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The São Paulo Network Program of Teacher Training (RedeFor) of the Secretary of Education of São Paulo State /Brazil, has proposed in partnership with the São Paulo State University, the continuing education for teachers of the State public school system, through specialization courses, about Inclusive and Special Education, in the distance learning modality. In order to meet an audience of 1.600 teachers, seven courses were implemented from 2014 to 2015, amongst which is the course of Special Education, with a total workload of 444 hours spread between activities in the Virtual Learning Environment of UNESP, internships, In-Person Meetings as well as preparation and presentation of scientific papers. After the completion of disciplines and In-Person Meetings, in 2015 were created 55 groups for the guidance of academic papers, where each supervisor had to perform the online pedagogical mediation of 10 to 20 course participants for the preparation of a scientific paper. It is intended to discuss in this article the aspects present in two scientific papers developed within the course, which addressed the discussion about the beginning teachers and curriculum for the development of Special Education within the Inclusive perspective. The results demonstrate that this specialization course brought important elements to the axis of participant's reflections, so that Special Education can really be strengthened in an inclusive perspective, in the public schools of São Paulo.

There was in Spain an inicial «army of teachers» freinetians, a group of snipers commited to the renovation of the system of education which was born and grew in the shade of the Republic. To this army belonged the teachers’ small squad of Extremadura, which took two schools of Las Hurdes as a surprising origin. From there it extended to Montijo -principal center of diffusion for the rest of the educational experiences in the region: Calamonte, Valencia de Alcantara, La Puebla del Maestre and, probably also, Arroyo del Puerco. Surprising is not only that the origin of such an educational innovation took place in a region like Las Hurdes, but also that it was proceeding almost at the same time as the huge movement in Catalonia and Aragon, and that it, most likely, was not affected by Almendros ́s influences. There are reasons to believe that the teacher Jose Vargas Gómez, the origin of everything, had early news from Freinet through the teachers from Torrijos and Camarena before arriving to Las Hurdes.

The São Paulo Network Program of Teacher Training (RedeFor) of the Secretary of Education of São Paulo State /Brazil, has proposed in partnership with the São Paulo State University, the continuing education for teachers of the State public school system, through specialization courses, about Inclusive and Special Education, in the distance learning modality. In order to meet an audience of 1.600 teachers, seven courses were implemented from 2014 to 2015, amongst which is the course of Special Education, with a total workload of 444 hours spread between activities in the Virtual Learning Environment of UNESP, internships, In-Person Meetings as well as preparation and presentation of scientific papers. After the completion of disciplines and In-Person Meetings, in 2015 were created 55 groups for the guidance of academic papers, where each supervisor had to perform the online pedagogical mediation of 10 to 20 course participants for the preparation of a scientific paper. It is intended to discuss in this article the aspects present in two scientific papers developed within the course, which addressed the discussion about the beginning teachers and curriculum for the development of Special Education within the Inclusive perspective. The results demonstrate that this specialization course brought important elements to the axis of participant's reflections, so that Special Education can really be strengthened in an inclusive perspective, in the public schools of São Paulo. O programa Rede São Paulo de Formação Docente (Redefor) da Secretaria de Educação do Estado de São Paulo/Brasil propôs, em parceria com a Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), a formação continuada de professores da rede pública estadual de ensino, em cursos de especialização nas áreas da Educação Inclusiva e Especial, na modalidade a distância. Para atender a um público de 1.600 professores, foram executados de 2014 a 2015 sete cursos, entre os quais se encontra o curso de Educação Especial na Perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva, com carga horária total de 444 horas distribuídas entre atividades no Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem da UNESP, estágios, Encontros Presenciais, bem como elaboração e apresentação de Trabalhos Acadêmicos (TA). Após a finalização das disciplinas e Encontros Presenciais, em 2015 foram criadas 55 turmas para orientação dos TA, em que cada orientador deveria realizar a mediação pedagógica on-line de 10 a 20 cursistas para a elaboração de um artigo científico. Pretende-se neste artigo discutir sobre os aspectos presentes em dois artigos científicos desenvolvidos no âmbito do curso, que abordaram a discussão sobre professores iniciantes e currículo para o desenvolvimento da Educação Especial na perspectiva Inclusiva. Os resultados demonstram que o curso de especialização trouxe para o eixo de reflexão dos cursistas elementos importantes para que a Educação Especial possa realmente se fortalecer em uma perspectiva inclusiva, nas escolas públicas do Estado de São Paulo.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The research investigates how young boys progress in life after the loss of their fathers. It explores the adjustments they make, the coping mechanisms they develop to navigate life, and the male roles they assume in the family. Additionally, it examines how family can aid and support their coping and adjustment process. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: This study utilises a case study methodology focused on gaining an understanding of the lives of two adolescent boys who experienced the death of their fathers in the early formative years of their lives. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The paper focuses on five themes- family dynamics, life transitions with and without their fathers, post-loss reassignment of family roles, present circumstances, and future goals. RESEARCH RESULTS: A qualitative analysis of the data revealed that participants’ belief systems, family support, and striving toward future goals helped them to be resilient in this event. CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: While most research typically emphasises the negative impacts of death on people, this study demonstrates how individuals’ can be resilient, dependent on both person-related factors and environmental factors. To help adolescents who are grieving become resilient, the paper offers intervention and coping strategies through counselling, the availability of support networks, and combined efforts by the state and educational institutions.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: Governments across the world were forced to impose social distancing and lockdown measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19, caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that emerged in December 2019. Following the declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic, the disruptions, including restrictive measures such as school closures had severe impacts on the physical, emotional and mental health of all people, especially children with special needs. There was also scant data, particularly in low-to-middle-income countries. Existing literature stems mostly from western countries, thus the need to perform a comprehensive review on this topic. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The primary objective of the systematic review is to understand the impact of COVID-19 and restrictive measures such as school closures on the educational outcomes and physical and mental health of school-going children with special needs. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: This systematic review used the PRISMA 2020 checklist where four databases and grey literature were searched for full text articles, peer reviewed publications in the English language that were published during January 2019–December 2021. RESEARCH RESULTS: The literature search identified 1294 publications, of which 25 key papers were selected. These studies investigate the impact on children with special needs across the globe, with a majority of papers from Europe. We found that COVID-19 and the digitalization of schooling had severe impacts on the physical and mental health of children with special needs and their parents/caregivers. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: These studies highlight the need for an inclusive school environment to ensure that the learning outcomes for children everywhere are achieved. Further, a hybrid model that includes classroom learning with novel inventive methods would be beneficial for children with special needs.

The post-digital era is characterised by the vast presence of platforms that impose their digital affordances and algorithmic control on our behaviour. This environment is challenging education and training, with implications for digital and transmedial literacy. Investigating instructional methodologies is crucial to fostering critical comprehension of such novel informational environments. Argument maps (AMs), which were first created and evaluated in static information contexts (analogical/old web), could be useful in the emergence of dynamic (post-digital) textual forms. The current paper describes a comprehensive literature review based on the above assumptions. We looked into state-of-the-art research on using AMs to handle dynamic information. We found 150 papers using a PRISMA procedure and then examined 19 of them. Our review produced pertinent data about the current state of AMs, including the types of texts on which they are used and the tools (especially digital and artificial intelligence [AI]-based) that have been employed. Our research lays the groundwork for teaching the literacies needed in new informational settings, such as multimodal, dynamic, algorithmic and data-driven contexts, with a specific focus on AMs as effective mediational tools.

Classroom deliberations in an inclusive environment is challenging yet rewarding. Teaching students with varied needs under the same roof provides the teachers with the opportunity to bring out their best and to help students to attain an optimum level of learning. The purpose set for this paper is to conduct a rigorous review of inclusive teaching-learning practices across countries to understand and present the best ways of conducting an inclusive classroom. To explore the stated objective the researchers opted for an extensive desk review method to review the available related literature in a systematic manner. As a result of conducting a systematic review analysis, certain themes have emerged under which plausible inclusive practices have been presented as a finding of the research. The study presented five categories of best teaching practices that emerged from the review. This paper presented a concise and accumulated version of the best practices and methods adopted by the practitioners in inclusive education across the world. Amalgamated findings present that using ICT, individualised learning and various classroom management techniques, collaboration and curriculum adaptations provide the best ways to promote inclusion.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the paper was to discuss a function of passion in professional personal lives of eminent Cracow musicians. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The paper raises the problem of the role of passion in the process of shaping musical eminence, answers the question of the scope of experiencing it as well as it manifesting in activities of outstanding individuals. In conducted research and interpretations, the qualitative perspective and biographical method were applied. The leading technique was problem-concentrated qualitative interview, partially structured, carried out with ten eminent instrumentalists. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The theoretical basis for this reading of the experience of educational biographies was provided by the Model of Authentic Vocation of J. Weller and the Dualistic Model of Passion of A. Bonneville-Roussy, G. Lavigne and R. Vallerand. The interpretations of the research material described the topography of experiencing passion. RESEARCH RESULTS: The article describes autonomous passion associated with musical mastery, instrumental motivation to practice, as well as distinguishes important factors that determine the experience of passion, persistence or burnout (tenacity, ambition, community transfer, conflict of motives, work overload), and concretizes the qualities of musical passion of outstanding musicians: professionalization, love of music, integrity, creativity, strength and determination in pursuit of goals, as well as humility in the face of challenges. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Deciphering the senses and meanings that prominent Cracow musicians attributed to passion suggests that it was autonomous, harmonious and instrumental, motivated by the pursuit of mastery, and that the trajectories of the musicians’ professional biographies were a manifestation of a “professionalization of passion,” which formed the core of their educational experience and constituted and defined their life creed.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2018 3(1), 235-255 | Article | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. Theories of organisational change and survival. - II.1. Functional imperatives: organisational survival "on delivery". - II.2. Power perspective: survival as political battle. - II.3. Institutionalisation and survival. - II.4. Institutional perspective - Survival by riding a fashion wave. - III. The OMC in time and context. - III.1. The birth of OMC education: the European Commission's administration as facilitator. - III.2. Dealing with Member States' sensitivity and the politics of education policy. - III.3. Change and reorganisation. - III.4. Soft governance as practices without a label. - IV. Conclusions: why is OMC education an unlikely survivor? | (Abstract) The introduction of the OMC brought a new template for organising EU governance and EU social and economic policy coordination. This Article looks into how the OMC template for organising governance became practice and developed over time in the education sector. Soft governance under the label OMC has had considerable impact on the approach to common decision-making in EU education policy. The OMC template enabled European level policy makers to enter into issues that had largely been off limits to the EU. The actors, especially the Directorate General Education and Culture (DG EAC), used the OMC format to work around the considerable national sensitivity of education. This way of organising governance was normalised as an appropriate approach to cooperation. The substantive effects on Member States' policy and policy output are, on the other hand, limited. Hence, the functional effectiveness cannot explain the survival of the OMC education. Yet, the soft coordination organised under the heading "Education and Training 2010/2020" survived because the practices incrementally gained legitimacy and became routine. The organisation of governance based on the OMC also became the platform upon which the sector could defend and profile its contribution to European integration. Despite the fact that the OMC label was no longer considered a fashionable and effective organisational template on the EU governance scene, the education sector upheld these governance arrangements.

In recent years, the use of innovative learning strategies within museum education contexts has been considerably supported by the use of digital technologies, especially in terms of critical thinking enhancement. As underlined by several studies in the field, the aesthetic experience is particularly effective in terms of reflection skills promotion, critical interpretation and analysis, both at individual and group level, as well as personal and creative reinterpretation (Biasi, Patrizi, & Fagioli, 2020). The present paper describes a research conducted within the MOOC «Teaching Critical Thinking through Art», created by the National Gallery of Art in Washington (DC), under the scientific supervision of the Harvard Project Zero researchers, pioneers of Visual Thinking Strategies within the museum context. The paper is aimed at illustrating the results of a content analysis conducted on the forum section of the above-mentioned MOOC during the 2020 edition. In particular, 163 posts from the «See/think/wonder» activity were assessed by two human evaluators using two different Critical Thinking evaluation tools (Garrison, Anderson, & Archer, 2001; Poce, 2017). In addition, specific analyses were carried out selected users’ writing activities in order to identify possible positive correlations between the characteristics of forum posts and the critical thinking skills solicited.

This paper is an effort in reviewing and assembling the research findings of different researchers on the factors that cause conflicts in schools and the strategies adopted by schools for conflict resolution. The research is limited to certain databases only. The basis for selecting relevant literature for this study is their accessibility, language (English) and relevancy to the topic and only those research papers that highlight teacher-teacher conflicts and teacher-administration conflicts have been selected. The several factors that emerged from the study were classified as Structural and Personal factors only. The originality of this paper rests in an attempt to attract the attention of the research community towards the factors that lead to conflicts in schools and an insight into the strategies used by the school administration to resolve them. This study also recommends that school administrators be trained to identify at least some factors responsible for conflicts among their staff, even among the students of the school so that they can resolve it in a better way.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2018 3(1), 203-205 | Article | (Abstract) This introduction presents the five Articles of this Special Section that was originally conceived at a workshop entitled "Taking Stock of the Open Method of Coordination" (21stIus Commune Congress, 24-25 November 2016, Maastricht, the Netherlands). With a view to deepening understanding of policy coordination in the EU, the Articles place the Open Method of Coordination (OMC) within the broader system of EU law and competences, explore its application in various EU policy areas, study its different forms and the multiplicity of processes that it involves, draw attention to novel processes of coordination at the EU level, examine the relationship of the OMC with other coordination procedures and mechanisms and verify whether or not the OMC remains a relevant conceptual framework for understanding EU policy coordination.

Based on data generated for an ethnographic research carried out in 2018 - which aimed at comprehending how literacy practices developed in Portuguese lessons delivered to senioryear students of a public high school dialogue with literacy practices in which such students participate outside school -, this paper proposes to present and discuss the concept of “culturally hybrid zones”. The proposal discusses Erickson’s concepts of “cultural borders” and “cultural boundaries” and is grounded on Bakhtin’s notion of textual “hybridization” as well as on Bhabha’s understanding of “cultural hybridity”. In order to achieve the goal, this paper analyzes reading and writing activities taught in the classroom that was observed, and literacy practices produced by students outside school. The outcomes show educational practices more and less responsive to the students’ linguistic culture. The conclusions point out the possibility and the urgent need of establishing critical dialogues between linguistic knowledge that is traditionally taught in school and the knowledge that is built/utilized by students in other social instances

The Chilean educational system, which is considered an emblem of neoliberal public policies, was subjected to a profound legal refom in 2014. The moderate left-wing government passed the «Ley de Inclusión» bill, which seeked avoiding the selection of students, the charging of copay upon families in publicly financed schools, and ending the possibility that private schools, which received public financing, could seek profit. During the discussion of this bill, a set of educative, political and social actors articulated and mobilized looking to stop this. The purpose of this paper is to identify and describe the argumentative twists present in the discursive community that opposed the «Ley de Inclusión» bill. The corpus used consists of 139 opinion columns, published in «El Mercurio» and «La Tercera», the two main political media papers between March of 2014 and January of 2015. From an analysis ot these argumentative twists, a discursive coalition was built. The beliefs and representations of the educational community condense on: the need for a gradualist and evidence-based public policy; the free choice of schools as the dominant rationality and tool in the educational quasi-market; and the defense of private education as a means to ensure the existence of differentiated and plural educational offers in the educational system.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The paper is an attempt to articulate the defining features of Ignatian Leadership and to clarify what might distinguish it from other brands of leadership without lapsing into motherhood statements and worn-out clichés. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The Ignatian leadership style that is presented is grounded in Ignatian spirituality, which is a source of the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius Loyola. Hence, the research problem was formulated: how can Ignatian leadership be implemented in everyday practice? The method of critical analysis of sources was applied. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The paper argues that Ignatian Leadership is, in fact, a radical form of servant leadership, since the Ignatian Leader is at the service not only of the Community, but also–and for Ignatius of Loyola, even more fundamentally–of the Mission entrusted to that Community. RESEARCH RESULTS: Concretely, it proposes a conception of Ignatian Leadership as a threeway relationship among the Leader, the Community, and the Mission, in the process, illustrating what magis and cura personalis might mean in one’s exercise of leadership, but also, spelling out, in light of these relationships, the key functions of the Ignatian Leader. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Ignatian leadership is a form of servant leadership insofar as Ignatian Leaders ought to prioritize serving the Community that they lead over their own interests. However, what distinguishes Ignatian Leadership from servant leadership is its explicit and non-negotiable prioritization of service of the Mission as well.

MIGLIORARE LA COMPRENSIONE DEL TESTO E LE CAPACITÀ DI SINTESI NELLA SCUOLA PRIMARIA: UNO STUDIO QUASI-SPERIMENTALE Abstract The paper reports the results of the evaluation of a programme aimed at improving reading comprehension and summarising skills of fourth graders through a quasi-experimental study conducted with 671 students (421 in the experimental group and 250 in the control group) in Italian schools. Students assigned to the experimental group received three months of the intervention while students in the control group continued with regular teacher practice. Results showed a statistically significant difference between the two conditions on reading comprehension and summarising skills. Students included in the experimental group outperformed students in the control group in both the measures used (dppc2 = 0.32 in the Summarising Test and dppc2 = 0.54 in the Summary Qualitative Assessment). No differences were found between students with different proficiency vocabulary levels in the experimental group. The implications for research practice and limitations of the study are discussed.

En aquest article analitzem la política lingüística en dos països que compten amb diverses llengües oficials, Suïssa i Sud-àfrica, i en els quals el paper de la llengua anglesa ha evolucionat respecte a les llengües "nacionals" locals des de la dècada de 1990. Ens centrem en la política lingüística com a manifestació de les lluites socials i, fent especial èmfasi en l’anglès, estudiem els documents polítics actuals en aquests dos contextos tan diferents. L’ús de la “neutralitat” com a lent analítica ens permet demostrar que la política lingüística va més enllà dels plans d’estudi i de la inclusió o exclusió de les llengües i, al seu lloc, neutralitza les idees socials que estan en consonància amb la concepció d’un futur “d’èxit” en una conjuntura sociohistòrica determinada. Per acabar, reflexionem sobre la neutralitat com a component de les ideologies lingüístiques, en virtut de les quals s’autoritzen llengües específiques per a objectius polítics contingents i canviants, cosa que té conseqüències com ara la inclusió en la política educativa o l’exclusió de la política educativa de determinades llengües i la distribució desigual del coneixement, els recursos i l’autoritat.

This paper illustrates the important contribution of Italian university musicology to the training of future music educators, emphasizing the formative role of the history of music (or musics) not only for future musicians or musicologists, but for the training of all students. It also highlights some problematic aspects of the current regulatory framework for the teaching of music history.

This paper refers to the «Interdisciplinary Research Project» of the Department of Education at Roma Tre University. The title of the project is «E-learning for higher education: setting up an integrated model for the qualification of learning and educational relationships in online courses» and represents a development of a previous research (Bocci, 2019a), which was aimed at outlining some dimensions and issues of inclusive online education. Taking as a background the different theoretical perspectives that study inclusion and inclusive processes (such as the Bio-Psycho-Social Model, the Social Model, the Capability Approach and the Universal Design) in the present paper the authors show the results of an exploratory survey aimed at verifying the validity of a new search tool − an analysis form developed starting from the work of Gráinne Conole (2013) on MOOCs − used to analyze the level of inclusion of some university online courses of the EduOpen platform. The aim of the work is to provide a self-analysis tool to better guide in an inclusive perspective those who design and deliver e-learning courses. The first results are encouraging and lead to further investment of resources in this direction.

The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the importance of «inculturation» in the religious images drawn by Monica Liu (Ho-Pei), a unique artist who promoted Religious Art and Education in Taiwan. Monica Liu adopted Western Christianity into Chinese art to create paintings that reflect her love for nature as well as Our Lady who is deeply venerated in the Catholic Church and regarded as the mother of humanity. This paper is a qualitative research based on an interview conducted with Huang Wan-Yun, a protégée of Monica Liu who had a very close relationship with the latter during the last ten years of her life. This research is also based on some writings that Monica left behind and several articles written about her by acquaintances. The culture and faith expressed by Monica Liu through Our Lady’s images help us to deeply understand the value and relationship between religious art and faith. In addressing the needs of the secular world, religious art has encountered difficulties in terms of contemporary aesthetics. Monica’s distinct aesthetic considered «moral virtues» important to modern or contemporary art and their absence could result in distorted values. Therefore, true mission work in the field of religious art has to be close to everyone’s heart, as well as emphasize the importance of inculturation through natural representations and create awareness of taboo in art, which involves «additional and supplementary» elements in original artworks.

The impact of higher education institutions on society has become the focus of significant policy attention in recent years, most prominently as part of research evaluation. This paper presents a theoretical exploration of the notion, identifying the key dimensions as source, form, trajectory, intensity, timescale and destination. While acknowledging the importance of porosity between universities and society, and the need to address critical contemporary challenges, five dangers of the impact agenda are highlighted: the normative dimension; the linear relationship; unpredictability; measurement; and instrumentalization. As a response to dominant conceptualizations, the paper proposes the notion of the generative intrinsic as a more robust basis on which to base the work of universities. O impacto das instituições de ensino superior na sociedade tem se tornado o foco de atenção política significativa nos últimos anos, mais proeminentemente como parte da avaliação da pesquisa. Este artigo apresenta uma exploração teórica da categoria noção, identificando as dimensões-chave como fonte, forma, trajetória, intensidade, escala de tempo e destino. Embora reconhecendo a importância da porosidade entre as universidades e a sociedade, e a necessidade de abordar desafios contemporâneos críticos, cinco perigos da agenda de impacto são destacados: a dimensão normativa; o relacionamento linear; imprevisibilidade; medição; e instrumentalização. Como resposta às conceituações dominantes, o artigo propõe a noção do intrínseco generativo como uma base mais robusta sobre a qual basear o trabalho das universidades.

This paper explores my on-going collaborative research journey that began in 2009 with a critical ethnographic investigation into the ways one early years school in Bristol was working to advance a pedagogy of respect that drew on the multilingual and multiliterate out of school practices of children and their parents in order to open possibilities for in-school learning. The project was framed within a critical ethnographic approach that is underpinned by a philosophy of democratic and collaborative ways of working within the field; acknowledging identities, positionalities and relations of power as constructed within and across institutional settings. In this paper, I present the collaborative learning trajectories and relationships between myself, as researcher, and Lara, the Head Teacher, a key participant within this project. I situate this within a critical reading of researcher identities, collaboration and research-community partnerships within a scholarship that draws on arguments for the democratizing of knowledge production, the re-evaluation and transformation of field relationships through reflexive practice (Byrd-Clark & Dervin, 2014; Facer & Enright, 2016; Giampapa, 2011) and the intellectual and emotional commitment involved in shaping them. What evolved through this unfinished critical ethnographic journey is an understanding of the underlying «practical, personal and symbolic» reasons (Facer & Enright, 2016, p. 59) for field relationships as a starting point in order to build deeper forms of engagement. These deeper forms of engagement generate different ways of knowing that are co-created, ethically grounded, socially responsible and action oriented (Campbell & Lassiter, 2010). I stress the transformative power of these field conversations that were able to evolve and shape new ways of understanding as a result of the longevity of being in the field and working beyond it.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The predominant goal of this article is to put emphasis on issues only children face in the modern world. The theoretical scope of the paper incorporates the specificity of the only child phenomenon, the familial situation of only children, as well as the possibility of maintaining social contacts and developing in the current pandemic-driven situation. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: Research problems have the form of the following questions: What is the familial situation of children not having any siblings? How does the pandemic affect the upbringing of only children? What conditions for development and opportunities for establishing social contacts does the age of pandemic create for only children? The analytical and synthetic method of the literature approach to the subject has been applied. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: Basing on scientific studies, the specificity of the only child phenomenon has been identified, most important features of the family-oriented educational environment have been distinguished, as well as the nature of functioning of a family having a single child only has been elaborated on. RESEARCH RESULTS: Consideration on the issues raised within the scope of this paper has indicated that the only child’s interactions with adults should have an appropriate form and nature. It is necessary to keep a healthy balance between the world of children and the world of adults. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: It has been noticed that the modern perception of only children is changing, which is the result of expanding interpersonal relations and the development of technology. Contemporary only children do not remain in absolute isolation from the environment.

The article presents studies that discuss the relationship between the teaching work of preschool teachers and their health. Research was carried out in three different places: from 2010 to 2017 in the databases of the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO Brazil), from 2000 to 2017 in the Portal da Associação Nacional de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Educação - ANPEd (Portal of the National Association of Postgraduate and Research in Education) and from 2000 to 2017 at the Banco de Teses da Capes/MEC- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/Ministério da Educação (Capes Bank of Theses/MEC - Coordination of Improvement of Higher Personnel Education / Ministry of Education). In the "article search" field, we used the descriptors (isolated and associated): "illness", "teacher" and "early childhood education", and later added "sickness". Search was carried out in "general" and "summary" fields. Among these papers, theses and dissertations were found 17 papers that analysed the relationship between the sickness of the preschool teachers and their work, it was shown that this relatively new group of teachers who are still constructing their professional identity, is still poorly studied although it presents itself as a risk group for illness, so more studies are needed to identify problems and seek solutions. O artigo apresenta estudos que abordam a relação do trabalho docente das professoras de educação infantil com a sua saúde. Pesquisou-se nas bases – Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO Brasil) o período de 2010 até 2017, no Portal da Associação Nacional de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Educação (ANPEd) o período de 2000 a 2017 e no Banco de Teses da Capes/MEC – Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/Ministério da Educação (de 2000 a 2017). No campo “pesquisa de artigos”, utilizamos os descritores (isolados e associados): “doença”, “professora” e “educação infantil”, posteriormente acrescentou-se “adoecimento”. Pesquisou-se nos campos em “geral” e “resumo”. Entre artigos, teses e dissertações encontrou-se 17 trabalhos que analisavam a relação do adoecimento das professoras de educação infantil com seu trabalho. Constatou-se que esse grupo de professoras, por ser relativamente novo e por estar em construção a sua identidade profissional, ainda é pouco estudado, embora apresente-se como grupo de risco para adoecimento, portanto mais estudos são necessários para identificar problemas e buscar soluções. El artículo presenta estudios que abordan la relación del trabajo docente de las profesoras de educación infantil con su salud. La investigación se realizó en el portal de la Asociación Nacional de Postgrado e Investigación en Educación (ANPEd), en el período de 2000 a 2017 y en el Banco de Tesis de la Capes/MEC – Coordinación de Perfeccionamiento de Personal de Nivel Superior/Ministerio de Educación (de 2000 a 2017). En el campo "investigación de artículos", utilizamos los descriptores (aislados y asociados): "enfermedad", "profesora" y "educación infantil", posteriormente se añadió “enfermarse”. Se ha investigado en los campos en "general" y "resumen". Entre los artículos, tesis y disertaciones se encontraron 17 trabajos que analizaban la relación de la enfermedad de las profesoras de educación infantil con su trabajo, se constató que ese grupo de profesoras por ser un grupo relativamente nuevo, por estar en construcción de su identidad profesional, todavía es poco estudiado, aunque se presenta como grupo de riesgo para enfermarse, por lo que más estudios son necesarios para identificar problemas y buscar soluciones.

This paper aims to analyze the recent tendencies when choosing the school principals considering that since the approval of the Federal Constitution (Brazil) there is the directioning of policies to adopt the democratic management, however, it is possible to note that a lot of school principals still take the charge by means of political indications. This paper will try to answer the following central question: how the process of choosing the school principals is made after adopting the Articulated Actions Plan (PAR)? The methodology used was the documental study of the guidance manuals of the PAR, and of the diagnosis of 10 (ten) cities in the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Pará. 39 (thirty-nine) semi-structured interviews in Pará and 24 (twenty-four) in Rio Grande do Norte, with persons that participated in the PAR’s elaboration on the investigated cities, were also performed. It was possible to conclude that the patrimonial logic still finds breeding ground on the management of schools, and that the absence of legislation to define the principal’s profile and rules to perform direct elections, or of concrete actions to direct the democratization of the school management, allows that the principle of democratic management to be defined only on the constitutional text. On the other hand, the PAR does not contribute for the democratization process, evidence of which being that there is no election with wide participation of the school community to choose the principals in most of the cities investigated, still predominating the political indications to this day. Esse texto tem por objetivo analisar as tendências recentes na escolha de dirigente escolar, considerando que desde a aprovação da Constituição Federal (Brasil) há o direcionamento das políticas para a adoção da gestão democrática, entretanto, ainda hoje é observado que muitos diretores escolares assumem o cargo por meio de indicações políticas. Nesse artigo, busca-se responder a seguinte questão central: como é efetivado o processo de escolha de dirigentes escolares após a adoção do Plano de Ações Articuladas (PAR)? Utilizou-se como metodologia o estudo documental dos manuais orientadores do PAR, e diagnósticos de 10 (dez) municípios localizados nos estados do Rio Grande do Norte e Pará. Também foram realizadas 39 entrevistas semiestruturadas no Pará e 24 no RN com sujeitos que participaram da elaboração do PAR nos municípios investigados. Concluímos que a lógica patrimonial ainda encontra terreno fértil na gestão das escolas, e que a falta de legislação que defina o perfl do diretor e regras para a realização de eleições diretas, ou de ações concretas que direcionem a democratização da gestão escolar, possibilita que o princípio da gestão democrática esteja definido apenas no texto constitucional. Por outro lado, o PAR não contribuiu para o processo de democratização, haja vista que até hoje na maioria dos municípios investigados não há eleição para escolha de dirigentes com ampla participação da comunidade escolar predominando ainda as indicações políticas.

This paper is a research paper which analyzed the Articulated Action Plan (PAR) of Natal’s city, capital of the Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, in the period from 2007 to 2011. It aims to understand if the formulation and implementation of the PAR, in this city, was based on intergovernmental relations and federative coordination. The research technical procedure was constituted by documental analysis and a semi-structured interview. It is concluded that the PAR contributed to the exercise of a more articulated planning between the federated entities and so that the Union could initiate the coordination federative process in the education area through the Ideb regulation, seeking to meet the needs of Cities and States based on the volunteer transfers, thus promoting, even though embryonically, the intergovernmental relations in the Brazilian Federation. O presente artigo é um recorte de pesquisa que analisou o Plano de Ações Articuladas (PAR) do Município de Natal, capital do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil, no período de 2007 a 2011. Tem por objetivo compreender se a formulação e a implementação do PAR,nesse Município, foram pautadas por relações intergovernamentais e pela coordenação federativa. Os procedimentos técnicos da pesquisa foram constituídos de análise documental e de entrevista semiestruturada.Conclui-se que o PAR contribuiu para o exercício de um planejamento mais articulado entre os entes federados e para que a União iniciasse o processo de coordenação federativa na área da educação mediante regulação pelo Ideb (Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica), buscando atender às necessidades dos Municípios e Estados com base nas transferências voluntárias, impulsionando, assim, mesmo que embrionariamente, as relações intergovernamentais na federação brasileira.

This paper aims at analyzing the cultural influence exerted by pedagogical conceptions from Western Europe over Russia and Brazil in the second half of the 19th century. This analysis was based on the novel Notes from the Underground by Dostoevsky, and the short stories O Espelho and Verba Testamentária which are included in the short stories collection called Papeis Avulsos, by Machado de Assis. These literary works, in which the subject of this paper is portrayed, were contextualized and analyzed in relation to other historical sources. It was concluded that the Western European cultural influence, specifically in its educational aspect, was a requirement for Russia and Brazil in the 19th century, aiming at overcoming their backwardness in relation to the developments of the central capitalist countries. However, the influx of these conceptions also promoted a series of distortions, such as the development of an inferiority complex, moral degradation and a strong desire for overcoming the European models with the goal of affirming their original national identities. Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar a influência cultural exercida por concepções pedagógicas oriundas da Europa ocidental sobre a Rússia e o Brasil na segunda metade do século XIX. Esta análise foi realizada tendo como base a novela Memórias do Subsolo de Dostoiévski e os contos O Espelho e Verba Testamentária, que fazem parte da coletânea de contos intitulada Papéis Avulsos, de Machado de Assis. Estas obras literárias, nas quais a problemática deste artigo é representada, foram contextualizadas e analisadas em relação a outras fontes históricas. Concluiu-se que a in?uência cultural europeia ocidental, especificamente de caráter educacional, era uma necessidade para a Rússia e para o Brasil no século XIX com vistas à superação de seu atraso em relação aos desenvolvimentos dos países centrais do capitalismo. No entanto, o in?uxo destas concepções também proporcionou o surgimento de uma série de distorções, como o desenvolvimento de um complexo de inferioridade, degradação moral e um forte desejo de superação dos modelos europeus com o objetivo de afirmação de uma identidade nacional original.

Nationalism is a product of the modern era and is closely linked to the development of capitalism. In a highly mobile industrial society that emerged in modern Europe, people needed to communicate via a common vernacular language, and the speakers of said language gradually formed a sense of unity. The vernacular was then adopted by the government as a common written national language, in its attempt to establish official nationalism, and propagated through a newly established education system (Anderson, 2006). In Asian societies, which skipped this process, the creation of nation was not a result of modernization, but was instead a part of modernization from the very beginning. Asian nations had to face a gap between modernization, which required them to imitate Western values and systems, and the formation of a nation, which in the West was based on existing linguistic peculiarities that distinguished certain members of society from others. The primary aim of this paper is to explore how Asian governments from different backgrounds dealt with this gap. In particular, this paper focuses on music education in schools across Japan, Thailand, Singapore and Taiwan, and argues that the availability of a common language, the change in power holders, the populace’s identification with the government and the historical timing influenced Asian governments’ decisions regarding official nationalism.

This paper deals with the main interpretative models of the instructional design, with particular attention to the specific segment relative to nursery school and primary school. The study begins with an introductory part, trying to find the fundamental bases over which it is possible to build a framework about instructional design. This means designing the context, the levels, the open or closed structure of the project, the conditions for its realization, the evaluation and the ensuring feedback on the design itself. The second part specifically deals with the design of kindergartens and primary schools, after having highlighted the general concepts and the main distinctions behind the subject. It then faces, in a historical perspective, the problem of the models made by the pedagogists and the scholars of educational problems. This paper focuses in particular on the learning goals programming, on the concept based programming (concept maps), on the guided environment programming («sfondi integratori») and on the backward design approach.

Parent engagement programs are in high demand these days, particularly as they pertain to immigrant and refugee families. But working with families entails purposeful communication with families (Valdés, 1996). Yet, often families are caught in cross-cultural divides that forces them out of engagement with those running the program (Machado-Casas, 2012). Cultural disconnections often times become ways in which minority families find themselves trapped (Nieto & Bode, 2011). Some researchers have looked at non-traditional pedagogical spaces to challenge future and practicing educators and community members to examine how the process of normalization privileges dominant groups while simultaneously oppressing ‘others’ (Cary, 2006). When this happens the process of «pimping families» through discourses that «talk» at them rather than to/for them lead to furthering hegemonic practices often aimed at minority families. Through interviews with families, and educators, this paper will highlight the «cultural confessions» of educators, and families who utilize non-traditional spaces to expose how prejudice and privilege have influenced their perceptions of «legitimate knowledge», legitimate spaces, and legitimate cross-cultural communication. This paper will present data obtained form Communities United for Education (CUPE) a family involvement and education program that nurtures a strong sense of community among students, teachers, and families. The program focuses in the empowering of families through developing support, leadership, advocacy, and activism, in addition to working with parents on bridging the digital divide among family members. Data presented will expose how families have educators have experienced and dealt with cross-cultural communication issues.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to show, based on UNICEF and UNHCR documents, the problems of migrant children that hinder/impede their inclusion in the education of the host community and to identify ways to deal with these problems. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: Using document analysis, I will answer the following questions: What threats are children on the move exposed to? What are the priority areas for action? How can they be protected and integrated into the new education system? THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The paper presents the causes and risks associated with migration for children, important concepts for educational practice, recommendations and proposed solutions RESEARCH RESULTS: The documents show the risks faced by children on the move. Such children are often marginalized and stigmatized in host communities. Ensuring their well-being (meeting their psychological needs and respecting their rights) is a priority and a necessary condition for them to be able to start education. The discussion shows the importance of education in dealing with difficult conditions or in counteracting negative phenomena (discrimination, xenophobia). Education is treated as capital that is supposed to give these children a chance for a better future. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: The following conclusions can be drawn for practice from UNICEF and UNHCR documents: children on the move should have the same rights and opportunities for education as their peers in host com- munities; they need friendly and safe places to live, play and learn; children have resources and experiences that should be considered when organizing educational environments.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to evaluate usefulness of distance learning courses as a form of learning from participants’ perspective. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: To achieve the purpose, two research methods have been employed: literature review, including rules and regulations concerning distance learning courses, and analysis of the results of a survey conducted among students participating in distance learning course as well as own observations and experiences. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: In the paper it is analysed, how students perceive elearning courses comparing to traditional ones. First, selected Polish Minister of Higher Education and the Senate of Cracow University of Economics (CUE) regulations under which CUE teachers may conduct distance learning courses are presented. Second, the procedure for the preparation of elearning courses at CUE is described. The roles played by individual actors during the preparation of the course are discussed. Next, selected results of the survey conducted among course participants are presented. Finally, conclusions and observations are discussed. Results of the survey confirm that e-learning is a promising type of teaching supporting traditional lessons. RESEARCH RESULTS: Aconsiderable number of participants found this kind of didactic proces useful and attractive. However, an unexpectedly large number stated that they expected more traditional lessons. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The analysis allows to draw interesting conclusions concerning the necessity of selection of participants, problem of systematic work, methods of evaluation, personal contact with a teacher, preparation of teaching materials. All of them will be taken under consideration to improve the course for future participants.

This paper publishes the text of “The Essence of Greek Culture,” the first public address delivered by Werner Jaeger after his immigration to the United States in 1936. It was part of the program of a symposium sponsored by the Trustees of the University of Chicago in May, 1937 and provides important evidence indicating that Jaeger had begun to adapt ideas he had long supported in Ger­many to conditions in the United States. The text of the paper is preserved in the Archives of the University of Chicago and is published with its permission.

The National Conference «SIRD between past, present and future. The role of educational research in the times of COVID, world war III, globalization and the ecological crisis» was organized by the Italian Society of Educational Research (SIRD). The conference was organized on the occasion of SIRD’s 30th anniversary and aimed to foster active discussions on the key challenges that educational research has encountered in recent years. The event started with a plenary session that retraced the significant milestones that characterized the founding of SIRD, featuring speeches from past presidents of the society. Following, the conference delved into thematic working groups, which focused on relevant research topics including Teaching Learning Centers, PNRR and guidance, career access and progression, university teaching, research and teacher training, internationalization, 11/D2 coordination, doctoral training, quality of publications, and internationalization of journals. This paper provides a summary of the conference’s primary discussions, highlighting their relevance within the context of contemporary educational research.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the presented paper, which has empirical nature, is to obtain data on how the rights of refugees are perceived today. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The research problem of the paper is: How do youth in Germany and Poland evaluate refugee rights and what factors influence their attitude towards refugee rights? The survey method was used in the research. The data collection took place 2013/2014. In Germany, the survey included a total of 2157 students, in Poland 1211 respondents. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The study was based on the assumption that attitudes towards refugee rights are predicted by such factors as: human dignity, empathy, religious beliefs, and socio-political perceptions and convictions. Based on these determinants, a conceptual model was created and used in the research. RESEARCH RESULTS: The findings show that respondents differ regarding refugee rights. German youth show some support for refugee rights and Polish youth are ambivalent. The strongest predictor for support of refugee rights for both groups is the concept of multiculturalism. The capacity for empathy and an advocacy of a politically active Christianity are important predictors, but only for the German sample. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The fact that religious beliefs have hardly positive impact on the support of refugee rights is a desideratum for religious education.

Attempting to explore and push the margins of philosophy of education, this article describes Virginia Woolf’s The Waves and its characters, staying inside the and observing the education of their consciousness. The description offered is limited to educational reflections on what happens, avoiding normative questions and concerns. However, the conclusion hints towards ways in which philosophers of education who are interested in normative questions and concerns might approach this text in ways which this article does not. The expressions used in this paper – dispositions, consciousness, unconscious– are gestural and figurative rather than exhaustive and scientific. The argument is not concerned with what these words mean in general but rather with what they might mean and might elucidate for educational thought in the context of reading The Waves. This article rejects the need to do something un-literary by comprehensively elucidating key concepts, saying why they are important, relating them to everyday life, and defending claims like «dispositions are in-educable». The educational resonances of the text itself are presented as evidence, context, and point of interest. Implicit to the argument of this paper is a critique of limited and institutionally biased conceptions of experience as education.

University education has adapted to the prevailing circumstances and that it is even proving to be an essential resource in the optimization of the reality. Otherwise, the university is a very important part of the social system in which it is, and the training of excellent professionals is a cardinal issue for the proper functioning of such a system. Yes it is, today various professional profiles, classics and currents, are demanded to be formed in the classrooms of our universities. However, that is not all, and depending on how you look at it, is not even the most important. However, at the same time and internationally speaking, we have also witnessed the emergence of concerns about the nature of this education, above all in relation to the personal, ethical, and civic development of today’s student populace. It is logical to think, that is not enough to train excellent professionals, indeed, reality shows that this is not enough when personal and ethical training is insufficient or does not live up to the current circumstance. The aim of this paper is to focus on this aspect, and in doing so it revisits a past in which essential philosophical ideas were being formulated, ideas which this paper argues are highly pertinent to the current reality.

The paper is devoted to ethical awareness which has become one of the main concerns in medical education and healthcare nowadays. The paper discusses empathy development in medical students as a significant element of their professional training. It is reported that empathy should be implemented in the academic curriculum of medical schools and universities as a part of a multidisciplinary approach. The authors argue that empathy could be developed in a foreign language classroom. They illustrate their statement by providing real class examples in which empathy-developing content is incorporated in English for specific purposes (ESP) for medical students. The students’ empathy level was measured at the beginning and at the end of the course with a balanced emotional empathy scale (BEES) questionnaire. The analysis of the results of the comparative assessment indicate positive dynamics of empathy levels in the medical students tested, after the course was completed. The authors conclude that ESP can be effective in supporting and improving the required empathy levels of future healthcare workers to help them to deliver their humanitarian services successfully.

The proposals follow the key competences approach and pretend to face everyday teaching practices with the range of options ICT offers. The paper starts with the description of some actual teaching practices in order that the reader can value the potential they have. Then, learning and knowledge technologies will be treated through a reflection of the challenges that Google Sites offers to the society. A reflection about the actual possibilities of working with these web environment tools will close the paper.

The article discusses the temporality in the school, starting from the theory of social acceleration of Harmut Rosa and the concepts of technical acceleration, rhythms of life and social change, analyzing also papers that discuss, in different ways and from different theoretical perspectives, the times in the school. The analises exposes that the theme are articulated in a wide conceptual range, emphasizing discussions about the qualification of school time as Chronos or Kairos, analysis of the rhythms and temporal connections in the classroom and the necessary articulations between past, present and future in education. Next, the paper proposes an extension of the perspective of criticism of education from the temporality in the school confronting the analyzes found in the articles with the critical categories of Harmut Rosa. The results, both theoretical and essayistic, highlight the heuristic potential of the acceleration theory for the understanding of the uses of time in school. In addition, criticism highlights the risks of didatization and the adoption of new information and communication technologies and the pertinence of the temporal dimension for the critical understanding of the decline of the ideal of formation in the pedagogical field. O artigo discute a temporalidade na escola, partindo da apresentação da teoria da aceleração social de Harmut Rosa a partir de seus conceitos de aceleração técnica, dos ritmos de vida e da mudança social, analisando posteriormente publicações recentes que discutem, de diferentes formas e a partir de perspectivas teóricas distintas, os tempos na escola. A exposição esclarece que as análises sobre esse tema se articulam em um amplo leque conceitual, destacando-se discussões sobre a qualificação do tempo escolar como Chrónos ou Kairós, análises dos ritmos e encadeamentos temporais na sala de aula e as necessárias articulações entre passado, presente e futuro na educação. A seguir o texto propõe uma ampliação da perspectiva de crítica da educação a partir da temporalidade na escola confrontando as análises encontradas nos artigos com as categorias críticas de Harmut Rosa. Os resultados da análise, de natureza teórica e ensaística, destacam o potencial heurístico da teoria da aceleração para a compreensão dos usos do tempo na escola. Além disso, a crítica ressalta os riscos da didatização e da adoção de novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação e a pertinência da dimensão temporal para a compreensão crítica do declínio do ideal de formação no campo pedagógico.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The goal of the paper is to present the possibilities of using crowdfunding in entrepreneurship education in higher education institutions and investigating the impact of this activity on the development or strengthening of entrepreneurial traits and attitudes of students. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The research problem concerns the use of crowdfunding in entrepreneurship education. The method applied to solve the research problem was a diagnostic survey. Questionnaires were completed by 314 full-time students and 34 academic teachers. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The process of reasoning starts with the presentation of the research method. Next, methods of the entrepreneurship education are described. Afterwards, research results are presented. The paper ends with conclusions and recommendations. RESEARCH RESULTS: In the opinion of students and academic teachers developing a crowdfunding projects by students, with the special emphasis on the action plan, might be an important didactic method in entrepreneurial education. It also has significant impact on the development or strengthening students’ ability to take advantage of opportunities. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS: The conclusions allow for verifying the thesis that crowdfunding might be used in an effective entrepreneurship education in higher education institutions. It is recommended to consider its inclusion in a wide range of methods used in entrepreneurship education.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The objective of the current paper is to verify in what way university students who declare high individual level of entrepreneurial intensity differ from those who are characterized by its intensity level. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: A statistical analysis of obtained survey results was conducted. The group of research participants included 413 business students. Following statistical methods were used to analyze the data: internal reliability test, chi-square test of independence, independent samples t-test. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The line of reasoning presented in the current paper starts with the analysis of entrepreneurial intensity which, when measured on an individual level, is distinctive to people who declare a strong commitment to following an entrepreneurial career. Later the theoretical background including individual characteristics and cognitions that can potentially be prevalent among entrepreneurs is presented. RESEARCH RESULTS: It was found that groups of students who display high and low levels of entrepreneurial intensity differ significantly. These differences pertain to individual characteristics (i.e. gender), the perception of business success indicators and the perception of entrepreneurs’ environment favorability. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Obtained results allow to formulate conclusions about ways in which the development of entrepreneurial attitudes can be facilitated. Several recommendations are proposed for educators and policy makers including adopting a more fine-grained approach to supporting the emergence of entrepreneurial culture in Poland.

In 2008, the National Policy for Special Education in the Perspective of Inclusive Education has, through its guidelines, the proposal of the Specialized Educational Service, whose task was to identify, prepare, organize learning resources and accessibility, eliminating the barriers to the full participation of students towards their specific needs; should complement and / or supplement the training of students, and the activities performed by this service can not replace the school. Thus, this study had as a goal to achieve a mapping of the studies presented at the Brazilian Congress of Special Education in the years of 2012 and 2014 involved the themes of Teachers’ Formation and Educational Policies related to Specialized Educational Service. A search in the Congress annals with the words “Specialized Educational Service” in the title, abstract or keywords was done. Thus, in 2012 were found 11 works about Teachers’ Formation + Specialized Educational Service and 5 papers about Educational Policies + Specialized Educational Service. In the year of 2014, there were 8 papers about Teachers’ Formation + Specialized Educational Service, and only 3 works about Educational Policies + Specialized Educational Service. After the analysis of the selected works, the mains results found in the studies point out, in their majority, to the necessity of bigger investments in the basic academic background as well as in the continuous academic background. No ano de 2008, a Política Nacional de Educação Especial na Perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva apresenta, por meio de suas diretrizes, a proposta do Atendimento Educacional Especializado (AEE), cabendo a este identificar, elaborar, organizar os recursos pedagógicos e de acessibilidade, eliminando assim, as barreiras para a plena participação dos alunos tendo em vista suas necessidades específicas; deverá complementar e/ou suplementar a formação dos alunos, e as atividades realizadas mediante este atendimento não poderão substituir a escolarização. Desse modo, este estudo teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento dos trabalhos apresentados no Congresso Brasileiro de Educação Especial (CBEE) nos anos de 2012 e 2014 que envolvessem as temáticas sobre Formação de Professores e Políticas Educacionais vinculadas ao Atendimento Educacional Especializado. Buscou-se nos anais do Congresso trabalhos que apresentavam as palavras “Atendimento Educacional Especializado”, podendo estar inseridas no título, resumo ou palavras-chave. Sendo assim, no ano de 2012 foram encontrados 11 trabalhos sobre Formação de Professores + AEE e 5 trabalhos sobre Políticas Educacionais + AEE. Já no ano de 2014, havia 8 trabalhos sobre Formação de Professores + AEE, e apenas 3 trabalhos sobre Políticas Educacionais + AEE. Após a análise dos trabalhos selecionados, os principais resultados apontam, em sua maioria, para a necessidade de maiores investimentos na formação básica do professor bem como em sua formação continuada.

In this paper, we aim to analyze learning contexts propitiated by a university-school collaboration project, which can benefit and enhance the reflection on knowledge built from training and teaching activities, composed of undergraduates and mathematics teachers. To develop the research, it was chosen a collaborative space called Curricular Activity of Integration between Education, Research and Extension (ACIEPE) offered by Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Brazil. 11 students from this ACIEPE have participated in the research, five were undergraduate students in education, two in mathematics, three teachers of early years of Sorocaba Municipal schools and one mathematics teacher of Sorocaba state school. The data production was based on field observations, audio recordings and interviews performed with the study participants. The paper’s theoretical foundation are the studies of Day, Foerste and Hargreaves on collaborative groups, which made it possible to identify that these spaces contribute to the teacher training process, since it promotes group discussions, personal reflection, appropriation and development of critical elements, thus enabling the constitution of the participants’ teaching identity participants. In addition, it facilitated to give more attention to working conditions and learning opportunities in the workplace - the school - and in the training space - the university. Neste artigo, temos o objetivo de analisar contextos de aprendizagem propiciados por um projeto de colaboração universidade-escola, que podem favorecer e potencializar a reflexão sobre conhecimentos construídos a partir da formação e da ação docente, compostos por graduandos e professores que ensinam Matemática. Para a realização da pesquisa, foi escolhido o espaço colaborativo denominado Atividade Curricular de Integração Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão (ACIEPE) oferecida pela Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Brasil. Participaram da pesquisa 11 estudantes da referida ACIEPE, dentre os quais cinco eram licenciandas de Pedagogia, dois licenciandos de Matemática, três professoras dos anos iniciais da rede pública Municipal de Sorocaba e uma professora de Matemática da rede pública Estadual de Sorocaba. A produção dos dados foi baseada nas observações de campo, gravações em áudio e entrevistas realizadas com os participantes do estudo. O artigo tem como fundamentação teórica os estudos de Day, Foerste e Hargreaves sobre grupos colaborativos, os quais possibilitaram identificar que esses espaços contribuem para o processo formativo docente a partir das discussões coletivas, reflexão pessoal, apropriações e desenvolvimento de elementos críticos, possibilitando, assim, a constituição da identidade docente dos participantes. Além disso, propiciou dar maior atenção às condições de trabalho e às oportunidades de aprendizagem no local de trabalho ? a escola ? e no local de formação ? a universidade.

This paper focuses on a puppet theatre troupe which performed from September 1943 to the end of 1944 in “Free Greece”, i.e. the part of central mountainous Greece which was under the control of the resistance groups fighting against Nazi occupation. The main protagonist of the performances was the puppeteer Nikos Akiloglou (1914/1915-2005) assisted by artists and educationalists. He was performing in September 1943 when he was called by the Resistance to “Free Greece” where he remained until the end of 1944, after which he returned to Athens following the liberation of Greece from the Nazis. His audience consisted of children of primary and nursery schools and their teachers, resistance groups and the students of the Educational Academy which had been established in “Free Greece”.The paper relies on oral interviews, archival and material documents. It aims mainly to explore the educational and artistic aspects of these puppet performances both for children and adults (resistance fighters and teachers).

The paper deals with John Dewey’s democratic concept of school and its international significance. The man of the XX century, John Dewey (1859-1952) has made great impact on the development of world pedagogy. The masterwork «Democracy and Education» published in 1916 by American scholar and educational reformer is in the focus of attention too. The main elements of John Dewey’s concept of child-oriented school are given along with the following three conditions: «democracy», «growth» and «experience». The author explains the reasons of Dewey’s influence on educational thought and practice in the XXth century. The experience of old European countries such as Great Britain, France, Turkey, as well as Japan, Russia and Latin America is touched upon in the paper. It is stressed that cultural interpretations of Dewey’s ideas and practices in different countries served as the instrument of modernization of the state and school reform stimulator. John Dewey’s democratic ideas brought him international reputation of an outstanding philosopher and the best educator of the XXth century alongside with the other three: George Kershensteiner, Maria Montessori and Anton Makarenko.

The paper will describe the development of universities in Latvia from 1950’s to nowadays. The higher education system experienced changes along with the political transformations of the country. Latvia was incorporated in the Soviet Union in 1940, regained its independence in 1991 and joined EU in 2004. Since 2012 Latvia is a fully fledged participant of the European Higher Education Area. The paper will describe the transformations of universities in Latvia from the perspective of a cultural learning theory and transfer of knowledge defined by Gita Steiner-Khamsi. It will provide the reference to an external education model, its modification and metamorphosis into a local educational model. Latvia as a small country and relatively new culture had found itself in the situation to learn from the cultural experiences of countries that have longer experience of democracy and had to overtake the ideas of the education systems from other countries and adopt them to the local needs.

Currently English universities are responding to a recent government Green Paper which promises to deliver a raft of radical policy changes which could have a major impact on how excellence in teaching and learning is to be publicly acknowledged and rewarded. A significant, yet controversial proposal is the introduction of a «Teaching Excellence Framework» for universities. This paper examines and contextualises the current important policy debates and then presents some preliminary findings from a recent empirical case study which explored how research-intensive universities have valued, rewarded and supported excellence in teaching through institutional structures and also from the perspectives of academic staff responsible for teaching students. We argue that the reality on the ground for many academics is a sense of confusion and contraction around how their universities value and support high quality teaching and that there may be some way to go before some of the ideas and principles currently being discussed in the context of a national English Teaching Excellence Framework are fully embedded in practice.

This first paragraphs of this paper has been developed into two levels of argumentation. The first aimed to perform a genealogical analysis of the role of the different technologies (book and digital media) in redefine time, spaces, methods and relationships within the learning environments. More in detail we try: (a) to define the relationship between evolution of educational technologies and the new growing strategies for learning and teaching; (b) to understand the close connection (cultural and practical) among digital media, new teaching methods (based on the constructivist paradigm) and different educational environments and settings. As a consequence, the paper sketches an analysis of the «new» digitally augmented spaces for learning. In particular, we point out how methodological and didactical innovation and design of new «spaces and multiple environments» for learning are inextricably linked. They are actually the spaces in which it possile to apply new technologies for augmented learning. From all these points of view, the traditional classroom is definitely obsolete.

From the point of view of international law, what we are seeking in this paper is to expose some of the premises for a (new) approach to fundamental social rights. If we think about the absolute supremacy of human life, a life that, to be understood as such, must be a life lived with dignity, we have to think about life from a material point of view and, therefore, in a priority status to the so-called «social» rights, since social rights (economic, social and cultural) address issues as basic to life and human dignity as food, health, shelter, work, education and water. With this understanding, it becomes very clear that the materiality of human dignity rests on the so-called «existential minimum», the hard kernel of social rights, in such a way that social rights are genuine (true) fundamental human rights. Recognition of social rights cannot be, therefore, a mere listing of good intentions on the part of the state. Social rights are fundamental rights, which are for all men, can be exercised by everyone and are essential to life and human dignity. What we are seeking in this paper, then, is to shed light on the understanding that social rights are fundamental human rights in international law.