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This paper examines the notion of ‘moonlighting’, which in industrial relations discourse refers to secondary employment performed in addition to the employee’s main job. As this concept might lend itself to different interpretations in English, the aim of this paper is to consider whether the ambiguous nature of this wording in source texts is also reflected in target texts, exploring how translators deal with it when rendering this concept in other languages. To this end, documents published by international institutions in English and their translations in French, Italian and Spanish were compared and contrasted, investigating the strategies put in place by translators to convey the meaning of “moonlighting” in other languages.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer occurring in the female population. Early diagnosis and appropriately implemented treatment results in high curability. The method of choice is surgery, depending on the extent of the changes, a radical method is used, consisting in complete removal of the mammary gland, or sparing. Additional, complementary methods of treatment are radiation, chemotherapy and hormone therapy. Surgery involves interference with tissue continuity and hence scarring. During the procedure, mechanical long pectoral nerve injury may also occur. The paper presents an example of a case study using kinesiotaping as a complementary method of rehabilitation of women after mastectomy with long pectoral nerve damage. The paper analyzes available literature and own experience

This paper tackles the issue of image, with an emphasis on personal image (personal PR). Image was selected as the focal point of this article as, according to the author, it is an indispensable element of media life and functioning in the society. There are numerous definitions of image in both Polish and foreign literature. In his or her definition, each author attempts to incorporate the aspects most important to the world of business and its actors. This paper is centered on distinguishing between such concepts as image, reputation and identity, as well as portrays the evolution of image in time and growing social awareness of the notion, and presents the methodology of building image. This study aims to determine the image of Renata Małgorzata Mauer-Różańsk as it is presented in the national press. The articles referencing the former Olympian analyzed herein were sourced from three nationwide dailies: Fakt, Gazeta Wyborcza and Super Express. The entire material collected and analyses allow to conclude that Renata Małgorzata Mauer-Różańska has a moderately positive image. On the one hand, she is viewed as an authority figure and a walking icon and, on the other, as a person who is withdrawn, afraid to step out of her comfort zone and avoids social media, as well as industry events.

Kinesiology taping, called in Poland more and more often dynamic plastering is a method with a very wide application. More and more often this method is noticed among patients. Currently, many studies have been conducted, in which the effectiveness of therapy with the use of tapes for kinesiology taping has been proven. What is more, no harmful effects of this form of therapy have been found. In addition, there is more and more research showing the effectiveness of cathodiology taping as a form of supporting the effects of the main therapy. The paper was written on the basis of review articles and research papers presented in reputable Polish magazines dealing with physiotherapy.

Breast cancer is a disease most often affecting women in the modern world and a huge challenge for modern medicine. "Breast cancer is not a sentence" - such statement is presented by one of the authors of the book position used in this paper. However, considering statistical data, every tenth woman asks herself whether this statement is true due to the highest percentage of cases of this disease among females. There may be many reasons for this situation, but one should also look at them in the lack of awareness of women about breast cancer prevention. Preventive actions are of considerable importance. They allow real recognition of the problem and implementation of activities aimed at reducing the risk of disease. Undoubtedly, some people are not aware of the seriousness of this situation, and the second part wonders what the reason for such a high percentage of cases is. The answer is simple - women do not perform self-examination of breasts, do not participate in preventive examinations and report to the doctor when the cancer process is already advanced. Aim of this paper The aim of this paper was to evaluate knowledge and activities for oncological prevention of women invited for mammography screening as part of the "Population program for early detection of breast cancer". Material and methods The study covered 105 randomly selected women in rural and urban areas of the Podkarpackie Voivodeship aged 50-69 covered by the "Population program for the early detection of breast cancer. The research was conducted in the period from 09/01/2017 to 10/31/2017. The author's questionnaire consisting of 32 questions was used for the research. The research was voluntary and anonymous.For the purpose of this work, the following tests were used for questions on nominal scales for verification of hypotheses: V Kramer (2x3 tables, 4x5 etc.), Phi (2x2 tables) - these are symmetric measures based on chi-square test informing about the strength of dependencies between variables in cross tables. For questions on ordinal scales, Tb - Kendall or Tc tests were used - the first for 2x2 tables, the second 2x3, 4x5 tables, etc. The statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS program and all relationships are statistically significant when p

In questo contributo saranno passati in rassegna alcuni enigmi della tradizione letteraria greca che coinvolgono, in varia misura, la sfera della sessualità. Sarà tracciata una distinzione tra indovinelli che chiedono di essere effettivamente risolti e indovinelli che svelano la soluzione contestualmente alla loro enunciazione. In tale contesto, saranno posti in rilievo i punti di contatto tra le esigenze della scena comica e alcuni epigrammi erotici e scoptici che mutuano la forma grifotica senza proporre davvero la soluzione di un enigma, a ulteriore testimonianza della tendenza del genere epigrammatico a incorporare elementi desunti dalla commedia. Il riconoscimento di alcune analogie formali tra gli esempi analizzati indurrà ad accostare alla tradizione del γρῖφοςun testo poco noto, adesp. AP11.272, che della formulazione enigmatica si serve per stigmatizzare i cinedi, in linea con la tendenza, ben documentata in letteratura greco-latina, a definire l’omosessualità attraverso la negazione e la contraddizione logica. Saranno infine espresse alcune considerazioni di ordine generale sul rapporto tra enigma ed epigramma e sui criteri scelti dagli antologizzatori per operare una distinzione tra i due generi. The aim of this paper is to analyse some ancient Greek riddles variously involving the sexual sphere. A distinction between riddles that actually require to be solved and others that reveal their solution while being posed will be drawn. In such a context, attention will be paid to the points of contacts between comedy and some erotic and scoptic epigrams in the form of a riddle, in order to contribute to a better appreciation of the tendency of the epigrammatic genre to incorporate comic elements. The identification of formal analogies among the examples taken into account will also allow to analyse under the light of the riddling tradition an anonymous scoptic epigram, AP11.272, whose targets are passive homosexuals. The paper will be concluded by some observations on the relationship between riddle and epigram, and on the criteria adopted by anthologists in order to distinguish them.

Introduction and and purpose of paper: The aim of this paper was to present modern methods of treatment for endometriosis. Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory condition of women that is characterized by the implementation of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. It affects 7 to 15% of menstruating women, and 35 to 50% of women treated for infertility. State of knowledge: Diagnosis of endometriosis is made on the basis of well-collected gynecological history, clinical examinations and imaging techniques. The golden standard for diagnostics is laparoscopy with subsequent histological examination of the material collected during the procedure. Among the methods of treatment in women with endometriosis, pharmacological and surgical treatment is applied. The pharmacological agents most commonly used in endometriosis are: combined hormonal contraceptives, progestins and anti-progestins, GnRH agonists and antagonists, aromatase inhibitors, Danazol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Pharmacological treatment is only symptomatic, not cytoreductive, therefore, to remove endometriosis lesions, surgery should be performed. There are two ways to perform surgery: laparotomy and laparoscopy. Surgical treatment of endometriosis may be associated with local excision of lesions and sometimes even removal of the entire organ. Treatment should be conducted in consultation with the patient and her wishes. Conservative treatment is most commonly used among women of reproductive age. Summary: The pharmaceutical or surgical treatment require an individual approach and deliberated informed consent of patient. Pharmacological treatment is only symptomatic, not cytoreductive, therefore, to remove endometriosis lesions, surgery should be performed.

Physiotherapy section - physicotherapy successfully applies frequent cryotherapy treatments in many different diseases. The paper presents a review of the literature on the basis of review papers as well as research papers from reputable scientific journals, which have been published over the last few years.

This paper discusses the role of the discipline “Medical and Biological Physics” in the area of medical education as a component of educational work upon the negative impact of smoking on human health. Some Ukrainian legislative acts for regulation of tobacco smoking are emphasized. Statistical data of tobacco smoking in Ukraine are shown. The problem of smoking, the use of electronic cigarettes and their effects on human health are intensively studied in the research of Ukrainian and foreign authors, but the description of negative smoking impact is not presented from the point of view of physical processes. Therefore, it became necessary to illustrate the most important problems from the point of view of medical physics The latest medical data allows including in the educational process on the discipline “medical and biological physics” some information about the negative effects of smoking on processes and phenomena in the human body, interpreting them from a physical point of view. The medical and biological orientation of the discipline is shown. The paper illustrates examples from this topic with the description of physical phenomena and physical regularities which explain the results of tobacco smoking. They are applied in educational process of the Biological Physics and Medical Informatics Department at the Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine “Bukovinian State Medical University”. The most important examples in studying tobacco influence on human health are discussed in the lessons on: “Ultrasound, its application in treatment and diagnostics”, “Fluid mechanics. Viscosity of liquids”, “Liquids surface tension”, “Thermal radiation of biological objects”, “Radioactivity. Dosimetry” The relationship between clinical subjects and medical and biological physics is shown.

Truman Capote’s novel Answered Prayers, the most controversial work by the American writer, remained unfinished and was published posthumously in 1987 in the USA. The article reconstructing the history of its creation is timed to the first Russian publication of the novel (AST publishing house, June 2019, transl. by Ekaterina Romanova). Capote’s novel was conceived as a roman á clef; the paper cites the names of the writers who influenced Capote and his Café Society literary project. New archival findings – a fragment from an unpublished Capote’s letter to the literary critic Arvin Newton referring to the acquaintance of the writer with Mikhail Lermontov’s works – become the starting point for the investigation of the possible influence that Mikhail Lermontov’s novel A Hero of Our Time could have exerted on Capote’s concept of the “dark comedy about the rich and the famous”, and his narrator P.B. Jones that can be compared to Lermontov’s Grigory Pechorin. Proceeding from various sources the article analyses the publication of excerpts from Answered Prayers in the Esquire magazine in 1975-1976, testimonies of people who became archetypes of Capote’s characters, and critical response to Capote’s work. The final part of the paper is devoted to the negative consequences of the publication: it caused the writer’s depression and forced him to stop working on the novel. The paper also sheds light on the missing parts of the Answered Prayers manuscript.

The paper reviews various interpretations of the novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald in both Russian and American critique. A conclusion is made that the idealization of the protagonist is the result of a long tradition of treating Jay Gatsby as both a victim of circumstances and a romantic dreamer. The social context of the time and the place is not adequately assessed, although it determines the character of the central figure of the novel. Fitzgerald’s famous book not only renders the charm of the Jazz Age, but reveals the seamy side of American life in the 1920s. American press of that time was full of news of mafia wars, racket, money laundering, bootlegging, wide-spread corruption of politicians closely connected with the criminal world. The echo of these events is quite audible in “The Great Gatsby”. The paper is, in fact, an enquiry aimed at revealing the real character of Jay Gatsby. It traces his evolution – from a penniless officer who after returning from Europe to New York City agreed to work for the mafia – one of the leaders of a criminal gang. The combination of artistic imagination and historic facts requires an untraditional analysis – searching for clues, juxtaposing facts and dates, checking the words of witnesses and weighing different versions of events described in the novel. The quality and exactness of translation also come under scrutiny: the translation of the novel made by E. Kalashnikova sometimes deviates from the original, which does not help the reader to get an adequate idea of Gatsby’s true nature.

The paper concentrates on Claude McKay’s Soviet contacts, editions and his image in the Soviet literary criticism of the 1920s. Claude McKay arrived in Petrograd in 1922 as a delegate to the Fourth Congress of the Communist International and spent about 6 months in the USSR. His visit aroused interest in his poetry; two of his books – a collection of short stories Trial by Lynching (1924) and Negroes in America (1923) – were published for the first time in the USSR in Russian, their American editions haven’t appeared before 1970s. Claude McKay had vast contacts with Soviet leaders, writers, poets, artists, theater managers. His poems, essays and memoirs about his “Russian pilgrimage” help to understand both his interest in communism and his disappointment in the leftist movement and stalinism. McKay’s literary reputation in the Soviet Union underwent a change during the 1920s due to his evolution as a writer and his contacts with Leon Trotsky and Max Eastman. First he was introduced as a revolutionary American Negro author writing about Black proletariat, and a “friend of the Soviet Union”; however in late 1920s when his novels Home to Harlem and Banjo were published in Russia, critics stigmatized McKay as a “Bohemian lumpen-intellectual” and a petty bourgeois Black nationalist. McKay failed to become a symbol of the oppressed American Black proletariat; in the 1930s his poems are published very rarely, his name practically disappears off the Soviet literary criticism. The paper uses publications of American and Soviet press of the 1920s and archived documents.

James Grover Thurber (1894–1961) is not only a famous humorist and cartoonist, but also an author of sophisticated psychological fiction, a thoughtful reader of Henry James and Edgar Poe, American and European modernist writers, etc. The basic conflict between male and female gender roles, vital for Thurber, is dramatically reflected in the visual and acoustic imagery of his stories. Thurber makes his male characters in a modernist way sensitive to “the sound and the fury” of the world. Thurber’s stories are based on the complicated psychological cases, e.g. the impact of sound on male behavior or the transformation of sound into visual images. The paper deals with James Thurber’s short stories of the 1940s that represent the mechanisms of power. The majority of the stories are dialogues between men and women (usually 2–4 participants) who reveal the connectedness of power and subjectivity. They are usually married couples; the women are housewives. The paper mainly focuses on the stories “The Whip-Poor-Will” (1941), “The Сane in the Сorridor (1943) and “Am I Not Your Rosalind?” (1947). There are some especially interesting cases, including various images of blindness (some of them based on Thurber’s biography) and peculiar “male” borderline states of mind challenging “normal” visuality (intoxication, hallucinations, dreams, etc.). Any rhythm is usually perceived as a source of terror. Thurber’s male characters are especially sensitive to the sounds made by animals and birds which symbolize the intrusion of the absurd into everyday life. On the contrary, women have onedimensional vision and are insensitive to most loud sounds; their mechanical perception reminds the automata of Romanticism.

The research demonstrates the potential of the complex approach to the study of interpersonal communicative effectiveness, considering such interdependent variables as objective and subjective integrative features and the strategic ways of increasing the communicative effectiveness. The complex approach also involves the communicative-pragmatic sphere “the external context” and the cognitive sphere “the internal context”. The strategic ways are considered as a powerful tool, providing successful romantic communication. The paper focuses on the pragmatic-interrogative communicative tactic at the second stage ‘Pragmatics of Romantic Relationship’ within the Feminine Romantic Discourse, regarding the strategic ways of effective feminine communicative moves, namely discourse features of the interrogatives. Pragmatic-interrogative communicative tactic is implemented by the relevant Feminine Communicative Moves (Previous Dating Experience?, Momentous Event?, Ideal Partner?, Dating Evaluation?, Personal Plans for Future?, Self-Praise?, Ideal Relationship?, Family?), presented by the female contestants (N=99) of the dating-show “The Bachelor US”. The feminine communicative moves are aimed at revealing the pragmatics of romantic relationship. The paper also suggests that the cross-cultural awareness of effective communication is mutually beneficial for both native speakers and non-native speakers, helping easily to overcome the communication barriers and develop the greater self-confidence of the female partners. It is concluded that the non-strategic implementation of the pragmatic-interrogative communicative tactic usually causes communication failures, involving considerable risks of ruining the interpersonal romantic relationship. The findings of the interdisciplinary research apart from the practical implications have important theoretical implications. The latter makes a significant contribution to the study of interactional sociolinguistics (the language in its social context used in interaction by closely observing a certain speech event in a particular community), gender studies (the language and gender alignment), conversation analysis (the structural organisation of spoken interaction), discourse analysis (the genres of discourse and discourse units: communicative moves, tactics and strategies), interpersonal pragmatics (the pragmatic communication model of interpersonal relationship development), cross-cultural communication (the cross-cultural awareness of the interpersonal communication). The current research along with the others, presented by the author, have sought to contribute to the romantic discourse issues, revealing the strategic ways of the interpersonal effective communication and the causes of the communication failures at every stage of the romantic relationship pragmatics.

The article examines Russian compound adjectives of the lexical-semantic group “time” and the corresponding lexemes in English and Spanish. The overall goal of this paper is to give a com- parative analysis of temporal adjectives-composites with a numeral component in the studied lan- guages. The work is relevant due to the theoretical and practical significance of analysing different- ly structured languages for promoting multilingual programmes in higher education institutions, in- cluding Udmurt State University. The main methods used in the study include corpus-based analy- sis and comparative analysis. The research materials include more than 500 lexical items. The ono- masiological analysis allowed to identify most common models of temporal adjective-composites based on the key differential features. In the Corpus-based analysis of the obtained material it was possible to define word compatibility, the frequency and the scope of use. The comparative analysis revealed universal and specific structural and semantic features of the temporal compound adjec- tives and their equivalents in the studied languages. Thus, in Russian and English there is a tenden- cy to actively use temporal adjective-composites that are identical in meaning and structure. In the absence of similar adjective-composites (a characteristic phenomenon for the Spanish language), the main means are analytical constructions and adjectives of Latin origin. In general, the choice of the numeral component is determined mainly by extralinguistic factors, namely: the established norms of financial law and labour, publishing standards, cultural interactions and ancient traditions.

This paper explores the concept of legal translation as a Third Space through the lens of the ‘multilingual’ Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ). In many ways legal translation at that Court fits readily with the characterisation of translation as a Third Space. Due to complex internal production processes the ECJ produces texts which are undoubtedly hybrid in nature, and which exhibit distinctive features on a lexical and textual level marking them out as a product of cross-fertilisation of influences from source and target languages and legal cultures. Even the teleological approach taken towards legal reasoning at the ECJ occupies a space outside the strict confines of the texts involved. Both the processes and the product of the ECJ’s language system appear to bear all the hallmarks of translation as a Third Space. However, translation at the ECJ also challenges the concept of a Third Space. The prevailing definitions of translation as a Third Space fail to effectively conceptualise additional nuances of the specific nature of drafting and the complex nature of translation at the ECJ. This paper uses original empirical data to demonstrate that translation at the ECJ places constraints on the undefined, vague and fluid nature of the Third Space, warping the forces at work within that space. In this regard, rather than an amorphous space, the Third Space is better thought of as a determinate area which is delimited by elements of translation process which constrain it. This adapted framing of the Third Space can consequently be used to better understand and illustrate the dynamics at play in other areas of legal translation where the current concept of the Third Space is equally inadequate for encompassing the specific nature of translation practices which impact on that space-in-between.

The subject of the paper is the US investment and development assistance policy for Kenya in the second decade of the 21st century. The first section of the paper discusses the investments of American enterprises in Kenya, as well as the programs of the governments of Kenya and the US, which are to improve investment conditions in this country. The second section discusses the development support provided by the US government agencies for Kenya and its residents. The main research questions are whether the level of US investment and development support was significant, and what are the prospects for cooperation in these areas in the future? The main thesis of the paper assumes that in the past decade investment and development cooperation between the US and Kenya was at a relatively high level, but its possibilities are much greater. In the coming years, Kenya might increase its position as one of the most important US economic partners in Africa, including in investment and development assistance.

In her poetry collection falsche freunde the German-speaking artist Uljana Wolf develops a translinguale Lyrik, a poetic voice dwelling on a linguistic and geographical border zone. Building on Emily Apter’s concepts of untranslatability, this paper investigates how Wolf’s structural and thematic checkpoints instil a strong political commitment into her poetry. Furthermore, this engagement is here interpreted as the expression of the paradigm of the postmigrantische Gesellschaft. Finally, the paper argues that through the choice of the term ‘alien’ over the category ‘fremd’ Wolf suggests an innovative shift in the representation of migratory dynamics, from their cultural dimension to their biopolitical significance.

Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz Ukranian Scientific Research Institute of Transport Medicine in Odesa Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Matej Bel University in Banska Bystrica University in Debrecen National University Physical Education and Sport in Kijev National Physical Culture University in Lviv Radom University in Radom ISSN 2391-8306 Formerly ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X Journal of Education, Health and Sport formerly Journal of Health Sciences http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/index formerly www.journal.rsw.edu.pl https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/search?search&searchCategory=WORK&filter.inJournal=49068 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/search?search&searchCategory=WORK&filter.inJournal=36616 http://elibrary.ru/contents.asp?titleid=37467 Open Access From 2011 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26.01.2017). Indexed in Index Copernicus Journals Master List. ICV 2017 = 91,30; ICV 2016 = 84,69; ICV 2015: = 93.34 IC Value 2014: 89.51 Standardized Value: 8.27 http://jml2012.indexcopernicus.com/Journal+of+Education+Health+and+Sport,p24782242,3.html Universal Impact Factor 1.78 for year 2012. (http://www.uifactor.org/AppliedJournals.aspx) Indexed in Polish Scholarly Bibliography (PBN) (PBN Polska Bibliografia Naukowa) (https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/journals/36616) is a portal of the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education, collecting information on publications of Polish scientists and on Polish and foreign scholarly journals. Polish Scholarly Bibliograhpy is a part of POL-on - System of Information on Higher Education. It is operated by the Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling, University of Warsaw. Indexed in Russian Sciences Index Российский индекс научного цитирования (РИНЦ) http://elibrary.ru/contents.asp?titleid=37467 Indexed in Arianta Polish scientific and professional electronic journals Aneta Drabek i Arkadiusz Pulikowski http://www.arianta.pl Scientific Editorial Board prof. zw. dr hab. geo. Zygmunt Babiński, Faculty of Physical Education, Health and Tourism, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6912-0735 SCOPUS Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602797069 prof. zw. dr hab. geo. Jan Falkowski, Faculty of Physical Education, Health and Tourism, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6921-6342 SCOPUS Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7003994098 prof. zw. dr hab. geo. Mikhail Grodzynskyi, Faculty of Physical Education, Health and Tourism, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6461-6531 SCOPUS Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6504619317 prof. zw. dr hab. geo. Oleksandr Obodovskyi, Faculty of Physical Education, Health and Tourism, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5475-3222 SCOPUS Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57191194234 prof. zw. dr hab. geo. Anatolii Melnik, Faculty of Physical Education, Health and Tourism, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4152-9539 SCOPUS Author ID: prof. zw. dr hab. med. Anatolii Gozhenko, Ukrainian Research Institute for Medicine of Transport, Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Odesa, Ukraine, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7413-4173 SCOPUS Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7003312894 dr hab. med. Olena Gozhenko, Ukrainian Research Institute for Medicine of Transport, Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Odesa, Ukraine, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4743-6931 SCOPUS Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6507740608 prof. zw. dr hab. Igor Grygus, Department Human Health & Physiotherapy, National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, Rivne, Ukraine, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2856-8514 SCOPUS Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57202023065 prof. zw. dr hab. med. Wojciech Hagner, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2070-2654 SCOPUS Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6603051253 Web of Science Reseacher ID: http://www.researcherid.com/rid/F-4173-2014 dr hab. n. o zdr. M. Hagner-Derengowska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland, ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7535-7624 SCOPUS Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=24076007000 Web of Science Reseacher ID: http://www.researcherid.com/rid/J-4465-2014 prof. zw. dr hab. med. Dorota Karwat, Medical Faculty, Medical University, Lublin, Poland, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-6052 SCOPUS Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=8972943500 dr med. Emilia Mikolajewska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4191-8307 SCOPUS Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=36925548600 prof. zw. dr hab. med. Leonid Shafran, Ukrainian Research Institute for Medicine of Transport, Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Odesa, Ukraine, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9610-4266 SCOPUS Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7004083058 prof. zw. dr hab. Serhii Iermakov, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Kharkov National Pedagogical University, Ukraine ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5039-4517 SCOPUS Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57131412000 Web of Science Reseacher ID:RCID: http://www.researcherid.com/rid/I-1267-2014 Professor, Ph.D., Lochbaum Marc Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7640-7075 SCOPUS Author ID: ScopusAuthorIDhttps://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602281694 Web of Science Reseacher ID: ResearcherIDhttp://www.researcherid.com/rid/H-8914-2017 prof. PaedDr. Pavol Bartik, Faculty of Phylosophy, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Matej Bel Univesity, Slovakia ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7413-4173 SCOPUS Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=55199042400 doc. PaedDr. Elena Bendíková, Faculty of Phylosophy, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Matej Bel University, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1059-0190 SCOPUS Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56818951000 dr hab. Krzysztof Buśko, Faculty of Physical Education, Health and Tourism, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6456-3502 SCOPUS Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56067031300 prof. PaedDr. Vlastimila Karaskova, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacky University, Olomouc, Chech Republic, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7740-9942 SCOPUS Author ID: dr hab. Radosław Muszkieta, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland, ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6057-1583 SCOPUS Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=41361652900 dr hab. Marek Napierała, Faculty of Physical Education, Health and Tourism, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland, ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7534-675X SCOPUS Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57197789318 dr hab. Krzytsztof Prusik, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Academy of Physical Education, Gdansk, Poland, ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7534-675X SCOPUS Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57191243894 dr hab. Mariusz Zasada, Faculty of Physical Education, Health and Tourism, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3941-7455 SCOPUS Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=23013127200 dr hab. Walery Zukow, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland, ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7675-6117 SCOPUS Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=37066777800 Web of Science Reseacher ID: http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-6668-2013 dr Daves Sinch, India University, Delhi, Republic of India, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9570-2499 SCOPUS Author ID: Editorial Advisory Board Stefan Adamcak (Slovakia), Pavol Bartik (Slovakia), Elena Bendikova (Czech Republic), Janusz Bielski (Poland), Krzysztof Buśko (Poland), Mirosława Cieślicka (Poland), Jerzy Eksterowicz (Poland), Włodzimierz Erdmann (Poland), Tomasz Frołowicz (Poland), Attila Gilanyi (Hungary), Igor Grygus (Ukraine), Halina Guła-Kubiszewska (Poland), Rafał Gotowski (Poland), Paweł Izdebski (Poland), Sergii Iermakov (Ukraine), Tetyana Iermakova (Ukraine), Jana Jurikova (Czech Republic), Vlastimila Karaskova (Czech Republic), Jacek Klawe (Poland), Mariusz Klimczyk (Poland), Alicja Kostencka (Poland), Frantisek Langer (Czech Republic), Eligiusz Madejski (Poland), Jiri Michal (Slovakia), Ludmila Miklankova (Czech Republic), Emila Mikołajewska (Poland), Viktor Mishchenko (Ukraine), Stanisław Mocek (Poland), Mirosław Mrozkowiak (Poland), Radosław Muszkieta (Poland), Anna Nalazek (Poland), Marek Napierała (Poland), Jerzy Nowocień (Poland), Piotr Oleśniewicz (Poland), Władysław Pańczyk (Poland), Wiesława Pilewska (Poland), Miroslava Pridalova (Czech Republic), Krzysztof Prusik (Poland), Krzysztof Sas-Nowosielski (Poland), Aleksandr Skaliy (Ukraine), Tetyana Skaliy (Ukraine), Ewa Sokołowska (Poland), Błażej Stankiewicz (Poland), Robert Stępniak (Poland), Aleksander Stuła (Poland), Naoki Suzuki (Japan), Mirosława Szark-Eckardt (Poland), Maciej Świątkowski (Poland), Hrychoriy Tereschuk (Ukraine), Hryhoriy Vasjanovicz (Ukraine), Mariusz Zasada (Poland), Tetyana Zavhorodnya (Ukraine), Walery Żukow (Poland), Hanna Żukowska (Poland), Zygmunt Babiński (Poland), Yuriy Briskin (Ukraine), Laszló Csernoch (Hungary), Kazimierz Denek (Poland), Miroslav Dutchak (Ukraine), Karol Gorner (Slovakia), Kazimierz Kochanowicz (Poland), Jerzy Kosiewicz (Poland), Stanisław Kowalik (Poland), Tadeusz Maszczak (Poland), Mikolaj Nosko (Ukraine), Jerzy Pośpiech (Poland), Eugeniusz Prystupa (Ukraine), Robert Szeklicki (Poland), Jitka Ulrichova (Czech Republic). Reviewers: prof. zw. dr hab. geo. Z. Babiński (Poland), doc. PaedDr. Elena Bendíková, PhD. (Slovakia), prof. zw. dr hab. med. T. Chumachenko (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. techn. R. Cichon (Poland), prof. zw. dr hab. med. N. Dragomiretskaya (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. V. Ezhov (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. geo. J. Falkowski (Poland), prof. zw. dr hab. med. A. Gozhenko (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. geo. M. Grodzynskyi (Ukraine), prof. zw. I. Grygus (Ukraine), prof. zw. A. Gudyma (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. S. Gulyar (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. W. Hagner (Poland), prof. zw. dr hab. med. I. Karwat (Poland), prof. zw. dr hab. med. M. Kyryliuk (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. Y. Limansky (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. geo. A. Melnik (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. V. Mizin (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. B. Nasibullin (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. geo. O. Obodovskyi (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. L. Shafran (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. I. Shmakova (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. O. Sokolov (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. V. Stebliuk (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. S. Yermakov, (Ukraine), prof. dr hab. med. A. Avramenko, prof. dr hab. K. Buśko (Poland), dr hab. med. E. Gozhenko (Ukraine), prof. dr hab. H. Knapik (Poland), prof. zw. dr hab. geo. A. Melnik (Ukraine), prof. dr hab. R. Muszkieta (Poland), prof. dr hab. med. W. Myśliński (Poland), prof. dr hab. M. Napierała (Poland), prof. dr hab. M. Pastuszko (Poland), prof. dr hab. K. Prusik (Poland), prof. dr hab. M. Zasada (Poland), prof. dr hab. med. W. Zukow (Poland), dr I. M. Batyk (Poland), dr med. L. Butskaia (Ukraine), doc. dr n. med. V. Cherno (Ukraine), dr M. Cieślicka (Poland), dr med. I. Czerwinska Pawluk (Poland), dr biol. S. Dolomatov (Ukraine), dr R. Gotowski (Poland), dr A. Kostencka (Poland), dr med. N. Novikov (Ukraine), dr M. Podhorecka (Poland), dr med. A. Radziminska (Poland), doc. dr A. Skaliy (Ukraine), dr T. Skaliy (Ukraine), dr B. Stankiewicz (Poland), dr med. E. Trela (Poland) E d i t o r s - i n - C h i e f Anatoliy Gozhenko Marek Napierała Walery Zukow C o - e d i t o rs A s s o c i a t e E d i t o r s Iwona Czerwinska Pawluk Rafał Gotowski Mariusz Klimczyk Mirosława Cieślicka Adam Szulc S e c r e t a r y Bartłomiej Niespodziński © The Author(s) 2011 - 2019. This articles is published with Open Access at Journal of Education, Health and Sport formerly Journal of Health Sciences of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access This articles is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Attribution — You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). 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It is operated by the Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modell

Nowadays, there are more and more reports of child abuse. However, this is not due to an increase in violence against minors, but to an increase in public awareness. People have begun to report child abuse. Child Abuse Syndrome affects both physical and psychological violence. There are many risk factors. Correct diagnosis is difficult, especially for children who start walking, running and all kinds of injuries can be the result of their playing. Intelligence, accurate viewing of the child and physical examination has an important role. When discussing the child abuse syndrome, let’s not forget about Munchausen syndrome per procura. Then the child’s testimonies are invented, very often behind the story presented by the young patient there is a family member – mainlythe mother. Since September 2011, all health care workers are subject to the “Blue Card” procedure. [11,27] If child abuse has occurred in the family, or even if there is a suspicion of such abuse, an Interdisciplinary Team is established. The task of this team is to complete the Blue Card procedure and to ensure the safety of a victim of violence. A paramedic plays an important role in this procedure. In most cases it is the person who first comes into contact with a child who is a victim of abuse. The paramedic must ensure that the patient feels safe. Their task is to identify the problem, document the injuries occurring on the child’s body at the time of examination and fill in the appropriate documentation, which will be handed over to the Interdisciplinary Team. This paper presents materials explaining the epidemiology and clinical image of the child abuse syndrome. Social aspects and legal consequences of this issue are also discussed. The “Blue Card” procedure and the “Blue Bear” form are also presented. The paper explains the role of medical personnel in case of violence against children.

Introduction: Recent research are focused on natural compounds for preventing cardiovascular diseases, with emphasis on tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol in olive oil. Cardiovascular diseases are linked to risk factors, and adopting a Mediterranean diet rich in these compounds is recognized for reducing risks. Understanding these compounds' actions may inform new strategies for preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases. Aim: The aim of this paper is a systematic review of articles and research regarding the Role of tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol in Cardioprotection Review methods: An systematic review of scientific literature was conducted using the following keywords: Tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, cardioprotection, cardiovascular diseases, olive oil cardioprotective role. Thirty-four articles published until 2023 were searched and analyzed. Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge: Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, prominent in olive oil, are studied for their potential cardioprotective properties. Linked to a Mediterranean diet, these compounds show promise in reducing cardiovascular disease risk. They counter oxidative stress, improve lipid profiles, and modulate inflammatory processes. Clinical studies suggest their positive impact, with tyrosol also explored as a potential anticoagulant. Ongoing research aims to uncover optimal doses and mechanisms, highlighting their significance in cardiovascular health. Conclusions: Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, found in olive oil, show promise in cardioprotection by combating oxidative stress, improving lipid profiles, and modulating inflammation. Clinical studies suggest their positive impact on cardiovascular health. Tyrosol has potential as a anticoagulant and exhibits antioxidant effects. These compounds present a compelling avenue for future therapeutic interventions, with emphasis on understanding mechanisms and optimizing supplementation.

Introduction: Anorexia Nervosa (AN) stands as a severe mental disorder characterized by the highest mortality rate within the realm of psychiatric conditions. Its etiology encompasses genetic, neurobiological, environmental, and developmental factors. Recent investigations have shed light on the potential impact of the gut microbiota on the genesis and progression of AN. Aim of the Study: The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the existing findings on relationship between gut dysbiosis and AN. The intention is to present new perspectives that contribute to a more detailed understanding of the multifaceted nature of this serious disorder. Description of the State of Knowledge: The gut microbiota takes a central role in modulating various physiological processes. Dysbiosis, which refers to an imbalance in gut microbiota composition, has recently drawn attention because of its association with several mental disorders. In the context of AN, studies have shown reduced microbial diversity and notable changes in specific bacterial populations. The influence of the gut microbiota on AN includes disturbances in the digestive system, changes in eating behaviours, and associations with related conditions such as anxiety and depression. Mechanisms such as the gut-brain axis, hormonal regulation and molecular mimicry contribute to these associations. Conclusions: Recognition of the pivotal role played by the gut microbiota in AN opens up avenues for potential therapeutic interventions. Pro- and prebiotics, along with fecal transplantation, emerge as promising modalities in the treatment of AN. Ongoing research is essential to further elucidate this evolving field, ultimately facilitating the development of targeted interventions for individuals with AN.

Introduction and purpose: Palliative care is designed to ensure proper comfort in living and dying, primarily by alleviating suffering in patients for whom medical interventions have proved ineffective. In situations where suffering is unbearable, palliative care offers "last resort" treatment, namely palliative sedation. This involves the intentional administration of sedative drugs to the patient to reduce the level of consciousness, even inducing sleep, in order to control suffering caused by conditions that are resistant to other treatments. The aim of this article is to present various perspectives on palliative sedation. Description of the state knowledge: Topics discussed include: cessation of hydration and nutrition, loss of patient control over decision-making in treatment progression after the induction of pharmacological coma, the principle of double effect, complications arising from the use of indiscriminate polypharmacy, and views on life shortening through palliative sedation or its comparison to euthanasia. The distinction between palliative sedation and euthanasia is explored, with arguments on both sides contributing to ongoing debates. The paper concludes by advocating for comprehensive guidelines and interdisciplinary assessments to ensure ethical and patient-centered decision-making in the application of palliative sedation in terminally ill patients. Summary: A discussion is necessary on the creation of acceptable and appropriate procedures that would not arouse the controversies currently associated with the use of palliative sedation.

Introduction: This review paper aims to discuss the effects of insulin resistance, and its association with various metabolic diseases. Insulin resistance (IR), characterized by diminished tissue responsiveness to physiological insulin levels, is a key component in various metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disorders (CVDs), obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). State of knowledge The consequences of IR are profound; in type 2 diabetes, it hinders glucose utilization by muscle cells, leading to hyperglycemia, muscle damage, and loss of mass and strength. IR also plays a central role in NAFLD, promoting lipid accumulation, hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, and cell death. Materials and methods: A review of chosen literature in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases was conducted, using the following key words: „Insulin resistane”, „Insulin resistance in obesity”, „Obesity”, „Insulin resistance NAFLD”, „Diebetes”, „Insulin resistance CVD” Summary: The consequences of insulin resistance are far-reaching. In the context of type 2 diabetes, it impedes glucose utilization by muscle cells, resulting in hyperglycemia and subsequent muscle cell damage, contributing to loss of mass and strength. Insulin resistance is also a central player in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), fostering lipid accumulation, hepatic inflammation, and, ultimately, fibrosis and cell death. Conclusions: In conclusion, understanding insulin resistance is paramount in addressing the rising prevalence of metabolic diseases globally Controlling insulin resistance emerges as a crucial aspect of managing these metabolic disorders and their complications. Further research into the mechanisms of IR formation and effective intervention strategies is imperative for improving public health outcomes.

Introduction: Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is a glycoprotein produced by liver, belonging to the serine protease inhibitor family. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is very common autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by point mutation in SERPINA1 gene. Mutations in the alpha-1 antitrypsin gene lead to production of misfolded AAT resulting in impaired release into the blood. This disorder leads to destruction of connecting tissue especially in lungs and to accumulation of retarded protein in the liver. Purpose: Most studies addressing AAT deficiency focus on presenting symptoms related to the lungs and liver. We want to take a broader look at this issue, so we have closely examined scientific reports on the presentation of the disease in organs other than the lungs and liver. The goal is to gather holistic knowledge about the disease to enhance awareness and treatment. Material and methods: In our paper, we endeavored to address the issue of AAT deficiency comprehensively. We explored symptoms with an emphasis on organs beyond the liver and lungs. We also delved into the etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of this disease. Discussion: The clinical symptoms of alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency extending beyond the liver and lungs remain inadequately described. We know that AAT deficiency can lead to excessive destruction of connective tissue in any organ, not just the lungs and liver. Unfortunately, this condition continues to go undiagnosed, and the number of scientific publications on symptoms from other organs is too limited. This affects the insufficient attention given by doctors to tissue destruction in organs other than the lungs and liver.

Introduction and purpose The term "probiotic" rooted in Latin, signifies 'for life,' reflecting the historical use of fermented products for therapeutic purposes. Defined by the WHO as living microorganisms conferring health benefits when consumed adequately, probiotics, mainly bacteria from Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera, play a vital role in maintaining gut microbiota balance, regulating digestion, supporting the immune system and influencing mental and cardiovascular health. While browsing many websites devoted to healthy eating or popular science topics, we often came across the topic of probiotic food without any confirmation by scientific research. The aim of this paper is to confirm or exclude the presence of probiotics in popular foods. Material and method In our work, we will look at individual products with an emphasis on verifying whether the microorganisms they contain meet the WHO criteria of probiotics. Results Our review managed to prove the probiotic effect of almost all presented food, except for miso. By reviewing many articles, we shed a lot of uncertainty on the repeated myth about the lack of probiotic effect of cucumbers preserved in vinegar and what is more, we found scientific assumptions about the probiotic effect of vinegar itself. Conclusion Fermented food contains numerous strains of bacteria that are resistant to acid, bile and temperature in the human digestive tract and can be effectively used as a source of probiotics. What is more, compared with probiotics from the pharmacy, pickles provide not only probiotics, but also nutritional values, valuable fiber and vitamins. They seem to be a versatile supplement for our health.

Introduction and purpose. Preserving fertility is crucial for cancer patients, aligning with advancements in oncology. As survival rates improve, addressing treatment-related late effects gains importance. Many young patients, aware of therapy toxicity, consider future conception chances, impacting treatment decisions. With a trend toward delayed childbirth and a growing population facing unplanned family planning disruptions, the demand for fertility preservation is expected to rise. This paper provides a brief review of available methods for preserving fertility in cancer patients. State of knowledge. Freezing semen in liquid nitrogen vapor is a standard method for preserving reproductive potential in male cancer patients. Shielding during total-body radiation limits testicular volume reduction, indicating less damage to the germinal epithelium. Hormone suppression treatments are not protective in male cancer patients. Oocyte and embryo cryopreservation are considered secure methods before anticancer treatments, with oocyte cryopreservation being preferred for post-pubertal women. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation remains an alternative method without preliminary treatment, suitable when time is insufficient for ovarian stimulation. Ovarian transposition beyond the intended radiation area, performed laparoscopically, can retain ovarian function. GnRH agonist administration before and during chemotherapy aims to minimize the likelihood of premature ovarian insufficiency. Summary. Advancements in fertility preservation for cancer patients, ranging from traditional cryopreservation to innovative methods like ovarian tissue preservation, highlight a commitment to empowering individuals facing cancer diagnoses. Ongoing research expands possibilities, ensuring a diverse range of strategies that offer tangible and hopeful prospects at the intersection of cancer and reproductive health.

Energy drinks are carbonated or non-carbonated beverages containing stimulants designed to improve energy and concentration. These drinks are gaining popularity, specifically among teenagers and young adults. However, despite their easy availability on store shelves, there is growing concern about the safety and health effects of consuming energy drinks in particular. Energy drinks appear to have the greatest impact on the cardiovascular system, leading to increased blood pressure and increased heart rate, and on the mental state of consumers, in the long term causing increased levels of anxiety. The paper also addresses the effects of energy drinks on the nervous and gastrointestinal systems. Despite many studies, the health effects of energy drinks have still not been fully investigated, so there is a need for further research on the subject and for age-appropriate regulation of consumers and their education.

Introduction Curcumin, the active ingredient in turmeric, is gaining increasing attention due to its potential health benefits, especially in the context of its immunomodulatory and anticancer properties. Aim of the study The aim of this review was to discuss recent findings regarding the impact of curcumin on the immune system and its potential applications in anticancer therapy. Materials and methods The paper was created based on the Pubmed and Scholar database. The literature was reviewed using the keywords: „curcumin”, „immunomodulatory effects”, „cytokines”, „anticancer”, „apoptosis”, „cell proliferation”, „radiosensitizing”. Results Studies have confirmed that curcumin, especially in the form of nanocurcumin, exhibits significant immunomodulatory effects. It reduces the number of Th17 cells, increases Treg cells, and regulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which is crucial in controlling autoimmune reactions. Furthermore, it demonstrates anticancer activity by inhibiting the growth of cancer cells, stimulating apoptosis, and enhancing the effectiveness of anticancer therapy. Conclusions Despite promising results, further research on the safety of curcumin therapy, particularly in the long term, is essential. Limitations associated with bioavailability and pharmacokinetics suggest the need for the development of formulations with increased bioavailability to maximize the potential benefits of curcumin in the treatment of various disorders.

Introduction and purpose: The joyous occasion of childbirth is often overshadowed by the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD), a complex mental health condition affecting mothers globally. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on PPD, exploring its frequency, risk factors, pathogenesis, symptoms, and impact on maternal and child health. Description of the State of Knowledge: Recent studies indicate an alarming increase in PPD rates, with notable racial and socioeconomic disparities. Symptoms of PPD, ranging from mild to severe include mood disturbances, cognitive impairments, and self-harm ideation. The repercussions extend beyond the postpartum period, affecting long-term child development, breastfeeding practices, and the mother-infant bond. Advancements in screening tools, particularly the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), have facilitated early detection. However, creating an environment conducive to open communication about mental health remains a significant challenge. Interventions for PPD include psychotherapeutic approaches, pharmacological interventions, and complementary therapies. Brexanolone, the first FDA-approved drug for PPD, represents a significant breakthrough. Community-based and peer support programs, alongside a multidisciplinary approach involving healthcare professionals and support networks, have shown promise in alleviating PPD symptoms. Summary: In conclusion, PPD remains a substantial public health concern. Increased awareness of its multifaceted nature has led to improved screening, diagnosis, and intervention strategies. Ongoing dialogue, supportive environments, and refined treatments are essential for enhancing the well-being of both mothers and their infants in the postpartum period.

Chronic migraine is a disease that significantly reduces the quality of life of patients. It affects millions of people around the world, and is common particularly among young women. Family physicians often encounter the problem of migraine headaches in their daily practice. The diagnostic problem results from absence of tests or imaging studies that can clearly indicate the cause of the headache. In order to establish a diagnosis and exclude secondary sources of pain, doctors focus on a detailed medical history and analysis of symptoms presented over time. Preventive treatment of migraine requires appropriate drug selection after weighing the benefits and risks for each patient. This review paper presents and briefly discusses selected pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods used in migraine prevention. They were selected by searching the PubMed Internet database. The presented non-pharmacological methods include the use of nutraceutics, acupuncture and behavioral therapy. The discussed pharmacological methods include treatment with beta-blockers, topimarate, flunarizine or one of the latest methods - the use of monoclonal antibodies against CGRP. In addition, the use of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of chronic migraine has also been demonstrated. It should be remembered that the type of therapy chosen should be individualized: according to the patient's preferences, treatment effectiveness, possible side effects or accompanying diseases. Proper management of chronic migraine prophylaxis can significantly improve the quality of life of patients and reduce the frequency of headache attacks.

Introduction Obesity is one of the major health problems of today’s population and is defined as a body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2. It is known that obesity may cause many complications such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, obstructive sleep, apnoea, and several cancers. The only effective treatment of obesity can be pharmacological or surgical, especially when a years-long attempt to change habits has had no effects. Aim of the study This review aims to present the current state of knowledge about non-pharmacological and pharmacological obesity treatment methods. Materials and methods The paper was created based on the Pubmed database. The literature was reviewed using the keywords: ”obesity”, ”obesity treatment”, “ obesity lifestyle changes”, “obesity medications” and ”obesity surgery”. The current state of knowledge The treatment of obesity requires a multimodal approach to treatment, including the addition of anti-obesity medications or bariatric surgery, or both, to assist people in reaching and sustaining sufficient weight loss to meet treatment goals. The 3 principal components of a comprehensive lifestyle intervention are diet, physical activity, and behavioral therapy. Among available anti-obesity medications include orlistat, phentermine, topiramate, naltrexone, bupropion, liraglutide, and semaglutide. Summary The key challenge in the treatment of obesity is to maintain the effects obtained with multimodal therapy. Without proper motivation of patients and changes in eating and behavioral habits, it is impossible to achieve optimal results, therefore, in addition to medical interventions, more and more attention should be paid to psychological interventions.

Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), first described by Stein and Leventhal in 1935, is one of the most prevalent endocrine system conditions affecting women of reproductive age. It affects between 6% and 13% of women and the majority of cases are identified between the ages of 20 and 30. Unfortunately, the disease is usually diagnosed only when bothersome symptoms such as hair loss, alopecia, acne, and infertility-related problems occur. Based on the Rotterdam criteria, four phenotypes of PCOS are distinguished. Aim of the study This review aims to present the current state of knowledge about possible treatment approaches, both non-pharmacological and pharmacological. Materials and methods The paper was created based on the Pubmed database. The literature was reviewed using the keywords: ”PCOS”, ”PCOS treatment” and “ PCOS medications “. The current state of knowledge Treatments for PCOS must be tailored to the specific needs of each patient. In the management of PCOS, special attention is paid to diet, physical activity, and restoration of the Gut Microbiome. Medications used in therapy are oral contraceptives and anti-androgens, insulin sensitizers, ovulation inducers, calcium and vitamin D supplements, statins, Glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists, inositols and interleukin 22 (IL-22) therapy. Summary Treatment options for menstrual irregularities and hirsutism are based on the clinical goals and preferences of the patient. The ideal would be causal treatment, but due to the ongoing lack of full understanding of the pathogenesis of the syndrome, is not entirely feasible. The ideal would be causal treatment, but due to the ongoing lack of full understanding of the pathogenesis of the syndrome, is not entirely feasible. The most important is a multimodal approach to treat comorbid conditions such as diabetes mellitus type 2, obesity, hyperlipidemia, depression, and infertility.

Introduction and objective: The purpose of this paper is a systematic review of articles and research in the context of the relationship between genetic determinants of migraine and thyroid dysfunction. Materials and methods: A non-systematic review of the scientific literature was carried out according to the following keywords: PubMed was searched and 76 articles published up to 2023 were analyzed. Description of the state of knowledge: Epidemiological studies confirm the co-occurrence of migraine and thyroid dysfunction, especially hypothyroidism, which are considered to be diseases with a strong genetic background. Thyroid function parameters such as TSH and fT4 are susceptible to genetic influences. However, there is a lack of consistent interpretation of the observational results, which highlights the need for further research. Analysis of gene overlaps and links between headache and thyroid function, based on GWAS data, could shed light on the complex genetic interactions underlying this association. Summary: The genetic associations revealed in the study enhance our comprehension of the intricate relationship between migraine and thyroid dysfunction. These findings not only offer the prospect of developing biomarkers for identifying migraine patients who might benefit from thyroid hormone therapy but also underscore the promising potential of future genetic studies in providing biological insights to advance clinical decision-making in understanding and addressing these interconnected phenomena.

Introduction In contemporary medicine, increasing attention is being devoted to alternative forms of therapy. Immersing oneself in cold water, cryotherapy, or cold showers are practices that have long sparked interest due to their potential health benefits. Aim of the study The aim of this comprehensive review is to analyze the impact of cold exposure on the human body, with particular emphasis on its effects on the nervous system. Through the synthesis of available research, the paper seeks to identify health benefits and areas requiring further investigation in the context of various cold application practices. Materials and methods An analysis of scientific articles available in the Pubmed and Google Scholar databases was conducted. Publications from recent years that most relevantly addressed the discussed topic were utilized for this study. The search process involved the use of the following keywords: “cold,” “cold showering,” “cold water,” “cryotherapy.” Results The results of the literature review unequivocally indicate a positive, multifaceted impact of cold on the human body, particularly with an emphasis on the nervous system. Significant therapeutic effects observed in various fields suggest that the application of cold may be a promising alternative in promoting health and treating numerous medical conditions. Summary The focused literature review on the impact of cold on the human body, especially the nervous system, presents various therapies such as cryotherapy or cold water immersion, emphasizing their beneficial effects on the nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine, lymphatic, musculoskeletal, and joint systems. However, despite the observed benefits, further research is needed to gain a more detailed understanding of the mechanisms of action and to ensure the safety of these practices.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe and heterogeneous psychiatric disorder known to begin at a young age, often in adolescence. It is associated with suicidal behaviour and self-harm. Up to 10 per cent of BPD patients die by suicide, so it is very important to find effective methods to alleviate the symptoms of this disorder [1]. A combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy seems reasonable. An obstacle to widespread access to psychotherapy is the relatively high costs associated with the salaries of highly qualified psychotherapists. Another impediment is the long time required for effective psychotherapy and the frequent phenomenon of patients with unstable emotions discontinuing therapy prematurely. On the other hand, pharmacotherapy is necessary during periods of aggravation of the disorder, such as increased emotional lability, dysphoric states associated with aggression, impulsive behaviour and the presence of pseudopsychotic symptoms. This paper is a compilation of available treatments for borderline disorder. In the context of considering effective therapies for BPD, an important aspect is the need to increase the length of therapy and the availability of professional help for patients. In addition, research points to the benefits of combining psychotherapy with pharmacotherapy to more effectively alleviate the symptoms of this heterogeneous disorder. It is noteworthy that the relatively high cost of psychotherapy and the need to decrease.

The average incidence of epilepsy worldwide is estimated at 7.60 cases per 1,000 inhabitants, with an average annual incidence of 67.77 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases. However, it is not a disease entity, but a set of symptoms that may occur against the background of various morphological and metabolic changes in the brain. Symptoms of epilepsy include epileptic seizures, i.e. temporary disturbances in the bioelectric activity of brain nerve cells. Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by a persistent predisposition to trigger seizures, and the condition has neurobiological, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences. Effective treatment of epilepsy may require the use of various methods. In this paper, we would like to present a case report on the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy using a vagus nerve stimulator (VNS). The described case may prove the effectiveness of treatment of focal drug-resistant epilepsy using vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Choosing an appropriate, effective method of treating children with drug-resistant epilepsy is crucial; it is especially worth thinking about innovative methods such as VNS.

Introduction Intermittent fasting (IF) is most simply defined as periods of eating alternating with periods of not eating. It has become one of the most popular weight-loss diets in recent years. One reason for the rapid growth in popularity of intermittent fasting may be its simplicity, as this dietary regimen does not require a change in a person's current eating patterns, nor a change in foods. Aim of the study This review aims to present the current state of knowledge about intermittent fasting and answer the question of what effect this form of diet has on the human body and sports results and its benefits to health. Materials and methods The paper was created based on the Pubmed database. The literature was reviewed using the keywords: ”intermittent fasting”, ”16/8 fasting” and ”diet standards”. The current state of knowledge It has been shown that intermittent fasting can be helpful in controlling body weight and reducing metabolic diseases as a result of better glucose regulation and reduced inflammation. Weight reduction can also result in improved athletic performance. In addition, IF has positive effects on the cardiovascular system, specifically improving blood pressure, lowering heart rate, and regulating the body's lipid metabolism indicators. Summary Although there is evidence of the beneficial effects of intermittent fasting, more research needs to be conducted to evaluate the mechanisms, efficacy in humans, target populations, and safety of intermittent fasting. Undoubtedly, a certain group of people may benefit greatly from this type of diet, as it does not require a change in current eating habits due to the simplicity of this diet.

Introduction The current evidence from 2022 published by European Atherosclerosis Society brings the importance of the level of lipoprotein(a) and its influence on the human health. Especially atherosclerotic cardio-vascular events such as myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, atherosclerosis are taken into account. They prove, that the associations between the level of Lp(a) is linear with the occurrence of cardio-vascular events. High level of Lp(a), may contribute to the aortic stenosis, cause has pro-inflammatory and pro-atherosclerotic properties. The newest finding demonstrate that Lp(a) has no link with venous thrombosis. Nonetheless, very low level of may contribute with type 2 diabetes. It is recommended to measure the level of lipoprotein(a) at least once in adults to search the patients with higher value than norm. Even at low level of LDL, high Lp(a) is a risk factor for ASCVD. It brings the clinical importance of early detection of potential cardio-vascular diseases and introduction of management. The newest statement form EAS also brings promising possibilities due to specific Lp(a)-lowering therapies is in phase II/III trials. Aim of the study The following paper aims to present a review of the current knowledge about the influence of the level of Lp(a) on cardio-vascular disease and seeks to enhance knowledge and promote effective management of this prevalent condition. The primary goal is to promote the current problem to health care workers with up-to-date information to facilitate early recognition of cardiovascular events. Materials and methods This article presents the current state of knowledge of lipoprotein(a) found in various scientific articles. The following English keywords and its Polish equivalents were used to search Google Scholar's medical databases: lipoprotein(a), cardio-vascular disease, cardiovascular risk, aortic stenosis. The articles most pertinent to the subject have been chosen.

Hair loss is a problem that affects many people around the world. Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is the most common cause of hair loss affecting up to 50% of men and 40% of women over the age of 50. This type of hair loss is mediated by androgens, the strongest of which is dihydrotestosterone (DHT). This hormone influences the weakening hair follicles. The problem of excess DHT and the associated androgenic hair loss may concern people practicing sports, especially aerobic disciplines of moderate and high intensity. In the recent decades, many topical and oral therapies have been introduced to delay and stop hair loss. However, commonly used medications have only a partial and temporary effect, therefore alternative treatment methods are needed. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is known, among other things, for its use in orthopedics. The use of PRP may benefit athletes in the treatment of injuries to tendons, ligaments, muscles and cartilage. Many publications indicate good results with the use of PRP in the treatment of hair loss. The aim of this study is to summarise the published reports on the effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on hair loss prevention in people with androgenic alopecia (AGA) and to analyse the papers discussing androgen levels in physically active people.

Introduction and purpose: The main aim of our study is to summarise existing knowledge and draw conclusions about the impact of magnesium deficiency on the occurrence of anxiety. Methodology: The literature available in the National Library of Medicine database at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov and Google Scholar was reviewed. Articles were searched by using keywords: magnesium, deficiency, supplementation, anxiety disorders. Forty-seven research papers and meta-analyses were analysed. Description of the state of knowledge: Magnesium is an extremely important mineral in the human body involved in many physiological processes. A deficiency of this element affects the whole body and can cause mental disorders - including anxiety disorders. There are many theories showing a link between magnesium and anxiety disorders in both humans and animals. Magnesium has been shown to influence the function of neurotransmitters affecting the experience of anxiety. Supplementation in people with hypomagnesaemia has been proven to improve their health and well-being. However, it should be noted that supplements on the market vary in the bioavailability of the mineral, and the frequency of intake and dosage also affect the bioavailability of magnesium. Conclusions: It is important to ensure adequate levels of magnesium in the diet, given its impact on the proper functioning of the human body (including the nervous system) and the fact that most people consume insufficient amounts of this macronutrient. Evidence of a link between magnesium levels and anxiety has led to increased interest in the potential efficacy of magnesium supplementation to alleviate anxiety symptoms.

Introduction In this paper, we aim to present an analysis of the diagnostic, therapeutic, and rehabilitation procedures in a 23-year-old athlete with an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. The study includes the patient's medical history, circumstances of the injury, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures applied, as well as the course of postoperative rehabilitation. Objective The objective of our study is to present the anatomy of the ACL, the typical mechanism of injury, and diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities. Methods This is a retrospective study. The medical documentation and imaging studies were subjected to analysis. The analysis was complemented by a literature review based on publications in the English-language PubMed database. Results The case involves a 23-year-old soccer player with an isolated ACL injury in the right knee joint. The case analysis highlights the challenges related to diagnosis and decision-making regarding therapeutic procedures. ACL reconstruction using the STG method and lateral tenodesis with the iliotibial band in combination with postoperative rehabilitation resulted in a positive outcome in terms of knee joint stability and return to sports. Conclusions The review of this medical case underscores the importance of a personalized approach to each patient with an ACL injury, taking into account age, level of physical activity, and coexisting injuries within the knee joint. This allows for the correct decision on the best treatment method for the patient, facilitating a return to sports and minimizing the risk of complications.

Il contributo si propone di analizzare alcuni delle problematiche che nascono nella traduzione dei testi teatrali attraverso l’analisi di Translations (1980) opera del celebre commediografo irlandese Brian Friel, e della sua traduzione italiana (1996). Il testo teatrale e la relativa traduzione in italiano si prestano all’analisi di numerose questioni centrali che riguardano la traduzione teatrale: da quello meramente linguistico del passaggio dall’irlandese all’inglese a quello dell’intraducibilità culturale che diventa segno e atto scenico. Ci si propone di analizzare come tali questioni emergano nella traduzione in italiano e quale sia il ruolo del traduttore nel mediare tali concetti nello spazio teatrale. The paper aims at investigating pivotal issues concerning theatre translation through the analysis of Translations (1980) by Brian Friel and its Italian translation Traduzioni(1996). With its core themes on matters such as the passage from Gaelic into English in 19th century Ireland and cultural untranslability, the well-known play Translations encapsulates decisive matters concerning the translation of drama and plays. The paper thus explores how such controversial questions emerge in the Italian translation with specific reference to the naming process.

The paper addresses the problem of the lack of access to medical services and qualified medical staff in developing countries on the example of Kenya and Ghana. The paper presents possibilities of using telemedicine in Kenya and Ghana. It was proposed to appoint the function of a medical coordinator. The project of implementing telemedicine in Kenya was described and the possibility of implementing the system for Ghana was indicated. The benefits of using telemedicine for both medical personnel and the patient are presented.

Introduction: Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders, which can be classified as civilization diseases, constitute an important element of a comprehensive analysis of health condition of people aged over 19. A comprehensive analysis of this component should not overlook the spatial aspect, i.e. the question of spatial diversification. Aim of the paper: The purpose of the paper was presented in the article’s title. It is an analysis of spatial diversification of the musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorder incidence by voivodeships and districts (poviats). Materials and methods: In the paper, data from the following organisations were used: Centrum Systemów Informacyjnych Ochrony Zdrowia (CSIOZ) [Centre of Health Information Systems], Bank Danych Lokalnych Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego (BDL GUS) [Local Data Bank of Central Statistical Office], Centralny Ośrodek Dokumentacji Geodezyjnej i Kartograficznej (CODGiK) [National Surveying and Cartographic Documentation Centre] and from “Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data”. Within the scope of the paper, the crude incidence rate was calculated and choropleth maps were developed constituting a cartographic visualization of the calculated rates. Results: The results of the carried out analysis were presented in the form of the cartographic visualisation and tables including change dynamics. It constituted the basis for identification of the areas of advantageous and disadvantageous epidemiological situation. Conclusions: In light of the obtained results, among other things, the following has to be stated: the areas of disadvantageous epidemiological situation include northern Poland and some of the former Russian partition voivodeships

The paper dwells on Ralph Ellison’s biography and his works, especially on his masterpiece Invisible Man (1952), its topical issues, poetics, the phenomenon of its exceptional success and the way it influenced over to Ellison’s status as one of the biggest XXth century classics and a reputed contributor to the African American and American literary canon. The essay traces the publication history of Ellison’s works, including posthumously released editions of his unpublished texts in 1990s-2010s, that became a result of an extensive research made by Ellison’s literary executor, literary historian, editor, textual critic John F. Callahan. The survey of American and European Ellison studies characterizes the basic corpus of books, academic papers, critical essays, collections, etc., both of the earlier (before mid-nineties) an contemporary period; the most outstanding scholars in the field are mentioned. Finally the essay gives a brief outlook of the scanty Soviet / Russian Ellisoniana – translations and editions, critical response and studies, and stresses an obvious discrepancy between the situation in the West and in Russia, where the Invisible Man still remains untranslated and the amount of scholarly papers, devoted to Ellison, scarcely reaches a dozen.

W. Saroyan, one of the most significant American writers in the first half of the XX century, was always strongly attracted to theater. However, his drama debut did not take place immediately – only when he gained mastery and success as an author of short stories. The legendary Group Theatre (NYC) helped his play see the stage for the first time. The paper centers on the history of Saroyan’s one-act play “My Heart’s in the Highlands”, its creation and onstage production in the Group Theatre. The production united the efforts of the playwright (Saroyan), the composer (Paul Bowles), and the director (Robert Lewis), having become one of the most important works of the Group Theatre. It allowed to essentially develop the Group’s artistic possibilities, given the experience of acting in a “poetic fable”, a style beyond psychological realism and naturalism. The analysis given in the paper is aimed at expanding the knowledge of the Group Theatre’s activity as well as theatrical history of Saroyan’s plays.

Background: Increasing problem of sexually transmitted diseases needs a well-organized effort allowing preserving and strengthening sexual health. Proper knowledge about sexually transmitted diseases (STD) allows not only to protect oneself against contagion but also others. Incorrect information in that field may give false sense of security and in consequence increase in STD rates. Appropriate sources of knowledge are inherent in awareness-raising and taking mature actions. Seeking effective methods of transferring knowledge and awareness-raising about STD is the subject of actions of many professionals. Objective: Analysis of chosen scientific work concerning the level of knowledge and the awareness of the threats of sexually transmitted diseases among Polish youth. Material & methods: The basis for this paper was the review of articles and scientific work in Polish magazines that were the results of studies of the awareness of the threats of STD among youth. Papers of high quality of presented studies and with interesting results were selected for analysis. Results: Analyzed studies were using questionnaires created by authors and containing questions dealing with knowledge about etiological factors, symptoms and risky behaviour leading to STD infection. The results of the studies confirmed significant yet in some aspects selective and limited knowledge of the subjects about threats and prevention of STD. The youth knew few diseases, did not realize STD were asymptomatic, and often did not notice the risk of infection caused by early sexual initiation and having many sexual partners. Women and residents of urban areas knew more about STD than men and residents of rural areas. Conclusion: Selective and not well-organized knowledge limits possibility of eliminating hazardous behaviour contributing to transferring STD. The lack of understanding of the threat and asymptomatic course of STD leads to unaware carriage of STD and, in consequence to spreading the diseases and their complications. Observed decrease of the age of sexual initiation requires to introduce effective prevention based on coordination of the actions of young man or woman, their surroundings and educational units. It is necessary to complement school educational programmes by regularly repeated information about etiology, clinical picture of reproductive system diseases, paying particular attention to early detection of cancer and STD prevention.

The aim of this paper is to present the level of knowledge of Tarnobrzeg Cardiology Clinic patients of the risk factors of coronary heart disease. The data required to support the paper’s statement was collected from 100 patients. Diagnostic survey was used as the method. A questionnaire with a set of 22 questions was used as the research tool. The obtained results show that the level of knowledge is not satisfactory and the patients require further education. It was found that gender is not a factor differentiating the level of knowledge. However, urban residents are better informed than rural residents. It was concluded that the older the patient is the lower level of knowledge of coronary heart disease risk factors he or she possesses. Also, patients with higher education are more knowledgeable. The research presented in the paper indicates there is an increased need of educating the population on coronary heart disease risk factors, promoting cardiovascular diseases prevention and engaging the medical community in spreading the knowledge.

The paper makes a survey of the life and works by Phillis Wheatley (1753?- 1784), the first African American female poet, analyses critical reception of her poetry during her lifetime and up to nowadays, shows the way her literary reputation has been changing (sometimes drastically) as a result of the changing bias and attitudes in the course of the development of African American literary studies since 1960s till 2010s.The paper also attempts to assess Phillis Wheatley’s role in American literary and cultural history.