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Introduction: Treatment of periodontal disease includes mechanical therapy complemented with antibiotics / antiseptics, which could lead to the occurrence of long-term adverse effects. Objective: Describe the pharmacological potential of the fruit of M. dubia and its use as adjunct in periodontal therapy. Methods: A review was conducted of international high impact journals from the Web of Sciences which dealt with the topic (58 journals). The databases Google Scholar, SciELO, PubMed and EBSCO were consulted, using the descriptors “review”, “phytotherapy”, “Myrtaceae”, “gingivitis”, “periodontitis”, “periodontal diseases”, anti-bacterial agents”, “anti-inflammatory agents”, “dental plaque”, “antioxidants”, “plants, toxic”, “adverse effects”. A total 517 papers were obtained, of which 60 were included in the study. 91.7 % of the papers had been published in the last three years. Data integration: A description was provided of the properties and safety of the use of M. dubia in humans. Conclusions: M. dubia has in vitro antimicrobial activity against dental biofilm microorganisms, particularly S. mutans, S. mitis and P. gingivalis to the seed hydroalcoholic extract, and S. aureus to the leaf and peel hydroalcoholic extract. Anti-inflammatory activity was also observed. Results suggest that M. dubia ethanolic extract could be incorporated into oral antiseptics, given its antibiofilm and anti-inflammatory potential.

Introduction: Hemophilia is a genetic disease scarcely found in dental practice. On occasion it presents as a dental emergency in face of which the professional should relate the general clinical manifestations of the disease to an appropriate semiological, paraclinical and genetic-molecular analysis to diagnose the condition and apply relevant therapies aimed at solving the patient's main concern as well as managing and controlling its complications. Objective: Describe the main general pathophysiological features and aspects of dental interest of hemophilia, as well as the diagnostic tools related to the condition from a clinical, paraclinical and genetic-molecular perspective. Methods: A bibliographic search was conducted in the databases Pubmed, Proquest, Scielo and Elsevier of papers published in English and Spanish in a period of 13 years (2005-2018), using the search terms "hemophilia A", "hemophilia B", "diagnostic criteria", "genetic", "molecular", "oral health", "clinical diagnosis". A total 50 papers were selected. Data analysis and integration: Studies have shown that hemophilia, a genetic systemic condition, may have oral manifestations and complications. This makes it important to dentists, since the disease should be diagnosed from a genetic-molecular point of view and managed in an interdisciplinary manner. Conclusions: Genetic-molecular diagnosis by geneticists implies involvement of hematologists and dentists in the management and control of the condition via interconsultation, when it comes to deciding on procedures for hemophilic patients.

Introduction: Bibliometric studies provide an interesting overview of the topic under analysis, thus attesting to its importance. Objective: To describe the Cuban scientific production ouput indexed in Scopus in the category Dentistry in the period 1995-2016. Methods: A search was conducted to identify publications indexed in Scopus under the category of dentistry in which at least one author was of Cuban professional affiliation. The bibliometric indicators of output, visibility and impact were addressed. Results: 518 papers were published (449 original), which have an h-index of 16 and have received 1 465 citations (207 self-citations). 2015 was the year when the largest number of papers was published (n= 51, 9.85 %). 53.86 % of the papers (n= 279) have been cited, and the average number of citations per document was 2.83. There was a predominance of papers published in Spanish in the Revista Cubana de Estomatología (n= 448, 86.49 %). In 15.64 % of the papers (n= 81) at least one author had been affiliated with the former Higher Institute of Medical Sciences of Havana, currently University of Medical Sciences of Havana. The most productive researcher was Daniele Botticelli, with 47 papers which have received 408 citations and have an h-index of 12. Conclusions: Cuban scientific production about dentistry exhibits a growing tendency characterized by the publication of original papers in Spanish in fourth quartile journals.

Critical reading of scientific papers and publication of letters to the editor are skills to be developed in undergraduate training. Such early command would improve scientific communication when master's degree and PhD programs are undertaken. By then, scientific communication skills should be well formed and in ideal conditions for their broadening. The present communication intends to contribute some considerations about critical reading and submission of letters to the editor as a new section available in the Cuban Journal of Dentistry. In the context of Cuban dentistry, publication of this sort of papers is scarce. Therefore, the Cuban Journal of Dentistry has decided to open this new section with the purpose of contributing to scientific debate for the benefit of the health of the population. The space will be an open, necessary framework for the conduct of debates aimed at improving Cuban and worldwide dental science. Researchers are encouraged to make this new section their own, for the benefit of the health of our populations.

Introduction: Malocclusion is triggered by rupture of the balance between extraoral and intraoral forces as a result of an anomalous function. Such anomalous muscular functions are known as harmful oral habits. Objective: Update knowledge and analyze factors related to dental malocclusions, such as harmful oral habits in children, in terms of the frequency and duration of nutritive and non-nutritive sucking, mouth breathing and atypical tongue thrust. Methods: A bibliographic review was conducted of papers published in the last five years in the digital databases Pubmed, Lilacs, Ibecs and Cumed. The search terms used were malocclusion, habits, finger sucking, pacifiers, bottle feeding, tongue habit and mouth breathing in English, and maloclusión, hábitos, succión del dedo, chupete, biberones, hábitos linguales and respiración por la boca in Spanish. 65 papers were obtained, of which only 39 met the inclusion criteria. Data analysis and integration: 89.5 % of the papers corresponded to studies about non-nutritive sucking habits alone or in combination with other habits, whereas 10.5 % dealt with studies about mouth breathing children. Only 26.31 % of the studies selected took into account the variables duration and frequency of the habits. Nutritive sucking habits were found to be associated with overjet, posterior crossbite and distal step. A relationship was also found between a short breastfeeding period and the prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits, with the presence of anterior open bite alongside the aforementioned malocclusions. Mouth breathing was related to class II, small retrognathic jaw and a decreased lower third of the face. Conclusions: Numerous studies have been conducted to determine the relationship between malocclusions and the duration of nutritive and non-nutritive sucking habits, without considering the frequency of such habits. On the other hand, the electronic databases consulted contain few studies about mouth breathing and atypical tongue thrust in children.

Peer reviewing scientific journals consists in a critical examination of papers seeking scientific validation of their quality for national and international dissemination, thus contributing to the development of the field of science in question. Therefore, the work of peer reviewers and editors in scientific journals requires systematic comprehensive training, responsibility, honesty and a high level of altruism, among other values, for they are in charge of passing objective and educational judgment on the papers evaluated, a task they often perform after fulfilling their occupational obligations. Perfecting peer reviewing is crucial to improve the performance of the journal and raise its quality. This is the reason why it was decided to develop the present guide to train reviewers of the Cuban Journal of Dentistry in the management of the Open Journal System during the process of scientific paper review.

Introduction: bibliometric studies are tools allowing analysis of the scientific production of institutions. Objective: characterize the bibliometric behavior of the scientific production at the School of Dentistry in the period 2011-2015. Methods: a descriptive bibliometric study was conducted. The study universe was composed of 696 papers published in the study period and included in the corresponding databases. The variables analyzed were publications per year, publication type, topic dealt with, place of publication, teaching category of the first author and productivity per author. Results: a total 696 scientific papers were published in the period, 44.2 % of which dealt with clinical pathology and 18.5 % with teaching. 64.5 % were original papers, 17.5 % were bibliographic reviews, 9.3 % were case reports, 1.2 % were bibliographic sketches and 1.2 % were editorials. 53.4 % of the first authors were Associate Professors. 52.4 % of the papers had been published in scientific journals. Ten professors were the most productive with 101 papers, for 18.0 % of the total number. Conclusions: scientific production has remained at a similar level for years. More than half the papers were published in peer-reviewed journals. There was a prevalence of clinical pathology and teaching subjects. Most of the papers were original. A predominance was found of first authors with the category of Assistant Professor. The most productive professors at the school published almost one fifth of all the papers.

Introduction: Endodontic sealers play a crucial role in sealing, for they not only act at the moment of their application, but continue to do so later, protecting the apical periodontium against microbial organisms. One of the properties desired in endodontic sealers is precisely their antimicrobial action against bacteria remaining after irrigation and instrumentation. Objective: Carry out a systematic review about the antibacterial effect of the endodontic sealers most commonly used in dental practice against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). Methods: The systematic review was based on PRISMA guidelines. The search was conducted in the databases PubMed and Science Direct. Papers were reviewed which dealt with in vitro antimicrobial studies about endodontic sealers, excluding secondary sources such as literature reviews and papers about cements used for other purposes. Discussion: Cements based on calcium hydroxide, resin or bioceramic are biocompatible and display some percentage of antimicrobial activity. However, variability was observed in the results obtained by the studies in the review, due to the use of different conditions for antibacterial evaluation, except for silicone-based endodontic sealers, which consistently displayed no antibacterial activity against E. faecalis. Conclusion: According to the bibliography reviewed, the sealers AH Plus, AH 26, TotalFill, BC Sealer and MTA Fillapex had an antimicrobial effect. However, some of them displayed scant activity against E. faecalis.

Introduction: Intraoral scanners are devices that emerged as an alternative to conventional impression methods. A variety of studies have been conducted to evaluate the actual effectiveness of this technology and its clinical applicability. Objective: Analyze the results obtained by studies about intraoral scanners in the area of implantology in terms of types, accuracy, working time, and operator and patient preference. Methods: A search was conducted in the databases PubMed and SciELO using the following descriptors: “intraoral AND scanner AND implant”, “digital AND scanner AND implant” and “digital AND impression AND implant” in English, Portuguese and Spanish. The inclusion criteria were the following: clinical or laboratory papers evaluating the use of digital implant scanning technique, full access to the paper, written in Portuguese, English or Spanish and published as of the year 2013. Data analysis and integration: Of the 158 papers obtained and analyzed, 35 were selected: 28 laboratory and 7 clinical. Despite the limitations in the standardization of the studies, we perceive the potential and viability of the digital technique, with favorable clinical and accuracy results, as well as advantages such as a reduction in work time and stages, dynamic communication with laboratories, preference by patients and dental students and ease of technical incorporation by experienced dentists. Conclusions: Laboratory studies indicate that, in addition to the advantages concerning the use of impression materials, communication with laboratories and ease of manipulation, the digital technique may achieve better results than conventional impression techniques. The use of intraoral scanners is therefore a promising technique for the area of implantology. However, further studies should be conducted, especially in vivo, to evaluate the consistency of the clinical results obtained.

Introduction: Malignancy of dentigerous cyst into primary intraosseous carcinoma is infrequent and scantily documented in the literature. It represents 1% to 2.5% of the total odontogenic tumors and is exclusive of maxillary bones. It is more common among men aged around 50 years. Its clinical characteristics are edema, tooth mobility and paresthesia, and in most cases an absence of pain. These features hamper its diagnosis and pose a challenge to pathologists. Objective: Review the prevalence of primary intraosseous carcinoma derived from dentigerous cysts as published in PubMed in the last 15 years. Methods: A literature review was conducted of papers published in the last 15 years. The database PubMed was consulted using the following search terms: “dentigerous cyst prevalence”, “primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma”, “dentigerous primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma”. The papers included were in English or Spanish. Of the 217 papers obtained, 39 were selected for data crossing. Data analysis and integration: Recognition of a condition as aggressive as primary intraosseous carcinoma derived from a dentigerous cyst requires examination of its clinical and radiographic characteristics as well as its symptoms. Its close relationship to dentigerous cyst, the most prevalent of developmental cysts, makes it necessary to gain an accurate and deep understanding of both. Primary intraosseous carcinoma poses a challenge to clinicians due to its low symptomatology and poor survival. Of the total 44 823 odontogenic cysts studied, 9 806 were diagnosed as dentigerous cysts and 22 maligned into primary intraosseous carcinoma, for 0.32% of the total. Conclusions: Malignation of a dentigerous cyst into primary intraosseous carcinoma has a low incidence and a silent presentation, which hampers its early diagnosis. Protocol biopsy is recommended for each case of dentigerous cyst to prevent the poor survival caused by primary intraosseous carcinoma.

Introduction: Oral halitosis or malodor is offensive to the human sense of smell. It is often the result of poor hygiene or lifestyle and affects thousands of people worldwide. Objective: Conduct a literature review about the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of halitosis with the purpose of contributing a broader scientific basis of updated information for professionals in the field. Methods: The study was characterized by a search for papers published in the electronic databases PubMed, Lilacs, Google Scholar and Scielo between 2014 and 2019 in English, Portuguese or Spanish. A total 52 papers were consulted, of which 28 were selected after careful filtering. Data analysis and integration: Halitosis may be due to a variety of oral cavity etiologies. Several complementary tests are available which help diagnose halitosis, e.g. sialometric tests, organoleptic tests and analysis of the presence of saburra for the diagnosis. Several protocols have been implemented for the treatment of halitosis. These range from preventive to healing procedures. Conclusions: The etiology of halitosis may be due to physiological or pathological factors. Although 90% of the cases originate in the oral cavity and may be associated with dental biofilm, caries, tongue saburra, ill-fitted prostheses or tissue scarring, diagnosis should be based on careful clinical examination. Using questionnaires to gather information such as frequency, duration, number of times it appears on the same day, habits and medications will help elucidate the case. Successful treatment depends on the diagnosis and implementation of a cause-and-effect therapy and a rational multidisciplinary approach which is essential to obtain positive outcomes and improve oral health as well as its individual and social effects.

Introduction: midface fractures are a serious medical problem due to their complexity, frequency and socioeconomic impact. Objective: conduct a literature review about the anatomical considerations, diagnosis, classification, treatment and complications of midface fractures. Methods: A literature review was conducted in September 2016. The evaluation included high impact journals from the Web of Science (25 journals) and 2 books. The databases MEDLINE, PubMed and SciELO were consulted, using the descriptors "maxillary fracture", "treatment", " lefort fracture". Papers written in English in the last five years were included. Of the 98 papers obtained, the study considered 40. Data analysis and integration: the middle third of the face is characterized by anatomical weakness, since it is formed by scantily protected spongy bone with multiple sutures. There are many classifications for midface fractures, and diagnosis is based on clinical findings, particularly ophthalmological, which alongside those of auxiliary diagnostic devices, make it possible to choose the most appropriate therapeutic mode and prevent complications. Conclusions: the anatomical characteristics of the facial middle third justify the frequency and impact of these fractures. Diagnosis should be based on interrogation, physical examination and the use of auxiliary diagnostic imaging, mainly tomography. Upon classification of the fracture, a treatment plan may be devised based on individual assessment of each case to prevent future complications.

Introduction: mandibular fractures are often treated by oral and maxillofacial surgery. Objective: conduct a bibliographic review about the anatomical considerations, diagnosis, classification, treatment and complications of mandibular fractures. Methods: a bibliographic review was conducted from July to August 2016. The evaluation included high impact journals from the Web of Sciences (35 journals) and 3 books. The databases MEDLINE, PubMed and SciELO were consulted, using the descriptors "mandibular fracture", " treatment", "epidemiology". Papers written in English were included, preferably if published in the last five years. Of the 120 papers obtained, the study considered 51. Data analysis and integration: anatomical considerations about the mandibular region are a starting point in this topic. Diagnosis is based on interrogation, physical examination and auxiliary diagnostic means. An accurate classification makes it possible to choose the therapy to be used and prevent complications. Conclusions: the bibliographic review permitted to confirm that there exist anatomical reasons for the high incidence of mandibular angle fractures. The first goal of interrogation is to obtain an exact patient history. The regional physical examination should be performed in an orderly, accurate manner. Panoramic radiography is a good choice of diagnostic technique. The first step in developing a treatment plan is to determine the type of lesion so as to provide an appropriate solution based on open and closed techniques, thus avoiding later complications.

Introduction: depletion of the ozone layer has brought about an increase in the incidence of skin lesions, including actinic cheilitis. Objective: describe the histological, clinical and epidemiological characteristics of actinic cheilitis based on a review of recent literature. Methods: a search was conducted in the databases PubMed, SciELO and Google Scholar using the descriptors cheilitis, keratosis, actinic, solar, and their counterparts in Spanish. The search included original papers, review papers, case reports, theses and books about the specialty preferably published from 2005 to 2014. Results: actinic cheilitis is a potentially malignant condition induced by sun exposure and characterized by micro- and macrostructural alterations of the lip. The risk factors interacting with sun exposure are the skin phototype (light skin), smoking, gender (male), age and occupation (outdoor jobs). Histological alterations include epithelial dysplasia and solar elastosis, though their severity does not correlate with the degree of clinical seriousness. Patients with actinic cheilitis present color alterations, desquamation, ulceration and blurring of the vermillion border, among other signs and symptoms. On many occasions patients do not seek care during the early stages of the disease. As a result, diagnosis is made when the condition has already evolved into cancer. The diagnosis is basically clinic, with the support of the biopsy of lesions with moderate to severe characteristics. Current therapy includes surgery and medication, as well as innovative techniques like phototherapy. The most important strategy is no doubt the use of sunscreens, especially by the population at high occupational risk. Conclusions: actinic cheilitis is a condition relevant to South American countries, since its risk factors are present in the daily activities of millions of workers from our region. It is therefore necessary to foster research aimed at improving its prevention, treatment and rehabilitation.

Introduction: minimal intervention treatments for dental caries enrich dental practice by incorporating detection, diagnosis and microscopic techniques into it. Objective: characterize minimal intervention in the treatment of dental caries by means of a bibliographic review about the subject. Methods: a review was conducted of the literature about minimal intervention in dentistry, using the search engines and platforms SciELO, Hinari and Medline. Twenty-five high impact journals were reviewed. The papers included were in English or Spanish. The descriptors used in the search wereminimal intervention, minimally invasive dentistry, cariology, minimal intervention dentistry, current treatments for dental caries and minimal intervention philosophy, as well as combinations thereof and their counterparts in Spanish. 204 papers were obtained. After being filtered, the sample was composed of 32 scientific journals and one book, i.e. the materials that approached the topic in a more comprehensive manner. 97 % of the bibliography reviewed had been published in the last five years. Data integration: an analysis was conducted about prevention, remineralization and minimal intervention techniques for the removal of dental caries. Conclusions: Minimal intervention dentistry is characterized by adopting a position in which intervention or preparation of dental tissue is the last choice of therapy resorted to after applying a whole set of prevention and remineralization techniques.

Introduction: scientific communication materializes through the publication of papers in specialized journals. This is the reason why the quantitative study of journals, known as bibliometry, is a method allowing to evaluate scientific development. Objective: determine the characteristics of scientific production about endodontics in Cuban medical journals until the present moment. Methods: a cross-sectional observational descriptive study was conducted. The study universe was composed of 22 116 papers. The study sample was all the papers about endodontics (25 papers) published by Cuban authors in Cuban medical journals until the year 2014. All papers were included irrespective of the language in which they were written. The search was conducted in SciELO, the Virtual Health Library and the SCAD service. The search terms used were endodontics, root canal treatment, pulp therapy(ies) and combinations thereof. Results: of the 25 papers about endodontics, four had been published in the last five years. The number of authors per paper was three (32 %). Most authors (24 %) were from the School of Dentistry of Havana. 83.3 % of the sample were original papers. There was a predominance of papers about therapeutics (40 %). Conclusions: cuban scientific production on endodontics is scarce. The publication with the largest number of papers on the subject is the Cuban Journal of Dentistry. Therapies are the most common topic. The most productive institution is the School of Dentistry of Havana.

Introduction: opposition to the use of animals in biomedical research is based on a variety of scientific and ethical arguments. Objective: carry out a bibliographic review about the bioethics of preclinical research in biomedical sciences. Data collection procedures: an online search was conducted for papers preferably published in the last five years. An evaluation was performed of international high impact journals from the Web of Sciences which dealt with the subject (38 journals). Databases from reference systems such as MEDLINE, PubMed and SciELO were consulted with the aid of search terms like "animal research" "ethical", "animal welfare", " animal ethics committee", "animal pain", "alternatives to laboratory animals" and their Spanish counterparts. The papers included were in English, Portuguese or Spanish. Of the 141 papers obtained, the reviewers selected the 53 which approached the study topic in a more comprehensive manner. Analysis and integration of information: an analysis of the representativeness of papers in the scientific journals where they were published showed that 5.9 % corresponded to the journal Alternatives to Laboratory Animals: ATLA, and an equal percentage to the journal Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. The remaining papers were evenly distributed among the other journals. Conclusions: awareness of and compliance with the bioethical principles governing the behavior of human beings and their relationship to the environment and fields of knowledge, enable a generalizing approach to and comprehensive management of significant aspects of animal research.

Introduction: bacterial dental plaque and biofilms are formed in hard and soft dental tissue alike. They are the main cause of dental caries and periodontal disease in the patients affected. Objective: identify the effect of the materials most commonly used in dental practice against the formation of bacterial dental plaque. Methods: a bibliographic review was conducted about the antibiofilm properties of the main materials used in dental practice. The inclusion criteria were the following: inhibitory properties, formation and/or development of bacterial dental plaque on the surface of dental cements used in endodontics, commonly used dental cements such as zinc oxide, polycarboxylate and glass ionomer, permanent restoration materials such as composite resins and silver amalgam. Data were obtained from the search engines and platforms SciELO, HINARI and MEDLINE. A review was conducted of 21 high impact journals dealing with the topic. About 899 papers were obtained, of which only 39 were included in the study. 52.6 % of the papers had been published in the last five years. Integration of results: a description is provided of the effect of several dental cements, materials used in endodontics and permanent restoration materials against the formation of bacterial dental plaque. Conclusions: according to the bibliographic review conducted, the materials that most commonly enable the formation of bacterial dental plaque are composite resins, followed by silver amalgam. Cements used in endodontic treatment were found to have antifilm properties, whereas cements with zinc compounds, high pH and fluoride releasing capacity exhibited optimal inhibitory and antifilm properties.

Introduction: To do research into our history is a need, since somebody has said: “…there is not possible national history without local history”. This reason and the authors’ commitment with the place where they were born are strong motivations to carry out this study. Objective: Contribute to recover the Quemado de Güines dentistry’s history. Methods: The investigation started with a documental search which confirmed there was not any official publication concerning events, people and development of dentistry in this municipality of Villa Clara province. Historical methods were used. Data´s sources were testimonies and information given by people and documents in archives, using different techniques to collect them. Results: Preliminary outcomes from documental revision, personal interviews and request are shown in this paper. There is not any official publication concerning events, important persons and evolution of dentistry in Quemado de Güines; it is proposed a division into three periods or ages to write the local dentistry´s history and it´s been proved that the first professional of dentistry who settled in this municipality was Dr. Graciela Roura Pulido, in 1928. Final considerations: So, this paper has contributed with the first notes to recover the Quemado de Güines dentistry’s history.

Introduction: maxillofacial fractures require emergency treatment by highly qualified personnel. Complications may occur which may cause the death of the patient. Objective: carry out a bibliographic review about the care of maxillofacial polytrauma patients, highlighting the following aspects of advanced trauma life support: management of neurological deficit, exposure and temperature control, annexes to primary assessment, secondary assessment, definitive treatment, associated injuries, multidisciplinary trauma team, maxillofacial traumas with distinctive characteristics, conditions influencing trauma management and prevention. Methods: a bibliographic review was conducted from December 2014 to January 2015. The evaluation included high impact journals from the Web of Sciences (39 journals), as well as one Cuban journal and five books. The databases MEDLINE, PubMed and SciELO were consulted, using the search terms "maxillofacial trauma", "advanced trauma life support", "secondary survey", "associated injuries", "multidisciplinary trauma team", "prevention", and their Spanish counterparts. The review included papers in English and Spanish, preferably published the last five years. Of the 141 papers obtained, the reviewers selected the 51 which approached the study topics in a more comprehensive manner. Data analysis and integration: analysis of the representativeness of papers in scientific journals revealed that 5.9 % corresponded to the Journal of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery. Conclusions: it is indispensable for emergency maxillofacial surgeons to be able to recognize, diagnose and determine the basic management of maxillofacial trauma. Lack of a diagnosis or inappropriate management may lead to the loss of functions and the development of secondary deformities difficult to correct in the future. Such correction could also lead to disappointing results which may risk the patient's life.

Introduction: facial traumatology is a branch of maxillofacial surgery requiring deep knowledge about disciplines such as anatomy, physiology and pathology, as well as their close relationship to other specialties, either surgical or not. Objective: carry out a bibliographic review about the care of maxillofacial polytrauma patients, highlighting aspects related to advanced trauma life support, particularly management of the airway with cervical spine stabilization, ventilation and circulation. Methods: a bibliographic review was performed which covered the period from December 2014 to January 2015. The evaluation included high impact journals from theWeb of Sciences (41 journals) and 6 books. The databases MEDLINE, PubMed and SciELO were consulted, using the search terms " maxillofacial trauma", "maxillofacial emergency", "emergency management" and "critical care", and their Spanish counterparts. The review included papers in English and Spanish, preferably published the last five years. Of the 147 papers obtained, the reviewers selected the 50 which approached the study topics in a more comprehensive manner. Data analysis and integration: Analysis of the representativeness of papers in scientific journals revealed that 6 % corresponded to the Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Conclusions: effective care of maxillofacial polytrauma patients ensures satisfactory results, both in the preservation of life as from an esthetic and functional point of view. It is indispensable to have a good command of advanced trauma life support guidelines, particularly the management of the airway with stabilization of the cervical spine, ventilation and circulation.

Introduction: the professional work of Dr. Pablo Valdés has a very wide spectrum and it was always being shade by his sense of responsibility, dedication and professionalism. Objective: to divulgate the educational, investigative and administrative work among other important aspect in the professional life of Dr. Pablo Valdés García. Results: in this paper, we make a brief overview of the main task assumed as a professor of under graduate and postgraduate education, chief of Conservative Department during many years and other activities that his time, commitment and his intellectual capacity allowed him. We dig in his research work in the hands of some research papers performed by him and published in some Cuban Review and in some chapters of different books used until today in the process of teaching of dentistry. We also make a brief description of his work as a member and directive of different dental societies in our country or abroad and his participation in many dental congress where his presence honor the Cuban dental school. Conclusion: Dr. Pablo Valdés García, beloved and respected professor of Comprehensive Dentistry Department had leagued his footprint in some generations of dentist, being an example of university professor and chief of department.

Introduction: bibliometric indicators allow characterizing the scientific production of a journal. Objective: describe the scientific production of the Cuban Journal of Dentistry from 2009 to 2013. Method: a descriptive, transversal study was conducted. All articles published in the Cuban Journal of Dentistry from 2009 to 2013 were selected. The type and number of papers, thematic, authors and their country of origin, bibliographyc updating, and the impact factor were variables studied. SciELO Cuba was used to obtain the information. The absolute frequencies and the percentage from the descriptive statistics were used. The results obtained were presented in tables and graphs for their better interpretation. Results: 226 papers were published, 114 were original articles, 20 were bibliographic reviews, 60 were report of clinical case, 14 were on pedagogy and history, and 18 on others. There were 758 authors: 161 Cuban authors, 43 Brazilian, 11 Colombian, 4 Mexicans, 3 Chileans, 2 Venezuelans, 1 Argentines and 1 Peruvian. 93 articles were on oral surgery, 87 on epidemiology of oral diseases, 14 on history and pedagogy, 11 on community health, 7 on natural and traditional medicine, 14 on other topics. The 2009 impact factor was 0.1795 and 0.3394 in 2013. Conclusions: a significant number of items have been published from 2009 to 2013; there was predominance of original articles and case presentations, the Cuban and Brazilian authors were highlighted; updated references and impact factor discreetly showed a upward trend.

Introduction: a historical analysis would reveal that the use of animals as test subjects has been both effective and essential. Such a practice has served both to save lives and to answer a variety of biomedical questions. Objective: carry out a bibliographic review about preclinical biomedical research. Methods: abibliographic review was conducted about preclinical biomedical research on the Internet. Most of the papers included in the search have been published in the last five years. An evaluation was performed of international high impact journals from the Web of Sciences dealing with the subject (32 journals), as well as two Cuban journals. Databases from reference systems such as MEDLINE, PubMed and SciELO were consulted with the aid of search terms like " animal research", "preclinical investigation", "biomodels", "laboratory animals", "translational medicine" and their Spanish counterparts. The papers included were in English, Portuguese or Spanish. Of the 136 papers obtained, the reviewers selected the 53 which approached the study subject in a more comprehensive manner. One book was also reviewed. Data analysis and integration: an analysis of the representativeness of papers in the scientific journals where they were published showed that 9.4 % corresponded to the Journal of Clinical Periodontology, and the same percentage to PloS Biology. The remaining papers were evenly distributed among the other journals. Most studies suggest that biomodels are an effective tool in scientific research, but they should be correctly designed, for it is common to find bias in the internal and external validity of the research, leading to errors in scientific publications. Conclusions: lack of knowledge about characteristics inherent to biomodels, preclinical research, methodological design and the very development of the research may lead to errors in the analysis and publication of results, affecting the quality of the research and contributing to the frequent scarcity of reliable animal studies.

Introduction: in dental practice it is common to find professionals who do not know or are unable to apply Mount & Hume's cavity preparation classification. Information about the subject is scarce in the literature published in Spanish, despite the fact that leading dental institutions worldwide consider it to have current validity. Objective: compare Mount & Hume's classification of dental cavity preparations as modified by Lasfargues and colleagues, with Black's. Methods: a bibliographic review was conducted of papers about Mount & Hume's classification of cavity preparations published from 2006 to 2014. The review included high impact online journals from the databases Google Scholar, Scopus, Scielo, Hinari and Medline. The search terms used were "new cavity classification", "cavity design", "preservation and restoration of tooth structure", "enamel remineralization", "Mount Hume Lasfargues Classification". The 163 papers obtained were scanned, but the study was restricted to the 52 which dealt with the topic in a more comprehensive manner. Data analysis and integration: black's classification was considered to be insufficient in the light of the new technologies and current concepts about minimally invasive therapies. Mount & Hume's classification shows the limitations of Black's preparations. Final considerations: black's classification had limitations with relation to Mount & Hume's and Lasfargues'. Both classifications should coexist and it is feasible to apply them in current conservative dental practice.

Introduction: Mouthwashes contribute to the inhibition of bacterial plaque formation and, therefore, may help to maintain salivary pH close to neutral. Objective: To identify changes in salivary pH in patients with fixed orthodontics after using a Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni solution and a commercial essential oil mouthwash. Methods: A clinical experiment with a mixed factorial design was carried out in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Once informed consent was signed, thirty-two patients were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups: 2 % S. rebaudiana B. solution or a commercial essential oil mouthwash. Fifteen ml of mouthwash was used for 60 s in all patients. Salivary pH was measured by two independent calibrated observers using pH-measuring paper before rinsing (basal measurement) and after rinsing, after 5 and 20 min. The data were analyzed by mixed ANOVA. Results: A statistically significant interaction was found between the type of treatment and the time of pH measurement. The medium pH of the S. rebaudiana and essential oil groups were respectively as per basal measurement: 6.61 and 6.52 (p = 0.72); after 5 min: 7.61 and 7.77 (p = 0.40); and after 20 min: 7.72 and 6.82 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Both mouthwashes had the effect of increasing salivary pH to alkaline levels after 5 min, but only the 2 % S. rebaudiana B. mouthwash maintained the basic pH after 20 min.

Introduction: Periodontal disease is a chronic multifactorial infectious inflammatory condition characterized by inflammation of soft periodontal tissue. In advanced stages (periodontitis) it causes progressive destruction of hard periodontal tissue, leading to eventual tooth loss if not treated. Objective: Determine the clinical and radiographic effectiveness of statins in the treatment of periodontitis. Methods: A search was carried out in the literature published until April 2019 in the biomedical databases PubMed, Embase, SciELO, Science Direct, Scopus, System for Information on Gray Literature in Europe, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Trials. The following selection criteria were defined for the studies: randomized clinical trials published in the last five years and reporting on clinical and radiographic effects (probing depth, clinical insertion level, plaque index, bleeding index, gingival index, intraosseous defect and defect depth) of statins in the treatment of periodontitis. Bias risk analysis was based on the Cochrane manual of systematic reviews of interventions. Results: A total 19 papers were retrieved, of which 100% reported differences in the probing depth, clinical insertion level, plaque index, bleeding index, gingival index, intraosseous defect and defect depth of statins in the treatment of periodontitis. Conclusions: The literature review conducted suggests that the use of statins is clinically and radiographically effective in the treatment of periodontitis.

Introduction: The teaching and learning of English for special purposes in undergraduate dental training has changed throughout time, in response to historical and social processes which have imposed changes on the dental training model. Objective: Describe the evolution of the teaching and learning of English for special purposes in undergraduate dental training in Cuba. Methods: A historical-descriptive study was conducted from March 2017 to September 2019. Information was collected from interviews with key informants, and a review was carried out of scientific papers related to the study topic, basic undergraduate bibliography and other relevant documents. The data were ordered chronologically and grouped into periods based on milestones implying a qualitative change in the development of the teaching and learning of English for special purposes in undergraduate dental training in Cuba. Results: The teaching and learning of English for special purposes in undergraduate dental training in Cuba was arranged into four periods. It was found that it is necessary to define a general instructional objective related to the development of professional communicative skills in English, as well as a syllabus adjusted to the functions of professionals. The teaching methodology of English for special purposes has evolved from rote learning to the use of a communicative approach. Evaluation is now aimed at formative assessment, though traditional evaluation practices are still found in its design which do not consider its potential as a vehicle for the development of professional communicative competence. Conclusions: Despite the progress achieved by the teaching and learning of English for special purposes in undergraduate dental training in Cuba, deficiencies are still found which have to do with scarce adjustment of syllabuses to the professional model and insufficient use of evaluation to foster the development of professional communicative competence.

Introduction: Temporomandibular disorders are a group of dysfunctions which affect the temporomandibular joint and/or associated musculoskeletal tissues. Objective: Determine the effectiveness of platelet concentrates in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders. Methods: A bibliographic search was conducted from January 2014 to April 2019 in the biomedical databases PubMed, Embase, SciELO, Scopus, Science Direct, System for Information on Gray Literature in Europe, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Trials. The following selection criteria were defined for the studies: randomized clinical trials published in the last five years and reporting on the effectiveness (pain reduction and maximum opening increase) of platelet concentrates in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders. Bias risk analysis was based on the Cochrane manual of systematic reviews of interventions. Results: Nine papers were retrieved, of which 100% reported no differences in pain reduction or maximum opening increase resulting from the use of platelet concentrates in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders. Conclusions: The literature review conducted suggests that there is slight evidence of the potential benefits of intra-articular injections of platelet concentrates in patients with temporomandibular disorders. However, a standardized protocol should be established for the preparation and application of these concentrates.

Cuba cuenta con un número importante de revistas científicas en Ciencias de la Salud, las cuales pertenecen tanto a sociedades científicas, universidades u hospitales; todas ellas de Acceso Abierto. Las revistas médicas cubanas, coordinadas por la Editorial Ciencias Médicas (Ecimed), se encuentra alineada a las políticas de la red SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) que busca lograr una ciencia abierta. La ciencia abierta se encuentra sustentada por varios pilares, orientados a un acceso gratuito y sin restricciones a la información (Open Access), acceso abierto a los datos (Open Data), a las publicaciones (open papers), así como los procesos de revisión abierta (open peer review).

Introduction: the history of dentistry is a necessary tool to understand the essence of the profession. Objective: analyze the historical evolution of dentistry in the province of Las Tunas. Methods: a historical study was conducted from September 2010 to July 2017. The primary sources of information were texts and historical documents consulted at the Provincial Library, the Provincial Historical Archive and the City Historian's Office, as well as interviews with dentists and their relatives. The materials consulted included 3 books, 2 journal papers and 12 documents from the Provincial Historical Archive. Results: in the years preceding the Revolution, there were only 16 dental surgeons in the province. Dental services were ill-equipped and limited to tooth extractions and emergencies. At present 47 dental care facilities are available to the population, and 1 706 professionals and technicians have been trained. Final considerations: the dental profession in the territory has developed considerably, improving the quality of life of the population and their satisfaction.

Introduction: Facial injuries are a common occurrence at the emergency room. Treatment for this type of trauma is complex in terms of re-establishing good oral and facial function, plus aesthetics. Objective: This paper aims to report a clinical case of aesthetic and functional rehabilitation using triamcinolone in a patient affected on the face by a fireworks explosion. Case report: A 26-year-old man was admitted to the oral and maxillofacial surgery service of the Sergipe Urgency Hospital presenting trauma after the explosion of a “Firework rocket” in his face. The patient had extensive soft tissue injury in gingival mucosa, right labial commissure, and tongue. There was also inferior incisive avulsion and dentoalveolar fracture. His clinical and tomographic evaluation presented comminuted mandibular fracture. After eighteen days he was discharged and sent to the dentistry service of the Federal University of Sergipe for aesthetic and functional rehabilitation of his facial damages. Two months later, the patient attended a University dental service to begin aesthetic and postoperative functional rehabilitation. First, the necrotic bone was removed, following intralesional infiltration of hexacetonide triamcinolone 20mg/mL into the scar of the labial region and the commissure of the lips was performed. Each application was performed after twenty days of interval. Later, lingual frenectomy and glossosplasty were done for improving his lingual mobility and then hexacetonide triamcinolone 20mg/mL infiltrations were also done in the tongue base in the following sessions. Conclusions: After five infiltrations, it was observed an improvement in the scar appearance and texture, which also had a lower contracture, as well as a lingual motricity improvement.

Introduction: Cryoanesthesia is a type of topical anesthesia used in minor medical procedures. It is based on the descent or inhibition of the pain threshold caused by the thermal stimulus. Cryoanesthesia may be used in procedures performed on dental tissues to complement anesthetic drugs and combat anesthetic failure. Objective: Describe the findings about the use and application of cryoanesthesia in dental practice. Methods: An exploratory review was conducted of scientific and grey literature to evaluate pain reduction using cold temperatures without freezing the dental tissue. The databases consulted were Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, SciELO, Elsevier and Science Direct. The search in Google Scholar removed repeated entries and was limited to the first 100 results. The study covered the period extending from 1941 to December 2018, and used the PRISMA checklist to carry out the review. Results: Four papers were selected. All four used different devices, refrigerants and pain assessment scales. However, they all reported an absence of pain in some of their samples. Conclusion: Scant, outdated evidence was identified which contained discrepancies in the assessment scales, clinical protocols, refrigerant substances and devices used.

Introduction: Through undergraduate research activities students develop research competences useful for their future professional performance. Interest in these activities stems from the students’ motivation. Objective: Describe the interest in scientific research among students from a dental school. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted. The study universe was 395 students, of whom a sample of 187 was randomly selected from the list of students enrolled at the institution. The items surveyed were interest in research, sex, academic year, previous school, participation in research projects, membership in a students' scientific society and experience in the publication of scientific papers. Scores were compared using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis test. A 0.05 significance level was accepted. Results: Of the total respondents, 68.4% reported interest in scientific research. Differences were not found between the scores obtained by men (48.11 ± 9.2) and women (48.07 ± 5.85) (p = 0.251). Students who belong to scientific societies had higher scores (55.41 ± 4.94) than those who do not (48.25 ± 7.22) (p = 0.001). Fifth-year students had higher scores (50.88 ± 5.36) in interest in scientific research (p = 0.450). Conclusions: Most students from the dental school showed great interest in scientific research. No differences were found between men and women or according to the type of previous school. Students who participated in research projects and were members of a scientific society expressed the greatest interest in research.

Introduction: Health status analysis is an indispensable topic in the training of professionals who will be in charge of health in a community and as such require a useful tool to identify health problems in primary care. Objective: Describe a methodology to facilitate oral health status analysis in a community. Methods: A bibliographic review was conducted in the search engine Google Scholar and the databases PubMed, Lilacs, Cumed and SciELO Cuba. The review also covered the papers presented at the International Dental Congress 2015. The search terms used were 'health status', 'oral health', 'population health', 'primary health care', 'dental education' and their counterparts in Spanish. After filtering the results obtained, 49 scientific publications were selected due to their relationship to the subject and their topicality. Discussion: Health status analysis serves as a scientific methodological tool to identify, prioritize and solve community problems. The analytical stage is the most complex in the study and the one in which difficulties arise related to its orderly processing. The starting point should be the epidemiological classification of the study population, and a logical order should be followed in its conduct. Conclusions: A methodology is presented which facilitates identification and prioritization of substantial risks during the analytical stage of an oral health status analysis.

Introduction: Soft tissue calcifications are the accumulation of calcium salts in tissues other than bones. They are a set of radio-opacities easily identifiable on a radiographic image, generally the panoramic sort, this being one of the most commonly used techniques in dental practice. The presence of these calcifications in terms of their location, shape, size and number, will suggest the type of soft tissue calcified. Objective: Identify the types of soft tissue calcifications, their description on a dental diagnosis image and their probable association with an underlying systemic disease. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted of papers about soft tissue calcifications published in the databases PubMed and Google Scholar from January 2014 to May 2019. The search terms used included "calcification", "panoramic radiograph" and "soft tissues", among others. Data analysis and integration: The review is a detailed summary of several types of calcifications, their clinical implication and imaging features. Conclusions: Soft tissue calcifications are conditions identified as findings of dental image techniques which often go unnoticed. The revision stresses that it is the responsibility of oral and maxillofacial radiologists to identify and report these calcifications. However, general dental practitioners should also familiarize themselves with this sort of condition and likewise inform the patients.

Introduction: Attempts have been made to diagnose the pulpal inflammatory process based on its histopathological features, but to no avail, for these findings cannot be compared with clinical results. It would be more objective and reliable to analyze the characteristics of the pain expressing the pulpal evolution at each stage and establish an accurate diagnosis allowing the choice of the type of treatment to be indicated. Objective: Interpret the course of a pulpal inflammatory process through variables associated to nociceptive stimuli. Methods: A bibliographic review was conducted about the study variables with respect to pain and its association to a pulpal inflammatory state. A total 24 scientific papers were analyzed which dealt with pulpal pain, of which 15 were selected for being the most closely related to the goal pursued and having been published in international and national journals in the last five years. PubMed was the main source searched, while other databases such as Lilacs, Hinari and Medline were also consulted. Data analysis and integration: Pulpal conditions are classified into reversible, transitional, irreversible pulpitis and necrotic pulp. Pain semiology is based on the following four basic variables associated to nociceptive stimuli: pulpal pain quality (sharp or continuous), course (intermittent or continuous), location (limited to a region in the mouth, radiating or referred) and intensity (mild, moderate or severe). Conclusions: The variables associated to nociceptive stimuli are semiologically important, for they make it possible to evaluate the painful manifestations gone through by a pulpal inflammatory process.

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome causes daytime sleepiness, affects the cardiovascular system and reduces the quality of life. Since orthognathic surgery brings about changes in the pharyngeal airway space, it has been used to treat this syndrome. Objective: Characterize the orthognathic surgery techniques most commonly used to treat obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, their impact on the pharyngeal airway and their therapeutic effectiveness. Methods: A bibliographic review was conducted from December 2016 to June 2017 using the search engines and platforms SciELO, Medline, Pubmed and Hinari. The search words used were orthognathic surgery, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, pharyngeal airway, maxillomandibular advancement, and combinations thereof. Of the 127 papers obtained, 28 were selected based on their content, topicality and objectivity. Data analysis and integration: Surgical advancement of the maxilla, mandible, chin or combinations thereof minimizes the effects of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Bimaxillary surgery is recommended to correct skeletal class III malocclusion so as to lessen potential damaging effects on the airway caused by isolated mandibular retroposition. Conclusions: Advancement orthognathic surgery broadens the pharyngeal airway space and improves the quality of sleep. The fact that retroposition movements may have an opposite effect is an important aspect to be considered in the correction of skeletal class III malocclusions.

Introduction: according to the World Health Organization, smoking is one of the greatest public health problems worldwide. It is a well known fact that smoking interferes in different ways with the health of oral tissue, and is directly related to oral health problems. Objective: conduct a bibliographic review on the topic "Smoking and its impact on pulp and periodontal health". Methods: a careful review was conducted of scientific papers published in the last five years (2012-2016) about topics related to the following descriptor combinations: dental pulp "and" pulpectomy "and" periodontics "and" tobacco; dental pulp "and" pulpectomy "and" tobacco; pulpectomy "and" tobacco; periodontics "and" tobacco. The databases used were PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, SciELO and Lilacs. 36 studies were found based on the above descriptors. Data analyse and integration: the studies showed that the use of tobacco and its by-products directly impact the health and homeostasis of the pulp and periodontal tissues, and is related to tooth loss and an increase in the need for endodontic treatment. Conclusions: tobacco use significantly impacts pulp and periodontal health, causing physiological and metabolic alterations, and affecting the pulp connective tissue and the periodontal tissue.

Objectives: identify by polymerase chain reaction technique ten bacterial species obtained from necrotic root canals, and analyze their association with signs and symptoms of apical periodontitis (pain, exudate and mobility) in a specific geographic area: Santiago de Compostela (northwestern Spain). Methods: a descriptive study was conducted based on a one-year sample collection period. Forty-three samples were taken from necrotic root canals, at a rate of one sample per patient, who had been previously examined for radiographic apical periodontitis, of which the signs and symptoms were described. Sterile absorbent paper points were used to extract the DNA samples, applying the phenol-chloroform technique. The product was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, using specific primers for ten microorganisms. The result was visualized by electrophoresis using a UV transilluminator. Outcomes were analyzed statistically to determine which microorganisms were present individually and which formed associations such as the so-called red complex, according to the signs and symptoms present in the apical periodontitis. Results: Fusobacterium nucleatum was the most common individual microorganism (83.72 % of the samples). As to the association of microorganisms with signs and symptoms, Porphyromonas endodontalis was found to be significantly associated with exudate (p< 0.05) and mobility (p< 0.05), while both Enterococcus spp. and Treponema denticola (p< 0.01) had a significant association with pain. Incidence of the red complex was 6 cases in all. Conclusions: Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus spp. were the microorganisms identified as displaying the highest percentages. Porphyromonas endodontalis showed the greatest statistical association with signs and symptoms of apical periodontitis.

Introduction: dental anxiety significantly affects the individual´s oral health because patients avoid dental treatment and obstruct the dentist in his performance when providing care. Therefore, it is important to manage alternatives to face this phenomenon as a way of controlling or eliminating it. Objective: to determine the pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for dental anxiety. Methods: a literature review on the types of maneuvers to face dental anxiety published from 2010 to November 2015 was made. This search was specifically directed to scientific articles. One hundred and thirty five articles that addressed treatment of this disorder were found, excluding those presenting treatments for special patients or with phobias, and the final number was 102 papers. From the latter, 59 were taken to be considered according to the author´s criteria because they thoroughly described the study subject. Data analysis and integration: there are several alternative treatments for anxiety including the non-pharmacological methods such as music therapy, audiovisuals, virtual reality, hypnosis, among others, which are widely used by dental professionals. Moreover, pharmacological treatments mainly use drugs of choice such as benzodiazepines and nitrous oxide mixed with oxygen, being Midazolam the most used due to its good results. The combinations of both types of treatment are also effective. Conclusions: the use of music therapy, virtual reality and audiovisuals are the most used non-pharmacological treatments before this phenomenon. Midazolam and nitrous oxide in combination with oxygen are the most commonly used pharmacological treatments for dental anxiety, mainly in children.

Introduction: dental malocclusions are dentomaxilofacial anomalies which are found very frequently in the world population. There is registered information about the application of epidemiological indexes to identify the orthodontic treatment needs Objective: to identify the scientific production where the indexes of orthodontic treatment needs are applied. Methods: a cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out from January to December 2013. The required information was found in Medline, PubMed and Regional Scielo databases. The data were taken in the following periods: 1975-1993, 1994-2003 and 2004-2013. The universe of study consisted of 439 abstracts and/or articles from which 334 were selected for the sample after meeting the inclusion criteria. Results: in the 1975-1993 period, 24 articles (7.2 %) were identified, 98 articles (29.3 %) in the 1994-2003 period and 212 (63.5 %) from 2004 to 2013. The papers comprising just one index amounted to 273 (81.73 %), two indexes combined in 49 (14.7 %) and 3 or more in 12 (3.6 %). Conclusions: in the first analyzed period, the most used indexes were priority orthodontic treatment index; dental esthetic index, index of orthodontic treatment need. During the second and third periods, the index of orthodontic treatment need prevailed with increased individual application of its esthetic component and the dental clinical component too. In general, this index was the most used alone or in combination, followed by the dental esthetic index.

Introduction: dental anxiety is a phenomenon that affects the oral health status, hindering both patient management and the subsequent treatment adherence. In Cuba this psychological disorder has been poorly known in the dental setting, therefore, a great knowledge on the aspects related to its prevalence and sociodemographic characteristics is of vital importance as a starting point for further researches and for drawing of strategies in controlling this phenomenon. Objective: to make a literature review on prevalence and sociodemographic aspects of dental anxiety. Methods: a review study was conducted, which included the literature published from 2010 to June 2015. Eighty one papers were found from which some that addressed anxiety in individuals with specific characteristics or some type of disease were excluded and 53 were selected to be reviewed and finally 42 were considered at the author´s criteria. Data analysis and integration: the prevalence of dental anxiety manifests generally in children and adults; moderate to severe levels are evident in most studies with significant values. Age and sex are the most associated variables, it tends to decrease with increasing age, and women express anxiety more freely. Conclusions: dental anxiety is a psychological phenomenon affecting the world population, with increasing tendency in women and young people. The educational level and the marital status show ambivalent criteria with respect to this disorder.

Introduction: Granular cell tumor is a uncommon lesion which presents prediction for tongue and shows low taxes of recurrence being treated with simple surgical removal. Objective: showing a case of a bifocal granular cell tumor affecting buccal mucosa and revealing some clinical and microscopic characteristics of this lesion. Clinic Case: This paper showed a case of a 60 yr-old female who presented two small nodules with smooth and regular surfaces, fibroelastic consistence and yellowish coloration. These two lesions were excised and granular cell tumor was diagnosed microscopically for both. The patient are following without signs of recurrence. Comment: the definitive diagnosis of this lesion was obtained across to microscopic analysis, due to non specific clinical features, being mandatory to perform excisional biopsy. The patient is following up for six months without signs of recurrence.

Introduction: oral cancer is a disease with high morbidity and mortality, associated with risk factors whose complex interplay is subject to scientific debate. Objective: to upgrade to the professionals about the risk factors for oral cancer. Methods: the literature review was conducted in SciELO Regional with the descriptors "risk factors" and "oral cancer", for which 31 full-text references were found. In Clinical Key, with the descriptor "cancer of the lip and oral cavity", we found 1746; English descriptors with "genes" and "oral cancer" retrieved 9822 results. PubMed, with the descriptor "oral cancer", retrieved 1207 items. EBSCO, with the descriptor "oral cancer", offered full texts of 5 recent years (839 articles). 200 articles in English and Spanish were retrieved, mainly from 2010-2015, and 62 papers were used. Data analysis and integration: in the oral carcinogenesis, tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes are affected. The non-genetic risk factors are smoking, alcohol consumption, and nutrient deficiency states, environmental factors such as radiation and heavy metals and different bacterial, fungal and viral infections. These factors are also related to immunosuppression, mechanical friction by maladjusted dentures and poor oral hygiene. Conclusions: the main risk factors for oral cancer are described. Susceptibility genes to cancer interact with risk factors mainly related to lifestyle and environmental factors in a complex network, whose identification and control in primary health care is important in the prevention of oral cancer by dentists. Key words: oral cancer; risk factors; oncogenes; tumor suppressor genes; tobacco; alcohol; prevention.

Introduction: Occlusal trauma is defined as an alteration in the occlusal relationships of the masticatory system, which may lead to inflammation of the periodontal ligament, the dental pulp and sensitive soft tissues. Objective: Iidentify non-infectious pulpal disorders in dental organs with occlusal trauma of patients from a public hospital in Mérida, Yucatán. Methods: An observational analytical study was conducted at a public hospital in Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico (2014). The study universe was 156 dental organs of 82 patients aged 20 years and over with occlusal trauma in permanent teeth and some degree of non-infectious pulp tissue disorder, based on the classification of the American Academy of Endodontics. Patients were also included who presented caries, fractures, fissures, fillings, endodontic treatment, orthodontic treatment or dentoalveolar trauma. Convenience non-probability sampling was applied. Voluntary informed consent was obtained. Medical and dental records were examined. An evaluation was carried out of pain signs and symptoms. Thermal and electric pulp tests were performed, as well as palpation, percussion and diagnostic staining/transillumination. Occlusal testing was conducted using articulating paper. Periapical radiographs were examined and interpreted. Descriptive statistics were used. Result: There was no pain in 53 % of the dental organs studied. Radiographic alterations were present in 63 %; the most common were pulp nodes (25 %). Pulpitis was reversible in 37 % (n= 58), and the most frequent occlusal trauma was malocclusion (n= 49). In the 156 teeth studied, the most common clinical sign was enamel wear (n= 56). Conclusions: Non-infectious pulpal disorders were present in a large number of permanent teeth of patients with occlusal trauma.

Introduction: patients often request the performance of restorations compatible with the standards of dental esthetics. This is sometimes hampered by the great variety of restoring materials and techniques for their application. Objective: propose recommendations for the use of photopolymerizable composite resins in esthetic restorations of anterior and posterior teeth. Methods: a bibliographic review was performed about techniques for the use of composite resins in esthetic restorations. The search was conducted in the databases Scopus, SciELO, Hinari and Medline, as well as 45 manually indexed scientific journals. The reviewers selected the 89 papers and 3 books which approached the topic in a more comprehensive manner. All the documents reviewed were arranged and processed by scientific journal and year of publication. Data integration: recommendations included the following topics: individual assessment of the patient's esthetic considerations, selection of the resin type to use, selection of color, prophylaxis and polishing of the work surface, cavity preparation with or without beveling, protection or not of the dentin-pulp complex, acid engraving, washing and rinsing of the engraving acid, application of the adhesive, insertion and manipulation of the composite resin, polymerization and finishing of the restoration. Final considerations: there is a great variety of curative and esthetic treatments based on the use of photopolymerizable composite resins. Therefore, it would be advisable to follow these recommendations, among others: clean the work surface, select the appropriate resin color and type, perform as few beveled cavity preparations as possible (only if required), apply increments while carrying out the restoration, polymerize avoiding great contraction reactions, and polish the restorations appropriately.

A short time after photography was invented, Eastman started using it as a tool for scientific work (1879). Ever since then, efforts have been made to turn photography into an indispensable means to project and illustrate science, so much so that scientific photography has paved the way for the development of digital photography. Writing a scientific paper requires profound knowledge about the topic in question. Careful observation of and research into daily dental practice would make that purpose possible. On the other hand, description is the most effective resource to convincingly present the start, evolution and final result of our work. Clinical dental photography would contribute to the accuracy and brevity required to better understand the topic dealt with. A presentation is made of the characteristics required from compact digital cameras to obtain optimal dental photographs, as well as techniques and tips to take intraoral and extraoral photographs.

The history and contributions of the father of Cuban Orthopedics, Dr. Julio Martinez Paez, and highlights its main personal characteristics and professional ethical values ​​and patriotic and his revolutionary action in the July 26 Movement, the Sierra Maestra mountains and the triumph of the Revolution in his work as Prime Minister of Health and Social Welfare. In this paper refers to the life and work of Dr. Julio Martínez Páez He will take into account the historical stage in which he developed, the extent of his contributions to cuban medicine and the revolutionary process in general, and the force of his example in current and future generations of revolutionaries doctors. It was tried to establish an approach to the revolutionary doctor and pay a modest tribute to his memory by projecting his example as an undisputed paradigm and as a devoted lover medical profession. New generations of Cuban doctors may find a role model of virtue, love, selflessness and patriotism in this illustrious Doctor.