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Introduction and purpose A pilonidal cyst also known as a pilondial sinus, is an inflammatory condition that occurs in the intergluteal region, which can lead to serious infections. It most commonly affects young men, with risk factors including the presence of hair in this area, excessive sweating, obesity, and poor hygiene. Symptoms include a lump, pain, and purulent discharge from openings in the skin. Diagnosis involves taking a medical history, a physical examination, and often an ultrasound. The aim of this paper is to present and compare the available methods for treating pilonidal cysts. Materials and methods Literature available in PubMed databases were reviewed using the following keywords: ‘’Pilonidal cyst’’, ‘’Hair cyst’’, ‘’Abscess’’, ‘’Treatment of pilonidal cyst’’,’’ Bascom II method’’,’’ Limberg flap’’,’’ Suchorski technique’’, ‘’V-Y or Z skin flap reconstruction’’,’’ the Karadakis’’ Results The available treatment methods can be divided into conservative and invasive approaches. Conservative methods include hair removal and improved hygiene. Among the surgical methods, there are traditional excision techniques and modern methods such as excision using the Bascom II method, Limberg flap, Suchorski technique, or V-Y or Z skin flap reconstruction. The Karadakis method, which involves shifting a skin flap, is particularly effective for obese patients. Conclusion Treatment of pilonidal cysts depends on the stage and symptoms. Abscesses require urgent surgical intervention, while asymptomatic cysts can be treated conservatively or surgically.

ABSTRACT Coronary artery calcification is probably the main determinant of the poor outcome of percutaneous coronary interventions and is associated with higher rates of adverse events. There are currently different balloon or specific device-based plaque modification techniques available. Knowing their characteristics and proper use is key for the optimal treatment of calcified lesions. This position paper—promoted by the Interventional Cardiology Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (ACI-SEC)—describes existing plaque modification techniques currently available and proposes an algorithm for the management of calcified lesions.

Somatotypic studies and their description of the human morphological configuration allow to appreciate impacts on eating habits and sedentary lifestyle. This study determined the somatotypic difference in Mapuche (NM) and non-Mapuche (NNM) children from Malleco, Chile. Through the ISAK protocol, 160 children with a mean age of 12.5 years, height 145.5 ± 3.5 cm and weight 43.7 ± 3 kg were evaluated, obtaining the following classifications: Group 12 years, Mapuche; mesoendomorphs. Non-Mapuche group 12 years; Endomesomorph. Group 13 years old, Mapuche; Mesoendomorphs. Non Mapuche group 13 years old; endomesomorph. The results indicate that for the age of 12 years, the NM presented lower values of endomorphy and higher values of mesomorphy (p≤0.01) than NNM. The 13-year-old NMs presented lower endomorphy and mesomorphy values (p≤0.01) than NNM. In conclusion, Mapuche schoolchildren present a mesomorphic predominance, however, NNM present a predominance of the endomorphic component.

Lipoedema is a chronic progressive disorder of adipose tissue leading to an enlargement of lower extremities. It is considered to be rare; however, the prevalence of the disease is underestimated because it is commonly misdiagnosed as obesity or lymphedema and the general awareness is poor. The etiology of the disorder is considered to be multifarious, including genetic inheritance, hormonal imbalance and microcirculation alterations. Diagnosis is mainly based on medical history and physical examination. Management of lipoedema is focused on reducing the symptoms, improving the quality of life and preventing further progression of the disease. The aim of this paper is to raise the awareness of the disease and provide appropriate clinical guidance for the assessment of lipoedema. We searched through the PubMed/MEDLINE database and took into consideration all of the results available as of 6September, 2020 and outlined the current evidence regarding lipoedema epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and management. Better understanding of lipoedema is crucial for establishing an early diagnosis and a proper treatment, which in turn will reduce the psychological and physical implications associated with the disease.

Introduction: The National Scientific Congress (NSC) is an annual event held in Peru in which medical students from all over the country present their research work. Objectives: To determine the publication rate in indexed scientific journals of research papers submitted to the NSCs held between 2010 and 2014, as well as the factors associated with their publication, and to describe the characteristics of the published papers. Materials and methods: Retrospective study in which 407 abstracts of research papers were reviewed. A publication time window of 6 years (from submission) was considered. A bivariate analysis was performed to assess differences between categorical and numerical variables using the chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests, respectively. In addition, a multivariate analysis was performed using Poisson regression models (a crude and an adjusted model), calculating relative risk (RR) values with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) to determine the factors associated with the publication of papers. A significance level of p

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In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, people commonly wore words, names, letters, symbols, and images about their bodies for protection or healing. Drawing on French sources, this article examines the widespread practice of wearing textual amulets in this period as revelatory of an enduring belief in the power of words and images to protect and heal the individual who wore them. It analyzes the vehement critique of this practice by period theologians, both Protestant and Catholic, who attacked their contemporaries’ investment in the materiality of the textual object as superstition. En los siglos XVI y XVII, la gente usaba con frecuencia palabras, nombres, letras, símbolos e imágenes sobre sus cuerpos como protección o como cura. Partiendo de fuentes francesas, este artículo examina la extendida práctica de usar amuletos textuales en ese periodo de tiempo como una revelación de la creencia permanente en el poder de las palabras y las imágenes para proteger y curar a los individuos que las usaban. Se analiza la crítica vehemente de dicha práctica por los teólogos de la época, tanto protestantes como católicos, que atacaban a la inversión de sus contemporáneos en la materialidad de los objetos textuales como una superstición.

Some considerations on the writing of scientific papers

About paper Level of knowledge about smoking and its relation with oral cavity

Admission Dysfunctions of the lumbosacral spine are among the most common problems related to the movement of contemporary society throughout the world, and its incidence increases with age. In recent years, increased interest in the issues fascia, which until recently was neglected in the etiology of low back pain. One of the therapeutic options that can be applied in the case of chronic pain syndrome lumbar-sacral spine techniques are easing myofascial (ang. Myofascial release, MFR), which is one of the latest methods in the field of manual medicine. Objective of the work The aim of the work was overview AD recently published study on the effectiveness of techniques easing myofascial pain in chronic lumbar-sacral spine. Material and methods To find the current investigate research (publications of the last 5 years) dedicated to MFR in the treatment of chronic pain, lumbar-sacral spine searched the following databases: PubMed, PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database), ScienceDirect and Academic Search Premier. The following keywords: myofascial release, myofascial release therapy, myofascial pain, chronic low back pain. Results 9 qualified to review the studies investigating the effect of loosening myofascial pain and range of motion, functional limitations, muscles, as well as the quality of life in people with chronic pain lumbosacral spine. Conclusions The results of this review show that there is little research on the MFR employs treat ailments low back pain lumbar - sacral. Based on the studies included in this review can be concluded that the MFR can be an effective treatment for back pain lumbar - sacral, but there is a need for further research with a well-developed research procedure that will allow the standardization of this therapeutic method.

The NBOMes are classified as new psychoactive substances and have recently become popular as drugs of abuse, being associated with several intoxication cases and even deaths, leading to its ban in several countries. Until now, the most widely used analytical instrument among forensic laboratories in Brazil is GC-MS. In this study, this instrumentation was employed for routine analyzes of twenty blotter paper seizure by Brazilian Federal Police (BFP) in the southernmost state of the country. However, to acquire more information about these samples, LC-QTOF/MS was used as a supplementary analysis to determinate degradation products, metabolites and unknown compounds. The GC-MS analysis detected only 25B-NBOMe, while the LC-QTOF/MS analysis detected 25B-NBOMe, 2C-B and MDMA. The compounds found in these analyzes are quite different from that found in the national profile of seizures by BFP, suggesting that another rout or supplier act in this region. For research and drug intelligence purposes the use of more versatile, sensitive and specific analytical tool provides a greater number of information that could be employed as a valuable strategy in the drug trafficking combat.

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Twenty years after its launch, the most ambitious preventive program implemented at the institutional level in Mexico called PREVENIMSS focuses on new challenges and moves towards relaunching. This paper reviews the foundations and design of PREVENIMSS and its evolution throughout these two decades. The PREVENIMS coverage assessment through national surveys set a relevant precedent in evaluating programs at the Mexican Institute of Social Security. PREVENIMSS has shown progress in preventing vaccine-preventable diseases. However, given the current epidemiological profile, there is still a need to provide more effective primary and secondary prevention of chronic noncommunicable diseases. New digital resources and orientation of PREVENIMSS towards a more comprehensive approach that contemplates secondary prevention and rehabilitation can help to face the growing challenges that the program still faces., (© 2023 Revista Médica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.)

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) remains a significant cause of maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide. It is defined as excessive bleeding, typically more than 500 ml of blood loss within the first 24 hours after childbirth. The Bakri Balloon technique has emerged as a promising solution for managing PPH, offering a minimally invasive approach to achieving hemostasis and preventing the need for more invasive surgical procedures. Aims: The aim of this paper review is to provide an overview of the effectiveness of intrauterine balloon tamponade in managing PPH. Methods: We conducted this paper review by selecting articles, retrospective cohort studies and reviews from clinical trials from PubMed. Results: Numerous studies have shown high success rates of treating PPH using The Bakri Balloon intrauterine tamponade. Conclusions: The Bakri Balloon intrauterine tamponade is an effective method in the management of primary postpartum hemorrhage.

Introduction and objective Osteoporosis is a disorder that leads to a decrease in bone mass, accompanied by a disruption in bone structure, resulting in an increased risk of bone fractures. It affects a large number of people worldwide and constitutes a significant social and economic problem. It primarily affects older individuals, especially postmenopausal women. Fractures associated with osteoporosis diminish the quality of life. Osteoporosis often remains asymptomatic and is difficult to diagnose, typically identified incidentally following a low-energy fracture. Diagnosis of osteoporosis involves measuring bone mineral density using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Osteoporosis is diagnosed when bone mineral density is found to be more than 2.5 standard deviations (SD) below the mean bone mineral density of healthy young adults with peak bone mass. Modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis include lack of physical activity, calcium deficiency in the diet, and alcohol consumption. Review methods The article was based on scientific papers retrieved from the PubMed website and scientific literature. The focus was on papers from 2016 to 2024. Articles written in English were utilized. Brief description of the state of knowledge Physical activity encompasses any muscular movement that increases energy expenditure beyond the resting metabolic rate, including weight-bearing exercises, strength training, high-intensity strength exercises, and balance and mobility training. Weight-bearing exercises yield the best results in osteoporosis prevention, recommended to be performed three times a week. Summary Physical activity is a scientifically proven preventive factor against osteoporosis, reducing the frequency of falls and increasing bone mineral density. Initiating physical activity at a young age yields significant benefits for bone strength.

Background: Despite recent initiatives and efforts, gender inequality still exists in medicine and academia. There is a higher proportion of male authors in international scientific publications., Aim: To compare the proportion of female and male authors in the scientific publications of the main medical journals in Chile., Material and Methods: We reviewed 1,643 Scientific articles published between 2015 and 2020 in two medical journals from Chile. Three authors analyzed the title, abstract, and authors of all published articles, recording the sex of the first author, co-authors, and corresponding author., Results: The reviewed articles had a mean of 5.3 authors and there was a significant difference between men and women (a mean of 2.8 men and 2.4 women; p < 0.001). Forty-six percent (n = 761) of the articles had a female first author. In a higher proportion of papers, men completed both positions (1st and corresponding author) simultaneously., Conclusions: There are fewer female authors in scientific publications. Chile is one of the countries with a high rate of gender gap in the world. The underrepresentation of women in academia is an example of this.

Abstract: Promoting socioemotional skills has been highlighted among the evidence to prevent suicidal behavior in childhood and adolescence. This review aimed to map and analyze national and international scientific papers on initiatives and programs for the prevention of suicidal behavior in adolescence based on the theoretical framework of socioemotional skills. It is a scoping review using the methodology proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Eleven academic bibliographic databases were analyzed, and searches were conducted on institutional websites related to suicide prevention and Google. Papers in Portuguese, Spanish, French, and English from 2010 to July 2022 were included in the review, which consisted of 97 studies, analyzed through data matrix and thematic grouping. The results show that most are international and focused on suicide, not on self-harm alone. In general, they have an informational and instructional bias for professionals, institutions, and governments, proposed laws, programs and action plans, studies on the role of socioemotional skills and intervention research. Few strategies have been clearly tested and validated. The key elements are the ability to perceive, recognize, understand, express, and regulate one’s own emotions, get motivated, and build empathy in relationships. Schools are key players in this process and the health system should act as a collaborative network. National and local prevention plans are required, emphasizing the role of schools, the health sector, and intersectoral coordination to promote health and quality of life.

Introduction Scientific research promotes the development of essential skills for medical practice. However, student participation in research projects is low, with multiple limitations and students' perceptions of deficient research skills. This study aims to describe the organization of the two medical student conferences held by the Scientific Society of Medical Students of the Universidad de Valparaíso and to analyze the papers presented. Finally, we make recommendations for promoting scientific research among medical students. Methods An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted, including all the presentations given at the conferences. Results The conferences comprised four phases: registration, evaluation, selection, and presentation. A total of 399 papers were received. A total of 157 case reports and 12 cross-sectional studies were presented, including 797 authors (56.7% women) from 21 universities. Most of the first authors were women in the internship cycle at public universities. The specialties with the highest representation were internal medicine (32.5%), pediatrics (18.3%) and surgery (13%). In the case reports, the best-evaluated section was the title (6.66 ± 0.76), and the worst-evaluated section was the discussion (6.17 ± 0.84). The case reports from private universities scored significantly higher in six of the eight items assessed. Conclusions Greater participation was represented by students in their internship cycle presenting case reports. The worst evaluated section was the discussion, which could reflect difficulties in the research process. It is crucial to increase student participation from the first years of the career and encourage their involvement in research. More studies are needed to evaluate student participation and barriers to scientific research.

Introduction: Herbal medicine has been growing in popularity over the last few years. One of the most often used herbal remedy is Withania somnifera, more widely known as Ashwagandha Now known for its anti-stress, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-anxiety properties it ranks as a cure-all. However, there is a rising amount of alarming reports regarding its safety. It has been observed that its effects are not always beneficial, and for some patients the risks of taking it may be greater than the promoted benefits. Aim of study: The aim of this paper is to evaluate possible risks connected to Withania Somnifera consumption based on available research articles and case reports. Materials and methods: This article is based on the literature found in the PubMed Database from the period of 2004-2024 with the use of keywords such as “Ashwagandha”; “Withania Somnifera”, “herbal medicine”;”complementary medicine”;“liver injury”; “thyrotoxicosis”; “adrenal insufficiency”;”autoimmune diseases”. Results: The outcomes of all the reviewed studies in this paper indicate that Withania Somnifera might cause a wide range of side effects. They include herb induced liver injury, endocrine complications such as thyrotoxicosis and adrenal insufficiency, acute graft rejection in a kidney transplant recipient and possible contribution to the onset of new autoimmune disease in patient with the history of autoimmune disorders. Conclusion: Further long-term research is needed on the Ashwaghanda’s benefits but particularly on its safety and potential side effects. The common education on the risks of taking herbal supplements should be carried out among health professionals and the rest of the society. Ashwagandha should not be used by patients with liver, endocrine and autoimmune disorders as well as transplant recipients.

Introduction and purpose Acne is one of the most common dermatological conditions, especially in adolescents. The etiology of acne is complex, and many factors influence the formation of lesions. Local inflammation, a proliferation of Propionibacterium acnes, hormonal influences with particular importance of androgens, hyperkeratinization, and excessive sebum production are essential in the pathogenesis. The factors stimulating these processes are complex and not always clear. Therefore, in our work, we focused on investigating the connection between a high-glycemic diet and the formation of acne lesions. The state of knowledge The link between diet and acne has been only mentioned in the literature for many years. However, the development of science has made it possible to understand the exact pathogenesis of acne and the relationship of acne lesions to specific dietary components. Of all the diet products, a high glycemic index diet stands out as the one with the most significant impact. Foods with a high glycemic index, i.e. those with a high amount of simple sugars, through an increase in the expression of factors such as insulin, IGF-1 cause excessive sebum production in the sebaceous glands and even an increase in inflammatory infiltration, which further exacerbates acne lesions. In the following review paper, we have looked at the metabolic pathways and hormonal changes that link the consumption of high glycemic index foods to the formation of acne lesions and described several original papers that unequivocally demonstrate the critical role of this diet on acne formation. Summary Based on the literature, we emphasize that in acne treatment, it is necessary not only to focus on medications but, above all, to look at the patient holistically, modifying the lifestyle with particular importance on modifying the patient's diet by lowering its glycemic index.

Introduction: Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic disease involving peripheral arthritis, spondylitis, dactylitis (inflammation of the whole digit) and enthesitis. It is a disease equally prevalent in both genders. Psoriatic arthritis coexists with several conditions, including metabolic syndrome, obesity, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and liver disease. The reciprocal effects of comorbidities with psoriatic arthritis are demonstrated by recent research. There are several risk factors associated with the condition that might hasten or worsen its symptoms. Aim of the Study: The purpose of this paper is to present a thorough analysis of the research that has been done on comorbidities and risk factors for psoriatic arthritis. With an emphasis on changeable elements that might impact the disease's progression, the goal is to illustrate the multifaceted nature of psoriatic arthritis. The intention is also to highlight comorbidities that need to be considered while treating a patient with the illness. Materials and methods: An analysis of papers available in PubMed and Google Scholar was performed using the following key words: psoriatic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and lifestyle, psoriatic arthritis and comorbidities, psoriatic arthritis and cardiovascular risk, psoriatic arthritis and gastrointestinal diseases, psoriatic arthritis and physical activity, psoriatic arthritis and diet, psoriatic arthritis and alcohol, psoriatic arthritis and smoking. Conclusions: Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic disease that affects many areas of patients' lives. It is critical to consider the connections that exist between this illness and other comorbidities. In order to provide a patient with this ailment with the best care possible, variables that might exacerbate the illness's progression must also be taken into consideration. Patients' mental health should get particular attention, and lifestyle modifications should be promoted.

Introduction The rising prevalence of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has prompted concerns regarding its potential health implications. While much attention has focused on respiratory and cardiovascular effects, injuries, oral trauma, and bone fractures linked to e-cigarette use have received less scrutiny. This paper aims to comprehensively review the landscape of injuries, oral trauma, and bone fractures induced by e-cigarettes, shedding light on this underexplored facet of e-cigarette-related harm. Material and Methods This literature review has analyzed 16 papers. Inclusion criteria: researches and case reports published after 2015. PubMed and Google Scholar has been searched to identify the papers. Analysis of the Literature Existing literature suggests a growing incidence of injuries, oral trauma, and bone fractures associated with e-cigarette use, albeit with limited systematic investigation. Mechanisms underlying these injuries range from device malfunctions to inadvertent impacts during use. Case reports highlight a spectrum of injuries, including oral burns, dental trauma, and skeletal fractures, often involving the face and mouth regions. Conclusions Despite the lack of comprehensive epidemiological data emerging evidence underscores the need for heightened awareness and preventive measures to mitigate e-cigarette-related injuries. Enhanced education, regulation of e-cigarette devices, and promotion of safer usage practices are crucial steps towards reducing the burden of e-cigarette-related harm on oral and skeletal health.

Introduction and purpose Non-specific and specific lower back pain syndrome is one of the leading causes of musculoskeletal disability and affects more than half of the population worldwide. The aim of this paper is to confront the problem of lumbar pain, possible diagnostic options, conservative and surgical opportunities with long term satisfactory rate. State of knowledge The paper reviews literature on lower back pain syndrome, sciatica, radiculopathy and lumbar disc herniation in regards to detection of the problem, classifying it and possible methods of resolvement. The WHO defines lower back pain as one of the leading causes of musculoskeletal dysfunction and it focuses on reducing the occurrence by programs like WHO Rehabilitation 2030 Initiative, UN Decade of Healthy Ageing and others. The paper also focuses on non surgical options of treatment. Material and method A review of the literature available in the “PubMed” and Google Schoolar was conducted. We focused on differential diagnosis depending on clinical presentation and possible treatment methods depending on symptoms, pathogenesis of the disorder and available procedures. Summary Our review managed to present the current state of development, possible differential diagnosis, prevalence of neural compressions, sciatica and radiculopathy in different diagnostic options. By receiving multiple studies we confront varied opinions of specialists regarding the approach to lower back pain syndrome and favorable forms of care. Additionally we came to the conclusion that the difference of patients' long term satisfactory rate in regards to nonoperative and operative treatment is not significant, and flattens over the years.

Gilbert’s syndrome is the most common inherited jaundice worldwide. It affects 5-10% of the population. It is caused by a mutation of the UGT1A1 gene, which results in impaired bilirubin metabolism. It is a benign disease and does not affect the life expectancy of patients. Patients with Gilbert’s syndrome should be alert to factors that exacerbate the course of the disease, interactions with medications taken and possible comorbidities such as hemolytic anemia, cholelithiasis or schizophrenia. However, it is the responsibility of physicians with such patients under their care to properly educate patients. Gilbert’s syndrome carries not only the consequences associated with the mutation, but also has many benefits that patients may not be fully aware of. Mildly elevated bilirubin levels have an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect, which prevents the development of lifestyle diseases and cancer. Ongoing clinical trials suggest that this could be a great step toward new treatments for diseases affecting the entire human population. PURPOSE OF THE WORK: This review paper aims to show Gilbert’s syndrome as a multifaceted disease and to sensitize doctors' attention to patients with the described mutation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An analysis of papers available in PubMed and Google Scholar was performed using the following key words: Gilbert’s syndrome, bilirubin, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, Gilbert’s syndrome harmful and protective aspects, iatrogenic Gilbert’s syndrome RESULTS: The result of the work is to present Gilbert’s syndrome as a disease that carries medical problems directly related to the mutation, but also, in some cases, has a protective effect on affected individuals. The work highlights the complexity of the problem.

Introduction and purpose: Diabetes has emerged as a global lifestyle disease, with an alarming rise in cases, particularly of type 2 diabetes. In Poland, over 3 million people are diagnosed, and an estimated 4 million cases are expected by 2030. Effective treatment involves a multifaceted approach, including dietary intervention, physical activity, and pharmacological options. Incretins, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), play a pivotal role in carbohydrate metabolism regulation, and GLP-1 analogs have become essential in managing type 2 diabetes. This paper explores the development and mechanisms of GLP-1 analogs, detailing their impact on insulin secretion, gastric emptying, and weight reduction. Description of the state knowledge: Various GLP-1 receptor agonists, including exenatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, semaglutide, and the novel tirzepatide, are discussed. These drugs exhibit diverse pharmacokinetics, modes of administration, and effects on glucose metabolism and weight. Despite their efficacy, there is a concerning trend of off-label use, particularly for obesity treatment, leading to shortages for patients with valid prescriptions. This misuse is fueled by para-advertising on social media platforms, contributing to a surge in prescriptions and reimbursement costs. To address this, guidelines for GLP-1 analog use in obesity treatment are proposed, emphasizing the need for a stable drug supply and normalizing drug availability. Summary: In 2023, concerns intensified with reports of counterfeit GLP-1 analogs, prompting regulatory interventions. The paper concludes by underscoring the critical role GLP-1 analogs play in diabetes and obesity treatment, while emphasizing the importance of responsible prescription practices, guidelines adherence, and regulatory vigilance to ensure patient safety and mitigate the risks associated with misuse and counterfeit drugs.

Effective body posture entails the correct alignment of body parts in relation to each other and is crucial for preserving balance, stability, and the efficient operation of muscles and joints. The major types of posture abnormalities such as lordosis, kyphosis and scoliosis can lead to alterations in various areas of the body, such as stomatognatic system. The potential correlation between malocclusion and body posture remains a subject of controversy. The aim of this review is to investigate and evaluate the association between posture defects and malocclusion on the basis of literature. This literature review has analyzed 18 studies. Inclusion criteria: clinical researches published after 2010, regarding children and adults. PubMed and Google Scholar has been searched to identify the papers. In 18 analyzed studies, 2133 patients were enrolled (including 979 children aged 4-18). A positive correlation between scoliosis and different types of malocclusion has been proven by six papers. There are also other noteworthy dependencies, such as overjet and pelvic torsion, kyphosis and sagittal position of mandible, skeletal Class III and torticollis, cross bite and scapula plane. Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis significantly affects the stomatognathic system, leading to issues like crossbite, crowding, increased overjet, overbite, partial open bite, and midline deviation. Orthopedists should collaborate with orthodontists for comprehensive treatment, particularly during developmental stages.

This scientific paper focuses on the treatment of breast cancer, one of the most common cancers among women. Despite increased awareness and the popularity of screening tests, statistics indicate a significant rise in incidence. The paper presents breast-conserving treatment methods, including brachytherapy, as a modern technique with promising outcomes. It describes the physical properties of ionizing radiation used in brachytherapy, discussing the photoelectric effect, Compton effect, and the phenomenon of pair production. The paper then delves into the biological effects of ionizing radiation, emphasizing the dependence on the cell cycle phase. It highlights lethal, sublethal, and potentially lethal cellular damage, categorizing the effects of radiation interaction into early and late responses. The discussion transitions to the application of brachytherapy in breast cancer treatment, focusing on various techniques such as LDR, PDR, and HDR. The paper provides a detailed description of brachytherapy's use in breast-conserving treatment, considering contraindications, treatment planning, and Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation (APBI) techniques. The radioisotopes used in brachytherapy are also presented, with special attention to Iridium-192. The physical and practical aspects related to this isotope are discussed, along with other commonly used radioisotopes such as Cesium-137, Cobalt-60, and Strontium-90. The paper concludes with a summary, emphasizing the significance of brachytherapy in breast cancer treatment and outlining its prospects for development. The authors highlight precision and shortened therapy duration.