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Este artigo visa apresentar como os veículos de mídia brasileiros apareceram na cobertura dos principais jornais e agências de notícias internacionais que trabalharam no país durante os anos do Regime Militar (1964-1985). Com este trabalho historiográfico, a pesquisa apresentada permite que se ampliem estudos sobre: as distinções entre os métodos de censura aplicados a veículos nacionais e internacionais; o decorrer das mudanças nas políticas externas brasileiras e estadunidenses ao longo dos 21 anos de ditadura, refletidas no jornalismo transnacional; a evolução midiática nacional e sua influência política, considerando as alterações no modelo jornalístico, outorgadas pela realidade da Guerra Fria. Este artigo ambiciona uma proposta interdisciplinar e transnacional para o objeto oferecido.

Amate (amatl) is a handmade paper of Mexico made by Otomi Indians. This craft is made from bark of tree bark amate or jonote. It is originally developed in the states of Puebla, Hidalgo and Veracruz especially in San Pablito, Puebla. However, amate paper is sold as background Nahua paintings by artists from the state of Guerrero. Amate paper paintings are a combination of Nahua and Otomi traditions. While there have been some minor innovations, the amate paper is still done with the same basic process used in the pre-Hispanic period by obtaining a classical amate tree bark fiber. This is negatively affecting the ecosystem of the North of Puebla and forcing vendors bark in search of other species, so it is necessary to make paper amate more sustainably, including new types of bark from other species and by-products of agro-industries such as rice, coffee sugar cane, and other types of fiber that have high-availability The objective of this work was to analyze and compare the Chemical pulp of coffee characteristics, as raw material for amate paper of higher quality than that produced from the bark of other species. The results showed that the structural and chemical characteristics of coffee pulp cellulose pulp showed ease of paper making, due to its properties of adherence, formation and agglutination of fibers similar to the high quality of the final product as the amate tree bark-derived paper.

Reseña del libro, Critical Essays on the Privatisation Experience, Palgrave Macmillan (International Papers in Political Economy), Basingstoke y Nueva York, 2009, 252 pp., ISBN 978-1-4039-9936-8.

Chile es un caso emblemático en la apertura de la educación superior al libre mercado y en la reformulación de las lógicas que regulan la producción científica en las universidades. Esto se traduce en un sistema de gestión del personal académico orientado por bonos de productividad asociados a las publicaciones de alto impacto, distribución de fondos de investigación condicionados a la productividad de investigadores y jerarquización de las tareas académicas. En este artículo presentamos los resultados de un estudio que buscó explorar y comprender cómo académicas y académicos de ciencias sociales, altamente productivas y productivos, describen la escritura científica desde la práctica laboral cotidiana enmarcada en nuevas regulaciones de la producción científica. A partir del análisis de 20 entrevistas, proponemos que hay facetas fundamentales para definir la escritura científica: la afectividad, la fragilidad y la estrategia. Éstas dan cuenta de aspectos cotidianos, así como de tensiones y conflictos presentes en el proceso de escritura científica

This article analyzes the social production of space in Atenquique, an industrial town in the southern region of Jalisco in western Mexico. The theoretical framework draws on insights from critical geography. Through the case of Atenquique we reflect on the transformation of the area from the beginning of the neoliberal period in Mexico. Neoliberalism ushered in the growth of precarious and insecure working conditions, something which has deepened over the past several decades. The methodology employed is based on ethnographic research undertaken over a period of four months in Atenquique. During this time period we used three different audiovisual methods to collect information: photography, oral history and the production of an ethnographic documentary film. The results of the study show how the ex-inhabitants of Atenquique have knit together complex constructions- both material and symbolic- that provide insight on how the changes of the past several decades have affected the area. In the conclusions, we return to the broader debates on the local and territorial consequences of the implementation of the neoliberal policies in Mexico.

This article describes a multi-method approach for usability testing. The approach combines paper prototyping and think-aloud with two supplemental methods: advanced scribbling and a handicraft task. The method of advanced scribbling instructs the participants to use different colors for marking important, unnecessary and confusing elements in a paper prototype. In the handicraft task the participants have to tinker a paper prototype of their wish version. Both methods deliver additional information on the needs and expectations of the potential users and provide helpful indicators for clarifying complex or contradictory findings. The multi-method approach and its surplus benefit are illustrated by a pilot study on the redesign of the homepage of a library 2.0. The findings provide positive evidence for the applicability of the advanced scribbling and the handicraft task as well as for the surplus merit of the multi-method approach. The article closes with a discussion and outlook. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs150379

Não há.

Resumen del libro "Paper cadavers: the archives of dictatorshio in Guatemala", de Kirsten Weld.

Nas últimas décadas, temos assistido ao surgimento de publicações (muitas denominadas “street papers”) que pretendem constituir um canal de visibilidade para a população de rua. Sob uma perspectiva histórica, este artigo estuda o surgimento dessas experiências, tendo como foco central o jornal O Trecheiro, um projeto peculiar dentre os street papers, já que suas pautas voltam-se exclusivamente à realidade da população de rua e de grupos marginalizados. Assim, procuraremos compreender como se dá a representação da população de rua nesse veículo, caracterizada por algumas estratégias principais: afirmação de uma memória coletiva; humanização do sujeito; e ocupação de espaços do jornal por pessoas em situação de rua

Este artigo faz uma breve descrição das características e do modo de vida das pessoas em situação de rua e aponta como uma mídia alternativa pode romper com o estereótipo de que nas ruas só existem pessoas incapazes. Este produto jornalístico, que cresce em escala mundial, além de legitimar o indivíduo como trabalhador, não exige nenhum grau de escolaridade ou qualificação profissional e pode ser um novo caminho para quem deseja resgatar sonhos e ser menos dependentes de ajudas assistencialistas ou de caridade

Es discuteix molt sobre la plurinacionalitat de l’Estat espanyol, però potser poc sobre el concepte mateix d’Espanya. La diferència entre ser un estat o una nació sense estat consisteix en el fet que les primeres no han de qüestionar-se models identitaris, ja que el reconeixement internacional els concedeix un color determinat en un mapa o una nacionalitat que evita que gran part de la població haja de plantejar-se al llarg de la seua vida qüestions com què és la seua nació, qui la compon o per què s’hi sent vinculat. La semàntica és important, i el concepte de nació pot ser interpretat de manera molt diversa en diferents territoris o col·lectius de l’Estat espanyol. La comprensió per part de totes les parts del que totes entenen per nació, país o estat pot ser una de les claus que pot obrir una oportunitat de comprensió mútua a partir de la qual es pot desenvolupar un debat seré i democràtic sobre conceptes com la plurinacionalitat o el dret a decidir. Al seu torn, en ple segle xxi, tots aquests conceptes estan en debat constant en diferents estats de la Unió Europea, per la qual cosa el debat sobre l’encaix de les nacions sense estat, o fins i tot l’encaix del dret a decidir en el marc europeu, també ha de ser tingut en compte.

This essay attempts to show that the ancient rhetorical theory has explanatory capabilities to understand and learn to write modern texts and to analyze them in order to understand their communication skills, as in the scientific article, one of the most prestigious forms on scientific communication. It starts with the notion of discourse in the field of scientific communication and then address the rhetorical dimension of the paper.

Rebecca J. Scott y Jean M. Hébrard, Freedom papers. An Atlantic odyssey in the age of emancipation, Cambridge/Londres, Harvard University Press, 2012, 259 páginas

The following review is about degree works of students of Bachelor of Basic Education with emphasis in Humanities and Spanish Language, cohort one, made up of Superior Normalists in the Municipality of Jericó, who carried out the investigative practice between 2007 and 2008. Its realization , which started from the reading of each report to identify generalities and particularities, has two intentions. The first is to recognize the effort made by teachers in professionalization, to approach their realities from other perspectives, with a sense of questioning and confrontation that, although it generates ups and downs, brings satisfaction; also to invite those who continue the journey of their lives accompanied by this Institution to continue the path undertaken in their institutional realities and call for daring. The second purpose in making a critical reading of the materials achieved by this cohort of graduates is to offer its protagonists an external view that invites them to continue improving processes and work performance; to those who are in the process of training at the headquarters and different subregions , present insights that they can contribute to the approach of their experiences of investigative practice including the communication of what happened and what was achieved. From the structural point of view and with the aim of speeding up the reading the review, I have identified relevant aspects, by affinity or difference, and I have grouped them into different items that mobilize a research process and are present in the written body of the same.

This work presents a systematized count of those articles published in peer-reviewed academic journals in Mexico and abroad, which contents refer to issues of communication and culture concerning Baja California. The essay begins showing an overview on the development of communication studies in the region and then moves on to elaborate a descriptive analysis to organize and categorize the hemerographic references.

The applied connection between quantitative and qualitative methods of social research, dealt within this paper, is based on a pre-study model. The different levels of quality refer to the quality of structure, process and outcome in this research context. These have to be measured within the complex context of academic life. Only selected information from the entire report on the search for proper indicators of quality using empirical data is presented in this paper. Moreover it exemplifies the challenges of developing new indicators for process quality (here: quality of learning, teaching and consultation). The combination of group discussions and paper & pencil inquiries is a good methodical mixture to generate these specific indicators for quality in the complex and hierarchical setting of academia. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs040231

El desarrollo y la investigación de nuevos productos que puedan sustituir parcial o completamente materias primas empleadas para la producción de energía, productos químicos de alto valor añadido e incluso la fabricación de papel, ha permitido que el cáñamo industrial (Cannabis sativa L.) se vuelva atractivo como principal materia prima en la reactivación de una economía de base biológica con altas condiciones y capacidades de producción. A partir de lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo investigativo es profundizar sobre el potencial del uso de fibra de cáñamo en la industria del papel, soportado por estudios realizados por el Estado Colombiano en lo referente a las disponibilidad de cultivos forestales con fines comercialesque inicialmente se destinan para la siembra y producción de recursos madereros como el pino y eucalipto. Se ha considerado de importancia demostrar que el cáñamo, como fuente de producción primaria, brinda ventajas competitivas económicas, ambientales y sociales frente a los cultivos tradicionales, incluso para las nuevas fuentes de investigación de base biológica.

Resumo O presente artigo parte da análise das práticas e representações de publicadores que frequentam as feiras de arte impressa realizadas na cidade de São Paulo nos últimos anos para compreender os vetores sociotécnicos que organizam essas práticas e as materialidades dos objetos editoriais ali publicados e comercializados. Coloca-se, no centro da análise, a relação entre as tecnicidades (o códice, o papel e a impressão) mobilizadas por esses publicadores e certas concepções de passado, presente e futuro inscritas em seus investimentos individuais e coletivos, com destaque para a tensão entre o “retorno ao artesanal” e a pretensão de construir um futuro viável para a publicação. Conclui-se que as novas formas de fetichização do livro impresso estão condicionadas tanto pelas evoluções técnicas proporcionadas pelas tecnologias digitais como pela negação programática do livro convencional, identificado com o mercado editorial mainstream.

El artículo analiza cómo las políticas estatales, influidas por intereses privados, refuerzan y expanden la desigualdad social y dan lugar a una ética contable que no cuestiona las acciones y se orienta a satisfacer intereses corporativos. Se evidencia cómo los estados son absorbidos por organizaciones que persiguen beneficios a corto plazo y por el control totalitario de la economía. Se examina el tema de las filtraciones relacionadas con organizaciones offshore y paraísos fiscales, develando el deterioro ético del profesional contable. Finalmente, se concluye que el contador público debe ser garante de confianza pública y que sus acciones tienen repercusiones sociales. The article analyzes how state policies, influenced by private interests, reinforce and expand social inequality and give rise to an accounting ethic that does not question actions and is aimed at satisfying corporate interests. It shows how states are absorbed by organizations that pursue short-term benefits and totalitarian control of the economy. The topic of leaks related to offshore organizations and tax havens is examined, revealing the ethical deterioration of the accounting professional. Finally, it is concluded that the public accountant must be guarantor of public trust and that his actions have social repercussions. O artigo analisa como as políticas estaduais, influenciadas por interesses privados, reforçam e ampliam a desigualdade social e dão origem a uma ética contábil que não questiona ações e visa à satisfação de interesses corporativos. Mostra como os estados são absorvidos pelas organizações que buscam benefícios de curto prazo e controle totalitário da economia. O tópico de vazamentos relacionados a organizações offshore e paraísos fiscais é examinado, revelando a deterioração ética do profissional contábil. Por fim, conclui-se que o contador público deve ser garante da confiança do público e que suas ações têm repercussões sociais.

En este artículo abordamos el tema de las contribuciones positivas del paradigma del desarrollo humano y de la Organización para la Prohibición Completa de Pruebas Nucleares (CTBTO por sus siglas en inglés), al proceso de globalización que estamos viviendo. Para una mejor comprensión de su relevancia, hemos introducido una breve conceptualización histórica. Hemos distinguido tres periodos relevantes, en particular para el caso de la CTBTO. El primero de ellos inicia con la firma del Tratado de Paz de Westfalia en 1648, y que se caracteriza por la aparición de los Estados Nación modernos en diferentes partes del mundo. Este periodo llega hasta 1945 (claramente los movimientos independentistas en África se extienden más allá de esta fecha).El segundo, se extiende de 1945 hasta 1989 y se caracteriza por la formación de dos grandes bloques hegemónicos mundiales. Y el tercero que comienza desde 1989 hasta el presente y que se caracteriza por la aparición del multilateralismo. El desarrollo humano y la CTBTO surgen en este último periodo, y tiene como objetivo, respectivamente, promover el bienestar y el desarrollo de capacidades humanas, y el promover un mundo más pacífico y seguro. En nuestra presentación ilustramos con ejemplos de América Latina el impacto que ambos han tenido. Es nuestra esperanza que, en este mundo recientemente amenazado de nuevo por la guerra, nuestras instituciones y estas organizaciones globales sean capaces de hacer que predominen estos importantes temas humanos.

Este ensaio pretende ser uma defesa da importância acadêmica do ensaio. Na vida acadêmica atual, vigora sobretudo o pragmatismo da produtividade funcional e da eficiência, expresso, através de um inglês comercial, sobretudo pelo paper. Esse esvaziamento das palavras convida-nos a enfatizar a importância do ensaio. De Montaigne a Steiner, passando por Adorno, o ensaio, gênero da modernidade, torna-se, assim, sobretudo num tempo de crise das grandes narrativas, o modo de captar o eterno naquilo que vivemos e percebemos como destinado a perecer. Constitui-se como escritura do sujeito moderno, e manifestação de suas extraordinárias inquietudes e de suas solidões. O ensaio como artesanato da suspeita, ao invés de ser visto como vitória do amadorismo na vida acadêmica, é o caminho com que se revelarão os limites de toda pretensão universalista e do produtivismo acadêmico hoje imperante.

The article aims to present a comprehensive review about the influence of Montesquieu, Locke and Rousseau’s thought regarding representation, division of powers, and idea of republicanism on the Federalist Articles. The discussion of such concepts on Locke`s Two Treatises of Governments (1689), Montesquieu’s The Spirit of Laws (1748), and Rousseau’s The Social Contract and Discourses (1762) is compared to the ideas presented by the Federalists on their 85 Articles to assess how the latter conception of republic, representation and division of powers is influenced by the former. Furthermore, the article presents the debate between Anti-Federalists and Federalists to elucidate how the ideas of those three modern political theorists formed the base for both sides’ arguments.

This text assesses some of the impacts on the Portuguese labour market resulting from the introduction of flexicurity. Taking the European Commission Green Paper as a reference, the contents and objectives of flexicurity are discussed and some of the features of the “Danish model”, normally taken as the example to be followed, are tested. From an analysis of various examples revealing vulnerable situations within the labour market, it is concluded that there is more evidence of the unsuitability of flexicurity in the Portuguese context than of the potential of this deliberate political measure.

A general academic networks view is presented. This network has been build from the author’s interaction through their scientific papers, indexed by Thomson Reuters (previously ISI Thomson). Accent is place in the interaction of main academic subsystems: Scientific Research; Schools and Faculties; Humanities Research and General Secretary Office. The data base under analysis encompass 71878 papers with one Mexico’s coauthor at least, all papers are indexed by ISI Thomson. Papers publication date goes from 1981 to 2003.

Como escolher um tema de pesquisa diante de milhares de possibilidades? De que maneira se inserir em um universo que não corresponde à realidade do pesquisador? Quais as formas de lidar com as “crises” que surgem durante o processo investigativo? A partir do relato da escolha de cursar Jornalismo, a autora versa sobre esses questionamentos e explica como um homem sem-teto foi o responsável pela ideia de seu Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso - o videodocumentário “Droga de Rua” (UFMS, 2008) - e a inspiração para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa de mestrado Ocas”e Hecho en Buenos Aires: um outro tipo de jornalismo na América Latina?, realizada através no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Jornalismo da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC, 2012)

This paper aims to add to the debate on the negative externalities of tourism-related megaprojects. It examines the policy adoption and implementation of two contentious airport projects in two tourist-heavy regions, Heraklion (Kastelli), Greece, and Cusco (Chinchero), Peru. In the context of destination competitiveness and commitment to neoliberal economic growth, national and regional governments in both countries became attracted by the idea of regional economic development and further increasing the number of international tourists and tourism investments. Deciding whether building a new airport serves the public interest or not is a complex policy problem with technical uncertainties and conflicting interests, which entails both a technical and political process of expressing and pairing policy actors’ goals and means. The aim of the paper is to identify similarities and differences between the tactics adopted and arguments used for and against the two airport development projects by the respective advocacy coalitions.

The paper comparatively considers the issue of ethnic policy and civil solidarity in the South Caucasus countries – Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia from a sociological standpoint. According to the research objective, the ethno-religious composition of the three countries is reviewed, and the current state of civil solidarity is analyzed. Also, relevant issues such as inter-ethnic relations, the state language, the current situation with the languages and cultures of ethnic minorities, the environment of religious tolerance, and representation in elected bodies are analyzed for all three countries. The paper notes that in Azerbaijan and Georgia, civil solidarity and national unity have become the philosophy of the ethnic policy pursued at the state level. In Armenia, assimilation, anti-Turkism, Azeriphobia, anti-Semitism, racism, etc. have formed the state policy. As a result of the ethnic cleansing of its territory from local Azerbaijani Turks and all non-Armenians, Armenia turned into a monoethnic country. On the other hand, Azerbaijan and Georgia have managed to ensure civil solidarity due to their successful ethnic policy and as a result, both countries preserved their polyethnic landscape and gained positive experience in ensuring the coexistence and collaboration of citizens within a single country. Keywords: Society, Caucasus, Ethnic, Solidarity, Policy. RESUMEN El artículo considera comparativamente la cuestión de la política étnica y la solidaridad civil en los países del Cáucaso Meridional: Azerbaiyán, Georgia y Armenia desde un punto de vista sociológico. De acuerdo con el objetivo de la investigación, se revisa la composición étnico-religiosa de los tres países y se analiza el estado actual de la solidaridad civil. Además, para los tres países se analizan cuestiones relevantes como las relaciones interétnicas, el idioma estatal, la situación actual de los idiomas y culturas de las minorías étnicas, el entorno de tolerancia religiosa y la representación en los órganos electos. El documento señala que en Azerbaiyán y Georgia la solidaridad civil y la unidad nacional se han convertido en la filosofía de la política étnica aplicada a nivel estatal. En Armenia, la asimilación, el antiturquismo, la azerifobia, el antisemitismo, el racismo, etc. han formado la política estatal. Como resultado de la limpieza étnica de su territorio de los turcos azerbaiyanos locales y de todos los no armenios, Armenia se convirtió en un país monoétnico. Por otro lado, Azerbaiyán y Georgia han logrado garantizar la solidaridad civil gracias a su exitosa política étnica y, como resultado, ambos países preservaron su paisaje poliétnico y adquirieron experiencia positiva en garantizar la coexistencia y colaboración de los ciudadanos dentro de un solo país. Palabras claves: Sociedad, Cáucaso, Étnica, Solidaridad, Política.

Despite the growing literature on the financialisation of everyday life, studies that empirically examine the various theoretical approaches to it have been scarce. This paper aims to bridge this gap by analysing the financialisation of individuals’ socio-economic behaviour in Southern Europe. To this effect, we used data from the second wave of the Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS), drawn up by the European Central Bank in 2016. Firstly, we designed an operational model of the financialisation of everyday life based on variables related to individual financial behaviour, household money management, and the perception of economic risk. Secondly, we conducted a Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) combined with a Cluster Analysis (CLA) to study the behaviour of individuals in Spain, Italy, Greece, and Portugal. The results question the financialisation of individual economic action in Southern Europe and point to the characterisation of a heterogeneous pattern of socio-economic behaviour in the region. This paper opens a new methodological and theoretical research agenda, since the literature on financialisation could benefit from our operational model of everyday life financialisation by applying it to further surveys. A pesar de la creciente literatura sobre la financiarización de la vida cotidiana, los estudios fundamentados empíricamente son muy escasos. Este artículo tiene como objetivo contribuir a la comprensión empírica de este proceso analizando la financiarización del comportamiento socioeconómico de los individuos en el sur de Europa. Para ello, utilizamos datos de la segunda oleada de la Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS), elaborada por el Banco Central Europeo en 2016. En primer lugar, diseñamos un modelo operativo de financiarización de la vida cotidiana basado en variables relacionadas con el comportamiento financiero individual, la gestión del dinero del hogar, y la percepción del riesgo económico. En segundo lugar, realizamos un análisis de correspondencias múltiples combinado con un análisis de clúster para estudiar el comportamiento de los individuos en España, Italia, Grecia y Portugal. Los resultados cuestionan la financiarización de la acción económica individual en el sur de Europa y apuntan a la caracterización de un patrón heterogéneo de comportamiento socioeconómico en el Sur Europeo. Este artículo abre una nueva agenda de investigación metodológica y teórica, ya que la literatura sobre la financiarización podría beneficiarse de nuestro modelo operativo de financiarización de la vida cotidiana aplicándolo a futuras encuestas.

En el presente artículo se analizan los diferentes motivos que conducen a la compra de libros, prestando especial atención a las relaciones sociales de los lectores, a la obtención de estatus mediante la lectura, al desarrollo del proceso de compra de libros o a la relevancia de la editorial para el consumidor. Asimismo, a lo largo de todo el estudio se destaca la dimensión simbólica que rodea al consumo de libros, en tanto que consumo cultural. Tras realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre la temática, se realizan una serie de entrevistas en profundidad a las que se les aplica el análisis sociológico del discurso. De este procese se extrae que, además de buscar entretenerse o adquirir conocimientos, al comprar libros los lectores también tratan de proyectar un determinado estilo de vida o adquirir distinción social. Por otra parte, cabe señalar que la posición que ocupa cada lector en el espacio social repercute en su forma de consumir y relacionarse, en general, con los libros. Además, hay un amplio segmento de lectores a los que, por un lado, les gusta ser propietarios de los libros y crear su biblioteca personal y, por otra parte, disfrutan del proceso de compra presencial. Por ello, se puede afirmar que el libro se defiende a sí mismo como objeto, por lo que el desarrollo del libro en formato digital no entra necesariamente en conflicto con el formato en papel. This paper analyzes the different reasons that lead to buy books, emphasizing readers’ social relationships, the status achievement through reading, the process of purchasing books or the importance of the publisher for the customer. Furthermore, throughout all the study, the symbolic dimension that surrounds the purchase of books is highlighted, as cultural consumption that it is. The first part of the paper includes a literature review of the topic, and the second part is empirical and contains in-depth interviews that are analyzed through sociological discourse analysis. Outcomes obtained reveal that people buy books not only to enjoy or acquire knowledge, but also to socialize and get social distinction, too. Moreover, each reader’s social position has an effect on the way s/he buys and relates with books. In addition, there is a large segment of readers who, on the one hand, like to own books and have their own personal library, and on the other hand, they enjoy the process of face-to-face book purchase. Therefore, book defends itself as an object and, so the development of e-books does not necessarily conflict with paper books.

This paper proposes a metaphysical framework for distinguishing between human and machine intelligence. It posits two identical deterministic worlds -- one comprising a human agent and the other a machine agent. These agents exhibit different information processing mechanisms despite their apparent sameness in a causal sense. Providing a conceptual modeling of their difference, this paper resolves what it calls “the vantage point problem” – namely, how to justify an omniscient perspective through which a determinist asserts determinism from within the supposedly deterministic universe.

The paper analyses the military invasions and demographic engineering perpetrated by the Republic of Turkey in the Syrian Arab Republic from 2016 to 2024. In particular, it focuses on the lasting effects of the 2018 and 2019 invasions to address the following question: Which identification process is more relevant to understan- ding the Turkish operations and the related demographic change? To support this analysis, the study utilises documentary and ethnographic qualitative resources. After outlining the sources and their limitations, the paper sets forth the methodological, theoretical and terminological tools used, later clarifying the historical context of the ongoing conflict between the Syrian national army, supported by Turkey, and the Syrian demo- cratic forces that Turkey aims to neutralise. Grounded in processual-relational thinking (p-rt), this study seeks to provide a new and original categorisation of the relevant identification bundles. It proposes moving beyond the categories of “culture” and “ethnicity”, which are often vague and reductionist, and instead distinguishes between “ancestral” and “hermeneutic” identification bundles. The former is defined by normative horizons tied to inherited commonalities that relate to language, customs and religious denominations, while the latter encompasses unique interpretations of these legacies through political programs and legal commitments. Based on the gathered evidence, the research assesses which of these bundles is more relevant to defining the conflict between the SNA and the SDF and the ensuing demographic engineering process. While both bundles prove relevant, the hermeneutic bundle emerges as preponderant. Keywords: Demographic Engineering, Identification bundles, Ethnicity, Rojava, Turkey

In this paper, I investigate the benefits and potential risks associated with utilizing participant observation to gain a deeper understanding of sexual identity. Specifically, my focus is on examining how young, heterosexual, middle-class, cisgender individuals in South Africa perceive and understand their heterosexual identities, exploring how privilege and heteronormativity shape their experiences. In my ethnographic study, I employed various qualitative data collection methods, including participant observation, to analyze how normative practices were negotiated and sustained in contemporary South Africa. As a feminist researcher, I reflect on the epistemological and methodological choices I made in the study, with reflexivity and positionality playing crucial roles in data collection and analysis. Drawing on experiences in three distinct social spaces in Johannesburg—high-end nightclubs, Tupperware-style sex-toy parties, and traditional braais [barbecues]—I examine the advantages and challenges of participant observation. This paper contributes to the broader discussion on the method's use, highlighting its potential to offer a nuanced understanding of a normalized phenomenon while acknowledging associated risks.