361 results
Search Results
2. [Ethical aspects of the doctors' behavior towards people on hunger strike: position paper from the Ethics Department of the Chilean Medical Association].
- Author
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Salas SP, Arriagada A, Bernier Villarroel L, Besio M, Micolich C, Misseroni A, Novoa Sotta F, Salinas RA, Valenzuela CY, and Bórquez Estefó G
- Subjects
- Chile, Delivery of Health Care, Humans, Patient Rights legislation & jurisprudence, Suicide, Ethics, Medical, Fasting, Patient Rights ethics
- Abstract
Every so often, in Chile there is a discussion about the role of physicians in the care of people on hunger strike (HS). In this document, we review the ethical aspects of health care for persons in HS, aiming to provide guidelines to medical doctors who are required to attend them. First, we make an important distinction between HS and suicide, since the former is used as a protest and denunciation tool, while suicide seeks deliberately to end a life. Then we describe the three roles that the health professional can fulfill: as a treating doctor, as an expert or as an official of a prison. The respect for the autonomy and dignity of the person in HS must prevail whatever the role of the physician. Therefore, we maintain that under no circumstances, people who have autonomously decided to be in HS should be fed by force. Due to the complexity of the issue, we make special considerations about the management of minors and the non-competent persons in HS. In conclusion, we adhere to the principles that inspire the Declaration of Malta, which indicate that it would be preferable to "allow a person on hunger strike to die in dignity, rather than subjecting them to repeated interventions against their will".
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. [Ethical conflicts in the authorship of scientific papers].
- Author
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von Oetinger A, Sadarangani KP, and Salas SP
- Subjects
- Conflict of Interest, Humans, Scientific Misconduct, Authorship, Ethics, Research, Periodicals as Topic ethics, Publishing ethics
- Abstract
The frequency of conflicts about authorship of publications has increased along with the increase in the number of people involved in scientific work. Some of the factors that strongly influence the generation of conflicts and malpractices in authorship definition of scientific publications are the pressure of academia, economic incentives from the pharmaceutical industry in the field of biomedicine and authors wishes and expectations of recognition, among other factors. The article analyzes this problem, increasingly common in the field of medicine and related areas. Special attention is devoted to the prevailing laws in our country and international guidelines related to intellectual property and authorship of scientific publications, respectively. However, the ethical commitment, intellectual honesty and truthfulness of each of the authors about what is reported seems to be the decisive factor for the solution to these authorship conflicts.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. [Position paper from the Department of Ethics of the Chilean College of Physicians about conscientious objection].
- Author
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Salas SP, Besio M, Bórquez Estefó G, Salinas RA, Valenzuela CY, Micolich C, Novoa Sotta F, Bernier Villarroel L, Montt M J, and Misseroni Raddatz A
- Subjects
- Abortion, Induced ethics, Chile, Codes of Ethics, Ethics Committees, Humans, Conscience, Ethics, Medical, Practice Patterns, Physicians' ethics, Professional Practice ethics, Refusal to Treat ethics
- Abstract
The Chilean bill that regulates abortion for three cases (Bulletin Nº 9895-11) includes the possibility that health professionals may manifest their conscientious objection (CO) to perform this procedure. Due to the broad impact that the issue of C O had, the Ethics Department of the Chilean College of Physicians considered important to review this concept and its ethical and legal basis, especially in the field of sexual and reproductive health. In the present document, we define the practical limit s of CO, both for the proper fulfillment of the medical profession obligations, and for the due respect and non-discrimination that the professional objector deserves. We analyze the denial of some health institutions to perform abortions if it is legalize d, and we end with recommendations adjusted to the Chilean reality. Specifically, we recognize the right to conscientious objection that all physicians who directly participate in a professional act have. But we a lso recognize that physicians have ineludib le obligations towards their patients, including the obligation to inform about the existence of this service, how to access to it and -as set out in our code of ethics- to ensure that another colleague will continue attending the patient.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. [Position paper of the Chilean Academy of Medicine about relations between medical doctors and the industry provider on health topics].
- Author
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Armas R, Beca JP, Heerlein A, O'Ryan M, Reyes H, and Rodríguez JA
- Subjects
- Chile, Conflict of Interest, Humans, Interprofessional Relations, Academies and Institutes, Health Care Sector, Practice Patterns, Physicians'
- Published
- 2014
6. [Accreditation of medical specialties programs in Chile. Position paper by the Chilean Academy of Medicine].
- Subjects
- Chile, Humans, Quality of Health Care, Schools, Medical standards, Accreditation, Education, Medical standards, Specialization
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Accreditation of medical specialties programs in Chile: Position paper by the Chilean Academy of Medicine
- Published
- 2013
8. El peregrinar de un paper
- Author
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Pablo Young and Hernán Trimarchi
- Subjects
History ,General Medicine ,Pilgrimage ,Classics - Published
- 2013
9. [Flocculation reaction with bentonite (BFP) for trichinosis in samples of whole blood collected on filter paper].
- Author
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Calderon C and Knierim F
- Subjects
- Filtration, Humans, Methods, Paper, Bentonite, Blood Specimen Collection, Flocculation Tests, Trichinellosis diagnosis
- Published
- 1973
10. [Technic of collection of whole blood on filter paper in the serodiagnosis of human toxoplasmosis].
- Author
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Calderon C, Apt W, Melendez M, and Sorensen R
- Subjects
- Filtration, Hemagglutination Tests, Humans, Immunoglobulin G analysis, Methods, Paper, Blood Specimen Collection, Toxoplasmosis diagnosis
- Published
- 1973
11. [Biomedical papers written by Chilean authors published in international journals in 1997. A review of MEDLINE].
- Author
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Bunout D and Reyes H
- Subjects
- Bibliometrics, Chile, International Cooperation, Language, MEDLINE, Periodicals as Topic, Publishing statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Background: Many Chilean biomedical investigators publish the results of their research in international journals, not easily accessible to fellow physicians of the country., Aim: To assess the amount and quality of papers published by Chilean authors in international journals., Data Source and Methods: Using MEDLINE databases from January to August, 1997, all papers in which Chile appeared in the field "AD" (Address of author) were selected. Papers with a clear relationship to human medicine were identified., Results: During the study period, 390 papers with authors residing in Chile appeared in MEDLINE. Of these, 188 (48%) were published in Chile and the rest was published abroad. Thirty manuscripts had a greater relationship to clinical medicine and the authors of nine of them were invited to submit a translation of their abstract into Spanish to have them reproduced in the present article., Conclusions: A significant proportion of biomedical research papers originated in Chile is published abroad with the consequent lack of diffusion among non-specialized readers from their own country.
- Published
- 1998
12. [Is the methodology of our original articles essentially inferior to similar papers published in English-speaking journals?].
- Author
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Reyes H, Kauffmann R, and Andresen M
- Subjects
- Humans, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Research Design, Language, Periodicals as Topic, Publishing standards
- Abstract
Randomised controlled trials reported in languages other than English are generally excluded from systematic reviews. This exclusion is often based in the biased opinion that the strictness of methodology and the quality of assessment of the results are essentially inferior to similar articles reported in English. A study published in 1996 in The Lancet compared completeness of reporting, design characteristics, and analytical approaches of 229 randomised controlled trials published in English, French, German, Italian or Spanish, between 1989 and 1994. Eight of those trials had been published in Revista Medica de Chile. No significant differences were found in any single item analysed, between trials published in English and in other languages. The peer review system applied by a journal and the editorial selection of original articles to be published are crucial determinants of the overall quality of its publications. The role of local journals that publish in languages other than English is most important for the communities they are intended to serve and their contribution to disseminating scientific and other important aspects of medicine should be acknowledged and considered by readers, authors and editors in English-speaking countries, especially when these local journals belong to the mainstream literature included in the major international indexing services.
- Published
- 1998
13. [Abstracts of free papers presented at the 7th Chilean Congress of Internal Medicine. Santiago, 23-25 October 1985].
- Subjects
- Humans, Internal Medicine
- Published
- 1986
14. [Hastening the publication of papers in the Revista Médica de Chile].
- Author
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Florenzano F
- Subjects
- Chile, Time Factors, Periodicals as Topic, Publishing
- Published
- 1986
15. [Denomination of the professional and academic titles of authors of scientific papers].
- Author
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Bertoglio JC
- Subjects
- Chile, Authorship, Periodicals as Topic standards
- Published
- 1986
16. [Abstracts of free papers presented at the 8th Chilean Congress of Internal Medicine. Santiago, 22-24 October, 1986].
- Subjects
- Humans, Internal Medicine
- Published
- 1987
17. [Evaluation of the indirect hemagglutination reaction of Chagas' disease in human whole blood samples collected by means of filter paper].
- Author
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Gómez ML, Apt W, and Sandoval J
- Subjects
- Evaluation Studies as Topic, False Negative Reactions, False Positive Reactions, Humans, Blood Specimen Collection methods, Chagas Disease diagnosis, Hemagglutination Tests methods
- Published
- 1987
18. [Abstracts of papers presented at the 6th Congress of Internal Medicine. 24-26 October, 1984, Santiago, Chile].
- Subjects
- Humans, Internal Medicine
- Published
- 1985
19. [Effects of normal and hypocalcic diets and acute calcium threshold on the renal excretion of phosphate in human subjects. Preliminary paper].
- Author
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Gomez-Rojas RE, Bradford I, Lopez G, Parada C, and Chiros MA
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Calcium, Dietary pharmacology, Diet, Kidney drug effects, Phosphates urine
- Published
- 1967
20. [Chromatography of bilirubin azo-pigments].
- Author
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Armas Merino R, Lobo Parga G, and Lalive J
- Subjects
- Bilirubin blood, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Azo Compounds blood, Cholestasis diagnosis, Chromatography, Paper, Erythroblastosis, Fetal diagnosis, Hyperbilirubinemia, Hereditary diagnosis
- Published
- 1968
21. [Electrophoretic study of proteins in various kidney diseases; paper method].
- Author
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PHILIPPI F, MORALES J, LAZCANO F, and BARAONA E
- Subjects
- Blood Proteins, Kidney Diseases blood
- Published
- 1957
22. [Critical analysis of bilirubinemia and diagnostic value of direct bilirubin determination by the Malloy-Evelyn method].
- Author
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Merino RA, Lalive J, and Parga GL
- Subjects
- Bilirubin blood, Chromatography, Paper, Humans, Methods, Time Factors, Hyperbilirubinemia diagnosis
- Published
- 1968
23. COVID-19 y comportamiento psicológico: revisión sistemática de los efectos psicológicos de las pandemias del siglo XXI
- Author
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Cuadra-Martínez,David, Castro-Carrasco,Pablo J., Sandoval-Díaz,José, Pérez-Zapata,Daniel, and Mora Dabancens,Diego
- Subjects
Behavior ,Psychology ,Pandemics - Abstract
The aim of this work was to conduct a systematic review on psychological behavior in the context of pandemic scenarios during the twenty-first century. We focused on empirical works and brief case reports of H1N1 flu and COVID-19. Our review included 32 papers published both in English or Spanish. We built a set of tables that allowed us to classify the information in four main categories, namely the psychological impact of the pandemic, whether people follow or not official measures to protect themselves against the pandemic, psychological adherence considerations implied as mediators to respect official strategies, and relevant methodological characteristics of the pandemic research. Results show that there are significant impacts on the psychological behavior of people, social groups and organizations in several dimensions, namely emotion, cognition, behavior, mental health, organization and psychosocial factors. In addition, we found that certain social groups experienced a critical psychosocial impact likely due to the pandemic. Psychosocial factors affecting adherence were also identified, which allow us to better understand how health strategies are followed by the population. Different psychosocial suggestions, which emerged from the papers reviewed, were systematized and should be considered as possible pandemic strategies to be implemented.
- Published
- 2020
24. Efectividad de la simulación en la educación médica desde la perspectiva de seguridad de pacientes
- Author
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Moya R, Patricia, Ruz A, Maxy, Parraguez L, Elisa, Carreño E, Verónica, Rodríguez C, Ana María, and Froes M, Patricia
- Subjects
Education, Medical ,Safety ,Simulation Training ,Education - Abstract
We herein review the association between patients’ safety and simulation methods for medical education. This evidence should help to change the present paradigm in medical education, where there is still reticence towards this education method. A total of 20 papers on the subject were reviewed. Ninety percent of these articles conclude that simulation contributes to patient safety, 5% conclude that the evidence is uncertain and 5% conclude that the effects will be seen in the next decade. Thus, the majority of papers support the use of simulation in medical education as a method that improves patients’ safety.
- Published
- 2017
25. Efectividad de la simulación en la educación médica desde la perspectiva de seguridad de pacientes
- Author
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Ana María Rodríguez C, Maxy Ruz A, Patricia Froes M, Elisa Parraguez L, Patricia Moya R, and Verónica Carreño E
- Subjects
Gerontology ,020205 medical informatics ,Education, Medical ,business.industry ,MEDLINE ,02 engineering and technology ,General Medicine ,Simulation training ,Education ,03 medical and health sciences ,Patient safety ,0302 clinical medicine ,Nursing ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Safety ,business ,Patient simulation ,Simulation Training ,Simulation methods - Abstract
We herein review the association between patients safety and simulation methods for medical education. This evidence should help to change the present paradigm in medical education, where there is still reticence towards this education method. A total of 20 papers on the subject were reviewed. Ninety percent of these articles conclude that simulation contributes to patient safety, 5% conclude that the evidence is uncertain and 5% conclude that the effects will be seen in the next decade. Thus, the majority of papers support the use of simulation in medical education as a method that improves patients safety.
- Published
- 2017
26. Actualización en depresión postparto: el desafío permanente de optimizar su detección y abordaje
- Author
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Mendoza B, Constanza and Saldivia, Sandra
- Subjects
Risk factors ,Prevention ,Depression Postpartum ,Therapeutics - Abstract
Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common condition worldwide and most of the available information is about treatment rather than prevention. This paper is an update on prevention and treatment of PPD. A simple review of the literature and a critical review of papers’ methodology and conclusions was carried out. There is a consensus of the preeminence of psychosocial factors in the genesis of PPD. Considering the complications when the condition is not treated, it is of the utmost importance to implement early detection and management strategies. The use of psychosocial preventive interventions is an alternative that has support in the literature and should be seriously considered.
- Published
- 2015
27. Determinación de prioridades para la evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias
- Author
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Sergio Poblete-Vargas and Carla Castillo-Laborde
- Subjects
Priority setting ,Process management ,Technology Assessment, Biomedical ,Mechanism (biology) ,Health Priorities ,media_common.quotation_subject ,MEDLINE ,Health technology ,General Medicine ,Technology assessment ,Deliberation ,Decision Support Techniques ,Political science ,Developed country ,Health policy ,media_common - Abstract
The aim of this article is to analyze the different approaches of priority setting for health technology assessments (HTA). First, the paper identifies the reasons that make necessary to establish priorities and its importance for the success of the HTA models. Second, it studies the main stages that consider the determination of priorities based on the analysis of the models currently used by HTA agencies of developed countries. In the third place, the article describes the different criteria, methods of scoring and deliberation bodies included in the mechanism of priority setting of those agencies. Finally, the paper concludes mentioning lessons from the international experience that potentially can be an input for the design of a model of priority setting for HTA in our country.
- Published
- 2014
28. Determinación de prioridades para la evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias
- Author
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Poblete-Vargas, Sergio and Castillo-Laborde, Carla
- Subjects
Technology Assessment, Biomedical ,Health Priorities ,Decision Support Techniques - Abstract
The aim of this article is to analyze the different approaches of priority setting for health technology assessments (HTA). First, the paper identifies the reasons that make necessary to establish priorities and its importance for the success of the HTA models. Second, it studies the main stages that consider the determination of priorities based on the analysis of the models currently used by HTA agencies of developed countries. In the third place, the article describes the different criteria, methods of scoring and deliberation bodies included in the mechanism of priority setting of those agencies. Finally, the paper concludes mentioning lessons from the international experience that potentially can be an input for the design of a model of priority setting for HTA in our country.
- Published
- 2014
29. Scientific production in clinical medicine and international collaboration networks in South American countries
- Author
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Huamani, Charles, Gonzalez A, Gregorio, Curioso, Walter H., and Pacheco-Romero, Jose
- Subjects
Publishing ,Medical research ,publication ,statistics ,Bibliometrics ,International Cooperation ,Clinical medicine ,Publications ,Biomedical research ,Periodicals as Topic ,South America ,purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.00.00 [https] - Abstract
Background: International collaboration is increasingly used in biomedical research. Aim: To describe the characteristics of scientific production in Latin America and the main international collaboration networks for the period 2000 to 2009. Material and Methods: Search for papers generated in Latin American countries in the Clinical Medicine database of ISI Web of Knowledge v.4.10 - Current Contents Connect. The country of origin of the corresponding author was considered the producing country of the paper. International collaboration was analyzed calculating the number of countries that contributed to the generation of a particular paper. Collaboration networks were graphed to determine the centrality of each network. Results: Twelve Latin American countries participated in the production of 253,362 papers. The corresponding author was South American in 79% of these papers. Sixteen percent of papers were on clinical medicine and 36% of these were carried out in collaboration. Brazil had the highest production (22,442 papers) and the lower percentage of international collaboration (31%). North America accounts for 63% of collaborating countries. Only 8% of collaboration is between South American countries. Brazil has the highest tendency to collaborate with other South American countries. Conclusions: Brazil is the South American country with the highest scientific production and indicators of centrality in South America. The most common collaboration networks are with North American countries.
- Published
- 2012
30. Redes de colaboración y producción científica sudamericana en medicina clínica, ISI Current Contents 2000-2009
- Author
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Gregorio González A, José Pacheco-Romero, Charles Huamaní, and Walter H. Curioso
- Subjects
Economic growth ,Latin Americans ,business.industry ,Scientific production ,Publications ,MEDLINE ,General Medicine ,Bibliometrics ,South America ,Country of origin ,Publishing ,South american ,Clinical medicine ,Medicine ,Biomedical research ,business ,Centrality - Abstract
Background International collaboration is increasingly used in biomedical research. Aim To describe the characteristics of scientific production in Latin America and the main international collaboration networks for the period 2000 to 2009. Material and methods Search for papers generated in Latin American countries in the Clinical Medicine database of ISI Web of Knowledge v.4.10 - Current Contents Connect. The country of origin of the corresponding author was considered the producing country of the paper. International collaboration was analyzed calculating the number of countries that contributed to the generation of a particular paper. Collaboration networks were graphed to determine the centrality of each network. Results Twelve Latin American countries participated in the production of 253,362 papers. The corresponding author was South American in 79% of these papers. Sixteen percent of papers were on clinical medicine and 36% of these were carried out in collaboration. Brazil had the highest production (22,442 papers) and the lower percentage of international collaboration (31%). North America accounts for 63% of collaborating countries. Only 8% of collaboration is between South American countries. Brazil has the highest tendency to collaborate with other South American countries. Conclusions Brazil is the South American country with the highest scientific production and indicators of centrality in South America. The most common collaboration networks are with North American countries.
- Published
- 2012
31. Disponibilidad de médicos y especialistas en Chile
- Author
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Guillou, Michèle, Carabantes C, Jorge, and Bustos F, Verónica
- Subjects
Health planning guidelines ,Health resources ,Health Services research - Abstract
The availability and planning of Human Resources are important issues in many countries, as it is a key factor to cope with the critical challenges of Health Care Systems. In Chile, the Ministry of Health has undertaken several studies in order to improve knowledge about the medical workforce both in public and private sectors. The aim of this paper is to update and systematize the existing data on physicians and specialists availability in Chile. Several information sources were crossed to obtain new and more precise figures about this topic. According to the Internal Revenue System, 29.996 physicians practice medicine in the country, 43% of them hired in public services, part or full time. There is a high concentration of professionals in the central regions of Chile. Being the overall density of physicians of one per 559 inhabitants, the figures in the central region is one per 471 and one per more than 800 in the South and North. Between 2004 and 2008, the public sector increased its physician workforce by more than 80% in primary health care and more than 20% in the secondary and tertiary levels. This paper presents a method for a more rigorous identification of the categories of general practitioner and specialist respectively, and the results obtained from the databases used.
- Published
- 2011
32. El ámbito de la evaluación económica de intervenciones de salud
- Author
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JIMÉNEZ DE LA J, JORGE and BASTÍAS S, GABRIEL
- Subjects
Determinación de prioridades ,evaluación económica ,economics evaluation ,Priority setting ,health economics ,Chile ,economía de la salud - Abstract
La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) ha contribuido a la conceptualiza-ción de lo que es un sistema de salud, en el cual integra tres objetivos y cuatro funciones. El objetivo principal es la salud, la cual es medida con el indicador Expectativa de Vida Ajustada por Discapacidad (EVAD), los otros dos son Capacidad de Respuesta a las Expectativas No Medicas y la Equidad o Justicia Financiera. Esta última es una condición explícita de carácter económico. La economía tiene un papel creciente en los sistemas de salud y es importante que los actores principales del sistema, los profesionales médicos, estén al tanto de ello y logren comprender su dimensión. Las evaluaciones económicas, principalmente las de costo-efectividad de los programas de salud e intervenciones socio-sanitarias siguen siendo más complejas de realizar que las evaluaciones en otras áreas sociales, cuyo contexto es más restringido o específico. En la formulación de políticas de salud modernas, el objetivo declarado es siempre el de mejorar la calidad de los cuidados y de la atención médica. Sin embargo, ahora se hace insistiendo en que uno de los componentes esenciales de la calidad es la racionalidad económica de las intervenciones, tanto internas al propio programa, logrando eficiencia técnica, como al conjunto de la sociedad logrando eficiencia distributiva. Cuando se trata de evaluar Tecnologías Sanitarias, uno de sus componentes es la evaluación económica que integra costos con efectividad clínica y considera el perfilepidemiológico y las preferencias sociales. Estás últimas se pueden incorporar a través de la valoración de los estados de salud (en “outcomes” como Quality-Adjusted Life-Years -QALY) y en el uso de una tasa de descuento social. La determinación de las condiciones de salud incluidas en el Plan de Garantías en Salud (AUGE o GES) es un ejemplo de un proceso de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias (ETESA). En dicho proceso se hizo una aproximación a incluir explícitamente la evaluación económica, a través de los estudios de costo-efectividad, en la priorización para determinar las condiciones de salud que se integrarían al plan. Este es el primero de una serie de artículos sobre el ámbito de la evaluación económica de intervenciones de salud la que pretende entregar a la comunidad médica un conjunto de contenidos que dan luces sobre el desarrollo de la disciplina y sus conceptos principales, a la vez que sus aplicaciones posibles a las actividades de la salud en nuestro país. The World Health Organization (WHO) has contributed to the conceptualization of a Health System stating that it has three main objectives and four functions. The main objective is Health Status, measured in Disability Adjusted Life Expectancy (DALE).The others two are Responsiveness to the people’s Non-Medical Expectations and Equity in Financing. This last is a specific indicator of economic nature. Economics has an increasing role in the health systems and the recognition of this component by actors in health services is more and more important every day. Medical professionals need to understand its meaning and relevance in many senses of medical care. Economic evaluations, mainly cost-effectiveness of health programs and socio-sanitary interventions are more complex to carry out than common social evaluations, whose context is more restricted.When formulating modern health policies, the declared objective is always the improvement and quality of healthcare. Nevertheless, in recent years policy makers have insisted in the need to secure economic rationality of interventions, both inside the program, thus achieving internal technical efficiency, as towards the whole society achieving allocative efficiency. When the purpose is to evaluate health programs, economic evaluation integrates costs with effectiveness and considers the epidemiologic profle and social preferences. The priority setting included in the Health Guarantees Plan (AUGE or GES) established by the Chilean Ministry of Health in 2005 is a clear example of a process of Health Technology Assessment , where cost-effectiveness studies were used to set the program and establish priorities. This is the frst in a series of papers related to economic evaluation of healthcare in-terventions. This paper aims to contribute to the development of this feld, providing basic concepts and its main applications to health care in Chile.
- Published
- 2010
33. La contribución de la neurociencia a la comprensión de la conducta: El caso de la moral
- Author
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Slachevsky,Andrea, Silva,Jaime R, Prenafeta,María Luisa, and Novoa,Fernando
- Subjects
Ethics ,Cognitive science ,Morality ,health care economics and organizations ,humanities - Abstract
The neuro-scientific study of moral actions and judgments is particularly relevant to medicine, especially when assessing behavior disorders secondary to brain diseases. In this paper, moral behavior is reviewed from an evolutionary and neuro-scientific perspective. We discuss the role of emotions in moral decisions, the role of brain development in moral development and the cerebral basis of moral behavior. Empirical evidence shows a relationship between brain and moral development: changes in cerebral architecture are related to changes in moral decision complexity. Moral development takes a long time, achieving its maturity during adulthood. It is suggested that moral cognition depends on cerebral regions and neural networks related to emotional and cognitive processing (i.e. prefrontal and temporal cortex) and that moral judgments are complex affective and cognitive phenomena. This paper concludes with the suggestion that a satisfactory clinical/legal evaluation of a patient requires that the neural basis of moral behavior should be taken into account.
- Published
- 2009
34. El plagio en publicaciones científicas
- Author
-
Reyes B, Humberto
- Subjects
Ethics ,Manuscripts ,Plagiarism - Abstract
Similar to what occurs in ¡iterature, art and other human endeavours, every scientific repon is based in previous work done by others. The new paper should add something original but a basic law of scientific honesty demands that any mention oíideas, observations or thinking that has been previously proposed or published by others, should be acknowledgedproperly in the text andin the references. Plagiarism is identified when the authors of a scientific repon use ideas or text that belong to others and present them as original, the previous source is concealed or it is referred to in a different context. The authors of a paper that contains plagiarism have the intention to mislead the readers, pretending to be the original authors of an idea that was expressed previously by others, or to be the owners of results shown by them. Plagiarism is a dishonest behaviour and, when discovered, may have dangerous consequences because the editors of the journal may publish a notice of retraction that will be inserted by Medline in both papers: the plagiarized and the plagiarizer, to be noticed by everyone who accesses to either of them in the Internet.
- Published
- 2009
35. Virus papiloma humano y cáncer cérvico-uterino
- Author
-
O'Ryan G,Miguel and Valenzuela,María Teresa
- Subjects
Uterine cervical neoplasms ,Oncogenic viruses ,Human papilloma virus - Abstract
Molecular, clinical and epidemiolagical studies have established beyond doubt that human papiloma viruses (HPV) cause cervical cancer. The virus is also associated with genital warts and other less common cancers in oropharynx, vulva, vagina and penis. Worldwide, VPH genotypes 16 and 18 are the most common high risk genotypes, detected in near 70% of women with cervical cáncer. The discovery of a cause-effect relationship between several carcinogenic microorganisms and cancer open avenues for new diagnostic, treatment and prevention strategies. In this issue of Revista Médica de Chile, two papers on HPV are presented. Guzman and colleagues demonstrate that HPV can be detected in 66% to 77% of healthy male adolescents by polymerase chain reaction and that positivity depends on the site of the penis that is sampled. These results support the role of male to female transmission of high risk HPVs in Chile and should lead to even more active educational campaigns. The second paper provides recommendations for HPV vaccine use in Chile, generated by the Immunization Advisory Committee of the Chilean Infectious Disease Society. To issue these recommendations, the Committee analyzes the epidemiological information available on HPV infection and cervical cancer in Chile, vaccine safety and effectiveness data, and describes cost-effectiveness studies. Taking into account that universal vaccination is controversial the Committee favors vaccine use in Chile and it's incorporation into a national program. However, there is an indication that the country requires the implementation of an integrated surveillance approach including cross matching of data obtained from HPV genotype surveillance, monitoring of vaccination coverage, and surveillance of cervical cáncer The final decision of universal vaccine use in Chile should be based on a through analysis of information.
- Published
- 2008
36. Virus papiloma humano y cáncer cérvico-uterino
- Author
-
O'Ryan G, Miguel and Valenzuela, María Teresa
- Subjects
Uterine cervical neoplasms ,Oncogenic viruses ,Human papilloma virus - Abstract
Molecular, clinical and epidemiolagical studies have established beyond doubt that human papiloma viruses (HPV) cause cervical cancer. The virus is also associated with genital warts and other less common cancers in oropharynx, vulva, vagina and penis. Worldwide, VPH genotypes 16 and 18 are the most common high risk genotypes, detected in near 70% of women with cervical cáncer. The discovery of a cause-effect relationship between several carcinogenic microorganisms and cancer open avenues for new diagnostic, treatment and prevention strategies. In this issue of Revista Médica de Chile, two papers on HPV are presented. Guzman and colleagues demonstrate that HPV can be detected in 66% to 77% of healthy male adolescents by polymerase chain reaction and that positivity depends on the site of the penis that is sampled. These results support the role of male to female transmission of high risk HPVs in Chile and should lead to even more active educational campaigns. The second paper provides recommendations for HPV vaccine use in Chile, generated by the Immunization Advisory Committee of the Chilean Infectious Disease Society. To issue these recommendations, the Committee analyzes the epidemiological information available on HPV infection and cervical cancer in Chile, vaccine safety and effectiveness data, and describes cost-effectiveness studies. Taking into account that universal vaccination is controversial the Committee favors vaccine use in Chile and it's incorporation into a national program. However, there is an indication that the country requires the implementation of an integrated surveillance approach including cross matching of data obtained from HPV genotype surveillance, monitoring of vaccination coverage, and surveillance of cervical cáncer The final decision of universal vaccine use in Chile should be based on a through analysis of information.
- Published
- 2008
37. Los profesionales de la salud y la prevención de la violencia doméstica contra la mujer
- Author
-
Gracia, Enrique and Marisol Lila
- Subjects
education ,Health occupations ,humanities ,health care economics and organizations ,Social behavior disorders ,Domestic violence - Abstract
Domestic violence against women is an important public health problem that cannot be ignored. Health professionals need to take part in the prevention, detection and treatment processes, acting in a coordinate way with other professionals and institutions. This paper analyzes the consequences of domestic violence against women, and underscores the fact that health professionals are part of the social circle surrounding the victims, playing an important role in its detection and prevention. Several response strategies from the health services are examined and, finally, the paper considers screening as a mechanism for early detection of domestic violence, paying special attention to the important controversies that surround this issue
- Published
- 2008
38. Editorial situation of seven Latin American journals on respiratory diseases
- Author
-
Oyarzún G, Manuel, Ramírez V, Alejandra, Agüero F, Adalberto, Baddini-Martínez, José Antonio, Bermúdez G, Mary, Canevá, Jorge O, Morales, Jaime E, and Pérez-Padilla, Rogelio
- Subjects
Databases ,Respiratory tract diseases ,Journalism ,education ,bibliographic ,medical ,health care economics and organizations ,humanities - Abstract
A survey was conducted in a meeting sponsored by ALAT (Latin American Association of Thoracic Diseases). Each of the seven editors reported about their journal and answered a questionnaire. The improvement in knowledge divulgation is the main motivation of respiratory societies to edit their own journals. To disseminate medical knowledge and report experiences, are the main motivations of authors to submit papers. The most common deficiency of submitted manuscripts is a bad compliance with journal requirements. An improvement in the relationship between author-editor-reviewer should be the best strategy to enhance the quality of the manuscripts. Suggestions to improve the Latin American journals included to professionalize editorial work, to increase the meticulousness of manuscripts reviewers and to reinforce international norms for editing medical journals. Some major problems reported were a lack of a regular and adequate periodicity in publishing the issues, lack of original papers submitted that mean a "milestone" for the specialty a low percentage of submitted papers rejection and a high and frequent turnover of editors. Although several journals are available in electronic indices, they should be maintained in their printed form. Each journal should have printed its subscription fee, even considering that its subscription is included in the annual society membership fee. The feasibility to generate a multinational Latin American Journal on Respiratory Diseases should be explored (Rev Méd Chile 2007; 135:1072-5)
- Published
- 2007
39. Honestidad y buena fe: dos pilares en la ética de las publicaciones biomédicas
- Author
-
Reyes B, Humberto
- Subjects
Ethics ,Scientific misconduct ,Journalism ,Practice guidelines (Publication type) - Abstract
The editors of medical journals should take the steps necessary to assure its readers that the contents of their publications are based in true data, that they are original and fulfill the ethical rules of biomedical and clinical research, including its reporting. This editors’ role has become increasingly difficult since the pressure to publish scientific papers is progressively stimulated by the role that those papers play in curricula vitae when the authors apply for university positions, academic promotions, research grants and for their personal prestige. As a consequence, increasing instances of misconduct in scientific publications are detected. Some cases are noticed during the editorial process, mostly when peer reviewers identify redundant publications or plagiarism. Other cases are denounced after a manuscript was published. It is the editors’ duty to verify the misconduct, request an explanation from the authors and, if their answer is unsatisfactory, report the problem to the institutional authorities supporting the authors. The editors should denounce the situation in a forthcoming issue of the journal. Universities should enforce the teaching of ethical rules that govern the report of scientific information. Revista Médica de Chile follows recommendations given by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, the World Association of Medical Editors and other groups, but honesty and good faith in all the actors involved in the process of biomedical publications (authors, reviewers, editors) remain the cornerstones of scientific good behavior
- Published
- 2007
40. Autoría en la Revista d e Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello: Análisis de tres décadas
- Author
-
Lorena Tapia F, Carolina Posada G, and Mariela Torrente A
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Otorhinolaryngology ,business.industry ,General surgery ,Publications, medical ,Manuscripts, medical ,medicine ,Head and neck surgery ,General Medicine ,business ,Authorship Journalism - Abstract
Background: The number of authors of scientific papers has increased significantly in the last decade. The increasing complexity of medical research but also vicious practices are possible causes of this trend. Aim: To analyze the number of authors and type of papers published in the Chilean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery in the last three decades. Material and methods: A review of all manuscripts published between 1970 and 1999. The number of authors and the type of paper was registered. Results: Five hundred nineteen papers were reviewed. The mean number of authors per paper increased from 1.9 to 3 (p
- Published
- 2002
41. How to attract more and better manuscripts to be published in Chilean biomedical journals
- Author
-
Oyarzún G,Manuel
- Subjects
Journalism ,Manuscripts ,medical ,Periodicals - Abstract
A survey was addressed to 57 editors of Chilean biomedical journals, on how to attract more and better manuscripts to their journals. Thirty seven editors (65%) answered this survey. According to them the main motivation of Medical Societies for editing their own journals is to improve information acquisition. To communicate an experience, followed by getting credits in their curriculum vitæ, were considered by the editors as the main motivations of authors to submit papers. The most frequent deficiencies of manuscripts received are: disorganization in their presentation and bad adherence to journal's requirements for submitting manuscripts. An improvement in the relationship between author-editor-reviewer was mentioned by most of the editors, as the mechanism to be used to enhance the quality of the manuscripts. Only 14 editors (38%) agree in that there is a decrease in the number of original papers submitted. This decrease was attributed by most of them, to a high pressure for publishing in journals with the highest impact factor. Suggestions on how to improve the Chilean biomedical journals included: a) to professionalize editorial work and to increase meticulousness when reviewing manuscripts; b) to increase the recognition of articles published in Chilean biomedical journals, when applying for academic promotions or research grants and c) to create a "national impact factor" (Rev Méd Chile 2002; 130: 267-74)
- Published
- 2002
42. Cáncer de la vesícula biliar en Chile
- Author
-
Flavio Nervi O.
- Subjects
Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Public health ,Biliary tract cancer ,business.industry ,Obstetrics ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Mortality rate ,Cancer ,General Medicine ,Stage ii ,medicine.disease ,Gallbladder neoplasms ,Radiation therapy ,World health ,medicine ,Gallbladder cancer ,business ,Health policy ,Biliary tract neoplasms - Abstract
This issue of the Revista brings two articles related to gallbladder cancer (GC), a highly prevalent cancer among Chileans. The first paper relates to therapy for Stage II N0 GC. Authors from Universidad de la Frontera corroborate the bad results usually obtained with adjunct chemiotherapy and radiotherapy, associated to a second operation. The second paper discusses the negative influences that the new Xth Edition of the International Classification of Diseases might have on GC control. This cancer appears now with a dramatic 100% decrease in mortality rate in the last 3 years, associated to a simultaneous increase of the digit related to biliary tract cancer of "undefined origin", which in the great majority of cases truly corresponds to GC throughout the world. This involuntary bias could have a strong negative effect on health policy makers, because health resources will not be derived to perform more cholecystectomies needed to significantly decrease the number of gallbladders at risk. This is a major issue for the Chilean health system, since GC represents the first cause of deaths due to cancer among Chilean women (Rev Méd Chile 2001; 129: 979-81)
- Published
- 2001
43. 17 OH progesterone measurement in blood in Chilean newborns, as a background to start a Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia screening program
- Author
-
Julia Soto M, Helena Poggi M, Marta Azócar P, María Loreto Reyes G, Andreina Cattani O, Ligia Valdivia V, Eliana Romeo O, and Arnaldo Foradori C
- Subjects
Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Obstetrics ,Birth weight ,Gestational age ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital ,Reference values ,Pediatric endocrinologist ,medicine ,Double antibody ,Congenital adrenal hyperplasia ,Cutoff point ,Neonatal diseases and abnormalities ,business ,Mass screening - Abstract
BACKGROUND: The early diagnosis and therapy of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency can prevent adrenal crises and erroneous gender assignment in affected newborns. To achieve this goal neonatal mass-screening programs have been developed, measuring blood 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP). In Chile there is no experience with this type of screening. AIM: To develop a method for measuring 17OHP in filter paper blood specimens. To obtain reference ranges and determine neonatal 17OHP threshold levels according to gestational age and birth weight. To analyze factors affecting the cost-efficiency ratio and suggest recommendations for the organization of a neonatal screening program for CAH in Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Nine hundred twenty two newborns were studied. 17OHP was measured using double antibody radioimmunoassay in filter paper blood samples obtained 48 h after birth. Reference ranges were determined according to gestational age and birth weight and a cutoff point of 25 ng/ml was established. RESULTS: Seventeen newborns had 17OHP over the cutoff value. They were assessed by a pediatric endocrinologist and in none of them, CAH was confirmed. Therefore the false positive rate of the determination was 1.8%. Among these newborns with elevated 17OHP, 66% had a birth weight below 1.5 kg and 5.8%, a birth weight between 1.5 and 2.5 kg. The cost per reported result was US $ 1. Timing of the recall was between the 3 and 10 days of life. No newborn missed the follow-up. DISCUSSION: To increase the cost-efficiency ratio of an eventual neonatal screening program, newborns with birth weights below 1.5 kg should be excluded and cutoff points should be defined according to birth weight (Rev Med Chile 2000; 128: 1113-18).
- Published
- 2000
44. El uso de técnicas de biología molecular en los artículos publicados en la Revista Médica de Chile
- Author
-
Herskovic M, Viviana, Jacard C, Marcela, and Reyes B, Humberto
- Subjects
Nucleic acids ,Biological sciences ,Biological markers ,Genetics, biochemical ,Neurobiology ,Research support - Abstract
Background: Molecular biology is a new branch of biological sciences, with novel laboratory techniques that are being progressively applied into biomedical and clinical research and, furthermore, into medical practice. Aims: To evaluate the use of molecular biology techniques in Chilean biomedical and clinical research and its evolution in the recent decade. Methods: All papers published as research articles, clinical experiences or case reports, in Revista Médica de Chile, during two time periods: 1987-1989 and 1997-1999, were reviewed to find out whether molecular biology techniques had been used or not. This journal publishes roughly 40% of papers generated in Chile, in biomedical or clinical topics, while another 15% appears in foreign journals. Results: Among 341 papers published in 1987-1989, 57 (16.7%) had used one or more molecular biology techniques; in contrast, among 318 papers published in 1997-1999, 91 (28.8%) had used them (p
- Published
- 2000
45. Comentarios al proyecto de ley 'Muerte digna y cuidados paliativos'
- Author
-
Valera,Luca, Ramos,Paulina, Pérez,Iván, Olivares,Patricia, Florenzano,Alejandra, Carrasco,María Alejandra, Barrientos,Marcelo, and Godoy F.,Jaime
- Subjects
Death ,Euthanasia ,Right to Die ,Bioethics - Abstract
The Chilean House of Representatives is discussing the bill on “Dignified death and palliative care”, which regulates the so-called medical assistance in dying or euthanasia. This paper will critically analyze the different aspects of the bill, particularly concerning four main dimensions, namely, the patient's condition at the time of requesting euthanasia; the doctor-patient relationship and respect for the autonomy of both parties; the idea of medicine involved in it; and the possible therapeutic alternatives to euthanasia. This critical analysis raises the need to discuss in more depth a project that has to do with such important decisions about our lives and that implies a radical change in the way of thinking and practicing medicine.
- Published
- 2021
46. Desafíos en el manejo de la sedación, analgesia y bloqueo neuromuscular en el paciente crítico COVID-19 en Chile
- Author
-
Juan Grandjean, Ignacia Alvarez, Patricio León, Daniel Muñoz-Pichuante, and Felipe Olivares
- Subjects
Mechanical ventilation ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Critical Care ,Critically ill ,business.industry ,Sedation ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Economic shortage ,General Medicine ,Mechanical ventilator ,medicine ,Neuromuscular Blockade ,Delirium ,medicine.symptom ,Deep Sedation ,Analgesia ,Intensive care medicine ,business ,Coronavirus Infections ,Neuromuscular Blockers - Abstract
Approximately 5% of COVID-19 patients will have a severe disease requiring invasive or non-invasive mechanical ventilation. In this conditions, sedatives and analgesics are fundamental to promote tolerance, comfort and synchrony with the mechanical ventilator. High and unusual requirements for sedation, analgesics and neuromuscular blockers have been reported in these patients, contributing to prolonged exposure, a high rate of delirium and prolongation of mechanical ventilation. These factors, added to the progressive shortage of these drugs, a high demand for care and less capacity for personalized attention, have created an adverse scenario for their proper and rational use. This paper proposes different pharmacotherapeutic optimization strategies for a rational management of sedation, analgesia and neuromuscular block in critically ill patients with COVID-19, with the therapeutic alternatives available in Chile.
- Published
- 2021
47. Osteonecrosis de los maxilares asociada a medicamentos: revisión de la literatura y propuesta para la prevención y manejo
- Author
-
César Sánchez, Ignacio Goñi, Alex Vargas, Kristine von Bischhoffshausen, Ignacio N. Retamal, Camila Foncea, Hernán Ramírez, and Cristián Teuber
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Bone Density Conservation Agents ,Diphosphonates ,business.industry ,Angiogenesis ,Fistula ,Osteoporosis ,Osteonecrosis ,Angiogenesis Inhibitors ,General Medicine ,Disease ,medicine.disease ,Bone remodeling ,Surgery ,stomatognathic diseases ,Denosumab ,stomatognathic system ,medicine ,Etiology ,Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw ,business ,Osteonecrosis of the jaw ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw is a disease where there is necrotic bone exposed or that can be explored by means of a fistula in the maxillofacial region. It has been associated with the use Biphosphonates and denosumab for osteoporosis. Although its etiology is unclear, it may be related to a decrease in bone turnover produced by these drugs, rendering the bone more prone to generate cell necrosis during invasive dental procedures, especially in the posterior region of the jaw. There is no consensus about the prevention and treatment of this condition. The aim of this paper is to present a review of the literature with the main characteristics of osteonecrosis of the jaws associated with drugs, together with a proposal for prevention and treatment for these patients.
- Published
- 2020
48. Legalización de muerte médicamente asistida: discusión sobre el potencial impacto en el desarrollo de cuidados paliativos
- Author
-
Dittborn B.,Mariana and Micolich V.,Constanza
- Subjects
Euthanasia ,Palliative Care ,Palliative Medicine ,Suicide, Assisted - Abstract
In Chile, there are four bills to legalize euthanasia, an act which public surveys report as supported by most of the population. At the legislative, healthcare and social level, there is an active debate about euthanasia, the rights of terminally ill patients and the context of Palliative Care (PC) in the country. Chilean literature on euthanasia focuses mainly on the ethical analysis of the act itself but does not address the moral legitimacy of the legalization of this practice. This distinction is relevant since the probity of a particular action does not determine the moral legitimacy of its implementation at a public policy level. One aspect of this dimension is the potential negative impact of the legalization of physician-assisted death (PAD) on the development of PC services. This issue is particularly relevant in Chile, where PC provision is currently suboptimal and mostly restricted to cancer patients. This paper analyses available evidence on the potential impairment of PC development after PAD legalization. Although the analysis of evidence has some limitations, this concern is not supported by the available evidence. However, any project about PAD legalization must contemplate a factual commitment with the development of minimum PC provision, according to international recommendations.
- Published
- 2020
49. Ethics code of the medical college of Chile. Critical analysis of a modification
- Author
-
Besio R., Mauricio
- Subjects
Ethics ,Codes of Ethics ,education ,Bioethics - Abstract
The code of ethics of the Medical College of Chile was modified in December 2019. The amendment was mainly to article 8, which refers to the doctor’s duty to care for the pregnant woman and the child she is carrying. The change maintains this duty, but allows doctors to perform abortions, introducing three considerations that act as new principles or values for the medical profession: the plurality of values existing in society, the autonomy of women and what is established by law. This paper is a reflection on codes of ethics, their relationship with values, and with legislation. Also it shows the consequences that this modification represents for the principles governing medical activity, the status of medical specialties, the commitment of doctors to their patients and the validity of the code of ethics.
- Published
- 2020
50. Factores asociados al sedentarismo e inactividad física en Chile: una revisión sistemática cualitativa
- Author
-
Ahumada Tello, Jorge and Toffoletto, María Cecilia
- Subjects
Risk Factors ,Social Determinants of Health ,Sedentary Behavior - Abstract
Background: Sedentary lifestyle and physical inactivity in Chile, has become a major problem and a public health priority in the last decade, as it increases the risk of non-communicable diseases. Aim: To identify which factors are associated with sedentary lifestyle and physical inactivity in Chile. Material and Methods: Qualitative systematic review of papers published between 2009-2019 in BIREME, SCIELO, WoS, Scopus and Medline databases, retrieving 29,752 and leaving finally five articles for review. Results: The main risk factors associated with sedentary lifestyle (according to the Chilean National Health Survey) were: living in an urban area, high income levels, being smoker or ex-smoker, being physically inactive, having a DVD, computer or notebook at home and a motorized vehicle. Physical inactivity was associated with an age ≥ 65 years, hypertension and sedentary lifestyle. There are some common factors such as female sex, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Conclusions: here are independent factors associated with both sedentary lifestyle and physical inactivity in Chile. Some factors are common for the two unhealthy behaviors such as female gender, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome.
- Published
- 2020
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