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Francis Bacon says knowledge is power. The creation of knowledge and its dissemina-tion largely depends on the creation of literary works. The great works of Shakespeare, da Vinci, Homer, Picasso, Milton, Tagore etc. have been a treasure trove of mankind. Human beings have enjoyed the work, been inspired by the work, taken joy and eternal bliss in such works. However, the creation of knowledge is dependent on pre-existing knowledge. Creators create a work which requires hard work, imagi-nation, creativity and which is incentivised by recognition of their work. The legal order of a couth society affords protection to such a work by copyright law & fair use. Fair use allows a person to use a work by duly acknowledging and referencing the work. Issue of plagiarism and abuse of fair use was aggravated by human greed. The economic implication of copyright infringement aggravated the whole issue. Referencing turned into war. The Bluebook, the Maroonbook, the ALWD, the APA and OSCOLA citation styles engaged in some kind of a war. Reference management systems like Zotero, Endnote, Mendeley etc. just fanned the flame. Disruptive and generative artificial intelligence has created a serious challenge to academic research. In this paper, the author attempts to delve into the inter-linkage of academic writing, research, citation, copyright, referencing mechanism and plagiarism in contempo-rary society, and the aftermath of it. The author attempts to investigate the challenges of writing and the protection of works vis-a-vis referencing tools and techniques

Abstract: The paper intends to show that the Rise from Despair to Hope in Shakespeare’s Hamlet emerges as a significant societal transformation of Elizabethan land. The paper maintains that this social change reflects the upward movement of the Elizabethan society engaged on the way to familial and brotherhood reconstruction. This shift represents a new direction and by the way, constitutes a rewarding phase for Shakespeare because it celebrates the break with the past. By a sociocritical analysis, the paper also accesses the Elizabethan social shift with a ray of expectations since a new Elsinore is born from the ashes of the chaotic situation in which Claudius is the lead-promoter. Keywords: fratricide, brotherhood, reconstruction, despair, hope.

Abstract: Ibrahim Al-Koni is celebrated for his vivid depiction of the desert and its diverse inhabitants—humans, animals, and even flora—within a unified and innovative narrative framework. His literary works reveal the mysterious world of the Tuareg, delving into their psychological landscape and life philosophy, and examining a mindset nearly erased from our collective human consciousness. Al-Koni skillfully interlaces factual accounts with mythological elements, offering a reflection on human nature that is both deep and universally applicable. Al-Koni’s narratives, with their distinct focus on the desert and its fundamental life rituals, brilliantly expand these themes to address broader aspects of human culture, prompting critical questions about humanity’s relationship with the cosmos and nature. His creations provide a window into a critical segment of history and a cultural memory on the verge of fading. In Al-Koni's portrayal, desert inhabitants resist a sedentary existence, confronting the desert's inhospitable forces—a stark contrast to life—in pursuit of a freedom that resonates with their existential beliefs. The desert, with its severe austerity, exposes the essence of entities and tests the human soul against fate. This clash with the harsh desert landscape forces a profound reevaluation of existence from a uniquely different perspective. This paper seeks to clarify this perspective on life and existence as experienced by desert inhabitants, especially emphasizing the pivotal role of animals. These creatures exceed their functional roles, becoming companions and sources of inspiration. This analysis, centered on Al-Koni’s "The Bleeding of the Stone" and "Gold Dust," explores the depth of his engagement with and reverence for desert life despite its brutality. It investigates: How does Al-Koni depict the extraordinary symbiosis between humans and animals, particularly through the dappled Mahri camel and the Barbary sheep? Furthermore, how does he utilize the element of the sublime in his narratives, drawing from mythological constructs to shape the narrative structure? Keywords: Novel, Desert, Myths, Traditions, Human

Abstract: In higher education, fostering critical reading strategies across cultural literary contexts presents a formidable challenge. As educational paradigms shift towards interdisciplinary approaches, educators must grapple with the complex interplay of diverse cultural perspectives within the realm of literary analysis. This paper explores the significance of interdisciplinary perspectives in teaching critical reading skills, particularly in navigating the rich tapestry of cultural literary contexts. Drawing upon insights from various disciplines such as literature, cultural studies, and education, it examines strategies for effectively integrating diverse texts and methodologies into the curriculum. Furthermore, it addresses the challenges inherent in engaging students with interdisciplinary teaching strategies and offers recommendations for enhancing pedagogical practices. By embracing interdisciplinary approaches, educators can cultivate a more nuanced understanding of literature across cultural boundaries and empower students to critically engage with texts in an increasingly globalized world. Keywords: Fostering, literature, critical, reading, strategies

The paper focuses on the multi-faceted personality and work of Piero Calamandrei – an outstanding protagonist in the sphere of law, academia, institutions and culture – highlighting how many provisions of the Constitution are indebted to his proposals. In particular, Calamandrei contributed to the drafting of norms on civil rights, the constitutionalisation of social rights, and the protection of the autonomy and independence of the judiciary, an aspect to which the Author pays specific attention along with the principle of the separation of powers, which constitutes the ‘beating heart’ of the relations between politics and the judiciary.

The aim of this paper is to reconstruct the main features and historical-political reasons behind the presidentialism proposal advanced by Piero Calamandrei in the Constituent Assembly. The Author illustrates this proposal not only within the context of the Florentine jurist’s thought, but also within the broader field of institutional reforms and the Italian political system, highlighting the factors that undermine the stability of the executive.

The paper concerns the contribution given by Calamandrei with the Mexican conferences to the transformative constitutionalism that spread in Latin America. In particular, it dwells on the role of the judge as an engine of social transformation. After a brief introduction on the role of the judge in pre-1944 works, the Author emphasizes the liberal-socialist culture as the matrix of the social justice promised in the Republican Constitution. Secondly, the Author focuses on the inaugural conference of the 1950 International Congress, in which Calamandrei invites us to read the trial in the light of the constitutional principles of the welfare state. The Mexican conferences, in which the judge becomes an engine of social transformation, are then analysed. The paper concludes with an analysis of the legacy of the Mexican conferences in Latin America: the ‘transformative constitutionalism’.

The paper focuses on the Risorgimento roots of Piero Calamandrei’s thought, on his firm and open opposition to Fascism from the very beginning, and on his relationship with the Resistance. Through the pages of his Diary, the atmosphere of heavy oppression endured by many anti-fascist intellectuals is reconstructed. For Calamandrei, the liberation struggle became a historical moment of reconciliation not only with the ‘homeland’ vilified by Fascism, but also with the generation of which his son Franco was part, who had made a fundamental contribution to the Resistance.

Finally, in 2024, a unique tool for consulting the Calamandrei archives sees the light of day, thanks to the digitization of the fonds held at institutions and foundations located in Florence, Rome, Trento and Montepulciano. For the time being, the correspondences, but the project Kaleodoscope of papers, launched in 2009, continues on the entire documentary heritage, allowing valuable cross-fertilization to scholars and full accessibility to the public.

The paper analyses the multi-faceted personality and work of Piero Calamandrei, highlighting how the Florentine jurist was an outstanding protagonist in the sphere of law, academia, institutions and Italian culture in the 20th century, also thanks to his important contribution to the Constituent Assembly. In particular, the Author emphasises Calamandrei’s commitment to democracy, the defence of rights, the Welfare State and, in general, the implementation of the Constitution, which had to be ‘far-sighted’, meaning capable of looking to future generations.

The paper focuses on the emergence of the European Federalist Movement between the two World Wars up to the establishment of the Association of European Federalists in 1944. The Author pays particular attention to Piero Calamandrei’s significant contribution to European federalism. The Florentine jurist envisioned federalism as closely linked to regionalism and peace, in an international context marked by a world divided into two opposing blocs by the Cold War.

The paper analyses the genesis of social rights in the Italian legal system and examines the complex debate on the social question, which was animated by different awareness. The debate was inspired by Santi Romano’s crucial reflections in the early 1900s and continued throughout the century thanks to the contribution of important jurists, including Piero Calamandrei. The Florentine jurist is credited with having clearly outlined the different legal structure and political function of social rights compared to the traditional rights of freedom. A special attention is therefore paid to Calamandrei’s interventions during the Constituent Assembly debates, which resulted in the full recognition of social rights in the 1948 Republican Constitution.

The paper traces the history of the journal Il Ponte, founded by Piero Calamandrei in April 1945, in order to capture the ideal roots of this audacious publishing initiative. The Author focuses on the liberal-socialist vocation of the journal and on the ideals of European federalism that led Calamandrei to oppose the Atlantic Pact. Lastly, he delves into the commitment of the Florentine jurist in support of the Constitution, democracy and the Welfare State.

Te paper reconstructs the profound intellectual connection between Piero Calamandrei and the brothers Carlo and Nello Rosselli, which began in the 1920s with the foundation of the Circolo di Cultura in Florence, and prosecuted through the collaboration with the underground newspaper Non Mollare, until the establishment of the Partito d’Azione that inherited the legacy of the Giustizia e Libertà movement founded by Carlo Rosselli in 1929. Particular attention is paid to the commemorative plaques dedicated by Calamandrei to the Rosselli brothers and to the ideas of liberal socialism, actively cultivated by the Florentine jurist in the Constituent Assembly.

The paper focuses on the lectures given by Piero Calamandrei in 1952 at the University of Mexico, which were collected in the famous volume Processo e democrazia published by Cedam in 1954. The volume, translated in China in 2005, has aroused lively interest among Chinese scholars. The Author expresses his appreciation for the scholarly tradition stemming from Calamandrei and, in particular, he emphasises the profile of judiciary’s autonomy and independence, which distinguishes liberal and democratic systems from authoritarian ones. Lastly, the Author dwells on the relationship between judges and lawyers, which should take place in a climate of active and mutual trust.

Te paper reconstructs the genesis of the ‘Centro di iniziativa giuridica Piero Calamandrei’ Foundation, from the initiative of the Radical Party to its progressive autonomy. After outlining the characteristic features of its statutory purposes, the Author highlights the main actions of the Foundation, among which the very recent publication in open access of the ten hard-to-find volumes of Calamandrei’s Opere giuridiche, edited by Mauro Cappelletti, stands out.

Research on regiolects commonly concentrates on phenomena of traditional dialectology. In his talk at the 6th IGDD congress in September 2018 Michael Elmentaler whatsoever plead to rather focus on characteristics of regiolects by themselves. As a scientific approach he mentioned regional phraseology. The following research project now focuses on the regional distribution of phrasemes and tries to find out whether participants are aware of these and which influence age has. Therefore 26 phrasemes, based on the Rheinisches Mitmachwörterbuch, an interactive online tool of the LVR-Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte (ILR), that are not codified or coded „landschaftlich rheinisch/westmitteldeutsch“ in relevant lexicons are presented to participants. They then rated whether they knew and used these phrasemes or whether they were unknown to them. Moreover, participants were able to fill in variants of the idioms in question. First results from the study concerning awareness and age will be presented in this paper.

Language experiments have a long tradition in the field of dialectology to investigate phonological, lexical and syntactic variation. Methodologically, the repertoire ranges from written test procedures to standardized language production tests and interviews whereby different types of tasks (e. g. translation, picture-naming, evaluation tasks) are used. In order to investigate the variation and perception of morpho(phono)logical phenomena (e. g. the variation of the superlative dat schéinst/dat schéinsten/dat schéinstent Meedchen ‘the most beautiful girl’) in Luxembourgish, I developed a new test procedure, which is based on test procedures and tasks already used in other dialectological and variationist projects (e. g. Syntax Hessischer Dialekte (SyHD), cf. Fleischer/Lenz/Weiß 2015, Sprachvariation in Norddeutschland (SiN); cf. Elmentaler et al. 2015)). The development of a new method was indispensable, since firstly, it must be adapted to the analysis of morpho(phono)logical phenomena that are not linked to regional variation and secondly this test aims to analyse salience and pertinence, two relevant concepts within the scope of language perception and evaluation (cf. Purschke 2011), separately. This paper thus presents an experiment that aims to investigate the perception of morpho(phono)logical variation and its variants in Luxembourgish. The individual test procedures, a salience test, a specific form of scale-based test, a translation task and a supplementary questionnaire are described, contextualized and discussed in detail. The focus also lies on the special design of the test, which is able to ascertain the salience and pertinence of certain variants and to correlate them directly with the production of the variants and the self-evaluation of the individual participants.

This paper aims to present observations on the pragmaticalized use as well as the concomitant functions of the demonstrative este in Mexican Spanish. Este seems to serve an additional range of functions in Mexican Spanish in particular, but also in other Hispanic American varieties, as it has turned into a quite productive discourse marker that can be considered, among other things, as a hesitation element, an outline signal, and probably also as an evidentiality marker. The specific functional domains (especially with regard to possible evidential functions) will be illustrated in more detail in the paper using oral language data from the speaker community of the southern Mexican city of Oaxaca de Juárez. The study also includes a sociolinguistically oriented quantitative analysis, the results of which will also be discussed in the context of language ideological attitudes towards este.

Autonomous verbs in Irish are special verb forms incompatible with the surface realization of a subject. Previous studies have suggested to postulate empty categories such as pro, PRO or expletive pro to fill the subject position (cf. Stenson 1989; McCloskey 2007; Bondaruk/ Charzyńska-Wóicjk 2003), thus rejecting the idea that these verbs might be classified as completely subjectless. A series of syntactic tests bear out the hypothesis that, at least for Irish, these verbs behave as actually lacking a subject. I first suggest correlating this state of affairs to the fact that, with autonomous verbs, no argument role to be promoted to subject position is selected at the valency level, although it is “implied” in the unfolding of the event. Secondly, I argue that both valency reduction and syntactic non-realization of an argument role is driven by information structural constraints; notably, the focal nature of autonomous verbs (as advocated elsewhere, cf. Nolan 2012) causes the subject (together with the argument role it is associated with) to be informationally downgraded, thereby leading to its suppression in the sentence. The position held in this paper is that autonomous verbs of the Irish type epitomize an interesting phenomenon of semantic-pragmatic interface, with the pragmatic level of the utterance “mediating” between the semantic and the syntactic level; in such a perspective, the pragmatic (information structural) level of an utterance would determine either the number and type of argument roles a verb can take in a particular discourse context (cf. DuBois 1987; Goldberg 2006) and their syntactic encoding.

This paper presents a comparative study of two widely used EFL textbooks in the 4th year of Compulsory Secondary Education in La Rioja, Spain, examining how their reading activities influence learners' cultural cognitive processes through their vocabulary input. Employing Cultural Linguistics' framework (Sharifian, 2011), the study aims to: (i) identify the activation of cultural conceptualizations in the reading passages, (ii) assess the development of schemas and categories with the inclusion of sub-schemas and instances, and (iii) explore what cultures are enhanced by these cultural conceptualizations. Results indicate the activation of cultural schemas and categories, with schemas being more prevalent, and the inclusion of sub-schemas and instances enriching cultural meaning. The approach to addressing culture in EFL textbooks varies in each book. Our findings show that the presence of sub-schemas and instances may facilitate learners in effectively navigating intercultural encounters.

Abstract: This paper examines the portrayal of trauma and collective memory in The Baghdad Eucharist, a remarkable novel set in Iraq. It argues that our memory often repeats itself when we fail to grasp its true significance. The aftermath of the postwar period in Iraq, particularly after 2003, was characterized by profound psychological traumas experienced both individually and collectively. Youssef and Maha, the main characters, bear the psychological scars of a tragic event deeply rooted in the sensitive aspects of Iraq's history and culture. In his novel, Sinan Antoon focuses on depicting Iraq's transformation and the invasion of sectarian war that engulfs the nation. In The Baghdad Eucharist, he chooses to write about the 2010 bombing of a church, a devastating incident resulting in numerous deaths. Drawing from the theory of trauma, this paper analyzes the presentation of trauma through the lens of Youssef and Maha, two characters profoundly affected by the traumatic memory. Youssef and Maha's experiences reflect the enduring impact of the witnessed event. The paper seeks to unravel the intricate dynamics of collective memory following significant historical events by exploring their psychological wounds and the subsequent manifestations of trauma. By examining the complexities of trauma and collective memory, this analysis of The Baghdad Eucharist contributes to a deeper understanding of the lasting consequences of war and violence on individuals and societies. It sheds light on the interplay between personal trauma and the broader cultural and historical contexts. Ultimately, this paper underscores the significance of acknowledging and comprehending traumatic experiences, as they shape our collective memory and influence our perception of the world. Keywords: The Baghdad Eucharist, Sinan Antoon, Iraq Trauma, Sectarian war, Arab American Literature, violence.

Abstract: This present paper discusses the necessity for English language teachers in Algeria to be aware of the social and cultural aspects that influence the use of English in Algeria. This idea of awareness-raising is believed to help both language teachers and learners alike to be attained by stressing the contribution of sociolinguistics in language elaboration programs beyond determining what kind of language is appropriate in interpersonal interactions to recognizing language as a social institution that influences attitudes and behaviors. Sociolinguistic profiles should be, therefore, conceived as a Socio-cultural framework for distinguishing characteristics of English users and users in the Algerian context. This kind of framework is used to support pragmatically EFL teacher education. Keywords: Algeria, ELT, foreign language education, sociolinguistics.

Abstract: Thanks to stylistics and narratology, this paper examines the aesthetics of jazz music in Jazz before shedding light on the function of this musical genre in Toni Morrison’s novel. From Jazz stylistic devices that invade the novel, the paper sets a parallel between Jazz, the literary text and Jazz, the musical genre. It also shows the role of Jazz music in the lives of the characters by analyzing it as a racial therapy that enables Blacks to heal their American racial disease, which is racism. Jazz music not only enables oppressed characters to protest, resist and transcend their racial oppression, but it also helps them to construct and assert their African American identity. From the similarity between the novel and the musical genre in terms of aesthetics and philosophy, the paper concludes that Morrison’s text can be read and listened to as well as jazz music. Keywords: aesthetics, identity, jazz music, oppression, race.

Abstract: Among the diverse literary dramatic forms, the theatre of the absurd inhabits and characterizes the intellectual European literature since the fifteenth century, starting from Erasmus of Rotterdam’s Praise of Madness (1511). Then, it was the threshold of a period when man trusts his reason more and more to know himself and to know the world, as well as to justify his faith; ironically, a room for the absurd was made, to defuse all tranquil certainties and dogmatisms founded on the logic of appearances. The concept of absurdism judiciously flourished and made an eminent association with abstract symbolism, which starting from the 19th century, takes the form of decadentist - aestheticized despair of an ending world - but then finds its truth in the search for a reality which favors interior sensation, the subjective, the unconscious, ephemeral, and the dream. This paper, then, will try to show how both absurdism and symbolism phenomena are founded and involved in the writing of tragedians namely Edward Albee in “who’s Afraid of Virginia Wolf?” the American classic. This genre of plays leaves the audience systematically confused as it echoes on the one hand the absurdity of family society life in all of its banality and darkness and denial of reality. On the other hand, it symbolizes the conflict between reality and illusion. Here, we see the combination of an absurd current and a symbolic / realist one as a species specific postmodern drama. The first is marked by the absurd eccentricity of characters Martha & George. The second takes the integrated symbolic form juxtaposed to realism by revolting against the absurd. Keywords: the absurd, abstract symbolism, realism, illusion, family life.

Abstract: Algeria's public sector has seen a big change. It's gone digital. Now, for different sectors, there are apps and online portals. These tools make it easy to get documents you need. It is simpler to follow official procedures. Better public services in education, job training, and healthcare. This write-up also explores how to tackle social and economic problems. This is done with ideas that boost job creation, investment, tax gathering, and money management. Such methods have hurried along the shift in public utilities. It has also quickened the change from paper to digital in official processes. Keywords: E-Digitization, Effectiveness, Public Service, Algerian Administration

Abstract: This paper explores the multifaceted aspects of digital communication, emphasizing its evolution from analog to digital realms. It delves into the definition, factors shaping digital communication, its constituents, tiers, and advantages. The discussion extends to the roles digital communication plays in various domains such as social interaction, media, and advertising. The paper synthesizes key research findings and theories to provide a holistic view of digital communication's impact on contemporary society, highlighting its advantages over traditional communication methods and its role in bridging cultural and geographical divides. Keywords: Virtual Currency, Digital Money, Media and Communication, Cybersecurity.

Abstract: Native Americans also widely called American Indians are the aboriginals of the whole continent of America. Unlike other minority groups living in the United States of America (USA), they have experienced every phase of European settlements, from the 14th century to the present. Proud of their rich diverse cultures, most Native Americans used to live in tepees, specific conical tents, in wide open spaces surrounded by majestic mountains, rivers and giant trees, and in total harmony with the fauna. When the Europeans started settling permanently in New England (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island), Native Americans taught them how to raise crops and how to hunt games. However, the number of Native Americans decreased drastically because of imported diseases, war and coercion tools as the Europeans’ civilizing onslaught kept destroying their peaceful ways of life compelling them to live on reservations all across the USA. While exploring the way Native Americans have influenced the American society, this paper aims to demonstrate that the reservations policy is no preferential treatment but just a different way of treatment from a long eradication process. Keywords: Native Americans, reservations, Thanksgiving, USA.

Abstract: In this article, we will attempt a broad exploration of new literary forms in order to gain an overview of how literary work has taken hold of new digital technologies. We will then attempt to identify the problematic relationship between electronic and digital literature and examine the definitional issues that arise. Finally, we present an overview of the different types of digital poetry, highlighting the relationship of continuity or rupture between traditional and digital literary forms. Keywords: Literature, Digital, Electronics, Hypertextuality, Interactivity

Abstract: This research paper calls for a deeper exploration of learner autonomy in the context of writing dissertations in English as a Foreign Language (EFL). Achieving university-level research requires advanced abilities to overcome complex research-related challenges while adhering to strict academic standards and expectations. Consequently, fostering Learner Autonomy (LA) among graduate students becomes crucial. This study investigated the perspectives of EFL Algerian teachers and students on LA, employing four distinct lenses: the understanding and significance of LA, autonomy levels and readiness to engage in research, challenges faced in maintaining autonomy during the dissertation writing process, and strategies for developing LA among student writers/researchers. To this end, a randomly selected sample of 65 respondents from six Algerian universities across diverse regions of the country (north, west, south, and east) participated in an online questionnaire. The data was then analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. The findings allowed for framing LA from the participants’ perspectives and identifying different practices to promote autonomous learning as students progress from mere learners to researchers. Based on the data discussed, this study offered implications for key stakeholders in higher education. Keywords: Learner autonomy, thesis/dissertation writing, research, graduate students, higher education

Abstract: Undoubtedly, the sublime expressiveness in the Quranic discourse has been a strong motivator for researchers to unravel the codes of these living and renewable indications, and to illustrate their evocative images by interrogating the linguistic elements of its verses. Deepening insights into their meanings and implications encourages reflection. Perhaps, the topic of conversational presupposition holds significant importance in comprehending the discourse of Allah Almighty in a scientific and conscious manner, far from the misunderstandings arising from ignorance of the noble Quranic verses' communicative purposes beyond their true meanings. The pragmatic approach holds advantages and positive aspects in the analysis of the Quranic discourse. It assists the recipient (reader and listener), the interpreter, and every student of the noble Quran ‘verses in achieving a profound understanding. This is accomplished by linking syntactic structure and semantics to the communicative function and the performative capacity, utilizing the section on "conversational presupposition." This section involves the study of the semantic requirements of Quranic structures, starting from the logic of dialogue, the intention of the speaker, the understanding of the listener, and the principle of collaboration between them. This paper, in its practical aspect, aims to utilize the principles of conversation to study the implications resulting from the violation of one of the dialogical principles and the semantic value acquired by these specific requirements. The goal is to preserve the conversational process between the interlocutors without compromising the general principle of cooperation. Keywords: Pragmatic approach, Quranic discourse, understanding, violation, rules of conversation, principle of manner.

Abstract: This paper examines the African critic and novelist Chinua Achebe's reworking and recycling W.E.B.DU Bois's short story "Of The Coming Of John"(1903). Achebe's "Dead Men's Path"(1953) represents the return of the protagonist Michael Obi from his academic journey towards his home of origin Nigeria. He goes back to fulfill a mission of ruling a secondary school that suffers backwardness. To some extent, Achebe by doing so, is appropriating and adapting W.E.B.DU Bois's short story "Of The Coming of John" (1903) that exposes the dilemma of double consciousness in USA as well as the issues of race, ethnicity and discrimination. In Du Bois's work there are two characters possessing the same name of John, but they are completely different in term of social class and skin color. Thus, this research is both analytic and comparative; relying on a close reading of the two works to distinguish both the similarities and the differences between them. Also, it aims at shedding lights on how Achebe recreates the American atmosphere and the problem of north-south in the United States and molds it in Nigeria's decolonization mood, as well as, the debate between modernism and tradition. Keywords: African Literature ; Chinua Achebe ; Afro-American Literature ; Appropriation ; W.E.B.DU Bois.

Abstract: This contribution aims to emphasize the travel literature, which constitutes the old types of literature. In fact, it has experienced remarkable changes before arriving to open up on other dimensions, especially in the period that came just after colonialism. This research aims to focus on travel narratives in Arab literature, mostly the topics that were discussed at that time, namely constitutions of self and others, transculturation, nostalgia, language and contact zones. Indeed, we turn in this paper to represent the spiritual and affiliation aspect relating to the travel narratives expressed by the novelist Ahmed Al-Madini, especially in his book: “The Journey to God’s Country, followed by The Journey to Ramallah », in which we will analyze the different characteristics of the travel narratives. Keywords: Travel narratives, postcolonial, Arab literature, Ahmed Al-Madini, spiritual, affiliation dimensions.

Abstract: The paper investigates complex nominal expressions in Tagbana a language spoken in the central-north part of Côte d´Ivoire. Complex nominal or compounds are the relation between two lexical categories, producing another by an implicit relationship between the constituents, Chappell & McGregor (1989) and Guevara & Scalise (2009) and it has been highly attentive in the linguistics literatures but none of them exist on Tagbana. Three kinds of complex nouns are explored in this paper: complex nouns consisting of two or more nominal roots (n +n); compounds consisting of a nominal and a verbal root (n + v) and the third kind consisting of a nominal and an adjectival root (n + a). The question arises as to the nature of the hierarchy of the structure of these complex constituents. It is shown that the rightmost element of a compound, or the final one in case there is more than two, is always the head of the compound and the entire complex noun acquires the class of the last element. If, however, the second element is an adjective, which does not have a class by itself, in this case, the complex noun acquires the class of the leftmost element. I propose an account of how morphological structures interact in these kinds of constructions and I look at the extent to which distributed morphology can account for these complex nominal constructions in Tagbana. Keywords: Complex nominals, Tagbana, Morphology, Distributed Morphology

The paper examines the roles of Crescas and Spinoza in the transition from the medieval to the modern conception of the universe. Crescas is presented as an illustrative example of the tension between Aristotelianism and revealed religion and how the latter brings about the dissolution of the former, thus paving the way for the modern conception of the universe. It is then showed how this modern conception is embodied in Spinoza’s thought, which radicalizes some of its defining traits. This radicalization undermines the traditional conception of the Deus absconditus and leads in Spinoza to the replacement of religion by philosophy as the true divine revelation.

The rapid evolution of Industrial Computed Tomography (CT) continues to raise the bar for high-resolution, accurate, and precise imaging tools. Developing effective micro CT test patterns is key to meeting these expectations. This study presents XRnanotech's advanced MicroCT test target, engineered using micro- and nano-fabrication technologies, including electron beam lithography. There are several variants; one set features various lines and spaces with dimensions as small as 200 nm and a gold contrast height of 1.5 µm for high contrast. Another set features a contrast height of approximately 4 µm, with the smallest feature sizes of 300 nm and 400 nm, respectively. The paper highlights its performance metrics, ultimately demonstrating how this innovation advances the potential of MicroCT testing.

ABSTRACT This paper examines the role that the notion of political obligation has in the thought of the Italian philosopher of politics and law Alessandro Passerin d’Entrèves (1902 - 1985), especially in its relationship with the democratic regime and forms of resistance on the part of citizens. By analyzing the author’s main arguments in this regard, it seeks to demonstrate the flexibility of the author’s concept of State, and the importance of philosophy as a point of intersection between morality and law, constituting itself as an instrument of phenomenological approach to the forms of human association.

ABSTRACT We can often find in the literature (both popular and academic) ascriptions of complex collective duties to extensive unstructured collections of individuals. By ‘complex collective duties’, I mean collective duties that, plausibly, require that the individual members of an extensive unstructured collection should enact different contributory act-types to achieve an end jointly - for example, the alleged universal collective duty to end global poverty. In this paper, I argue that these duties are not action-guiding. The reason is that they do not pass what I call the ‘test of action-guidance’. This test assumes the intuitive belief that a moral duty is action-guiding only if it is clear to the duty-bearer the act-type that she should enact after the ascription of the duty. Complex collective duties ascribed to extensive unstructured collections fail to pass this test because, even though each duty-bearer (that is, each member of the collection) receives guidance on the end that they should achieve jointly, it is not clear to these agents the act-type that each of them should put into practice.

This study systematically investigates the primary issues and obstacles impeding the establishment of a functional and credible judiciary in Kosovo, adopting an international perspective. The research methodology includes a combination of qualitative and empirical analytical approaches to concrete actions based on a review of relevant literature, reports, and legal documents. This paper concludes that Kosovo should be ready to reach compromises, strengthen the independence, pro­fessionalism, transparency and accountability of judges and prosecutors, and increase public confidence in justice, to achieve a successful reform in the judicial system. The paper offers several recommendations for improving the quality and efficiency of justice in Kosovo, such as promoting cooperation and coordination with international factors in this field.

The crimes of armed robbery and robbery with a deadly weapon have always been the most pervasive, harmful crime against property in Hungary and are mostly associated with male perpetrators since. However, there are also female perpetra­tors committing the crimes of armed robbery or robbery committed with a deadly weapon. Despite the availability of the judicial decisions in the public judicial database, the characteristics of these female perpetrators – including their motiva­tions and the judicial procedures – have never been analysed. This paper will look into how female perpetrators mostly act together with male perpetrators and mostly motivated by financial difficulties. The females in question are almost exclusively adults outside of a domestic relationship and are not parents. They typically have a low­level education, and as a result have lower­paying blue­collar jobs.

The paper deals with the role of lexicographic resources in the South Tyrolean (i. e. the Autonomous Province of Bolzano/Bozen, Italy) educational context against the backdrop of legal provisions (Das neue Autonomiestatut 2019/1972) and the relevance of language education on the part of educational institutions (Rahmenrichtlinien DE, Rahmenrichtlinien IT), taking into account both normative requirements and their application in practice. The focus is on two questions that have been little researched so far, not only in the specific context but also internationally (cf. Abel 2022; Nied Curcio 2022): To what extent are lexicographic resources represented in the school framework guidelines? How are they actually used in schools? For the case study presented here, the South Tyrolean framework guidelines provided by the German and the Italian school boards at all levels of education for German and Italian as first (L1) and second (L2) languages, as well as for English as a foreign language (L3) were examined by means of a document analysis. In a second step, a questionnaire survey with language teachers at all school levels (German and Italian as L1/L2, English as L3; number of survey respondents: 644) determined the actual use of lexicographic resources.

The present work aims at showing the didactic potential of the novel Zweinhalb Störche: Roman einer Kindheit in Siebenbürgen, written in 2008 by the German-Romanian author Claudiu M. Florian, for multilingual learning in GFL classes. The paper focuses on the possible use of corpus-based learning tasks and consists of two parts: the first will introduce the main features of multilingual didactics and multilingual competence and the possible teaching approaches of inter- and transcultural literature through the use of corpora; the second will focus on the use of the novel to promote multilingual competence within the GFL classroom. In particular, specific tasks will be suggested to achieve a didactic surplus through the use of corpus compilation and analysis tools such as Sketch Engine.

This article aims to present a proposal for the lemmatisation of Hispanic phraseology in a digital multilingual phraseological dictionary. Indeed, in the current lexicographic panorama, bi- or multilingual electronic dictionaries capable of comprehensively presenting the phraseology of the different diatopic varieties of Spanish are still lacking. For this reason, within the framework of the Digital Multilingual Phraseological Dictionary (DFMD) project, currently being developed at the Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, a preliminary study illustrated in this paper has been carried out. This focuses on the inclusion of Spanish phraseology in a Spanish-Italian/ Italian-Spanish bilingual repertory. In the following chapters, I first outline the state of the art as regards the presence of Hispanic phraseology in existing digital lexicographic works (chapter 2), and then move on to the presentation of the elaborated phraseographic proposal: in particular, I will set out the parameters adopted for the selection of the phraseological corpus under investigation and its subsequent lemmatisation in the Venetian repertory (chapter 3). Subsequently, I will examine some examples of lexicographic entries in which the proposed methodology is applied (chapter 4). Finally, I will offer some points of re-thinking for possible future studies (chapter 5).

Dialect phraseography is, generally speaking, still in its early stage; however, it is booming with some of the first studies in this direction as far as some diatopic varieties of Italy are concerned (additionally to the articles in this special issue, cf. also those contained in Autelli/Konecny/Lusito 2023a). As to Genoese phraseography, it has been living great development thanks to the Genoese-Italian projects GEPHRAS and GEPHRAS2, whose lexicographic entries can be found in one single, freely accessible online dictionary. As the latter project shows some additional innovative features, those will be further investigated in this paper, paying particular attention, within the numerous innovations, to the new sources and metalinguistic information integrated in the dictionary, to the phonetic transcriptions of the phrasemes as well as to the criteria chosen for creating sample sentences containing selected phrasemes.

In the introductory article to this special issue, the two editors first provide a brief insight into how it arose and then give an overview of the contents of the individual papers, all of which are dedicated to phraseography or metaphraseography. These two fields of linguistic research belong to both phraseology and (meta-)lexicography and deal with the inclusion of phrasemes in dictionaries and the corresponding practical and theoretical issues. The articles also have in common that they focus on various diatopic Romance varieties spoken in Italy (Genoese, Trentino, Piedmontese, Tuscan, regional Italian of Rome, Sardinian, Catalan of Alghero), Croatia (Istriot), Spain and Latin America (regional varieties of Spanish). Since the term phraseme is used in a broad sense in this publication, numerous different phraseological categories are discussed in the papers, including, for example, syntagmatic verbs and partially lexically filled constructions, in addition to more classical categories such as idioms, proverbs and collocations. Finally, it will be briefly argued why this special issue, which is inspired by the two research projects GEPHRAS and GEPHRAS2, can be regarded as particularly innovative.

As already shown in a newly published article (Autelli/Caria 2022b), the phraseological studies on the Catalan of Alghero are still in their infancy, and there is an urgent need for documenting more phrasemes in this diatopic variety. One can already find some of them in dictionaries and amatorial collections. The aim of this paper is to give a brief overview of the written sources and dictionaries of Algherese, then to analyse the terminology used in the latter in reference to phrasemes and, most importantly, to find out what kind of phrasemes are provided, trying to pinpoint their main morphosyntactic, semantic and cultural features.

Tourism communication, especially since the digital turn, has registered several attempts to open to new forms of multilingualism. For instance, the traditional multilingual experience offered by guided tours and audio guides has now been enhanced by social networking tools. Recent research points to the need of interdisciplinary work at the crossroads of linguistics, media sciences and museum studies to investigate communication strategies and linguistic devices by means of which an international audience of tourists can be addressed and get involved in museums in the digital age. The present paper illustrates the first findings of the project “Museo poliglotta”, a project run by two universities in the Italian towns of Bergamo and Brescia in cooperation with local museums with the goal of producing digital multilingual contents for international museum visitors. The empirical part of the paper describes a workshop activity in which students developed Instagram reels in Italian, German and English on the figure of the well-known Italian composer Gaetano Donizetti. A number of observations lead to the conclusion that synergies between language research and foreign language teaching on the one hand and museum institutions on the other can bring about important benefits for all parties involved, in particular the possibility to offer professionalising training in the academic world and stimuli to innovate and improve multilingual communication in the museum sector.

In this paper, the treatment of phraseological elements in four bilingual dictionaries of Istriot varieties – Gallesanese, Vallese, and Rovignese – and Italian is analyzed. First, an overview of the sociolinguistic situation of Istriot in the complex linguistic reality of Croatian Istria is provided. This is followed by a concise outline of Istriot lexicography. In the empirical part, after describing the analyzed dictionaries, the research results of the treatment of phraseology in the latter are presented and discussed. Finally, some concluding remarks are made.

The paper aims to propose a reflection on the importance of German varieties in the preparation of interpreters. Like many other languages, German is classified as a pluricentric language, i. e. a language officially spoken in more than one centre or nation. This makes it a very variegated language that boasts a multitude of both standard and non-standard varieties. The task of interpreters who choose German as a foreign language is therefore to be able to understand and translate into another language what is spoken by native speakers of German, many of whom, according to the previous statement, often speak different varieties. To do this, the interpreters’ preparation must consider the inclusion of the different language varieties of both standard and non-standard German, especially at the level of auditory decoding, in order to facilitate the understanding of the message at a receptive level. Starting from the definition of a pluricentric language, this contribution will highlight the main difficulties of interpreters at the level of listening comprehension, most of which are found at the level of auditory decoding, before proposing training aimed at decoding the different varieties of standard and non-standard German realised through the use of new technologies.

Studies on the Linguistic Landscape (LL) have become a particularly prolific object of study and research in the last fifteen years. The most recent research perspective has led to new categorizations for the LL, which not only form the basis for further empirical research, but are also of great use in foreign language teaching (Malinowski/Maxim/Dubreil 2020). Indeed, working with the LL that is also interculturally specific fulfils one of the primary goals of foreign language teaching, as the close relationship between language and culture also promotes intercultural communicative competence. Our paper will examine in particular the great potential of this tool in the context of teaching German as a Foreign Language in Italy, in order to stimulate greater language awareness and linguistic reflection in the processes of learning and teaching German in which learners are involved. By means of the administration of didactic sheets prepared by us, we will consider the possibility of applying to a didactic context data on both the German language and culture, taken from the observation of the LL of Alto Adige/Südtirol and collected on several occasions within a corpus, the LLSÜDTIROL, which will be discussed below.