an overview on the development of communication studies in the region and then moves on to elaborate a descriptive analysis to organize and categorize the hemerographic references.

The applied connection between quantitative and qualitative methods of social research, dealt within this paper, is based on a pre-study model. The different levels of quality refer to the quality of structure, process and outcome in this research context. These have to be measured within the complex context of academic life. Only selected information from the entire report on the search for proper indicators of quality using empirical data is presented in this paper. Moreover it exemplifies the challenges of developing new indicators for process quality (here: quality of learning, teaching and consultation). The combination of group discussions and paper & pencil inquiries is a good methodical mixture to generate these specific indicators for quality in the complex and hierarchical setting of academia. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs040231

El desarrollo y la investigación de nuevos productos que puedan sustituir parcial o completamente materias primas empleadas para la producción de energía, productos químicos de alto valor añadido e incluso la fabricación de papel, ha permitido que el cáñamo industrial (Cannabis sativa L.) se vuelva atractivo como principal materia prima en la reactivación de una economía de base biológica con altas condiciones y capacidades de producción. A partir de lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo investigativo es profundizar sobre el potencial del uso de fibra de cáñamo en la industria del papel, soportado por estudios realizados por el Estado Colombiano en lo referente a las disponibilidad de cultivos forestales con fines comercialesque inicialmente se destinan para la siembra y producción de recursos madereros como el pino y eucalipto. Se ha considerado de importancia demostrar que el cáñamo, como fuente de producción primaria, brinda ventajas competitivas económicas, ambientales y sociales frente a los cultivos tradicionales, incluso para las nuevas fuentes de investigación de base biológica.

Resumo O presente artigo parte da análise das práticas e representações de publicadores que frequentam as feiras de arte impressa realizadas na cidade de São Paulo nos últimos anos para compreender os vetores sociotécnicos que organizam essas práticas e as materialidades dos objetos editoriais ali publicados e comercializados. Coloca-se, no centro da análise, a relação entre as tecnicidades (o códice, o papel e a impressão) mobilizadas por esses publicadores e certas concepções de passado, presente e futuro inscritas em seus investimentos individuais e coletivos, com destaque para a tensão entre o “retorno ao artesanal” e a pretensão de construir um futuro viável para a publicação. Conclui-se que as novas formas de fetichização do livro impresso estão condicionadas tanto pelas evoluções técnicas proporcionadas pelas tecnologias digitais como pela negação programática do livro convencional, identificado com o mercado editorial mainstream.

El artículo analiza cómo las políticas estatales, influidas por intereses privados, refuerzan y expanden la desigualdad social y dan lugar a una ética contable que no cuestiona las acciones y se orienta a satisfacer intereses corporativos. Se evidencia cómo los estados son absorbidos por organizaciones que persiguen beneficios a corto plazo y por el control totalitario de la economía. Se examina el tema de las filtraciones relacionadas con organizaciones offshore y paraísos fiscales, develando el deterioro ético del profesional contable. Finalmente, se concluye que el contador público debe ser garante de confianza pública y que sus acciones tienen repercusiones sociales. The article analyzes how state policies, influenced by private interests, reinforce and expand social inequality and give rise to an accounting ethic that does not question actions and is aimed at satisfying corporate interests. It shows how states are absorbed by organizations that pursue short-term benefits and totalitarian control of the economy. The topic of leaks related to offshore organizations and tax havens is examined, revealing the ethical deterioration of the accounting professional. Finally, it is concluded that the public accountant must be guarantor of public trust and that his actions have social repercussions. O artigo analisa como as políticas estaduais, influenciadas por interesses privados, reforçam e ampliam a desigualdade social e dão origem a uma ética contábil que não questiona ações e visa à satisfação de interesses corporativos. Mostra como os estados são absorvidos pelas organizações que buscam benefícios de curto prazo e controle totalitário da economia. O tópico de vazamentos relacionados a organizações offshore e paraísos fiscais é examinado, revelando a deterioração ética do profissional contábil. Por fim, conclui-se que o contador público deve ser garante da confiança do público e que suas ações têm repercussões sociais.

En este artículo abordamos el tema de las contribuciones positivas del paradigma del desarrollo humano y de la Organización para la Prohibición Completa de Pruebas Nucleares (CTBTO por sus siglas en inglés), al proceso de globalización que estamos viviendo. Para una mejor comprensión de su relevancia, hemos introducido una breve conceptualización histórica. Hemos distinguido tres periodos relevantes, en particular para el caso de la CTBTO. El primero de ellos inicia con la firma del Tratado de Paz de Westfalia en 1648, y que se caracteriza por la aparición de los Estados Nación modernos en diferentes partes del mundo. Este periodo llega hasta 1945 (claramente los movimientos independentistas en África se extienden más allá de esta fecha).El segundo, se extiende de 1945 hasta 1989 y se caracteriza por la formación de dos grandes bloques hegemónicos mundiales. Y el tercero que comienza desde 1989 hasta el presente y que se caracteriza por la aparición del multilateralismo. El desarrollo humano y la CTBTO surgen en este último periodo, y tiene como objetivo, respectivamente, promover el bienestar y el desarrollo de capacidades humanas, y el promover un mundo más pacífico y seguro. En nuestra presentación ilustramos con ejemplos de América Latina el impacto que ambos han tenido. Es nuestra esperanza que, en este mundo recientemente amenazado de nuevo por la guerra, nuestras instituciones y estas organizaciones globales sean capaces de hacer que predominen estos importantes temas humanos.

Este ensaio pretende ser uma defesa da importância acadêmica do ensaio. Na vida acadêmica atual, vigora sobretudo o pragmatismo da produtividade funcional e da eficiência, expresso, através de um inglês comercial, sobretudo pelo paper. Esse esvaziamento das palavras convida-nos a enfatizar a importância do ensaio. De Montaigne a Steiner, passando por Adorno, o ensaio, gênero da modernidade, torna-se, assim, sobretudo num tempo de crise das grandes narrativas, o modo de captar o eterno naquilo que vivemos e percebemos como destinado a perecer. Constitui-se como escritura do sujeito moderno, e manifestação de suas extraordinárias inquietudes e de suas solidões. O ensaio como artesanato da suspeita, ao invés de ser visto como vitória do amadorismo na vida acadêmica, é o caminho com que se revelarão os limites de toda pretensão universalista e do produtivismo acadêmico hoje imperante.

The article aims to present a comprehensive review about the influence of Montesquieu, Locke and Rousseau’s thought regarding representation, division of powers, and idea of republicanism on the Federalist Articles. The discussion of such concepts on Locke`s Two Treatises of Governments (1689), Montesquieu’s The Spirit of Laws (1748), and Rousseau’s The Social Contract and Discourses (1762) is compared to the ideas presented by the Federalists on their 85 Articles to assess how the latter conception of republic, representation and division of powers is influenced by the former. Furthermore, the article presents the debate between Anti-Federalists and Federalists to elucidate how the ideas of those three modern political theorists formed the base for both sides’ arguments.

This text assesses some of the impacts on the Portuguese labour market resulting from the introduction of flexicurity. Taking the European Commission Green Paper as a reference, the contents and objectives of flexicurity are discussed and some of the features of the “Danish model”, normally taken as the example to be followed, are tested. From an analysis of various examples revealing vulnerable situations within the labour market, it is concluded that there is more evidence of the unsuitability of flexicurity in the Portuguese context than of the potential of this deliberate political measure.

Como escolher um tema de pesquisa diante de milhares de possibilidades? De que maneira se inserir em um universo que não corresponde à realidade do pesquisador? Quais as formas de lidar com as “crises” que surgem durante o processo investigativo? A partir do relato da escolha de cursar Jornalismo, a autora versa sobre esses questionamentos e explica como um homem sem-teto foi o responsável pela ideia de seu Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso - o videodocumentário “Droga de Rua” (UFMS, 2008) - e a inspiração para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa de mestrado Ocas”e Hecho en Buenos Aires: um outro tipo de jornalismo na América Latina?, realizada através no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Jornalismo da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC, 2012)

A general academic networks view is presented. This network has been build from the author’s interaction through their scientific papers, indexed by Thomson Reuters (previously ISI Thomson). Accent is place in the interaction of main academic subsystems: Scientific Research; Schools and Faculties; Humanities Research and General Secretary Office. The data base under analysis encompass 71878 papers with one Mexico’s coauthor at least, all papers are indexed by ISI Thomson. Papers publication date goes from 1981 to 2003.

In this paper, we explore the use of a generative metaphor for analyzing qualitative interviews on abortion attitudes. U.S. abortion attitudes are notably complex and multidimensional, thus, requiring subtle, complex, and multidimensional tools of study. We used the generative metaphor of a "doorway" as an analytic tool to enable new understandings of abortion attitudes as expressed across 24 one-on-one semi-structured qualitative interviews with U.S. adults. The doorway metaphor gave us an understanding of the ways in which participants thought of their abortion attitudes as open to revision or change to some degree while also being closed to revision in other ways. This spectrum of openness and closedness does not come into view when examining abortion attitudes through the dichotomous framings. In this methodological paper, we thoroughly describe how we used the metaphor to explicate the complexities and multi-dimensionalities of a person's abortion attitudes.

While European borders have increasingly hardened since the so-called 2015 refugee crisis, practices of migrant assistance and solidarity by civil society actors have become a feature of contemporary border politics. On the one hand, across the European Union, local and international initiatives have often responded to needs of newcomers, by playing a pivotal role in doing humanitarian work; on the other hand, both organisations and individuals engaged in migrant solidarity and assistance have become the target of policies and practices of criminalisation. My analysis takes the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla as a case-study, drawing on data collected during a 2019-2020 fieldwork. The paper argues that in the Spanish enclaves’ local humanitarians belonging to a range of civil society actors face different forms of intimidation and indirect pressure, both by governmental and non-governmental actors. I show how the lack of acceptance of the work of local humanitarians among some sectors of the local population lies with feelings of ‘fear’ and rejection towards some specific groups of migrants, such as unaccompanied minors from Morocco and young male migrants from Sub-Saharan countries. In addition, I describe how, along this EU external border, cases of harsher forms of criminalisation have been recorded as well. The paper concludes that tensions and hurdles that local humanitarians face in these EU border localities partially reflect a broader European trend and are a ‘sub-product’ of larger process of criminalisation of migrants and refugees travelling through irregular routes. Humanitarian border – Migrant solidarity - Civil society organisations – Ceuta – Melilla – Criminalisation

The paper aims analyzing the use of OpenAI Chatbot as an academic writer. The Chatbot was asked to write about Economic Development, specifically about the High Pyrennes and Aran Region (HPAR) and its regional economic development institute – IDAPA. The method used was exploratory, but also analogous to the “reinforcement learning” (section 1). After the introduction, the Chatbot was asked to write a paper on the economy of HPAR (section 2). Due to the incompleteness of the task, the Chatbot was then asked to write only paragraphs about IDAPA (section 4). Given its answers have presented the “Russian dolls” effect, the Chatbot was asked to state IDAPA’s major challenges (section 6), and then the forms to surpass such challenges (section 7). Intercalary sections were used to analyze the Chatbot pieces of writing (e.g. sections 3, 5, and 8). The main conclusion is that, yes, the OpenAI Chatbot does deliver academic writing over regional economic development – as well as it can make a review of scientific literature.

This paper is a poetic self-study based on a community education project in which the author was involved and in which poetry was a process of social transformation. There is a poetic process of weaving between writings produced during the project, occurred years ago, and writings created for this self-study. Its main purpose is to reflect on this poetic process, questioning how it can continue to illuminate our understandings, develop dialogue and transcend contradictions and ambivalences. A few meaningful events are selected where poetry played a relevant part and where poetic writing, combinins sounds and silence to create a singular musicality, is assumed as a way of deepening and transforming understanding and practice. It is a poetic organisation of rhizomatic relations that facilitates the flow of reflexivity and evocation of the movements experienced during the project and identified as important. They are in accordance with the principles of the project, where dialogical and critical approaches are emphasised. In the final sections the author discuss her positionalities and conflicts as researcher, educator and poet assumed along the process, and conclude by reflecting on some of the main contributions of this paper to the poetic self-study field and poetic inquiry.

The article discusses recent developments that are impacting the understandings of citizenship in late modern societies. During the past decades, citizenship has been discussed in terms of its contributions to tackling effects of political, social and economic crises. Most prominent are those challenges deriving from processes of Europeanization and globalization, but also, digital technologies are said to impinge new requirements on individuals, thus calling for European, global or digital citizenship. Well beyond simply changing the traditional orientation towards a nation-state, new conceptualizations of citizenship gravitate heavily towards individual dispositions and subjective competencies, while legal-juridical features remain untouched and largely unrelated. This explains the strong emphasis on the role of education in cultivating – global, European, digital – citizenship among individuals. The contribution asks whether and if so, how changed understandings of citizenship may lead to ‘performative citizenship’, where individuals are burdened with the requirement of constantly enacting ‘good’ and ‘worthy’ citizenship. The paper is organized along three sections: First, we revisit the mainstream literature on citizenship and discuss the main elements in historical-systematic manner. Second, based on a thorough literature review we discuss recent developments that call for updated meanings and representations of citizenship, before, third, the paper deliberates on the performative nature on newer conceptions of citizenship by examining recent examples of so-called global universities. The article closes with a discussion of research avenues for the topic, including crucial questions as to the status, role and function of citizenship in times of crises.

This paper investigates how Chinese taxi drivers utilize low-tech equipment, such as handheld radios and mobile phone services, to form local ride-hailing networks. Previous studies have analyzed how Internet platforms like Didi Chuxing have reshaped labor relations through technology and policies, but they have ignored the fact that outside metropolitan areas, traditional technological solutions, such as on-call radio platforms, have not been replaced by the rapidly expanding ride-hailing platforms. Therefore, to outline China’s diverse ICT practice environment, this paper focuses on a case study in two Chinese towns (Laizhou, Shandong; Ziyang, Sichuan), shifting the attention from metropolitan areas to neglected fourth- and fifth-tier cities. After reviewing the previous advancements in mobile communication technology, we discuss the economic, cultural, and social motivations behind the use of ‘low-tech’ devices and cooperative services by the Chinese taxi drivers in question.

With the development and application of algorithms as catalysts, the changing modes of information production, dissemination, and consumption have also given rise to a myriad of serious ethical challenges. This study employs a multi-case approach and semistructured in-depth interviews to examine three prominent international information technology companies, namely, Meta, Sina, and Byte Dance. By investigating the utilization of algorithms in content creation and distribution and adopting an epistemic, ethical framework, this paper analyzes the phenomenon of information cocooning resulting from inconclusive algorithmic evidence, the presence of algorithmic black boxes stemming from inscrutable evidence, and the issue of algorithmic bias caused by misguided evidence. Consequently, this paper proposes three fundamental ethical principles for algorithmic systems: certainty, interpretability, and reliability.

Objective: This paper aims to: (1) identify the factors that influence K-Economy readiness in higher education; (2) map the factors that influence K-Economy readiness based on the four pillars of K-Economy; and (3) analyze the implications of factors influencing K-Economy readiness for the role of higher education in the K-Economy era. By knowing the factors that influence K-Economy readiness, the results of this study can make a practical contribution to higher education in the world so that it can fully participate and be ready to compete in the K-Economy era. Methodology: This paper uses a systematic literature review to answer research questions, while the PRISMA technique is used to collect and screen Scopus and WoS articles from 2000 to 2022. Results: This paper finds nine factors influencing K-Economy readiness in higher education. The nine identified factors refer to the competencies needed in the K-Economy era. Discussion and conclusions: Strategic external partnerships with higher education must be done continuously in the future. Workers and employers continue to prioritize education as the nature of work has changed, and there is a need for those who work to continuously improve their skills. Higher education should emphasize exceeding student expectations by examining the demands of the target job market to fulfill those needs.

Abstract What is the concept of liberalism? Despite being a conceptually contested term, political parties still label themselves liberal and seek legitimacy by joining Liberal International (LI). In this paper, I adopt a mixed-methods strategy to assess what this ideology means in Latin America. First, I rely on economic and political theory to propose four potential components of liberalism: private property, liberal democracy, non-conformism, and social justice. Then, I search for these components in the declaration of principles of all the region’s LI members. Next, I assess liberals’ relative support for these components by comparing the attitudes of their elites and voters to those of conservatives and socialists in Paraguay, Honduras, and Nicaragua. This paper finds that liberal democracy is the only core component of liberalism in Latin America. Even though non-conformism and social justice are widely mentioned in political documents, their support among elites and voters is context-dependent. These results emphasize the contestability of liberalism while shedding light on what unites liberals in Latin America.

La industria papelera en Ecuador actualmente enfrenta problemas en la gestión de sus procesos productivos debido a una inadecuada gestión de inventarios y la ausencia de prácticas de control interno. Para el análisis de la situación problemática se empleó una investigación de campo de tipo descriptiva y transversal. Se diseñó con base en la revisión documental y a través de la observación directa un instrumento para diagnosticar la situación actual con base en la metodología COSO III lo cual permitió comprender las interacciones de los procesos y conocer la realidad actual en el manejo de prácticas de control interno relacionadas con la gestión de inventario en la empresa objeto de estudio. La aplicación del instrumento permitió determinar las principales falencias las cuales se ubicaron en tres categorías: a) actividades de evaluación de riesgos, b) control y c) monitoreo. Al respecto de los problemas detectados fue posible generar posibles soluciones con a atreves de actividades estratégicas con sus respectivos indicadores y estándares de cumplimiento para su aplicación y monitoreo continuo. Si bien el alcance del estudio no fue la implementación, se recomienda que la empresa pueda gestionar la ejecución de las actividades y poder validad la efectividad de las mismas. Palabras clave: Control interno, inventario, industria papelera. ABSTRACT The paper industry in Ecuador currently faces problems in the management of its production processes due to inadequate inventory management and the absence of internal control practices. For the analysis of the problematic situation, a descriptive and cross-sectional field investigation was used. Based on the documentary review and through direct observation, an instrument was designed to diagnose the current situation based on the COSO III methodology, which allowed understanding the interactions of the processes and knowing the current reality in the management of internal control practices. related to inventory management in the company under study. The application of the instrument allowed to determine the main shortcomings which were located in three categories: a) risk assessment activities, b) control and c) monitoring. Regarding the problems detected, it was possible to generate possible solutions through strategic activities with their respective indicators and compliance standards for their application and continuous monitoring. Although the scope of the study was not the implementation, it is recommended that the company be able to manage the execution of the activities and be able to validate their effectiveness. Keywords: Internal control, inventory, paper industry.