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This article concentrates on Rabindranath’s reception in a few Latin American countries. In the history of Latin America, early twentieth century was a crucial time when various Latin American countries were striving to come out of Europe’s grasp and establish an identity of their own. Yet, in the multifarious and multiracial society of Latin America it was difficult to define their ‘own’. At such a critical juncture of history, Rabindranath represented an alternative to various Latin American authors. He was, to them, a representative of a British colony who had been recognised and acknowledged by Europe, and thus symbolized a power/knowledge equivalent to that of Europe. This paper, divided in three parts, explores this reception and its impact, firstly by analyzing the history of the direct contact; then by focusing on the Latin American translations of Rabindranath’s works; and finally, by re-reading a few essays and critical-writings on Rabindranath. Among others, the paper alludes to Victoria Ocampo (1890-1979), the first and perhaps the only Latin American author who came in direct contact with Rabindranath; and some of the most important Nobel Laureates of Latin America, like Gabriela Mistral (1889-1957) and Pablo Neruda (1904-1973), to show how these authors and poets received Rabindranath in their own contexts. Este artículo se concentra en la recepción de Rabindranath Tagore en algunos países de América Latina. En la historia de este continente, los primeros años del siglo XX fueron cruciales, porque muchos países de América Latina estaban esforzándose por destruir el control de Europa y establecer una identidad propia. Sin embargo, era difícil definir “lo propio” en una sociedad tan múltiple y multirracial. En un momento tan complejo de la historia, Tagore personificaba una alternativa para algunos autores de América Latina. Él era como un representante del “tercer mundo” que había ganado el reconocimiento de Europa, de los colonizadores; por tal motivo, su poder/sabiduría era tan fuerte como el de los británicos. Este artículo, dividido en tres partes, busca primero explorar la historia del contacto directo entre el poeta hindú y algunos escritores latinoamericanos; segundo, analizar varias traducciones de las obras de Tagore, hechas por latinoamericanos; y, finalmente, discutir unos ensayos y textos críticos realizados por estudiosos de América Latina sobre Tagore. El artículo se centra en Victoria Ocampo (1890-1979), la única autora del mundo hispano con quien Tagore tenía un contacto directo, y también en poetas de nombre mundial como Gabriela Mistral (1889-1957) y Pablo Neruda (1904-1973), para explicar cómo ellos recibieron a Tagore.

El presente artículo hace referencia a la trayectoria del quehacer investigativo en la Sede Guanacaste y su aporte al desarrollo de la Región Chorotega, en el marco del cuarenta aniversario de su fundación. El texto presenta una sistematización general de las actividades de investigación realizadas desde sus inicios a la época actual, registradas en documentos oficiales existentes en los archivos de la institución, además de publicaciones en revistas científicas que para tal fin posee la Universidad de Costa Rica. Asimismo, ofrece testimonio de los aportes de la comunidad académica que ha dejado huella a lo largo de este recorrido cronológico de la Sede, primera institución de educación superior en la provincia de Guanacaste. The purpose of this paper is to point out the research work pathway followed by Guanacaste branch of UCR and its contribution to the development of Chorotega region on its 40th foundation anniversary. The paper explains the general systematization of the research activities carried out since the beginning of the current age. These activities have been registered in official documents in existing institutional files. Besides, the paper refers to scientific journals that have opened access to relevant publications. Moreover, the article provides evidence of a number of contributions performed by the academic community that has marked the path along the chronological journey of this campus, the first higher educational institutional in the province of Guanacaste.

Abstract Specialized Scientific historiography in Freemasonry is a recent development, starting in France in the 1950 and 1960’s, in Spain in the 80’s and in Latin America since 2000.This young scientific community currently needs a critical historiographical review. This movement is necessarily collective one and is essential in providing useful guidance for future researchers. This paper is part of this process. Since Freemasonry is the founding prototype of the international public opinion (or international public spaces), masonic networks rely on a global history, referring not only to the analysis of contemporary international relations but also to public opinion and civil society studies. How does general history academia –and, especially, “world history”- deal with the masonic question? What are their favorite perspectives and historical periods? The paper is the first in a series aimed at evaluating the position Freemasonry holds in general history, it focuses on some representative "world history” works: the History of Public Opinion by Jürgen Habermas, the English speaking World History, Eric J. Hobsbawm three volumes of the 19th and 20th Centuries and the General History of the Nineteenth Century by Robert Schnerb.

En el presente artículo, se reconstruyen las principales intervenciones de la Argentina en la elaboración de un diagnóstico sobre la situación de su sistema educativo. Entre 1950 y 1970, distintos ámbitos gubernamentales generaron un estado de debate permanente sobre los problemas de la educación latinoamericana. Argentina intervino activamente en ese proceso y presentó allí “las luces y sombras” de su sistema educativo y los distintos cambios deseables para superar las dificultades. Aquí se evidencia cómo los cambios proyectados fueron largamente discutidos y consensuados en el ámbito local e internacional. Los resultados que se presentan forman parte de una tesis doctoral, defendida en la Universidad de Buenos Aires, cuyo objetivo central residió en reconstruir las principales reformas educativas que, desde el Estado Nacional Argentino, se le imprimieron al sistema, durante la segunda mitad del siglo veinte. Se registró la existencia de dos tendencias en curso: la descentralización y la regionalización educativa. Ambas se expresaron en la pauta organizativa, en la administración y en el currículum promovido en la etapa de referencia. Para arribar a esas conclusiones se trabajó con documentos oficiales, provenientes del Ministerio de Educación nacional o de las principales oficinas del quehacer educativo vinculadas (o no) al Ministerio; con leyes y resoluciones, datos estadísticos, diarios nacionales, testimonios de protagonistas, entre otros. Para el presente artículo, se sistematizaron los principales documentos que el país presentó en distintos eventos internacionales. Los resultados muestran cómo se estructuró una nueva ideología para el funcionamiento del sistema educativo y cómo ella se tradujo en la práctica.In this paper, we analyze the main interventions of Argentina in making a diagnostic of the educative system situation. Between 1950 and 1970 different governmental offices had generated a permanent state of debate about Latin American education problems. Argentina had have an active role in this process, it had showed the “light and shadows” of its own educative system and the different desirable changes to pass-through the difficulties. Here we show that these changes were largely debated and agreed locally and internationally. The results that are showed in this paper are part of my Doctoral thesis (University of Buenos Aires, UBA) which main objective was to reconstruct the most important educative reforms done by the Argentinean national State during the Twentieth Century second half. We registered the existence of two tendencies: decentralization and regionalization. Both had expression in the schedule, in the administration and in the curricula promoted in this period. To arrive to these conclusions we worked with official documents from the National Ministry of Education and from other important educative offices related or not to this Ministry; with laws, resolutions, statistical data, national newspapers, direct testimonies of participants, among other sources. For this paper, we had systematized a document that the country has defended in several international events. The results show how a new ideology of the educative system work has been structured and how it has been translated in practice.

Este artículo científico aborda la educación intercultural como un enfoque que pretende responder a la interacción en una misma sociedad entre individuos originarios de diferentes culturas. Propone, para el nivel superior/universitario, una formación humanista que parta de las respuestas de los sistemas educativos a las situaciones de interculturalidad desde una educación intercultural que configure situaciones sociales de desarrollo. La investigación se realizó entre los años 2007 y 2010 en la Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas en Santa Clara, Cuba, en dos etapas fundamentales: un diseño transversal exploratorio en el diagnóstico del estado actual de la educación intercultural y un diseño de investigación evaluativa del modelo construido. Se aplicó durante el primer año de estudio en dos carreras (Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Ciencias de la Información) a partir del criterio de presencia o ausencia de diversidad respecto de la cultura de origen. La aplicación del enfoque de formación humanista intercultural a través de un modelo contribuyó a la formación de puntos de vista relacionados con la diversidad de la cultura de origen como un valor, al conocimiento de sus características y realidades sociales, así como a la reflexión sobre modos de actuación para contribuir al desarrollo de relaciones con personas de culturas de origen diversas.This paper addresses intercultural education as an approach that seeks to respond to the interaction in the same society between individuals of different cultures of origin. This paper addresses intercultural education as an approach that seeks to respond to the interaction in the same society between individuals of different cultures of origin. It proposes to develop a humanistic formation, of university level, based on the response of the educational system to intercultural scheme from an intercultural educational environment that setup social development situation. The research was conducted between 2007 and 2010 at the Central University "Marta Abreu" of Las Villas in Santa Clara, Cuba, at two crucial moments: a cross-sectional exploratory diagnosis of the current state of intercultural education and an evaluation research design of the model built. It was applied in the freshman year of two different college courses (Pharmaceutical Sciences and Information Sciences), it took into consideration the criterion of presence or absence of diversity in terms of the culture of origin. The application of intercultural humanistic approach through a model contributed to the formation of points of view on the value of the diversity of the culture of origin, to the awareness of its characteristics of different social realities as well to the reflexive elaboration of action principles to help the development of relationships between people from diverse cultures of origin.

Este arículo de revisión bibliográfica tiene por objetivo exponer el marco histórico de la escritura y la lectura, la evolución de su instrucción desde los diferentes enfoques metodológicos que han surgido y la explicación que le ha dado la psicología a cómo aprende estas destrezas el ser humano. Este documento presenta esos temas en tres grandes apartados: sus orígenes como sistema de registro y control de ventas e intercambios, hasta la fuente de conocimiento que implica hoy día; las dos grandes tendencias metodológicas que han surgido en el proceso de instrucción a lo largo de historia; y los diferentes modelos cognitivos que han buscado explicar cómo se lleva a cabo el aprendizaje de la escritura y la lectura: se destaca el Modelo Dual Básico de Desarrollo Ortográfico como la teoría que mejor ilustra este proceso para aplicarlo en la práctica pedagógica actualThis literature review paper aims to raise awareness of the historical context of writing and reading, the evolution of their instruction from the different methodological approaches that have emerged, and the explanation that psychologists have given to how human beings learn these skills. This paper presents these issues in three main sections: its origins as a system of registration and control of sales and exchanges, to the source of knowledge that entails today; the two major methodological trends that have emerged in the process of instruction along history; and the various cognitive models that have sought to explain how to carry out the learning of writing and reading: in which it is highlighted the Basic Dual Development Model Checker as the theory that best illustrates this process for application to current educational practice

This paper presents a research study about timber shear walls, with materials commercially available in Costa Rica. With new developments in engineered timber, the Costa Rican Seismic Code included a chapter on timber structures, defining diaphragms and shear walls as part of the lateral resisting system. A research study was then carried out, with the objective of determining the structural behavior of a typical shear wall. Twelve specimens were constructed and tested, varying the nail spacing and anchorage system. The specimens were tested with monotonic and cyclic loading procedures according to ASTM E564 and ASTM E2126 respectively. It was found that the specimens can develop an adequate shear strength and stiffness if the end studs are adequately anchored to the foundation. These results are an important input for the Costa Rican Seismic Code and for the development of engineered timber in Costa Rica.