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There was in Spain an inicial «army of teachers» freinetians, a group of snipers commited to the renovation of the system of education which was born and grew in the shade of the Republic. To this army belonged the teachers’ small squad of Extremadura, which took two schools of Las Hurdes as a surprising origin. From there it extended to Montijo -principal center of diffusion for the rest of the educational experiences in the region: Calamonte, Valencia de Alcantara, La Puebla del Maestre and, probably also, Arroyo del Puerco. Surprising is not only that the origin of such an educational innovation took place in a region like Las Hurdes, but also that it was proceeding almost at the same time as the huge movement in Catalonia and Aragon, and that it, most likely, was not affected by Almendros ́s influences. There are reasons to believe that the teacher Jose Vargas Gómez, the origin of everything, had early news from Freinet through the teachers from Torrijos and Camarena before arriving to Las Hurdes.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The research investigates how young boys progress in life after the loss of their fathers. It explores the adjustments they make, the coping mechanisms they develop to navigate life, and the male roles they assume in the family. Additionally, it examines how family can aid and support their coping and adjustment process. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: This study utilises a case study methodology focused on gaining an understanding of the lives of two adolescent boys who experienced the death of their fathers in the early formative years of their lives. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The paper focuses on five themes- family dynamics, life transitions with and without their fathers, post-loss reassignment of family roles, present circumstances, and future goals. RESEARCH RESULTS: A qualitative analysis of the data revealed that participants’ belief systems, family support, and striving toward future goals helped them to be resilient in this event. CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: While most research typically emphasises the negative impacts of death on people, this study demonstrates how individuals’ can be resilient, dependent on both person-related factors and environmental factors. To help adolescents who are grieving become resilient, the paper offers intervention and coping strategies through counselling, the availability of support networks, and combined efforts by the state and educational institutions.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: Governments across the world were forced to impose social distancing and lockdown measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19, caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that emerged in December 2019. Following the declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic, the disruptions, including restrictive measures such as school closures had severe impacts on the physical, emotional and mental health of all people, especially children with special needs. There was also scant data, particularly in low-to-middle-income countries. Existing literature stems mostly from western countries, thus the need to perform a comprehensive review on this topic. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The primary objective of the systematic review is to understand the impact of COVID-19 and restrictive measures such as school closures on the educational outcomes and physical and mental health of school-going children with special needs. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: This systematic review used the PRISMA 2020 checklist where four databases and grey literature were searched for full text articles, peer reviewed publications in the English language that were published during January 2019–December 2021. RESEARCH RESULTS: The literature search identified 1294 publications, of which 25 key papers were selected. These studies investigate the impact on children with special needs across the globe, with a majority of papers from Europe. We found that COVID-19 and the digitalization of schooling had severe impacts on the physical and mental health of children with special needs and their parents/caregivers. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: These studies highlight the need for an inclusive school environment to ensure that the learning outcomes for children everywhere are achieved. Further, a hybrid model that includes classroom learning with novel inventive methods would be beneficial for children with special needs.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the paper was to discuss a function of passion in professional personal lives of eminent Cracow musicians. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The paper raises the problem of the role of passion in the process of shaping musical eminence, answers the question of the scope of experiencing it as well as it manifesting in activities of outstanding individuals. In conducted research and interpretations, the qualitative perspective and biographical method were applied. The leading technique was problem-concentrated qualitative interview, partially structured, carried out with ten eminent instrumentalists. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The theoretical basis for this reading of the experience of educational biographies was provided by the Model of Authentic Vocation of J. Weller and the Dualistic Model of Passion of A. Bonneville-Roussy, G. Lavigne and R. Vallerand. The interpretations of the research material described the topography of experiencing passion. RESEARCH RESULTS: The article describes autonomous passion associated with musical mastery, instrumental motivation to practice, as well as distinguishes important factors that determine the experience of passion, persistence or burnout (tenacity, ambition, community transfer, conflict of motives, work overload), and concretizes the qualities of musical passion of outstanding musicians: professionalization, love of music, integrity, creativity, strength and determination in pursuit of goals, as well as humility in the face of challenges. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Deciphering the senses and meanings that prominent Cracow musicians attributed to passion suggests that it was autonomous, harmonious and instrumental, motivated by the pursuit of mastery, and that the trajectories of the musicians’ professional biographies were a manifestation of a “professionalization of passion,” which formed the core of their educational experience and constituted and defined their life creed.

The Chilean educational system, which is considered an emblem of neoliberal public policies, was subjected to a profound legal refom in 2014. The moderate left-wing government passed the «Ley de Inclusión» bill, which seeked avoiding the selection of students, the charging of copay upon families in publicly financed schools, and ending the possibility that private schools, which received public financing, could seek profit. During the discussion of this bill, a set of educative, political and social actors articulated and mobilized looking to stop this. The purpose of this paper is to identify and describe the argumentative twists present in the discursive community that opposed the «Ley de Inclusión» bill. The corpus used consists of 139 opinion columns, published in «El Mercurio» and «La Tercera», the two main political media papers between March of 2014 and January of 2015. From an analysis ot these argumentative twists, a discursive coalition was built. The beliefs and representations of the educational community condense on: the need for a gradualist and evidence-based public policy; the free choice of schools as the dominant rationality and tool in the educational quasi-market; and the defense of private education as a means to ensure the existence of differentiated and plural educational offers in the educational system.

The continuously progressive education system of the 21st century requires the introduction of innovative teaching methodologies incorporating up-to-the-minute technology-oriented styles, which are capable of changing the traditional ways of conducting classes presenting teachers as the ultimate source of knowledge, with a new notion which considers teachers as facilitators and guiders in the world of information. A plethora of research has been conducted with respect to flipped learning, however, the number of research papers presenting content analysis is limited indicating the deficiency and lack of content analysis-based papers on Flipped Classroom in Education. Thus, to fill this gap in the literature, there is a demand for conducting a content analysis. In turn, the aim of this paper was to identify the importance and impact of the distributed documents on a Flipped Learning Model (FLM) in Education which was done by gathering data from the SCOPUS database with keywords ‘Flipped Classroom in Education’, within the range of ten years (2011-2020). All studies published in SCOPUS, were statistically analyzed and examined according to the year of publication, subject area, document type, country/territory, languages, source type, types of research and the research methods. It was found that the publications related to FLM in education had dramatically increased from the year 2011 to 2020. The findings of this study also highlighted the importance of FLM in education, especially in courses that require cognitive skills like social studies, medicine, and computer science.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The paper is an attempt to articulate the defining features of Ignatian Leadership and to clarify what might distinguish it from other brands of leadership without lapsing into motherhood statements and worn-out clichés. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The Ignatian leadership style that is presented is grounded in Ignatian spirituality, which is a source of the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius Loyola. Hence, the research problem was formulated: how can Ignatian leadership be implemented in everyday practice? The method of critical analysis of sources was applied. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The paper argues that Ignatian Leadership is, in fact, a radical form of servant leadership, since the Ignatian Leader is at the service not only of the Community, but also–and for Ignatius of Loyola, even more fundamentally–of the Mission entrusted to that Community. RESEARCH RESULTS: Concretely, it proposes a conception of Ignatian Leadership as a threeway relationship among the Leader, the Community, and the Mission, in the process, illustrating what magis and cura personalis might mean in one’s exercise of leadership, but also, spelling out, in light of these relationships, the key functions of the Ignatian Leader. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Ignatian leadership is a form of servant leadership insofar as Ignatian Leaders ought to prioritize serving the Community that they lead over their own interests. However, what distinguishes Ignatian Leadership from servant leadership is its explicit and non-negotiable prioritization of service of the Mission as well.

En aquest article analitzem la política lingüística en dos països que compten amb diverses llengües oficials, Suïssa i Sud-àfrica, i en els quals el paper de la llengua anglesa ha evolucionat respecte a les llengües "nacionals" locals des de la dècada de 1990. Ens centrem en la política lingüística com a manifestació de les lluites socials i, fent especial èmfasi en l’anglès, estudiem els documents polítics actuals en aquests dos contextos tan diferents. L’ús de la “neutralitat” com a lent analítica ens permet demostrar que la política lingüística va més enllà dels plans d’estudi i de la inclusió o exclusió de les llengües i, al seu lloc, neutralitza les idees socials que estan en consonància amb la concepció d’un futur “d’èxit” en una conjuntura sociohistòrica determinada. Per acabar, reflexionem sobre la neutralitat com a component de les ideologies lingüístiques, en virtut de les quals s’autoritzen llengües específiques per a objectius polítics contingents i canviants, cosa que té conseqüències com ara la inclusió en la política educativa o l’exclusió de la política educativa de determinades llengües i la distribució desigual del coneixement, els recursos i l’autoritat.

This paper illustrates the important contribution of Italian university musicology to the training of future music educators, emphasizing the formative role of the history of music (or musics) not only for future musicians or musicologists, but for the training of all students. It also highlights some problematic aspects of the current regulatory framework for the teaching of music history.

The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the importance of «inculturation» in the religious images drawn by Monica Liu (Ho-Pei), a unique artist who promoted Religious Art and Education in Taiwan. Monica Liu adopted Western Christianity into Chinese art to create paintings that reflect her love for nature as well as Our Lady who is deeply venerated in the Catholic Church and regarded as the mother of humanity. This paper is a qualitative research based on an interview conducted with Huang Wan-Yun, a protégée of Monica Liu who had a very close relationship with the latter during the last ten years of her life. This research is also based on some writings that Monica left behind and several articles written about her by acquaintances. The culture and faith expressed by Monica Liu through Our Lady’s images help us to deeply understand the value and relationship between religious art and faith. In addressing the needs of the secular world, religious art has encountered difficulties in terms of contemporary aesthetics. Monica’s distinct aesthetic considered «moral virtues» important to modern or contemporary art and their absence could result in distorted values. Therefore, true mission work in the field of religious art has to be close to everyone’s heart, as well as emphasize the importance of inculturation through natural representations and create awareness of taboo in art, which involves «additional and supplementary» elements in original artworks.

This paper explores my on-going collaborative research journey that began in 2009 with a critical ethnographic investigation into the ways one early years school in Bristol was working to advance a pedagogy of respect that drew on the multilingual and multiliterate out of school practices of children and their parents in order to open possibilities for in-school learning. The project was framed within a critical ethnographic approach that is underpinned by a philosophy of democratic and collaborative ways of working within the field; acknowledging identities, positionalities and relations of power as constructed within and across institutional settings. In this paper, I present the collaborative learning trajectories and relationships between myself, as researcher, and Lara, the Head Teacher, a key participant within this project. I situate this within a critical reading of researcher identities, collaboration and research-community partnerships within a scholarship that draws on arguments for the democratizing of knowledge production, the re-evaluation and transformation of field relationships through reflexive practice (Byrd-Clark & Dervin, 2014; Facer & Enright, 2016; Giampapa, 2011) and the intellectual and emotional commitment involved in shaping them. What evolved through this unfinished critical ethnographic journey is an understanding of the underlying «practical, personal and symbolic» reasons (Facer & Enright, 2016, p. 59) for field relationships as a starting point in order to build deeper forms of engagement. These deeper forms of engagement generate different ways of knowing that are co-created, ethically grounded, socially responsible and action oriented (Campbell & Lassiter, 2010). I stress the transformative power of these field conversations that were able to evolve and shape new ways of understanding as a result of the longevity of being in the field and working beyond it.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The predominant goal of this article is to put emphasis on issues only children face in the modern world. The theoretical scope of the paper incorporates the specificity of the only child phenomenon, the familial situation of only children, as well as the possibility of maintaining social contacts and developing in the current pandemic-driven situation. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: Research problems have the form of the following questions: What is the familial situation of children not having any siblings? How does the pandemic affect the upbringing of only children? What conditions for development and opportunities for establishing social contacts does the age of pandemic create for only children? The analytical and synthetic method of the literature approach to the subject has been applied. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: Basing on scientific studies, the specificity of the only child phenomenon has been identified, most important features of the family-oriented educational environment have been distinguished, as well as the nature of functioning of a family having a single child only has been elaborated on. RESEARCH RESULTS: Consideration on the issues raised within the scope of this paper has indicated that the only child’s interactions with adults should have an appropriate form and nature. It is necessary to keep a healthy balance between the world of children and the world of adults. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: It has been noticed that the modern perception of only children is changing, which is the result of expanding interpersonal relations and the development of technology. Contemporary only children do not remain in absolute isolation from the environment.

Parent engagement programs are in high demand these days, particularly as they pertain to immigrant and refugee families. But working with families entails purposeful communication with families (Valdés, 1996). Yet, often families are caught in cross-cultural divides that forces them out of engagement with those running the program (Machado-Casas, 2012). Cultural disconnections often times become ways in which minority families find themselves trapped (Nieto & Bode, 2011). Some researchers have looked at non-traditional pedagogical spaces to challenge future and practicing educators and community members to examine how the process of normalization privileges dominant groups while simultaneously oppressing ‘others’ (Cary, 2006). When this happens the process of «pimping families» through discourses that «talk» at them rather than to/for them lead to furthering hegemonic practices often aimed at minority families. Through interviews with families, and educators, this paper will highlight the «cultural confessions» of educators, and families who utilize non-traditional spaces to expose how prejudice and privilege have influenced their perceptions of «legitimate knowledge», legitimate spaces, and legitimate cross-cultural communication. This paper will present data obtained form Communities United for Education (CUPE) a family involvement and education program that nurtures a strong sense of community among students, teachers, and families. The program focuses in the empowering of families through developing support, leadership, advocacy, and activism, in addition to working with parents on bridging the digital divide among family members. Data presented will expose how families have educators have experienced and dealt with cross-cultural communication issues.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to show, based on UNICEF and UNHCR documents, the problems of migrant children that hinder/impede their inclusion in the education of the host community and to identify ways to deal with these problems. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: Using document analysis, I will answer the following questions: What threats are children on the move exposed to? What are the priority areas for action? How can they be protected and integrated into the new education system? THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The paper presents the causes and risks associated with migration for children, important concepts for educational practice, recommendations and proposed solutions RESEARCH RESULTS: The documents show the risks faced by children on the move. Such children are often marginalized and stigmatized in host communities. Ensuring their well-being (meeting their psychological needs and respecting their rights) is a priority and a necessary condition for them to be able to start education. The discussion shows the importance of education in dealing with difficult conditions or in counteracting negative phenomena (discrimination, xenophobia). Education is treated as capital that is supposed to give these children a chance for a better future. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: The following conclusions can be drawn for practice from UNICEF and UNHCR documents: children on the move should have the same rights and opportunities for education as their peers in host com- munities; they need friendly and safe places to live, play and learn; children have resources and experiences that should be considered when organizing educational environments.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to evaluate usefulness of distance learning courses as a form of learning from participants’ perspective. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: To achieve the purpose, two research methods have been employed: literature review, including rules and regulations concerning distance learning courses, and analysis of the results of a survey conducted among students participating in distance learning course as well as own observations and experiences. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: In the paper it is analysed, how students perceive elearning courses comparing to traditional ones. First, selected Polish Minister of Higher Education and the Senate of Cracow University of Economics (CUE) regulations under which CUE teachers may conduct distance learning courses are presented. Second, the procedure for the preparation of elearning courses at CUE is described. The roles played by individual actors during the preparation of the course are discussed. Next, selected results of the survey conducted among course participants are presented. Finally, conclusions and observations are discussed. Results of the survey confirm that e-learning is a promising type of teaching supporting traditional lessons. RESEARCH RESULTS: Aconsiderable number of participants found this kind of didactic proces useful and attractive. However, an unexpectedly large number stated that they expected more traditional lessons. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The analysis allows to draw interesting conclusions concerning the necessity of selection of participants, problem of systematic work, methods of evaluation, personal contact with a teacher, preparation of teaching materials. All of them will be taken under consideration to improve the course for future participants.

This paper publishes the text of “The Essence of Greek Culture,” the first public address delivered by Werner Jaeger after his immigration to the United States in 1936. It was part of the program of a symposium sponsored by the Trustees of the University of Chicago in May, 1937 and provides important evidence indicating that Jaeger had begun to adapt ideas he had long supported in Ger­many to conditions in the United States. The text of the paper is preserved in the Archives of the University of Chicago and is published with its permission.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the presented paper, which has empirical nature, is to obtain data on how the rights of refugees are perceived today. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The research problem of the paper is: How do youth in Germany and Poland evaluate refugee rights and what factors influence their attitude towards refugee rights? The survey method was used in the research. The data collection took place 2013/2014. In Germany, the survey included a total of 2157 students, in Poland 1211 respondents. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The study was based on the assumption that attitudes towards refugee rights are predicted by such factors as: human dignity, empathy, religious beliefs, and socio-political perceptions and convictions. Based on these determinants, a conceptual model was created and used in the research. RESEARCH RESULTS: The findings show that respondents differ regarding refugee rights. German youth show some support for refugee rights and Polish youth are ambivalent. The strongest predictor for support of refugee rights for both groups is the concept of multiculturalism. The capacity for empathy and an advocacy of a politically active Christianity are important predictors, but only for the German sample. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The fact that religious beliefs have hardly positive impact on the support of refugee rights is a desideratum for religious education.

Attempting to explore and push the margins of philosophy of education, this article describes Virginia Woolf’s The Waves and its characters, staying inside the and observing the education of their consciousness. The description offered is limited to educational reflections on what happens, avoiding normative questions and concerns. However, the conclusion hints towards ways in which philosophers of education who are interested in normative questions and concerns might approach this text in ways which this article does not. The expressions used in this paper – dispositions, consciousness, unconscious– are gestural and figurative rather than exhaustive and scientific. The argument is not concerned with what these words mean in general but rather with what they might mean and might elucidate for educational thought in the context of reading The Waves. This article rejects the need to do something un-literary by comprehensively elucidating key concepts, saying why they are important, relating them to everyday life, and defending claims like «dispositions are in-educable». The educational resonances of the text itself are presented as evidence, context, and point of interest. Implicit to the argument of this paper is a critique of limited and institutionally biased conceptions of experience as education.

University education has adapted to the prevailing circumstances and that it is even proving to be an essential resource in the optimization of the reality. Otherwise, the university is a very important part of the social system in which it is, and the training of excellent professionals is a cardinal issue for the proper functioning of such a system. Yes it is, today various professional profiles, classics and currents, are demanded to be formed in the classrooms of our universities. However, that is not all, and depending on how you look at it, is not even the most important. However, at the same time and internationally speaking, we have also witnessed the emergence of concerns about the nature of this education, above all in relation to the personal, ethical, and civic development of today’s student populace. It is logical to think, that is not enough to train excellent professionals, indeed, reality shows that this is not enough when personal and ethical training is insufficient or does not live up to the current circumstance. The aim of this paper is to focus on this aspect, and in doing so it revisits a past in which essential philosophical ideas were being formulated, ideas which this paper argues are highly pertinent to the current reality.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The goal of the paper is to present the possibilities of using crowdfunding in entrepreneurship education in higher education institutions and investigating the impact of this activity on the development or strengthening of entrepreneurial traits and attitudes of students. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The research problem concerns the use of crowdfunding in entrepreneurship education. The method applied to solve the research problem was a diagnostic survey. Questionnaires were completed by 314 full-time students and 34 academic teachers. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The process of reasoning starts with the presentation of the research method. Next, methods of the entrepreneurship education are described. Afterwards, research results are presented. The paper ends with conclusions and recommendations. RESEARCH RESULTS: In the opinion of students and academic teachers developing a crowdfunding projects by students, with the special emphasis on the action plan, might be an important didactic method in entrepreneurial education. It also has significant impact on the development or strengthening students’ ability to take advantage of opportunities. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS: The conclusions allow for verifying the thesis that crowdfunding might be used in an effective entrepreneurship education in higher education institutions. It is recommended to consider its inclusion in a wide range of methods used in entrepreneurship education.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The objective of the current paper is to verify in what way university students who declare high individual level of entrepreneurial intensity differ from those who are characterized by its intensity level. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: A statistical analysis of obtained survey results was conducted. The group of research participants included 413 business students. Following statistical methods were used to analyze the data: internal reliability test, chi-square test of independence, independent samples t-test. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The line of reasoning presented in the current paper starts with the analysis of entrepreneurial intensity which, when measured on an individual level, is distinctive to people who declare a strong commitment to following an entrepreneurial career. Later the theoretical background including individual characteristics and cognitions that can potentially be prevalent among entrepreneurs is presented. RESEARCH RESULTS: It was found that groups of students who display high and low levels of entrepreneurial intensity differ significantly. These differences pertain to individual characteristics (i.e. gender), the perception of business success indicators and the perception of entrepreneurs’ environment favorability. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Obtained results allow to formulate conclusions about ways in which the development of entrepreneurial attitudes can be facilitated. Several recommendations are proposed for educators and policy makers including adopting a more fine-grained approach to supporting the emergence of entrepreneurial culture in Poland.

The paper will describe the development of universities in Latvia from 1950’s to nowadays. The higher education system experienced changes along with the political transformations of the country. Latvia was incorporated in the Soviet Union in 1940, regained its independence in 1991 and joined EU in 2004. Since 2012 Latvia is a fully fledged participant of the European Higher Education Area. The paper will describe the transformations of universities in Latvia from the perspective of a cultural learning theory and transfer of knowledge defined by Gita Steiner-Khamsi. It will provide the reference to an external education model, its modification and metamorphosis into a local educational model. Latvia as a small country and relatively new culture had found itself in the situation to learn from the cultural experiences of countries that have longer experience of democracy and had to overtake the ideas of the education systems from other countries and adopt them to the local needs.

Currently English universities are responding to a recent government Green Paper which promises to deliver a raft of radical policy changes which could have a major impact on how excellence in teaching and learning is to be publicly acknowledged and rewarded. A significant, yet controversial proposal is the introduction of a «Teaching Excellence Framework» for universities. This paper examines and contextualises the current important policy debates and then presents some preliminary findings from a recent empirical case study which explored how research-intensive universities have valued, rewarded and supported excellence in teaching through institutional structures and also from the perspectives of academic staff responsible for teaching students. We argue that the reality on the ground for many academics is a sense of confusion and contraction around how their universities value and support high quality teaching and that there may be some way to go before some of the ideas and principles currently being discussed in the context of a national English Teaching Excellence Framework are fully embedded in practice.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the paper is to analyse the impact ageism may have on providing healthcare to elderly people. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The article investigates the consequences of ageism in medical settings, where the elderly are particularly vulnerable to discrimination, distinguishing ageism from appropriate practice variation as well as giving suggestions to improve the situation. The paper analyses research published worldwide on selected issues connected with ageism with special attention to medical professionals’ attitudes and ageist behaviours of the elderly’s environment in a situation of their disability or illness. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: Firstly, the relation of ageism to other forms of stereotyping is outlined. Then, the threats of positive ageism are elaborated. The next section is devoted to self-stereotyping of the elderly and its impact on their functioning. Then, the paper discusses medical professionals’ attitudes and ways to measure them, as well as educational interventions that may alter them. Finally, the article refers effective ways of adjusting health promotion messages to the needs of older adults. RESEARCH RESULTS: Ageism bases on mechanisms similar to sexism and racism, but there are some remarkable differences. Positive ageism may be compassionate, however, might be harmful when intruding into an elderly person’s decisions. Self-stereotyping may be described with a model of a vicious cycle. Contact with the elderly is found to be useful in changing medical staff’s attitudes. Family-centred messages are most effective when it comes to health promotion among older adults. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Studies on ageism prove that negative convictions about the elderly are harmful and affect their functioning. Inclusion of the elderly should be applied in social contexts as well as in science, as the elderly are often missed out in research samples.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to analyse the case of entrepreneurial pedagogy in Germany at the level of primary and secondary education and to identify good practices in the development of entrepreneurship skills of pupils. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The paper uses a systematic review of literature with relation to entrepreneurial education, as well as the German literature of the topic, in order to descend to the analysis of secondary data related to the German education system and its usage of entrepreneurial pedagogy. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: In the first part, the paper clarifies the notion of entrepreneurial pedagogy and introduces modern didactic approaches, particularly process-oriented teaching. Subsequently, the German case is used to analyse how entrepreneurial pedagogy can be implemented at different interrelated levels. In the recommendation section, the success factors of the implementation of such an approach are discussed. The paper ends with some concluding remarks. RESEARCH RESULTS: The analysis of entrepreneurial pedagogy in German literature and practice highlights the relevance of an interplay of solutions at different levels: the level of the state (or, in the case of decentralised educational systems like the German one, at the regional level), the level of school initiative, as well as the individual level of educators who are in charge of implementing entrepreneurial teaching methods. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: According to the concept of process-oriented didactics presented in this paper, the aspect of making mistakes is an important engine of learning, as well as teaching itself. However, it can be observed in Germany that in teaching reality more attention is devoted to the errors themselves than to the tolerance of errors, according to the principle that the teacher does not commit mistakes. Hence, this issue should be raised in appropriate teacher training. The German experience can be a starting point for discussion related to other countries, as well.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the article is to present the results of the analysis of the education level in the European Union countries and to verify the relationship between the education and the economic growth of the studied countries. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The basic problem of this publication is quantitative and comparative analysis of the level of education in the European Union countries (EU27). Research methods used in the paper are the analysis and synthesis of the literature on the subject as well as quantitative analysis of the education using statistical and taxonomic tools (descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, taxonomic measure of education [TME]). An analysis of regression and correlation is also conducted to investigate the relationship between education and economic growth. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The line of reasoning consists of three essential elements. The first part presents the issues of education and economic growth in the light of the theory. This is a selective review of literature. The second part contains a comprehensive description of the research tools and methods. Part three of the article presents the results of the investigation in the field of education and its relationship with economic growth. The level of education was determined on the basis of an aggregated measure constructed from diagnostics variables. GDP per capita was used to estimate economic growth. The papers ends with conclusion and recommendations for future research. RESEARCH RESULTS: On the basis of theoretical considerations, the influence of knowledge and education on economic growth has been confirmed, particularly in the models of endogenous growth. In empirical research, a great part of the research also indicates a positive relationship between education and economic growth. There are also elaborations that do not confirm this correlation. This study provides two important information on education and economic growth in the Member States of the European Union. Firstly, the area of the European Union is very differentiated taking into account the two criteria indicated. Over the years, a gradual reduction in disparities is observed both in GDP per capita and in TME. Secondly, quantitative analysis has confirmed the emerging relationship between education and economic growth. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The issue of relationship between education and economic growth is very important and timely. There is lack of papers in the literature that use taxonomic methods to evaluate education. These tools give great opportunity to present the problem in a multidimensional and comprehensive manner, taking into account a large number of variables. The research should be treated as a preliminary study in this field, which requires further in-depth investigation. It is recommended to include more diagnostic variables related to education, as well as, more advanced research techniques in the fields of statistics, econometrics and taxonomy.

Post-modernity, also referred to as postmodernism or late modernity, is a keyword used to describe contemporary social, cultural and religious changes. The first part of the paper presents the socio-cultural and religious context in which Christian education is provided. A fundamental question was put: can the character of St. Joseph still be an effective role model for the contemporary world in such an adverse context. Papal teachings were used when seeking the answer to this question, with particular focus placed on two documents: Redemptoris custos by John Paul II and Patris corde by Pope Francis. It was pointed out that particularly the latter, owing to its fresh approach and existential sense of its author, can provide guidance on where one should seek the answer to this question. There are no ready solutions concerning the way of talking about St. Joseph, so that Christian education does not become an empty, contentless general moral topos, with no consequence. Christian education, inspired by the character of St. Joseph, is a task to be performed by tutors at all times, especially those who try to present him as a living role model for their pupils.

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the threat that secularization poses with respect to the education process. The modern age is characterized by a secular shift in social relations and in the very concept of the human person. The paper points explicitly to the consequences of the materialization and technologization of life and proposes an integral education model as an alternative for the increasingly secularized society. Every human being is endowed with personal dignity and inalienable rights whose complete justification can only be uncovered within the context of revealed knowledge. Personality formation, which outlines the general purpose of education, includes not only corporeal and spiritual factors but also factors of a religious nature that encourage transformation in the sense of achieving ever higher levels of perfection. It is argued that the integral education model can be applied in the areas of learning and work. The touchstone of any human development that takes into account religious factors is humanization, which is defined as making the world more humane in a constant relationship with God.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The paper addresses the role of memory in sustaining the continuity of culture. While culture is seen as an idealised cognitive system, comprising the knowledge, values, and beliefs of members of a community, language is viewed as a cognitive tool that functions an aid to cultural transmission. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: We underscore the fundamental importance of memory as a cornerstone of the correlation between the axiological and pedagogical aspects of the transfer of knowledge across generations of community members. The paper adopts a cognitive‑cultural viewpoint on the phenomenon of memory and its grounding in culture. We employ the cognitive‑linguistic methodology of converging evidence, including selected insights from cognitive psychology. In our study, we investigate this issue by exploring the imagery of religious language, the Bible being the ultimate source of Christian ideas on how to represent abstract notions concerning religious truths. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: Specifically, we analyse the use of linguistic imagery in John Paul II’s Roman Triptych. Since the Author’s speculative thought encourages meditation on the human condition in the world and their relationship with God, a substantial amount of imagery is Biblical in nature. RESEARCH RESULTS: We underscore the creativity of Wojtyła’s linguistic choices that reveal a specific conceptualisation of time and space, which derives from the Author’s sociocultural situatedness. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: In conclusion, we account for the role of spatial thought and external representations in shaping the unique space‑time of the Triptych. We suggest that the results of the linguistic‑cultural analysis may foster the dialogue between science and religion by offering our own interpretation of panchrony, which we show to be derivative of human situated cognition, rather than a label applicable to a perspective onto the language‑time relation within the domain of linguistic study (vis‑à‑vis the dichotomy of synchrony and diachrony).

The scientific goal of the paper is to present the issue of the development of internationalization “abroad” in Polish and Ukrainian higher education. The leading research method is a comparative method, specifically the method of international comparison. The authors focus on the national and institutional level comparison of the development of internationalization "abroad" in Polish and Ukrainian higher education systems. In addition to the comparative method, the authors applied the method of secondary research (desk research), the method of description and analysis and critique of the scientific literature. By using the source materials and indicated numerical data, it is possible to verify the thesis. The process of reasoning in the article was conducted in the following stages. First, the definition of internalization in higher education was given with respect to Polish and Ukrainian approach. Next, the stages in the development of internationalization “abroad” in Polish and Ukrainian higher education were featured. Afterwards, the development process of internationalization was presented on the background of processes occurring in the European Higher Education Area. The paper ends with conclusions. The conclusions drawn in the paper allowed to verify the thesis. In both countries, Poland and Ukraine, the diversity of activities in frame of internationalization "abroad” occur. Among these activities mobility of students and academic teachers remain the most visible in Poland as well as in Ukraine. The development of internationalization "abroad" in relation to mobility of projects, programmes and providers seems to be more advanced in Poland.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The contemporary labour market places high demands on graduates of higher education who are looking for employment. There is a significant increase in employers’ requirements in the area of professional competence. This paper aims to present selected aspects of education and developing soft skills by students and university graduates on the example of cosmetology subject. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The expectations of the labour market to graduates of higher education require a new approach for the development strategies and skills training at universities. Job offers contain, in addition to the requirements of the knowledge, experience, cognitive and linguistic skills - a number of desirable personality traits and interpersonal skills of the applicant, called soft skills. Scientific studies indicate a dynamically growing importance of soft skills, both in the process of recruiting new employees, as well as major determinants of employment stability and continuity of careers. The article presents some aspects of soft skills training and coaching courses organized for students and graduates of higher education on the example of cosmetology subject. The article attempts to organize the terminology associated with this issue and then, based on the specifics of teaching adults, presents own experiences in the area of planning coaching courses. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION This paper attempts to draw attention to the growing significance of university graduates’ background to proffesions requiring high degree of soft skills. Schoolings using activating teaching methoods foster building competences abilities that ensure professional flexibility and adaptability and help functioning in life. RESEARCH RESULTS The article is the preliminary recognition of the analyzed problem. Author continued research in the area of impact of the activating methods on the development of the soft skills. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Schoolings described in this paper are planned as optional classes not included in curriculum. It is worth to consider including selected trainings as electives adapted to competence profiles of fields of study.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: Universities and other higher educational institutions play an increasingly important role in providing entrepreneurship education, training, and technical assistance to existing and potential entrepreneurs. The purpose of this paper is twofold: firstly, to investigate students’ perceptions and willingness to set up their own business and secondly, to discuss the role of universities in developing enterprise education in Poland, focusing on the case of Warsaw School of Economics in Poland. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS:This paper is based on the results of a survey of students studying at Warsaw School of Economics in Warsaw – Poland (SGH). The research used online survey to collect primary data. The respondents were undergraduate students who obligatory participated in the module: Management. The fulfilment of the questionnaire was voluntarily; email and sms with a link to a survey was sent to 148 students. The success rate of fillings was 93. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION:Basing on the lack of entrepreneurship education by referring to secondary data it was important to assess the entrepreneurial spirit amongst SGH students. The literature review was carried out to analyse the current developments in this field. RESEARCH RESULTS:The research outcomes revealed that the majority of the university students were optimistic and interested in starting their own business but after getting few years of working experience which will enable them to deepen their knowledge and feel comfortably within business environment. There is only 14% of students who would like to set up their own business directly after graduation. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS:Overall, the study indicated a need for enterprise education, at programme and course levels, to nurture entrepreneurship among students in Poland. Very few studies have examined university students’ attitude to entrepreneurship and enterprise education in Poland. This study helps in bridging that gap.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the paper is to go into some questionable matters pertaining to “Bildung” and especially religious “Bildung”, and question their political implications. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODOLOGY: Developments in society, especially oeconomical developments have a great influence to the area of “Bildung” as well as to the area of religious “Bildung”. Current concepts should be analysed. Reflections in philosophy of education and in religious education help to work out the failure of current developments. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The paper starts with the question about how the concept of “Bildung” occurs in current discourses. Afterwards alternative models of “Bildung” and religious “Bildung” are discussed. It is then put into questions which intentions and implications prevailing concepts contain, who and what they disregard and how they collaborate towards the reproduction of social injustice and processes of exclusion. RESEARCH RESULTS: Religious “Bildung” as a part of general education is effected by societal developments und has to be aware of that. Presuppositions of Religious Education and Didactics of Religion has to scrutinize themselves if and in what way they do possibly promote injustice and which conclusions for future concepts could be drawn. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: “Bildung”, especially religious “Bildung” are challenged by societal developments, e.g. migration, but should not just adapt to political or oeconomical desires. Rather they should not waive for their normative requirements so that they can question for social injustice in the societal developments as well as in their own concepts.

ABSTRACT RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the paper is to redefine “confessionality” in religious education in Austrian schools, regarding to changing circumstances. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODOLOGY: The paper describes the history of confessional religious education in Austria, which gets several problems in different school-situations. In some schools, there are 8 and more sorts of confessional religious education. After the description of possible alternatives, a proposal of redefining confessional education is presented. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The paper starts with an overview of the history and the actual situation of religious education in Austrian schools. Currently 13 recognised religions and denominations in Austria provide religious education. In some situations religious education becomes impossible due to insufficient student numbers. So the state and religious communities will have to try and establish new models of teaching. The main part of the paper consists of pros and cons in the conceptual considerations of confessionality. RESEARCH RESULTS: It is a challenge to rethink confessional religious education: religious communities will have to take joint responsibility and provide religious education as a service to students with clear denominational features. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: There are three first steps very necessary in the next future: Commitment of the religious communities to religious education; a new concept to try at several locations; practical support concerning multi-religious events.

ABSTRACT RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the paper is to show that the concept of diversity has much more implications for schools and education than commonly assumed. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODOLOGY: Based on an evaluation research study (formative and summative) involving 20 schools at the elementary and secondary level, which have undergone a federal process of professional development findings are presented, which indicate that we need to be more strategic in terms of our research practices and dissemination when it comes to diversity. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION The paper introduces the concept of a critical theory of professional development in education, which includes the conceptual history approach and post structural points of view. The findings of an evaluation research study are then analysed. The exploration of the connections between diversity discourses and the challenges of the daily organisational and pedagogical routines completes the analysis. RESEARCH RESULTS: For the results show that diversity management is becoming more and more of an issue. Further crucial points seem to be media relations and the competition between schools. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Strengthening the competence of everybody involved and enabling transfer of knowledge is the key. Instead research tends to confront players with what they don’t know and can’t handle, often classifying their working approaches in an offensive way rather then supporting them by acknowledging their expertise in first place. The approach of a Critical Professional Development in Education could be the key

This paper doesn’t attempt to situate the figure of Paulo Freire in the context of Latin America or international pedagogy. In this paper, the author presents a synthesis of the Angicos (Braisl) political literacy experience, asking what Freire learned from the Angiços experience. The following questions are developed in the paper: How Freire consolidated his pedagogical model through a social science based on a critical hermeneutics? How his thinking evolved into a theory of social and cultural reproduction, looking particularly to the role o education? And, how then Freire moved into a critical social psychology focusing on domination and the developmental pedagogical subject? Freire was inspired by the profound political and pedagogical experience of Angicos and his political pedagogical practice, understood praxis as collective learning. At the conclusion, the author discusses the two obsessions of Freire, already present in the Angicos experience and that stay with him throughout his life: the relationship between democracy, citizenship and education, and education as a postcolonial ethical act of social transformation. Received: 30/04/2013 / Accepted: 18/09/2013How to reference this articleGadotti, M. (2014). Alfabetizar e Politizar. Angicos, 50 anos depois. Foro de Educación, 12(16), pp. 51-70. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/fde.2014.012.016.002

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to identify and characterise the specifics of the dialogue of meanings occurring in the portfolio of early education students, considered in the context of the possibilities of educating teachers. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The considerations focus on two research problems: What content of the portfolio of early education students demonstrates that they engage the dialogue of meanings with educational issues and their own school experience? What shape does the knowledge about the world as reconstructed by teacher entrants take? To analyse the portfolio, which I treat as legacy data, I use the method of qualitative analysis of text. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: In the first part, I reconstruct the relationship between the dialogue of meanings as a component of learning strategies, and the educational portfolio as a tool for monitoring achievements. In the empirical part, I characterise the categories that emerged in the content analysis and show their interconnections with the dialogic assignment of meanings to educational reality. RESEARCH RESULTS: The results of the analysis show that the learning strategy which makes use of the dialogue of meanings and the portfolio enables students to discover the possibility of assigning individual sense to educational reality, not excluding the existence of different perspectives and respecting them. By undertaking a dialogue with personal knowledge and their own experiences, the students gradually went beyond the framework of obviousness and expanded their perspective of thinking about the world of school. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS: Thinking about teacher professionalism is changing, with the presented analysis providing a view on this matter. It shows the premises and effects of a certain possibility of educating teachers who are open to the complexity of educational reality and to the dialogue preventing its reduction.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the article is a theoretical diagnosis of the influence of the pace of recent civilisation changes on a selected fragment of the socialisation process in the family. The course of analysis is the specificity of the relationship between parents and adolescent children (aged 15-18), including an attempt to explore the modifications occurring in these areas resulting from the development of information technology. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The research problem of this paper is an attempt to answer the question: To what extent do new inter- and intra-generational divisions – appearing as a result of rapid civilisation changes generated by the development of information technologies – modify the socialising dialogue in relations between parents and adolescent children? The research method used was a selective analysis of theoretical works and research reports from sociology, psychology, psychiatry, neurobiology and information technology. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The article presents selected elements of the conceptual model used to analyse the world of contemporary generations. It includes the new division into the world of the present past and the world of the present future, together with their new inhabitants – people of the past and people of the future. RESEARCH RESULTS: As a consequence of the increasingly deepening division of the world of generations, constructing a socialisation dialogue in the relationship between parents and adolescent children has become more complicated. The confrontational-verifying influence of intra-familial socialisation concerning the areas of secondary socialisation is noticeably losing its significance. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The modifications of intergenerational relations within the family, occurring as a result of rapid civilisation changes, result in an “unfinished”, incomplete socialisation process of adolescent children, heading towards an unknown form of adulthood with this new cultural capital.

Abstract: “Critical Thought”: Presentation of the volume in honour of Prof. Michele Borrelli (International Centre of Philosophy Karl-Otto Apel - Wednesday, April 4, 2012, 16.00/20.00) - This paper has been presented during the public presentation of the volume “Critical Thought” that collects some international writings in honour of the philosopher and the pedagogist Michele Borrelli. The paper focus on some pillars of the Michele Borrelli’s research activity: the relationship between philosophy and pedagogy; the dialectic subject-society and the pedagogical consequences; theactuality of the critical thought.

The argument is raised that, in an age of the networked, connected society in an information-rich environment with communication possibilities as never before experienced or made possible, the displacement of educational virtues of morality, ethics and the development of all-round human beings, by those of money, labour, power and work are speeding apace, and the disconnect between system and lifeworld is increasing. Drawing initially on the work of Habermas, in which the colonization of the lifeworld occurs by system imperatives of rationalization, labour, money and power, the paper argues that such moves are manifested starkly in discourses of the relation between education and work, and five areas are introduced in which the links operate. The marketization and commodification of education, together with its incorporation into the service of capital and labour, are attested through a short worked example of one small territory within the larger context of China. Then, taking a lead from Sertillanges and Habermas’s later work, the paper argues for: (a) a reaffirmation of the importance of moral, ethical and spiritual dimensions of education; (b) the breaking of a narrowly instrumental, capital-acquisitive view of education as serving the jobs market and social control and towards a liberating view of education as communicative action and the development of being rather than simply behaving; (c) the importance of transcendence and immanence; and, thereby, (d) moves towards the re-integration of system and lifeworld in participating subjects. Podnoszony bywa argument, że w czasach połączonego społeczeństwa sieciowego, w środowisku bogatym w informacje, o niespotykanych nigdy wcześniej możliwościach komunikacyjnych, wychowawcze cnoty związane z moralnością, etyką i całościowym rozwojem człowieka są w coraz większym stopniu zastępowane przez pieniądze, pracę i władzę, co powoduje coraz szybsze poszerzanie się przepaści pomiędzy systemem a światem społecznym. Wychodząc od koncepcji Habermasa, według którego kolonizacja świata społecznego dokonuje się przez systemowe imperatywy racjonalizacji, pracy, pieniędzy i władzy, autor referatu utrzymuje, że takie przesunięcia w jaskrawy sposób przejawiają się w dyskursach dotyczących relacji między edukacją a pracą. Relacje te występują w pięciu obszarach. Urynkowienie i utowarowienie edukacji, wraz z wprzęgnięciem jej w służbę kapitału i pracy, przedstawione zostały na przykładzie jednego małego terytorium w Chinach. Następnie, czerpiąc inspirację z myśli Sertillanges’a i późnego Habermasa, artykuł postuluje: (a) potwierdzenie ważności moralnych, etycznych i duchowych wymiarów kształcenia; (b) odejście od wąsko instrumentalnej, kapitalistyczno-zachłannej wizji edukacji służebnej wobec rynku pracy i kontroli społecznej w stronę wyzwalającego widzenia edukacji jako działania komunikacyjnego i rozwoju bycia, a nie tylko zachowań; (c) ważność transcendencji i immanencji; a przez to (d) działania zmierzające w kierunku reintegracji systemu i świata społecznego uczestniczących w nim podmiotów.

Este trabalho trata da relação entre métodos quantitativos e qualitativos nas ciências sociais em geral e na área da educação em particular. Começa focalizando a orientação positivista da Sociologia, assim como de outras ciências sociais em sua origem, mas rejeitando a identificação sumária entre métodos quantitativos e positivismo. Aborda, então, a querela metodológica, com destaque para três teses a respeito da relação entre métodos quantitativos e qualitativos: a da oposição ou incompatibilidade; a da complementaridade; e a da unidade. Esta última, como unidade na perspectiva da dialética marxista. Por fim, sugere que, em vez de nos inquirirmos sobre qual a competência metodológica de maior valor em absoluto, deveríamos perguntar-nos se e como diferentes competências metodológicas poderão articular-se no estudo de um determinado objeto ou problema social ou educacional.This paper deals with the relationship between quantitative and qualitative methods in the social sciences in general and in the area of education in particular. It starts by focusing on the positivistic orientation that sociology and other social sciences had in their origin, but rejects a simple identification of quantitative methods and positivism. It then discusses the methodological dispute, highlighting three theses on the relationship between quantitative and qualitative methods: the thesis of opposition or incompatibility, the thesis of complementariness and the thesis of unity. The latter is seen as a unity in the perspective of Marxist dialectics. The paper finally suggests that instead of wondering what is the methodological competence that has the highest absolute value, we should ask whether and in which way different methodological competences can be brought together in the study of a particular object or social or educational problem.

Through this paper we try to seek the on-going debates in which public and private schools have been involved across the Spanish history. The fighting among laicity and religious matters at educational field entails a common issue across the latest two hundred years of scholar history. In spite of the advances of seculariza- tion happened during the last decades this is an unfinished and not solved question. The controversial point lies on the freedom of education principle. Finally, the paper also emphasize the important role that has played the private education in schooling processes. Key words: Public schools, Private schools, History of education.

In an England strongly proved by civil wars, Hobbes writes his political works, the Elements of Law, the De Cive, the Leviathan and the Behemoth in which, applying a new rational-scientific method and inaugurating a new kind of politics, he describes his ideal state. An absolute state which, following the logic of authorization, decides in every area of ​​the individual’s life, included the control of opinions and education, considered by the English philosopher the major causes of sedition and anarchy. The aim of this paper is to show how hobbesian absolute sovereignty is above all a simple answer to the historical context, thus the consensus on civil matters required for peace can be secured only through rigorous and universal civic education overseen by the sovereign in the universities.

Previous research has illustrated that advocacy organizations play a crucial role in education policy networks by communicating educational reform agendas to public and private stakeholders. In the United States, an inter-state consortium of these advocacy organizations has formed their own network. The Policy Innovators in Education (PIE) network is a formal, centrally coordinated policy network that connects state-level advocacy organizations to one another and to national advocacy organizations, think tanks, and philanthropic foundations. Despite more than doubling in size since 2016, little is known about the policy preferences of PIE members. In this paper, we use social network analysis to identify and describe the ideological dimensions of advocacy that structure the PIE Network and to examine how these ideological dimensions have changed as the network has expanded. We find that the central areas of emphasis among these organizations have coalesced around neoliberal ideologies that promote accountability and standards. However, there is an underlying tension within the network that unfolds along two dimensions. On the one hand, preferences for choice and autonomy (e.g., charters, general choice, and autonomy & deregulation) are contrasted to those favoring equitable funding for low-income schools and early childhood education. On the other hand, members emphasize policies involving factors internal to schools (student interventions, leadership standards and accountability) to those external to schools (e.g., familial support, funding-based equity). These tensions within the network have grown more pronounced over time as the network has expanded to include new members with a more ideological narrow set of market-based policy preferences.

In Brazil, the large scale educational assessment is part of school life, being used to rank schools or for the purpose of drawing an overview of the quality of education offered to children, possibilities that depend on the political context in which they are inserted and will provide direction for educational policies. The aim of this paper is to discuss the National Literacy Assessment (ANA) as a policy of assessment for elementary school, seeking to understand how this Policy guides the work developed in the classroom by the literacy teacher. For this, we considered authors that deal with the policies of large scale assessments and the results of these, in addition to guiding documents, ordinances, guides, plans, reports and normative related to ANA. Because it is not a procedural or diagnostic evaluation, ANA does not enable the immediate follow-up of students as occurs with Provinha Brasil, with a faster intervention and individualized results. However, its results point to an important diagnosis for the comprehension of the data, which are the social context indicators produced from the analysis of external factors, but which exert great influence on the literacy process of the students. The relationship established between the processes and the results achieved at the national, state and municipal levels, evidences the need for investigation of the relations that are produced between the instituted policies and the constitution of relative processes for the learning of all children in the literacy cycle.

The paper discusses the concept of an economic man in economics and management. The concept of “homo oeconomicus” assumes the full rational behaviour of a deciding man and was applied in classical and neoclassical theories. Based on resent findings of the neuronal, cognitive and behavioural sciences, a the concept of an emotional man seems to be better. Thus some scholars believe that “homo sapiens oeconomicus” emerges as an alternative to “homo oeconomicus”. The paper present the chronological survey of the evolution of the above mentioned concepts resulting in the change of the paradigm.

This article develops the concept of «operational media» to think through the deployment of utility/useful cinema in the context of cybernetically informed educational policy. The paper argues that cybernetic concepts of communication, feedback loops and homeostasis were central to the pragmatic installation of media at the center of postwar mass education. Links are made to the dominance of cybernetic ideas in postwar social science, including social psychology, sociobiology and behaviourism. A consideration of the UN’s operational media allows for a reconsideration of the agency’s communicative mandate as biopolitical and governmental. Educational policies influenced by the UN were doubly concerned with technologized classrooms: cybernetic ideas presented themselves as politically neutral, while offering efficiencies in the delivery of content. Cold war citizenship was thus conceived as a form of training that would pragmatically lead to the rebalancing of a volatile international situation. Carrefour de la vie (1949), made by Belgian filmmaker Henri Storck for the United Nations, is presented as an example of the centrality of mental health for citizenship training in postwar biopolitical regimes. In particular, the tension between the film’s humanist and cybernetic strands are considered. Au Carrefour de la vie is considered as a transitional text, presenting a humanist story of childhood in postwar life that simultaneously prefigures the operation of a controlled society.

New Math was an international reform movement aimed at thorough changes in school mathematics with respect to both content and teaching methods. This movement started to gain influence in the 1950s, and in the 1960s several countries prepared and implemented their own New Math reforms. This movement not only attracted prominent mathematicians and psychologists but also garnered support from the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The New Math reforms are examples of how OECD supported thorough and broad changes in national systems of education. In most countries, however, the influence of New Math on syllabi began to fade by the 1970s. In this paper, I discuss how the New Math in Sweden reform boosted national governance and changed power relations between the teachers, textbook producers, and the national school administration. I also suggest that OECD continued to support this power structure through the testing enterprises associated with PISA.

In 1975, the United Nations, under the auspices of its Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and Environment Program (UNEP), established the International Environmental Education Program (IEEP). For two decades, IEEP aimed to accomplish goals ascribed to it by UNESCO member states and fostered communication across the international community through Connect, the UNESCO-UNEP environmental education newsletter. After reviewing UNESCO’s early involvement with the environment, this study examines IEEP’s development, beginning with its conceptual grounding in the 1968 UNESCO Biosphere Conference. It examines the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm, moves on to the UNESCO-UNEP 1975 Belgrade Workshop, and continues with the world’s first intergovernmental conference dedicated to environmental education held in Tbilisi in 1977. The paper then uses Connect to trace changes in the form and content of environmental education. Across two decades, environmental education shifted from providing instruction about nature protection and natural resource conservation to fostering an environmental ethic through a problems-based, interdisciplinary study of the ecology of the total environment to adopting the concept of sustainable development. IEEP ultimately met with mixed success. Yet it was the primary United Nations program assigned the task of creating and implementing environmental education globally and thus offers a particularly useful lens through which to analyze changes in the international community’s understanding of the concept of the environment over time.

In this paper is discussed the so-called “glass ceiling hypothesis”, which argues that women's performance and salary levels are artificially limited by reason of sex, instead of due to their preferences when choosing their studies and occupation according to their interests and self-perceived competence. The educational and occupational behaviors of the Spanish population of both sexes during the last two decades are shown, highlighting that in both cases they offer a stable and consistent structure that can hardly be forced exogenously.