Search

This paper aims to understand the geo-economic dynamics of industry in Ampére and the main characteristics and determining factors of this process, understanding it not as an isolated fact, but connected to the regional and national context. The Socio-Spatial Formation (SSF) category of analysis was considered, along with a bibliographical and documentary review and fieldwork. The SEF of the southwest of Paraná, the mesoregion of the study area, was developed based on small-scale commercial production and Ampére has a significant manufacturing sector, standing out in two sectors of the transformation industry (clothing and furniture production). In the southwest of Paraná, it is the main hub for these sectors; in the state of Paraná, it is among the 10 main hubs and in Brazil, it is the 65th largest employer in the clothing sector and the 43rd in the furniture industry. This position of industrial importance is the result of a combination of private initiatives based on small-scale commercial production, municipal public support, as well as federal policies and programs that boosted the domestic market during the 2000s

The industrialization models of ECLAC, developed during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, and those of Ecuador, implemented by the 21st-century socialist government, are similar in their attempt to industrialize through the substitution of imports and government expenditure. In both cases, the economic policies focused on a closed economy, with high tariff barriers, and a strong role of the state as the main actor in the economy. The article uses a comparative method of analysis which emphasizes the outcomes of both of the periods studied. The results show that the models applied brought the same problems; imbalance in external trade and rising public debt. An alternative premise is suggested, that the models applied are the main causes of the debt crisis in the 1980s and the increasing public debt in the government of Rafael Correa.

This article examines Friedrich List’s critique of the Methuen Treaty. The Methuen Treaty removed all restrictions on English wool entering Portugal and reaffirmed England’s commitment to import Portuguese wines at two-thirds the tariffs of French wines. Friedrich List argues that the agreement hurt Portugal’s textile industry and slowed Portugal’s economic growth. List’s critique of the Methuen Treaty is a strong representation of his resistance to Adam Smith and Jean-Baptiste Say, but it is isolated from his robust theoretical framework. One possible explanation for the discontinuity is that the knowledge problem undermines List’s theory. The lack of local data makes it difficult to conduct an accurate and straightforward policy analysis of the Methuen Treaty, making the analysis vulnerable to normative interpretations. Specifically, List’s disagreement with Adam Smith’s cosmopolitanism pushed him further away from a straightforward application of his theory.

Simultaneously with the demographic and territorial expansion of urban areas, the role of big cities is becoming more important, as a result of the services they offer, following the trends of changes in the sphere of the economic sector. In the sphere of first-order administrativeterritorial units which have supported the change of the level of urban morphology, the Municipality of Constanța is considered one of them, being witness to a fluctuating development and strongly influencing the functioning processes of the space, including the dynamics of the urban process, which, in most cases, follow the trends of the changes that appeared as a result of the territorial administration policies. This study aims to analyze the functional character of Constanța Municipality, from the perspective of the main sectors of activity that certainly contribute to maintaining a constant balance, and the ways in which these aspects are reflected in the territory. This paper represents the product of bibliographic research activities as well as methods of graphical and statistical analysis in order to expose. The results of the study capture the evolution of the functional character of the main sectors of activity and how this process manifests itself in the territorial context of Constanța, following the stability of solutions for optimization that feasibly support the socio-economic balance of the area.

The paper deals with the issue of the efforts undertaken by the bodies of party and state administration to fulfill plans and accelerated accumulation of reserves on the eve of the Great Patriotic War. The study is novel in that the analysis of attempts to work out a mobilization strategy for the socio-economic development of the USSR on the eve of the war was carried out based on a wide range of previously unpublished documents on file. The article delves into the loss of opportunities, and ignoration of several most appropriate value propositions to have proven their effectiveness but was introduced into practice only during the war years. The relevance of the research is due to the need to learn lessons from the historical experience of elaborating strategic plans for the country’s development, involving leading scientists in this work concerning scientifically grounded, objective data.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Brazil, started in the 19th century, a transition period between the Empire and the beginning of the Republic (1860-1913), when fdi theories had not yet been formulated. The British were the main investors worldwide, also in Brazil, responsible for developing essential sectors. In addition to the Europeans, the Americans also saw opportunities in the country, contributing later to the industries’ installation. To better understand foreign investments in Brazil, as well as the installation of multinationals in the transition from the Empire to the Republic, we highlight the foreign investment process and the country’s industrialization. The main contribution of this work is research pointing out the historical landmark of foreign investment in Brazil in the analyzed period, allowing to understand the country’s urban and social development.

The state promotion of Argentine architectural and infrastructure works in the "long 1960s" was linked to recognizable demands that emerge from territorial and economic planning. The deepening of the industrialization process implied an energy self-sufficiency country, fluent communication between production centers and the newly created provincial states, as well as the construction industrialization. These aspects had an impact on the creation and development of various construction programs. However, this article reviews the literature around three specific programs: industry, energy and territorial connections, for considering them fundamental and synergistic within the industrialization process in its second phase. In the disciplinary gaze on the object of study, politics and economics agree quite a bit on the conceptualization of the period, planning incorporates the notion of imbalance characterizing the Argentine territory, and from architecture the works have been approached only in terms of search for national identity and modern style questions. This work allows us to point out that the theoretical construction revolves around the notions of: developmentalism as a theoretical model, territory as geographical space and place of power, planning as a priority discipline at the time and architecture for progress as a concept under construction.

The central subject of this article is the historical study of the relationship established, in the 1940s and 1970s, between the city of São Paulo that was becoming metropolitan and for that purpose it was back to the construction of its industrial park and the consequences of this process in the life of its population, as well as the cooling of diseases. In this context, it is intended to point out how transformations of this scale, such as air pollution emitted by automobiles, but, above all, by factories, inside and outside their work spaces, impacted the health of the working population.

Abstract Hispalyt focuses its work into improving ceramic construction systems, in order to offer high-quality, precision-engineered, efficient and sustainable walling systems. Bringing forward industrialization of ceramic partitions with high acoustic performance, Hispalyt has devel-oped SILENSIS-CERAPY solutions: brick walls with a plasterboard coating glued to the partition by using adhesive paste. The combination of the brick structure and the plasterboard cladding, results into robust solutions with high acoustic performance. The system brings together the main advantages of ceramics (such as thermal inertia, fire resistance, robustness and security against robbery), with those of plasterboard, which leads to the improvement of the wall finishing and a fast track installation. SILENSIS-CERAPY solutions are suitable to both new constructions and rehabilitation works, where an attempt should always be made to improve the acoustic conditions of the original building. This article presents the tests and studies carried out for the characterization of SILENSIS-CERAPY solutions, as well as a summary of its technical performance, detail design and installation guidance. Resumen Hispalyt continúa con su labor de mejora de los sistemas constructivos cerámicos, con el fin de ofrecer al mercado soluciones de elevada calidad, eficientes, sostenibles y cada vez más tecnificadas. En este sentido, avanzando en la industrialización de la tabiquería cerámica de altas prestaciones acústicas, SILENSIS, ha desarrollado las soluciones CERAPY: paredes de ladrillo con revestimiento de placa de yeso adherida al tabique mediante pasta de agarre. Al aunar en una solución SILENSIS-CERAPY la estructura de ladrillo y el revestimiento de la placa de yeso, se obtienen soluciones robus-tas, de altas prestaciones acústicas, que mantienen las características inherentes a los productos cerámicos, relativas a la inercia térmica, comportamiento frente al fuego, resistencia a cargas suspendidas y seguridad frente al intrusismo, al tiempo que se les suman las venta-jas constructivas de la tabiquería seca de las placas de yeso, mejorándose los rendimientos en obra y los acabados finales en obra. Las soluciones SILENSIS-CERAPY se pueden aplicar tanto a obra nueva, como a obras de rehabilitación arquitectónica, en las cuales, en la medida que sea posible, siempre se debe tratar de mejorar las condiciones acústicas del edificio original. En este artículo se presentan los ensayos y estudios realizados para la caracterización de las soluciones SILENSIS-CERAPY, así como un resumen de sus prestaciones técnicas, disposiciones constructivas y proceso de ejecución

The article examines the educational analysis of school regimes and education equity of the city of Magnitogorsk during 1930s that was formed in the new industrial center during forced industrialization. At present, the history of school regimes and education equity as a scientific trend is becoming extremely popular in world-historical science. However, research is mainly based on extensive material in the "educational aspect" from chronology and territorial framework. The authors offers a specific example of the emotional community study on local material and believes that the thoughts and feelings of the townspeople sought to unify within the framework of a “new city” development concept and imposed a specific set of normative emotions and official practices on the Magnitogorsk people, as well as the emotions expressing them, which acted as a support for the existing political regime.

Industrial grain production occupies most of Iowa's farmland. Around the edges of corn and soybean monocultures, however, small-scale, diversified farmers establish alternative agricultural operations and sell to local markets. One narrative, "we feed the world", stretches across these two spheres; its roots lie in post-World War II geopolitics, and its contemporary iterations reflect the actions of private agricultural interest groups. As a rhetorical strategy, asserting "we feed the world" invokes neo-Malthusian fears to reposition differences in agricultural production systems within a moral framework where yield primarily determines agricultural legitimacy. This article ethnographically analyzes how this narrative intersects the lives and livelihoods of conventional and alternative farmers alike. Today, the narrative serves three functions: defending industrial agricultural systems against criticisms,justifying the pursuit of ever-higher yields on moral grounds, and gatekeeping agricultural legitimacy. Examining this discursive mechanism yields insight into the diversity of strategies through which actors within the industrial agricultural system reproduce particular land use practices in service of their own interests.

The article reflects on the phenomenon of modern architecture from the periphery of those territories that, paradoxically, development and modernization have fragmented. Taking as a case study the city of Tampico, Tamaulipas. The process of modernization of the city is described from a bibliographic, newspaper and archive review in order to contribute to the discussion about the effects of the modernization processes in port cities associated with railways and oil. early twentieth century. It shows how modernization processes are based on a model that promotes urban fragmentation. To conclude that in the case of Tampico the logic of modernity perpetuated the fragmentation of the urban environment exacerbating social inequality. / El artículo reflexiona sobre el fenómeno de la arquitectura moderna desde la periferia de aquellos territorios que paradójicamente el desarrollo y la modernización han fragmentado. Tomando como caso de estudio la ciudad de Tampico, Tamaulipas. El documento describe el proceso de modernización de la ciudad a partir de una revisión bibliográfica, hemerográfica y de archivo con el fin de contribuir a la discusión en torno a los impactos que los procesos de modernización tuvieron en las ciudades-puerto asociados al ferrocarril y el petróleo a inicios del siglo XX. Se muestra cómo los procesos de modernización se sustentan en un modelo que promueve la fragmentación urbana y se concluye que en el caso de Tampico las lógicas de modernidad perpetuaron la fragmentación del ámbito urbano exacerbando la desigualdad social.

This brief article seeks to introduce the reader to this special number on industrialization in contemporary Latin America. It does so considering three issues. First, the importance of industrialization in sustaining high rates of economic growth leading to high levels of income per capita. Second, the long-standing debate in global historiography regarding the successes and failures of industrial policy: markets vs. states. Lastly, Latin America´s industrial trajectory through the lenses of four historiographical tendencies, and the ways in which each of the four original papers relate to the extant literature, and contribute to enhancing our understanding of one of the most important economic transformations in the history of the region.

This paper discusses the relationship between regional integration and industrialization in Latin America over the past seventy years. To this end, it shows how ECLAC’s structuralist thought and integrationist dynamics have influenced each other in practice. It outlines the positions on regional industrialization found in old regionalism, open regionalism and in 21st century regionalisms, and how such positions were shaped by conflicts between social groups. Specifically, it introduces the Andean Pact, MERCOSUR and ALBA as examples. This paper’s contribution consists in reflecting critically on Latin American experiences of drafting and implementing common industrial policy in diverse contexts.

La primera industrialización de la Ría de Bilbao constituyó un proceso transformador de gran envergadura que afectó, de una manera u otra, a los territorios más próximos, como la provincia de Álava. Las características y consecuencias de la industrialización en la Ría han sido bien estudiadas por la historiografía pero, ¿qué ocurrió en aquellas comarcas próximas que aún no se industrializaron? ¿En qué medida y de qué manera se vieron infuenciadas por el desarrollo de la Ría? Bilboko itsasadarraren lehenengo industrializazioa hedadura handiko prozesu eraldatzailea izan zen, eta modu batera edo bestera hartu zituen eraginpean hurbileneko lurraldeak, hala nola Arabako probintzia. Historiografak ondo aztertu ditu industrializazio horren ezaugarri eta ondorioak Itsasadarrean, baina zer gertatu zen oraindik industrializatu ez ziren hurbileko eskualdeetan? Zenbateraino eta nola hartu zituen eraginpean Itsasadarraren garapenak? The earliest industrialisation of the river in Bilbao was a transformative process of great scope which affected, one way or another, the closest territories, such as the province of Álava. The characteristics and consequences of the industrialisation of the river have been studied by historiography, but what happened to those nearby areas which did not undergo industrialisation? To what extent and in what way were they influenced by the development of the river?

The paper seeks to understand the macroeconomic context of the Brazilian Agroindustrial Complex’s constitution process and the incorporation of the Central-West region into the national economic space between 1965 and 1980 in order to analyze the regional class structure engendered by this process. This analysis is done through the bibliographical and documentary survey of sectoral, economic and regional public policies that led to the acceleration of the industrialization process in the country during the military governments. This is articulated with the analysis of data from the population, agricultural and industrial censuses of the 1965-1980 period. From this survey, the article makes a theoretical reflection on the framework of the Latin American Dependency Theory regarding the class structure originated from the incorporation of the Center-West region into the national economic space. The results of the study demonstrate that the incorporation of the Central West region into Brazilian capitalism took place by means of a joint action between State, landowners and agroindustrial capitals, and that it was a relevant step toward the change in Brazil’s position in the international division of labor and toward its differentiation regarding other peripheral countries. This incorporation, whose rhythm of expansion and development patterns were derived from the new agricultural technologies and from the domain of capitalist land ownership, generated a regional class pact whose discussion and reflection must take into account its similarity with the social tripod described by the Theory of Latin American Dependence, considering it typical of a dependent industrialization on an essentially agricultural region, yet indicating the industrial character of modern capitalist farming.

When the need for industrialization surfaced in the 19th century, Ottoman Empire aimed to establish state-led, profit-oriented enterprises after the Imperial Edict of 1839, which is also known as Tanzimat. Experienced accountants of the state tried to do the investment calculations of an iron factory in the 1840s (Istanbul) by benefiting from the merdiban accounting method, which was initially developed to record the revenues and expenditures of the state. This study contributes to the relevant literature by analyzing the adequacy of this statist-centralist accounting method within a profit-oriented environment and its role in this failed attempt towards industrialization. Merdiban allows the separation of investments as actual construction, still projected and shows the payment status of investments in details. As one of the first profit oriented investment project in the history of the Ottoman Empire, accountants mislead critical pieces of information like plans for procurement of raw materials, projected sales, payback time, capacity and depreciation. Findings indicate that neither accountants nor the method were ready to operate in a for-profit organization, eventually resulting diminish of this old accounting method in 1879. Cuando en el siglo XIX surgió la necesidad de la industrialización, el Imperio Otomano se propuso establecer empresas dirigidas por el estado y con fines de lucro después del Edicto Imperial de 1839, también conocido como Tanzimat. Contadores experimentados del estado intentaron hacer los cálculos de inversión de una fábrica de hierro en la década de 1840 (Estambul) al beneficiarse del método de contabilidad merdiban, que se desarrolló inicialmente para registrar los ingresos y los gastos del estado. Este estudio contribuye a la literatura relevante mediante el análisis de la adecuación de este método de contabilidad estatista-centralista dentro de un entorno orientado a los beneficios y su papel en este intento fallido de industrialización. Merdiban permite la separación de las inversiones como construcción real, aún se proyecta y muestra el estado de pago de las inversiones en detalles. Como uno de los primeros proyectos de inversión con fines de lucro en la historia del Imperio Otomano, los contadores confunden datos críticos como los planes para la adquisición de materias primas, las ventas proyectadas, el tiempo de retorno, la capacidad y la depreciación. Los resultados indican que ni los contadores ni el método estaban listos para operar en una organización con fines de lucro, lo que finalmente disminuyó el uso de este viejo método de contabilidad en 1879. * I am pleased to acknowledge the financial support for this research provided by the Scientific Research Projects Division (TÜBAP) of the Trakya University, Republic of Turkey. I am also grateful to the participants at the 13th World Congress of Accounting Historians, Newcastle, U.K., and the two anonymous referees for helpful comments on earlier drafts.

Brazil renewed its fleet with modern warships in the first decade of the 20th Century. However, the country failed to modernize the precarious facilities of the ancient Navy Yard, whose workshops were squeezed in the central area of Rio de Janeiro and also dispersed in caos throughout Baía de Guanabara (Guanabara Bay). The Navy was divided between the advocates of new facilities to be built on Ilha das Cobras (Cobras Island), near the main workshops of the old Yard, and the supporters of a big industrial and military structure to be erected at Baía da Ilha Grande (Ilha Grande Bay), far from the Federal Capital. This article addresses their dispute, decisions, actions and conter-actions, before, during and after the First World War. It’s main subject is the last attempt from the advocates of Baía da Ilha Grande, made after the war, which came closer to succeed before failing at the end of 1922.

This article analyses the values and priorities of the Biscay workers in the late xix century through a documentary source made up of letters written by labourers between 1895 and 1898, while / when they were fighting in Cuba and Philipines. These letters show the social concepts used by them and their mentality towards different social spheres, as well as the presence of patriotism, religion and solidarity-based principles.It also studies the main stereotypes spread about the working-class, basically the socialist stereotype, the Christian and the collaborator with the trade association.The contrast between these stereotypes and the workers’ mentality is very sharp, as we can deduce from the primary source. Regarding their beliefs, the absence of religious or social-related values must be emphasized, as well as the priority of the family, which define the social sphere where they feel to belong.

The present article seeks to illustrate the change of economic model in Latin America from the crisis of 1929 and the transition from the model focused “outwards” to the “internal market”, using mainly the case of Mexico. It will also explain the effects of the Second World War on the major Latin American economies and the emergence of explicit industrialization policies in these countries. Based on the analysis of primary and secondary sources, the so-called Chapultepec Conference (1945) will be examined, with an emphasis on the structure of debate and contrast in the positions of Latin American countries, interested in maintaining and expanding economic nationalism and its processes of industrialization, which managed to moderate the free-trade economic proposals promoted by the United States

In the heritage field, the demand for fast and efficient 3D digitization technologies for historic remains is increasing. Besides, 3D digitization has proved to be a promising approach to enable precise reconstructions of objects. Yet, unlike the digital acquisition of cultural goods in 2D widely used today, 3D digitization often still requires a significant investment of time and money. To make it more widely available to heritage institutions, the Competence Center for Cultural Heritage Digitization at the Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD has developed CultLab3D, the world’s first 3D mass digitization facility for collections of three-dimensional objects. CultLab3D is specifically designed to automate the entire 3D digitization process thus allowing to scan and archive objects on a large-scale. Moreover, scanning and lighting technologies are combined to capture the exact geometry, texture, and optical material properties of artefacts to produce highly accurate photo-realistic representations. The unique setup allows to shorten the time needed for digitization to several minutes per artefact instead of hours, as required by conventional 3D scanning methods.

Abstract The techniques of production and in particular of construction tend to be technified, improving its precision, optimizing costs and times of production. This is the strategy to follows for those companies who need to increase its competitiveness. This is the way how modular or prefabrication systems have been introduced in the new construction processes. The modular construction no longer only applies to the structure of a building, but has also specialized in other parts, such as wet rooms; bathrooms and kitchens. Being those stays of the house more reproducible. Modular bathrooms are more common in buildings where houses have the same dimensions and /or distributions, and where therefore their construction is repetitive. The basis of this work is the development of a series production system of modular bathrooms that can be customized, maintaining the specifications and the lines indicated in the project. Also the development of a lifting and assembly tool that allows to minimize the transfer of the modules and facilitate the speed of its installation in its definitive location. The result is an industrialized bath module of high quality, with traceability of the materials and components used, tested and guaranteed, in a assembly line of fast manufacture. The bathroom is delivered completely finished and installed, minimizing the construction deadlines and improving its quality and safety. Resumen Las técnicas de producción y en particular de construcción tienden a tecnificarse, mejorando su precisión, optimizando costes y tiempos de producción. La construcción modular ya no solo se aplica a la estructura de una edificación, sino que también se ha especializado en otras estancias de la casa menos personales y con una composición de elementos más reproducible y por tanto industrializable. Los baños modulares cada vez son más comunes en aquellas edificaciones donde las viviendas tienen las mismas dimensiones y/o distribuciones, y donde por tanto su construcción es repetitiva. La base de este trabajo es el desarrollo de un sistema de fabricación en serie de baños modulares que puedan ser personalizables, manteniendo las especificaciones y prestaciones indicadas en el proyecto. La necesidad de poder introducir sistemas de baja temperatura, como suelos radiantes, para completar las estrategias energéticas del conjunto edificatorio, así como el desarrollo para la introducción en los módulos de una red de saneamiento que incluya cierres hidráulicos de conjunto (bote sifónico) se ve desarrollada de manera que el producto final pueda proporcionar los estándares solicitados por el cliente. Igualmente el desarrollo de un útil de elevación y montaje que permita minimizar el trasiego de los módulos y facilitar la rapidez de su instalación en su ubicación definitiva. El resultado es un módulo de baño industrializado de alta calidad, con trazabilidad de los materiales y componentes utilizados, probado y garantizado, en una cadena de montaje de rápida fabricación y que incluye todas las prescripciones técnicas del proyectista. El baño se entrega totalmente terminado e instalado, minimizando los plazos de obra y mejorando su calidad y seguridad...

RESUMEN Jean Prouvé y Konrad Wachsmann pertenecieron a una época convulsa en la que los ideales de la arquitectura se vieron modificados y nuevas variables entraron en juego. La dimensión técnico-constructiva recuperó protagonismo a su vez que la industrialización comenzó a influenciar en las construcciones del momento caracterizadas por su expresión tectónica. Maquetas a escala, así como prototipos de tamaño real, fueron utilizadas por Prouvé y Wachsmann como una herramienta fundamental en el proceso creativo. El presente artículo analiza las diferencias en el empleo de la maqueta y las estrategias de proyecto utilizadas por ambos arquitectos a través del análisis de dos obras, el Aeroclub de Roland Garros (1935) de Jean Prouvé y el Mobilar Structure (1939) de Konrad Wachsmann. SUMMARY Jean Prouvé and Konrad Wachsmann belonged to a convulsive period in which the ideals of architecture were modified and new variables came into play. The technique-constructive dimension regained prominence at a time when industrialization began to influence the constructions of that time, characterised by their tectonic expression. Together with real-size prototypes, Prouvé and Wachsmann employed scale models as fundamental tools in their creative process. This article explores the differences in the use of the model and projecting strategies through the analysis of two works: the Roland Garros flying club (1935) by Jean Prouvé and Mobilar Structure (1939) by Konrad Wachsmann.

Since 2001 the manufacturing sector of Mexico has experienced a reduced growth rate. This study estimates the impact of U.S. and Chinese industrial activity on the demand for labor in the manufacturing sector of Mexico. With data on industrial activity, Chinese exports, wages and the peso-dollar exchange rate, a time series cointegration model is developed. The results show that exports from China to the USA and manufacturing wages have affected labor demand negatively, while factors such as the U.S. industrial production and the exchange rate tend to encourage manufacturing activity.

Something happened to chickens during the 20th century, something so massive that they clearly became another kind of animal: broilers today get twice as big in half the time and with half the feeding they needed at the start of the century. This transformation of the broiler is the result of a process of industrialization that happened in most Western countries, but started in the United States and expanded there like nowhere else. This paper presents the major technical innovations that made the industrialization of the broiler possible in the first place and on the specific context of its expansion in the United States during the 20th century.

RESUMO As representações presentes nos livros didáticos são um dos elementos que informam a consciência histórica produzida em uma sociedade moderna. O objetivo desta pesquisa é entender as representações de industrialização e como elas estão associadas à ideia de progresso nos livros didáticos de história do Brasil voltados para o Ensino Médio e publicados entre 1972 e 2012. Da análise de 88 livros, depreende-se, inicialmente, que a história da representação de progresso pode ser apresentada como a “redenção nacional”. Posteriormente, o discurso de progresso é deslocado para a desigualdade social e, apenas no século XXI, a desigualdade ambiental começa a ser problematizada. Todavia, a persistência de uma representação da industrialização como progresso continua a fazer parte da narrativa escolar da história do Brasil.

This article answers the question that assails the administrator: What unites the activities of the management practice of the XXI century with those of groups considered “primitive”?: Similarities build teamwork and asymmetries similar behaviors and other behaviors by differences in production methods. Objectives: (1) Rescue work group of “primitive” Gouro community solidarity, mutual support and flawless coordination of economic practices, which in turn are required in the implementation of strategies for breaking into organizations threatened by competition saturated markets and internal management based on individualism and personal fulfillment. (2) Shows the relevance of interdisciplinarity as an input to senior management in identifying problems and possible answers. Environmental threats in the environment force them to undertake interdisciplinary studies prospectively to redefine trends by area requiring resolved from the practice of management. Categories: space/ time, social division of labor; leadership, teamwork and values. The synthesis methodology. Keywords: Agriculture; Industrialization; Cybereconomy; Technical division of labor; Teamwork.

Developmental State conceptualization emerged during second half of the XX century as an explanative hypothesis for the fast growing economies in the Asian northeast. Institutional economic views attributed to state intervention the responsibility for successful industrial transformation in the region and highlighted the contribution of specific institutional public patterns as: bureaucratic quality and autonomy, public support for industrial conglomerates conditioned to competitiveness and productivity performance based incentives. In the other hand, historical views warned against exporting institutional successful models as they rest on space and time dimensions with a high degree of historic determinism

Historians have long recognized Colombia¿s artisans of the second half of the nineteenth century as a dynamic group who played an active role in the country¿s political movements. However, it was not only their political activism what made this group important during the 1800s. The establishment of technical education centers for the institutionalization and specialization of artisanal occupations caused signi!cant reactions from this social sector. This article analyzes the Arts and Crafts School of Medellin as an institution devoted to the technical and moral education of artisans. Finally, it approaches artisans¿ reactions to the professionalization of their trades and the changes they faced with the arrival of industrialization.

Thearticle showsa policy aimedatsocial control inAntioquiathrough thecreation of policeby theirDepartmentalAssemblyin the period1912-1927Refers toaspectsof social constitutionalism(little studied by historians) as a result ofthree processeslinked, population growth, urban expansion of the city andindustrial advancement. Substantiveinformationwas collected from theDepartment of AntioquiaAssemblyFund, existingAntiochHistorical Archive. This policyis partof the changesadvisementwith industrialization.Thepolicewere structured torespond tothe emergingneeds ofindustrial society, and thenrespondtosocialconstitutionalism.

Recently the manufacturing sector of Mexico has experienced a reduced rate of growth. This study estimates the impact of the industrial activity of the U.S. and China on the demand for labor in the manufacturing sector of the northern border states of Mexico. With data on industrial activity, Chinese exports, wages and the peso-dollar exchange rate, a time series co-integration model is developed. The results show that exports from China to the Usa and manufacturing wages have affected labor demand negatively, while factors such as, the U.S. industrial production and the exchange rate tend to encourage manufacturing activity.

El propósito de este trabajo es repasar la historia de Nacional Financiera S. A. como banco de fomento en relación con el sector industrial, entre 1940 y 1982, con el objetivo de comprender sus principales características y sus limitaciones más importantes respecto al proceso de industrialización vía sustitución de importaciones. Para cumplir este objetivo resulta necesario enmarcar la participación de la institución en la lógica del proceso de industrialización y las políticas económicas mexicanas. Por las propias características del objeto de estudio y de la metodología de análisis, es necesario incluir este trabajo entre los debates acerca de los problemas de la sustitución de importaciones en América Latina y, en particular, las discusiones sobre la industrialización mexicana.In Mexico, although Nacional Financiera S. A. was founded in the mid-thirties, it was defined as a development bank in the early forties, with the beginning of the import substitution industrialization process. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to revise the history of the institution and its relation with the industrial sector between 1940 and 1982. In order to do so, we believe it is necessary to take into account the logic of the industrialization process and the Mexican economic policies. Thus, this work aims to be a contribution to the study of the role played by the financial structure in the industrialization process in Mexico. Also, due to the characteristics of the subject of this study and the methodology, this work fits in the discussion about the problems of the import substitution industrialization in Latin America, and in particular the debates on the Mexican industrialization.

O texto analisa a desindustrialização em marcha no Brasil e alguns dos impasses da política macroeconômica. A industrialização atingida nas décadas anteriores deteriorou-se face à ausência de políticas industriais e de desenvolvimento e da conjugação de juros elevados, falta de investimento, câmbio sobrevalorizado e exagerada abertura comercial. Nesse contexto, ocorre uma desindustrialização nociva que fragiliza o país e compromete sua economia. Na ausência de uma política macroeconômica consentânea com a política industrial, o desenvolvimento fica comprometido. Por sua vez, cabe lembrar que o subdesenvolvimento não representa uma etapa ou acidente de percurso, mas um processo que se inicia com a inserção no mercado internacional capitalista no século XIX e, desse processo, o Brasil ainda não se libertou.The text analyzes the contemporary deindustrialization of Brazil and some of its impasses in terms of macroeconomic policies. The level of industrialization that was reached in previous decades has deteriorated because of the lack of policies on industry and development and the combination of high interest rates, lack of investment, overvalued exchange rates and exaggerated trade openness. In this context, harmful deindustrialization occurs. It weakens and undermines the country's economy. In the absence of a macroeconomic policy in line with industrial policy, development is compromised. In these terms, underdevelopment is not a phase or a bump in the road, but a process that began with Brazil's involvement in the international capitalist market in the nineteenth century - a process which Brazil has yet to complete.

RESUMEN La famosa expresión de Le Corbusier, “La casa es una máquina para habitar” ha sido tradicionalmente malinterpretada. El maestro suizo no pretendía hacer casas que parecieran artefactos industriales, sino responder con la precisión de una máquina a los requerimientos funcionales y espirituales del hombre moderno. Las maisons Loucheur destacan entre los innumerables prototipos de viviendas para ser producidas en serie proyectadas a lo largo de su vida, puesto que las propone para ser construidas en seco, aplicando las posibilidades de la industria, pero teniendo en cuenta la capacidad operativa de los constructores locales. El desastre de los barrios de Lège y Pessac le había hecho comprender que la aproximación a la técnica debe hacerse desde el conocimiento y no desde la mitificación. SUMMARY Le Corbusier’s famous expression, “The house is a machine for living in”, has traditionally been misunderstood. The Swiss master did not intend to make houses that look like industrial artefacts, but that they should respond with the precision of a machine to the functional and spiritual requirements of modern man. Le Corbusier’s Maisons Loucheur stand out among the many housing prototypes for serial production planned throughout his life. He proposed dry–assembly for their construction, using the possibilities of industry, but taking into account the operational capability of the local builders. The disaster of the Lège and Pessac neighbourhoods made him understand that the technical approach must be made from knowledge and not from myth.

RESUMEN En los albores de la industria aplicada a la arquitectura en España, el estudio GO–DB Arquitectos Asociados, realizó 8 viviendas experimentales (1967–1969) como cierre a una primera etapa de investigación propia. Inspiradas en las dovelas de los puentes de hormigón prefabricado, haciendo suya la idea de Le Corbusier de que los ingenieros construyen en su tiempo, realizaron una serie de ensayos que concluyó con las 8 viviendas que protagonizan este artículo. Con un presupuesto muy ajustado consiguieron realizar una pequeña factoría “in situ” para por medio de una cadena de montaje, producir los Elementos Modulares que bajo el concepto de la Viga Hueca Habitable conformarían cada una de las viviendas. Cada cinco horas se podía montar una vivienda de diez módulos, casi como aparcar coches o hacer una construcción con los bloques de madera de arce de Froebel a los que Wright fue tan aficionado. Este artículo, explicará además, basándose en las publicaciones y escritos del propio estudio, cual fue el proceso y las ideas teóricas que sustentaron este proyecto que abonó el campo para posteriores investigaciones en prefabricación. SUMMARY At the dawn of the industry applied to architecture in Spain, the studio of GO–DB Associated Architects constructed eight experimental dwellings (1967–1969) as the finalization of a first stage of their research. Inspired by the sections of precast concrete bridges, adopting the idea of Le Corbusier that engineers built in his era, the studio completed a series of trials that ended with the eight dwellings featured in this article. With a very tight budget they made a small “in–situ” factory which, by means of an assembly line, produced the Modular Elements that, under the concept of The Habitable Box Beam, made up each of the homes. A dwelling of ten modules could be assembled every five hours, almost like parking cars or making a construction with the Froebel maple blocks so beloved by Wright. In addition, this article will explain, based on the publications and writings of the studio itself, which were the process and theoretical ideas that supported this project which fertilized the ground for further research on prefabrication. Este artículo, explicará además, basándose en las publicaciones y escritos del propio estudio, cual fue el proceso y las ideas teóricas que sustentaron este proyecto que abonó el campo para posteriores investigaciones en prefabricación.

¿La intensificación de relaciones comerciales asimétricas entre China y Brasil puede explicar la desindustrialización precoz en Brasil? En este trabajo se mostrará que no es la apertura la que conduce a la desindustrialización, a la baja productividad o a la reducción del valor agregado, sino la manera en la que se implementa. La desindustrialización en Brasil se explica porque la apertura no se acompañó de una política cambiaria e industrial adecuadas.Est-ce que l'intensification des relations commerciales asymétriques entre la Chine et le Brésil peut-elle expliquer le début de la désindustrialisation précoce au Brésil? Dans cet article, on montre que ce ne sont pas : ni la liberté de commerce, ni la faible productivité ou ni la réduction de la valeur ajoutée en soit qui conduisent à la désindustrialisation mais la façon dont elles sont mises en oeuvre. On peut expliquer la désindustrialisation au Brésil parce que l'ouverture au commerce international n'est pas accompagnée ni d'une politique de taux de change ni d'une politique industrielle.Can the intensification of the asymmetric commercial relationships between China and Brazil explain the early deindustrialization in Brazil? In this paper it will be shown that it is not economic openness what leads towards deindustrialization, low productivity, or reduced added value, but the way in which it is implemented. The deindustrialization in Brazil is explained because the economic opening was not accompanied by an adequate exchange and industrial policy.

Notes about the industrialization in the State of São Paulo, Brazil.This note aims to discuss the industrialisation in the context of the State of São Paulo. The topic of industrialisation will be approached from the historical and geographical perspectives.Thus, we will try to understand the industrial dimension taking into account its differentmoments, relating, when possible, the variables concerning the transformation in territorial dynamics in São Paulo State both in the past and in the present.

Resumen: Los itinerarios didácticos constituyen en apariencia un recurso muy innovador; sin embargo, conviene recordar la larga tradición pedagógica que los sustenta. Este recurso contribuye al desarrollo de capacidades del ser humano, genera aprendizajes significativos y motiva, tanto al docente con su preparación, como al alumno en su práctica. El itinerario industrial por la cuenca del río Molinar se desarrolla por un conjunto fabril en ruinas ubicado en las inmediaciones de Alcoy (Alicante). Este recurso ha sido concebido, particularmente, para explicar el origen de la industrialización, los factores de localización industrial y las relaciones entre el ser humano con su entorno. Palabras clave: Itinerarios didácticos, industrialización, unidad didáctica, Alcoy (Molinar), Alicante. Abstract: The didactic routes seem to be a very innovative resource, but it is convenient to remind their long teaching tradition. This resource contributes to the development of human capacities; it generates significant learning and motivates as much the teacher when preparing as the pupil when practicing. The industrial route along the river Molinar goes through factory ruins which are located in Alcoy and its surroundings (Alicante). The activity has been specially conceived to explain the origin of the industrialization, the industrial factors for choosing the site and the relations between the human being and his environment. Key words: Didactic routes, industrialization, didactic unit, Alcoy (Molinar), Alicante. RÉSUMÉ: Les itinéraires didactiques constituent apparemment un recours très innovateur; cependant il convient de rappeler leur longue tradition pédagogique. Ce recours contribue au développement de capacités de l´être humain et il engendre des apprentissages significatifs et motive, tant l’enseignant durant la préparation, comme l’élève durant la pratique. L’itinéraire industriel au long de la rivière Molinar parcourt l’ensemble manufacturier dans des ruines placées dans les environs d’Alcoy (Alicante). Cette activité didactique a été conçue, particulièrement, pour expliquer l’origine de l’industrialisation, les facteurs de localisation industrielle et les relations entre l’être humain avec son environnement. MOTS-CLÉS: Itinéraires didactiques, industrialisation, unité didactique, Alcoy (Molinar), Alicante.

O presente artigo aplica as abordagens institucionalista e neoschumpeteriana para compreender a dinâmica de desenvolvimento industrial e a consequente evolução do desequilíbrio econômico do Rio Grande do Sul. A hipótese é que se originaram dois path dependencies, um dinâmico e outro não, determinados, amplamente, por fatores tecnológicos e pelas matrizes institucionais das duas "metades". Elementos, de larga duração, presentes no percurso original, como direitos de propriedade, aprendizagem, estrutura social, ideologia, hábitos, políticas públicas e inovações, produziram estruturas industriais locais e particulares, capazes de explicar a trajetória de desenvolvimento industrial e o desequilíbrio regional contemporâneo deste estado. A análise evolucionária mostra dois períodos cruciais para o entendimento do desenvolvimento industrial gaúcho: o começo da Primeira República e o início da segunda metade do século XX. Nesses dois momentos, a economia gaúcha encontrava-se em crise, vindo logo em seguida a reestruturar-se. A região responsável pela mudança tecno-produtiva, nos dois períodos, foi a Metade Norte, consolidando-se como matriz industrial dinâmica do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul.This present paper applies both the institutionalistic and neo-Schumpeterian approaches in order to understand the dynamics of industrial development and the consequent evolution of the economic unbalance of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The hypothesis is that two path dependencies were originated, one was dynamic and the other was not. Such path dependencies were determined widely by technological factors and by the institutional matrix of the two "halves". Present in the original path, elements of long duration such as ownership rights, learning, social structure, ideology, habits, public policies and inovations, all produced local private industries, which explain the course of industrial development and the regional stability of this State. The evolutionary analysis shows two crucial periods for the understanding of the industrial development of Rio Grande do Sul: the beginning of the Old Republic and the beginning of the second half of the 20th Century. In both those moments, Rio Grande do Sul's economy was going through a crisis, but soon afterward it was restructured. The Northern Half was the region responsible for the technoproductive change in both periods, thus consolidating itself as the dynamic industrial matrix.

Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir o papel do investimento direto externo - IDE no processo de industrialização da economia brasileira entre 1860 e 1980. Utiliza-se como referência de periodização desse processo a proposta elaborada por Tavares (1975) e Mello (1982), que apresenta a seguinte configuração: (1) Crescimento com diversificação da atividade industrial (1860-1933); (2) Industrialização restringida (1933-1955); e (3) Industrialização pesada (1955-1980). A análise demonstra que o comportamento dos IDEs deve ser entendido à luz das condições vigentes no plano interno e externo, como proposto originalmente por Possas (1983).This paper analyses the role of the foreign direct investment - FDI, in the industrialization process of Brazilian economy between 1860 and 1980. The reference for the division the period was the proposal by Tavares (1975) and Mello (1982): Growth with industrial activity diversification (1860-1933); Restrict industrialization (1933-1955) and 3. Heavy industrialization (1955-1980). The research demonstrate that to comprehend the behavior of the FDI, it's necessary to considerate the domestic and foreign conditions, as the proposal by Possas (1983).

En el presente artículo se analizan las relaciones entre cambios tecnológicos y proyectos económicos que experimentaron los militares chilenos entre 1860 y 1930, y que conformaron algunas corrientes a favor de la industria, del nacionalismo económico y de la intervención del Estado en sectores que se consideraron como estratégicos, todo lo cual adquirió notoriedad en la década de 1920. Sin embargo, dichas corrientes no lograron consenso y fueron combatidas por los empresarios y la tecnocracia. Se explora una explicación que considera los límites impuestos a los militares por los civiles en el control del Estado y de la economía, la incompleta modernización tecnológica, las concepciones contrapuestas entre la Armada y el Ejército sobre sus proveedores de armas, además de que los posibles escenarios de guerra de Chile no serían de gran escala. Todo ello descartó una posible alianza de intereses militares, empresariales y tecnocráticos para conformar un complejo militar industrial de mayor alcance.This article analyses the relationship between technological changes and economic projects experienced by Chilean military institutions between 1860 and 1930. These changes were part of industrializing streams that emerged as a result of economic nationalism and State interventions in strategic áreas since the 1920s. However, these measures did not have an institutional consensus and were opposed by businessmen and technocrats. The article considers different aspects including the limits imposed to military institutions by civilians in terms of State control and economic management as well as the incomplete technological modernization and different views of the Army and Navy over weapon providers and the kind of potential war scenarios. All of these made the alliance between military, businessmen and technocrat interests to créate a military industrial facility impossible.

Este artigo avalia os resultados do processo de reestruturação da indústria brasileira de máquinas têxteis, originado pelas reformas econômicas liberalizantes iniciadas no final dos anos 1980 e início dos 1990 e pelas medidas macroeconômicas que deram sustentação ao Plano Real, a partir de julho de 1994. Inicialmente, fazemos uma avaliação teórica das fontes do conhecimento e das formas de capacitação tecnológica nessa indústria. A seguir, expomos brevemente as principais características da indústria de máquinas têxteis em âmbito global. Posteriormente, direcionando a discussão para o caso brasileiro, apresentamos as especificidades da indústria têxtil, usuária daqueles bens, e do próprio setor de máquinas nacional. Através dos fluxos de comércio exterior do Brasil entre 1990 e 2004 e da variação do valor médio (US$ FOB/KG) desses fluxos, o artigo examina as mudanças estruturais, tecnológicas e, por conseguinte, na competitividade, que culminaram na transformação da indústria brasileira de máquinas têxteis, em termos de dimensão (escala) e escopo, e em uma nova inserção internacional, agora mais especializada e subordinada.This paper assesses the results of the restructuring process of the Brazilian textile machinery industry, started in the late 1980's and beginning of the 1990's and deepened by the liberal macroeconomic policies supporting the Plano Real, since July 1994. First, we analyze theoretically the knowledge sources and the capacitation modes in this industry. Second, we show briefly the main global characteristics of this industry. Third, we redirect our investigation to the Brazilian case, presenting the specificities of the domestic textile industry, user of those capital goods, and also of the Brazilian textile machinery industry. Making an assessment by means of the Brazilian textile machinery industry foreign trade as well as of the change in the mean prices (US$ FOB/KG) of these trade inflows and outflows, between 1990 and 2004, the paper evaluate the structural, technological and, therefore, the competitive changes which culminated in the transformation of this industry in its dimensions (scale) and scope, and in its new international role, nowadays more specialized and subordinated.

Desde que a industrialização do campo passou a criar contingentes de trabalhadores rurais desempregados, os governos vêm gastando recursos na desapropriação de terras para reforma agrária, sem levar em consideração a necessidade de também prover uma infra-estrutura adequada e, principalmente, os meios para o sustento digno desses cidadãos excluídos. Este artigo propõe uma mudança na política agroindustrial brasileira, destinada a ofertar empregos no campo, aproveitando a vocação exportadora do agronegócio. A experiência de outros países na questão das tensões sociais é tomada como referência.Ever since the creation of groups of unemployed rural workers, as a result of the industrialization of rural areas, governments have been allocating resources for the disappropriation of lands for agrarian reform, without considering the need for an adequate infrastructure and mainly the means for providing the citizens who lived in those lands with a standard quality of living. This article suggests a change in the Brazilian agroindustrial policy to offer rural jobs, taking advantage of the exporting nature of the agriculture business. The experience of other countries with social issues is taken into account.

This article analyzes the new industrialization of the Brazilian Northeast, resulting from policies of industrial attraction from the 1990s, and characterized by fiscal incentives to labor-intensive industries, such as footwear and clothing, and by inducing the organization of worker cooperatives to outsource production and reduce labor costs. This process was more significant in the state of Ceará. Cooperatives were set up in the interior of the state, where there was an abundant and cheap supply of labor, no other employment options, and non-existent union activity. This process took place in a context of economic restructuring and neoliberal political changes in the Brazilian State, marked by the opening of the internal market to exports, the denationalization of production sectors, industrial relocation and technological modernization.

O umbu (Spondias tuberosa Arr. Cam.) é uma fruta nativa da Região Nordeste do Brasil. Ainda não devidamente caracterizado, particularmente no que se refere ao seu potencial para industrialização, o umbu demanda pesquisas. Atualmente, esses frutos são consumidos restritamente na região Nordeste, principalmente na forma in natura, preparados como refresco, sorvete ou "umbuzada" (polpa do umbu cozida com leite e açúcar). Objetivou-se com este trabalho adequar a tecnologia convencional de processamento de geléia e compota para o umbu, avaliando a aceitação sensorial e as características físico-químicas desses produtos. Para o processamento de geléia, utilizaram-se duas proporções polpa/açúcar: 50:50 e 40:60, e três concentrações de sólidos insolúveis da polpa: 0%, 50% e 100% do teor de sólidos original da polpa. Para a compota, elaboraram-se produtos com diferentes teores de sólidos solúveis finais, 25°Brix, 30°Brix e 35°Brix, adicionados de 1% de cloreto de cálcio. As polpas, geléias e compotas dos diferentes tratamentos foram submetidas a análises físicas, físico-químicas, químicas e sensoriais. No processamento da geléia de umbu, os produtos obtidos apresentaram valores de acidez total titulável entre 0,60% e 0,90% e de sólidos soúveis totais entre 66,3°Brix e 68,6°Brix. Os tratamentos com proporção polpa:açúcar 50:50 foram significativamente (p < 0,05) mais bem aceitos quanto aos atributos aparência, cor e textura. Para o produto compota de umbu, os tratamentos com 30°Brix e 35°Brix obtiveram maior aceitação sensorial. O aproveitamento do umbu na forma de geléia ou compota mostrou-se possível, tendo os produtos desenvolvidos apresentado boa aceitação sensorial.The umbu (Spondias tuberosa Arr. Cam.) is a native fruit of the Brazilian Northeast region.. The umbu demands research as it is not adequately characterized, particularly considering its potential for industrialization. Nowadays, these fruits are consumed, at the Northeast region, mainly in natura, prepared as juice, ice cream or "umbuzada" (pulp of the umbu cooked with milk and sugar). The objective of this work was to adapt conventional technology to process umbu jelly and fruit-in-syrup, by evaluating the sensorial acceptance and the physicochemical characteristics of these products. For the jelly processing, it was used two pulp:sugar proportions, 50:50 and 40:60, and three concentrations of insoluble solids of the pulp, 0%, 50% and 100% of the original insoluble solids pulp content. For the umbu-in-syrup, the products were elaborated with different concentration of final soluble solids, 25°Brix, 30°Brix and 35°Brix, added of 1% calcium chloride. The pulps, jellies and fruits-in-syrup of the different treatments were submitted to physical, physicochemical, chemical and sensorial analyses. In the processing of the umbu jelly, the end products presented values of total titratable acidity between 0.60% and 0.90% and soluble solid contents between 66.3°Brix and 68.6°Brix. The treatments with proportion pulp:sugar 50:50 had significantly (p < 0,05) highest sensorial acceptance in relation to the attributes appearance, color and texture. The global acceptance of the umbu fruit-in-syrup was highest for the treatments with 30°Brix and 35°Brix. The use of the umbu fruit as jelly or fruit-in-syrup is possible as these products presented good sensorial acceptance.

La creciente movilidad de la producción y de los factores de producción puede haber generado una reversión de la polarización. Sin embargo, el desarrollo económico se localiza crecientemente en aglomeraciones económicas. La globalización es un fenómeno muy localizado. El propósito de este artículo es revisar tres perspectivas parcialmente sobrepuestas sobre el desarrollo económico local. Estas perspectivas corresponden en gran medida a tres factores que refuerzan la naturaleza localizada del desarrollo económico, es decir externalidades, aprendizaje colectivo y gobernabilidad. Las externalidades se refieren a fenómenos conocidos asociados con aglomeración. Más nuevo es el hecho de que constituyen una fuente de retornos crecientes. Se revisará esta nueva escuela de economía geográfica. Al mismo tiempo surgió una nueva geografía económica en base a agrupamientos y distritos industriales. Las externalidades se extienden y cambian de forma. La dinámica del desarrollo económico local puede ser vista desde la perspectiva de la economía evolucionaria. El aprendizaje en general y el aprendizaje colectivo en particular son conceptos centrales a nivel de las empresas y también a nivel de las instituciones territoriales. El aprendizaje aumenta y renueva las competencias locales para formular e implementar políticas económicas. La complejización de las relaciones entre empresas y entre empresas e instituciones territoriales es una fuente importante de sinergias y economías externas pero requiere nuevas formas de gobernabilidad, tanto a nivel industrial como territorialThe growing mobility of production and production factors could have contributed to a polarization reversal. However, it appears that economic development is increasingly localized in economic agglomerations. Globalization is a localized phenomenon. The purpose of this article is to review three partially overlapping perspectives on local economic development. These three perspectives broadly correspond to three factors enhancing the localized nature of economic development, namely externalities, learning and governance. Externalities are well-known phenomena associated with agglomeration. New is the fact that they constitute a source of increasing returns. This new school of geographical economics will be reviewed. At the same time a new economic geography emerged on the basis of clusters and industrial districts. Externalities are extended and change form. Dynamics of local economic development can be analizes from the perspective of evolutionary economic thinking. Learning in general and collective learning in particular are central concepts, not only at the level of firms but also at the level of territorial institutions. Learning increases and renews local competencies for economic policy. The growing complexity of relations between firms and between firms and territorial agencies is an important potential source of synergy and external economies but require new forms of governance at the level of industry and territory