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Having the South American Amazon as our spatial cut, this paper aims to discuss it as a space of physical, environmental and socioeconomic relevance to regional rearticulation, highlighting the issue of transport infrastructure and the importance of Brazil to boost this process in contemporary times. With the end of the Union of South American Nations (Unasur) in 2019, several of its councils were paralyzed and discontinued, such as the Infrastructure and Planning Council (Cosiplan), reflecting the abandonment of efforts built since the beginning of the 21st century. In addition, relations between national preferences and the indispensable search for development, and mechanisms of cooperation and regional integration, which are fundamental instruments to meet such demands, were stressed. In turn, a scenario of discredited institutions made room for greater action by multiple public and private, internal and increasingly international and multinational actors who, in a way disconnected from regional arrangements, directed infrastructure investments focusing on their own interests, resulting in expiation of the the socio-environmental vulnerability in the Amazonian territories. We argue that it is necessary to integrate to preserve and develop. Regional governance and institutionality are central pillars for the resumption of a more resilient South American integration process, aimed at protecting and developing the Amazon, in which Brazil has an important driving role to be exercised and a directive leadership to retrieve.

La práctica artística contemporánea tuvo un espacio de reflexión y creación de opinión en las páginas de Papers d’Art. De la mano de un conjunto de voces propias e independientes se visibilizaron formas de producción artística multidisciplinarias, desde la perspectiva divulgadora de una crítica que conectaba dinámicamente los significados artísticos con los sociales y culturales. Conviene resaltar el desplazamiento del significado de la concepción del arte contemporáneo en calidad de pieza clave en la cultura intelectual, incluyendo política, filosofía, ciencia u otros formatos de creación como la música y la literatura. Partiendo del análisis de la conciencia crítica de los diferentes colaboradores y la investigación historiográfica en torno a cuestionamientos estéticos y simbólicos, se despliega una revisión del conjunto de los discursos incluidos en la sección Estudios e Investigación. Palabras clave: Fundació Espais; Papers d’Art; crítica de arte catalana; investigación universitaria sobre arte contemporáneo; perspectiva divulgadora del arte. Papers d’Art. Contents of the Study and Research section Abstract: Contemporary artistic practices were provided with a space for reflection and the creation of opinion in the galleries of the Fundació Espais and in the pages of its art magazine, Papers d’Art. A group of independent voices of multidisciplinary artistic production was made audible thanks to this publication that provided a critique which forged dynamic connections between artistic meaning and social and cultural contexts. This paper highlights a shift in meaning of the conception of contemporary art as a key element in intellectual culture, including politics, philosophy, science and other creative formats such as music and literature. Based on an analysis of the critical awareness of the various contributors to the magazine and on the historiographic study of certain aesthetic and symbolic questions, a review of the articles published in the Studies and Research section is detailed. Keywords: Fundació Espais; Papers d’Art; Catalan art Criticism; University Research on Contemporary art; Popularizing Issues of Art. Artículo recibido: 29/09/2021. Revisado: 08/10/2021. Aceptado: 11/10/2021

Mitigation of fungal biodeterioration on paper documents and artworks represents a challenge to conservators worldwide. Numerous lists of fungal species have been identified from paper collections, but are those species responsible for the respective biodeterioration phenomena or just environmental contaminants? The present work was aimed at obtaining an association between specific fungal stains and causative fungal species. 23 stains from three paper documents were sampled. Fungal structures observed in situ with optical and scanning electron microscopy were compared with the identification of isolates by molecular biology tools. Correlation between the observed fungal structures and the identified fungal isolates was achieved, varying from 13% to 64% of the samples within the three studied documents. Grey/black and dark brown stains were associated with Chaetomium globosum, C. murorum, Penicillium chrysogenum, P. commune, Myxotrichum deflexum and Stachybotrys chartarum. Eurotium rubrum was isolated from a foxing stain and Penicillium citrinum was identified on light orange stains.

La regió més oriental d’Ucraïna, el Donbass, viu des de fa vuit anys una sagnant guerra en què Rússia s’ha vist directament involucrada. A més, la regió ha estat objecte de la propaganda russa, que l’ha utilitzat com un dels principals motius per justificar la seva intervenció militar sobre Ucraïna, el febrer de 2022. Tots els bàndols implicats en aquest conflicte argumenten que estan protegint els interessos i els desitjos dels seus habitants. Però aquests interessos i desitjos, a més de ser sovint manipulats, han sofert moltes modificacions i pressions després d’una guerra tan llarga, que entre altres coses ha fet que prop de la meitat dels habitants hagin abandonat la regió, i la resta es vegi sota una pressió militar, política i mediàtica constant. Aquest article intenta ser una anàlisi i una reflexió sobre l’autèntica voluntat dels habitants del Donbass, com també de la manipulació que estan sofrint.

Avaluadors/ores anònimes de Papers i estadística d’articles de l’any 2020.

Avaluadors/ores anònimes de Papers i estadística d’articles de l’any 2019.

Amate (amatl) is a handmade paper of Mexico made by Otomi Indians. This craft is made from bark of tree bark amate or jonote. It is originally developed in the states of Puebla, Hidalgo and Veracruz especially in San Pablito, Puebla. However, amate paper is sold as background Nahua paintings by artists from the state of Guerrero. Amate paper paintings are a combination of Nahua and Otomi traditions. While there have been some minor innovations, the amate paper is still done with the same basic process used in the pre-Hispanic period by obtaining a classical amate tree bark fiber. This is negatively affecting the ecosystem of the North of Puebla and forcing vendors bark in search of other species, so it is necessary to make paper amate more sustainably, including new types of bark from other species and by-products of agro-industries such as rice, coffee sugar cane, and other types of fiber that have high-availability The objective of this work was to analyze and compare the Chemical pulp of coffee characteristics, as raw material for amate paper of higher quality than that produced from the bark of other species. The results showed that the structural and chemical characteristics of coffee pulp cellulose pulp showed ease of paper making, due to its properties of adherence, formation and agglutination of fibers similar to the high quality of the final product as the amate tree bark-derived paper.

Avaluadors/ores anònimes de Papers i estadística d’articles de l’any 2018.

During a conservation project of a luso-oriental altar ivory cross from the 17th century, 59 paper fragments were found on its four level step base, between some of the low relief ivory plates and its wooden sockets of the four level base, and behind some cabochons of the decoration. Some fragments present a watermark and hand writing. These elements, together with the observation of the stains, dimension of fragments and their perforations, lead us to formulate the hypothesis of their having occurred three mountings, in different time periods. The paper characteristics and the history of other materials used in those mountings permit to pinpoint time periods for their occurrence.

Avaluadors/ores anònimes de Papers i estadística d’articles de l’any 2017

A solution of calcium hydroxide and sodium borohydride was applied using an ultrasonic misting device to a graphite drawing from the artist Guilherme Camarinha. This process allowed the drawing to be washed, reduce its foxing stains and planar distortions without interfering with a fountain pen inscription written by the author in the bottom righthand corner. As there is not much literature regarding this procedure, some practical questions related to the use of ultrasonic dispersions in the treatment of paper are discussed herein.

L’objectiu d’aquest article és traçar la biografia i mostrar l’ús social d’uns petits objectes de paper maixé pertanyents a la tradició de Takamatsu-hariko (Japó) que es conserven al Museu Etnològic de Barcelona. A través del seu estudi veurem el paper representatiu i simbòlic que tenen dins l’univers(os) femení japonès i podrem accedir a llegendes, tradicions populars i antics costums relacionats amb l’imaginari femení.

This study compares the quality of responses to eight matrix questions (36 variables) included in a survey administered on paper and by computer in two equivalent samples. Three criteria have considerated: 1) the average of non-response questions for each mode; 2) the repetition (or not) of the same response in different question items (differentiation); and, 3) the choice of extreme and middle response alternatives on the scale (easy responses). The paper questionnaires provided a greater number of non-response questions, with no change in non-response rates when taking into account scale range: 4, 5, 10 and 11 categories. The electronic questionnaire showed slightly greater differentiation and fewer extreme responses.

Aquest article es proposa estudiar la repercussió que les xarxes de contactes i els cercles de músics tenen en la generació d’oportunitats de feina en el camp musical del jazz. La recerca s’emmarca en la perspectiva del concepte de camp artístic de Pierre Bourdieu (1984, 1987) i de les principals característiques que conformen els cercles col·laboratius segons Michael P. Farrell (2003). La metodologia és de caràcter qualitatiu i es basa en la realització (entre 2015 i 2016) d’entrevistes semiestructurades i en observació participant amb músics de l’escena jazz de la ciutat de Barcelona. A partir d’aquest treball de camp, es van analitzar les aportacions principals que les xarxes de contactes i els cercles col·laboratius dels músics de jazz ofereixen a l’hora de generar oportunitats de feina en el camp artístic musical. També es va estudiar de quina manera el treball col·lectiu i la conformació de grups musicals esdevenen una plataforma artístico-creativa fonamental tant per al desenvolupament de les carreres individuals dels músics com en el camp d’exploració conjunta del propi llenguatge musical.

This article embraces the framing studies’ perspective to approach the media construction of the current techno-environmental controversy between Argentina and Uruguay, due to the location of an industrial plant to produce cellulose paper in the uruguayan community of Fray Bentos. The analysis is centered on the respective coverages developed by two argentinean print media –daily newspapers Clarín and Página 12– during three key stages in the evolution of the conflict. A sample composed of 1004 articles was examined using a protocol based in previously tested instruments, which was elaborated to quantify the incidence of five frames established a priori: a) environmental; b) scientific-technological; c) political-juridical; d) social; e) of economic causes & consequences. The evidence collected indicates that the analyzed media represented the controversy mostly in political-juridical terms and drastically overshadowed its environmental origins and the discrepancies of scientific and technical nature involved in its roots and development. The article discusses some results of the research experience, as well as the limitations and posibilites to extend the framing typology rehearsed here to other media coverages of similar situations, independently of its specific object.

The main objective of this paper is to determine the effect of Foreign Direct Investment on the hospitality sector in the Colombian economic growth. This is estimated using a method that uses the Gross Domestic Product –GDP- per capita and its disaggregated data according to the different economic sectors, providing an ex post assessment of the contribution of tourism on GDP growth. The results show that Colombia has competitive levels in tourism contribution to GDP, although its level is low compared to countries where the sector is the most active player in their economies.El objetivo de este estudio es determinar el efecto de la Inversión Extranjera Directa en el sector hotelero en el crecimiento económico colombiano. Para ello, se estima utilizando un método que utiliza el crecimiento del Producto Interno Bruto –PIB- real per cápita y se desagrega según los diferentes sectores económicos, lo cual brinda una estimación ex post de la contribución del turismo sobre el crecimiento del PIB. Los resultados muestran que Colombia presenta niveles competitivos de contribución del sector turismo al PIB, aunque su nivel sea bajo con respecto a países cuyo sector es el más activo y protagonista en sus economías

This essay attempts to show that the ancient rhetorical theory has explanatory capabilities to understand and learn to write modern texts and to analyze them in order to understand their communication skills, as in the scientific article, one of the most prestigious forms on scientific communication. It starts with the notion of discourse in the field of scientific communication and then address the rhetorical dimension of the paper.

The paper presents aspects of the scientific production of three 'ilustrados' who worked in South America: José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva (1763-1838), José Hipólito Unanúe (1755-1833), and Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga (1771-1848). These naturalists, whose trajectories, territories and beliefs were different, built their particular version of Nature in America and contributed with their scientific work to the construction of American geohistory. They were chosen in this research by criteria of territorial dispersion and by different approaches about specific aspects of Earth Sciences – themes that up to now have not received full attention among Latin-American historians of sciences. This paper contends that these personalities built their own knowledge about 'temperament' (climate) and territories, and also used their scientific knowledge to implement political agenda for their respectives countries that were being conformed.

This work presents a systematized count of those articles published in peer-reviewed academic journals in Mexico and abroad, which contents refer to issues of communication and culture concerning Baja California. The essay begins showing an overview on the development of communication studies in the region and then moves on to elaborate a descriptive analysis to organize and categorize the hemerographic references.

The article focuses on the role of id papers in the lives of African refugees on their way to and in Israel. In the article, I discuss the way in which documents both encapsulate the past and relations and therefore enable one's future, as much as they monitor and control the everyday lives of displaced persons. I therefore wish to examine the complex relationships between persons, documents and institutions, and the way power is manifested through them. In the article I thus show how refugees are not only helpless, but to an extent also ones who can together with others shape and change the face of their present and future.

Ser considerada una de les millors companyies dels Estats Units és un gran honor, però la bona reputació no eximeix aquestes empreses de trobar aspectes negatius a la Wikipedia, l'enciclopèdia en línia editada en col·laboració. Mitjançant una anàlisi de contingut de les companyies que tenen millor i pitjor reputació dels Estats Units, aquest estudi demostra que el contingut negatiu dels articles corporatius que es publiquen a la Wikipedia supera el contingut positiu independentment de la reputació de l'empresa. S'ha comprovat que tant les millors com les pitjors companyies contenen més continguts negatius que positius. És una qüestió important, ja que la Wikipedia no és només un dels llocs web més populars del món, sinó que s'ha convertit en un dels primers indrets per buscar informació corporativa. Tot i que s'han trobat més continguts relacionats amb la responsabilitat social corporativa en les entrades de les deu companyies amb millor reputació, aquests quedaven eclipsats per qüestions vinculades amb escàndols o assumptes legals. La conclusió és que els professionals de les relacions públiques haurien de supervisar i actualitzar periòdicament els seus articles corporatius a la Wikipedia independentment de la companyia per a la qual treballin.

En aquest treball es realitza una anàlisi bibliomètrica i historiogràfica dels articles publicats a la revista PAPERS DE SOCIOLOGIA entre els anys 1987 i 2001, per tal de buscar-hi dades que ens permetin endinsar-nos en la realitat de la investigació sociològica que es duu a terme al nostre país, posant un èmfasi especial en les xarxes de col·laboració que s’estableixen entre els autors que publiquen les seves investigacions en aquesta revista.

En la película La lavandería (2019), disponible en Netflix y basada en el escándalo de Panama Papers, se muestra la corrupción del mundo de una forma irónica y cómica, además, de poner en evidencia cómo las personas son utilizadas para alimentar cada vez más a los corruptos. Esta película trata de explicar todas las jugadas sucias o eso trata ya que se debe ver más de una vez para entender y buscar herramientas para proteger a los consumidores financieros.

O capitalismo demanda um sistema mundial, pois precisa de larga escala para funcionar, e as redes sociais são importante instrumento para sua expansão. A questão poderia ser vista como meramente comercial não fosse o fato de todas as empresas dominadoras desse segmento serem americanas e os EUA serem o representante-mor do capitalismo e eterno candidato a império mundial. Nesse ponto as coisas se embaralham. Essas plataformas foram criadas para a interação social, contudo propiciam também o compartilhamento de informação. Mais ainda: possibilitam a criação e publicação de conteúdos por qualquer pessoa. Publicar conteúdo não implica afirmar que se publique verdades. “Quem detém informação detém poder”, é ditado antigo. No mundo moderno, o poder se encontra na desinformação. E a desinformação tem corroído democracias. Fake news são o recurso mais eficaz para polarizar uma sociedade de modo a perturbá-la em variados níveis, em diversas esferas, predispondo-a a conflitos. A ascensão da extrema direita mundo afora, por exemplo, é fruto do adensamento desses grupos nas redes sociais. E “as direitas”, extrema ou moderada, são francamente capitalistas, defensoras da concentração de renda, da exploração da força de trabalho e do extrativismo irresponsável de recursos naturais.

Aquest article és el fruit del treball dut a terme en un seminari de sociologia durant el curs 1977-1978. A partir de l'anàlisi d'una mostra d'anuncis publicitaris diversos, però que tenen com a denominador comú la presència de la dona, hom intenta veure quin és l'estereotip de la dona vehiculat per la publicitat. L'elaboració d'un codi de classificació permet de situar la dona dels anuncis en diferents etapes de la seva vida i en l'exercici de papers diversos: nena, noia, esposa, mare, mestressa de casa, dona en el treball i dona amant. Però en aquesta diversitat de situacions no hi ha mai contradicció, sinó un model coherent i únic: la nena i la noia són ja dones, i les dones continuen essent sempre criatures; casolana encara que treballi, la dona és simultàniament esposa, mare i amant. Les dues característiques fonamentals d'aquest estereotip de la dona als anuncis publicitaris són, d'una banda, la constant accentuació de la seva dimensió eròtica i sexual i, de l'altra, la seva sistemàtica subordinació a l'home. D'aquesta manera la publicitat acompleix una doble funció, de reproducció de la ideologia dominant, i de legitimació i reforçament d'aquesta mateixa ideologia.

This paper presents the conservation treatment of a group of twenty Chinese calligraphies and paintings. These artworks are part of the Camilo Pessanha (1867-1926) collection that belongs to the Museu Nacional de Machado de Castro, and are currently on loan to the Museu do Oriente in Lisbon. The project was managed by the Fundação Oriente, and carried out at the conservation and restoration department of the Instituto dos Museus e da Conservação. There were three groups of works of art: scrolls with paintings and calligraphy on paper; scrolls with paintings on gilded paper; and paintings on silk. A brief characterization of the oriental scroll is followed by an overview of the traditional oriental conservation techniques for this type of art, as well as recently described practices. Ethical and theoretical considerations relating to the conservation treatments will be also discussed.

This research work is based on the application of sampling techniques to optimize industrial processes. The paper industry purchases large quantities of recycled paper, which must undergo a quality control based on the determination of two variables: the weig ht and moisture content of the raw material. The latter is a decisive factor in paying to ea ch supplier,for this work is to establish a procedure to determine an optima/ estimator of the moisture content of recycled paper that comes in a transport medium to the yards of consumption of a paper industry, so that you can assign a value to pay that does not harm either the company or the supplier. In research, it was on a set of historical data and quality standards, and developing a process based on the sample analysis to obtain an estimate of the moisture associated with all the paper contained in that conveyance. Significantly, the results of this procedure, yield percentages of 98.32% acceptance with respect to the actual value, compared with 63.48% of the traditionally applied method.

Herein we present a survey of reported work covering specific applications of liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) in art conservation. CO2 has been tested and applied in a wide range of materials, as well as in various steps of a conservation / restoration operation, such as cleaning, protection and consolidation, and it has been demonstrated that CO2 has a great potential in replacing current conventional conservation processes. In this paper we will present some of the main results published in literature, concerning CO2 applications for the conservation and restoration of paper, wood, waterlogged, ethnographic materials, stone and textiles.

A group of eleven pastel portraits from the painter José Malhoa (1855-1933) is presented in this paper. Some years ago they were in excellent conservation condition although having been subjected to permanent exhibition for over 30 years in a non conditioned environment. Since then their mounting conditions suffered alterations and their conservation showed signs of degradation. The storage condition history and the evolution of the pastel degradation was carefully reconstructed as well as was identified the material constituents of the pastel portraits, their pigments, bindings and support materials. It was concluded that the glass encapsulation was the main reason for the welfare of the collection and that the type of mounting and housing is more important than the presence or not of moderate exposure to indoor light. No direct relationship was found between the paper composition and the alterations.

Este ensaio pretende ser uma defesa da importância acadêmica do ensaio. Na vida acadêmica atual, vigora sobretudo o pragmatismo da produtividade funcional e da eficiência, expresso, através de um inglês comercial, sobretudo pelo paper. Esse esvaziamento das palavras convida-nos a enfatizar a importância do ensaio. De Montaigne a Steiner, passando por Adorno, o ensaio, gênero da modernidade, torna-se, assim, sobretudo num tempo de crise das grandes narrativas, o modo de captar o eterno naquilo que vivemos e percebemos como destinado a perecer. Constitui-se como escritura do sujeito moderno, e manifestação de suas extraordinárias inquietudes e de suas solidões. O ensaio como artesanato da suspeita, ao invés de ser visto como vitória do amadorismo na vida acadêmica, é o caminho com que se revelarão os limites de toda pretensão universalista e do produtivismo acadêmico hoje imperante.

The article aims to present a comprehensive review about the influence of Montesquieu, Locke and Rousseau’s thought regarding representation, division of powers, and idea of republicanism on the Federalist Articles. The discussion of such concepts on Locke`s Two Treatises of Governments (1689), Montesquieu’s The Spirit of Laws (1748), and Rousseau’s The Social Contract and Discourses (1762) is compared to the ideas presented by the Federalists on their 85 Articles to assess how the latter conception of republic, representation and division of powers is influenced by the former. Furthermore, the article presents the debate between Anti-Federalists and Federalists to elucidate how the ideas of those three modern political theorists formed the base for both sides’ arguments.

It is presented an alternative mounting solution that was developed after the treatment of a group of twelve Chinese scrolls of paintings and calligraphy. These art works are part of the Camilo Pessanha (1867 – 1926) collection that belongs to the Museu Nacional de Machado de Castro, and are currently on loan to the Museu do Oriente in Lisbon. The mounting of these scrolls was part of a project that was managed by the Fundação Oriente, and was supervised and carried out at the paper conservation and restoration department of the Instituto dos Museus e da Conservação. Issues pertaining to exhibition, environmental factors, handling and storage of oriental scrolls are discussed.

This text assesses some of the impacts on the Portuguese labour market resulting from the introduction of flexicurity. Taking the European Commission Green Paper as a reference, the contents and objectives of flexicurity are discussed and some of the features of the “Danish model”, normally taken as the example to be followed, are tested. From an analysis of various examples revealing vulnerable situations within the labour market, it is concluded that there is more evidence of the unsuitability of flexicurity in the Portuguese context than of the potential of this deliberate political measure.