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Teoretično izhodišče: Humana granulocitna anaplazmoza je redka klopna bolezen, katere pojav v svetu je vse pogostejši. Simptomi bolezni so bolečina v mišicah, glavobol, slabost in vročina. Namen diplomskega dela je ugotoviti najpogostejše negovalne diagnoze pri pacientki oboleli za humano granulocitno anaplazmozo v domačem okolju in kakšne posledice je pustila bolezen. Metodologija: Izvedli smo kvalitativno metodo dela, kjer smo uporabili delno strukturiran intervju. Intervju smo opravili pri eni osebi v domačem okolju. Intervju je izveden po 14 življenjskih aktivnostih Virginie Henderson ter po ostalih dodatnih aktivnostih. Glede na pridobljene podatke smo izpostavili negovalne diagnoze in odgovorili na raziskovalna vprašanja. Rezultati: V načrtu zdravstvene nege je izpostavljenih 10 negovalnih diagnoz. Po preboleli bolezni je pacientka samostojna, pogostejši pa so glavoboli in bolečine v sklepih. Pojavil se je tudi močan strah prek klopom in možnostjo ponovnega obolenja. Zaradi tega pacientka od obolenja ne hodi v gozd, v katerega je pred obolenjem zahajala vsakodnevno. Diskusija in zaključek: Obolenje telesnih posledic pri obravnavani pacientki ni pustilo. Pacientka se sooča s strahom pred klopom in s strahom pred sprehodi, kjer prebiva klop. Ugotovili smo tudi, da primanjkuje literature zdravstvene nege obolenja s klopi. Theoretical background: Human granulocytic anaplasmosis is a rare tick-borne disease, the phenomenon of which has become increasingly prevalent worldwide. The symptoms of the disease include muscle pain, headache, nausea and fever. The purpose of this thesis is to determine the most frequent nursing diagnoses for patients with human granulocytic anaplasmosis in domestic environment and to determine the damage this disease can make. Methodology: We carried out a qualitative working method, in which we used semi-structured interview. We interviewed one person in her home environment. The interview was based on Virginia Henderson’s 14 basic needs theory and other additional activities. According to the obtained data, we have determined nursing diagnoses and answered the research questions. Results: There are ten nursing diagnoses exposed in the health care plan. After the recovery, the patient is independent, but she has got frequent headaches and joint pain. It has appeared that she has a strong fear of ticks and a fear of getting sick again. Consequently, she does not take walks to the nearby forest anymore. Before she got sick, she took a walk to the forest every single day. Discussion and conclusion: The disease left no damage to the patient’s body. Her fear of ticks prevents her to go for a walk to places where ticks live (e. g. the forest). We have also found out that there is a lack of literature about nursing people with diseases transmitted by ticks.

Izhodišča: Zadovoljstvo je čustveni odziv na uporabnikovo izkušnjo s storitvijo. Razvije se kot posledica primerjave predhodnih pričakovanj in doživete izkušnje. Občutek zadovoljstva je izrazito subjektiven in ima tako čustvene kot kognitivne vzroke. Namen raziskave je bil pridobiti vpogled v zadovoljstvo uporabnikov zdravstvenih storitev sekundarne ravni in identificirati področja, kjer obstaja možnost za izboljšave. Raziskovalna metodologija V empiričnem delu je bila uporabljena kvantitativna metodologija raziskovanja z metodo anketiranja z vprašalnikom zaprtega tipa. Vprašalnik je obsegal tri demografska vprašanja in vprašanja o izkušnji hospitalizacije po petih kategorijah: sprejem v bolnišnico, odnos zdravnikov, odnos medicinskih sester, zdravje pacienta, bolnišnično okolje, odpust iz bolnišnice in ocena splošnega zadovoljstva. Anketirali smo 100 pacientov v neslučajnem namenskem vzorcu populacije. Uporabili smo statistične teste: parni t-test, Spearmanov koeficient korelacije, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Mann Whitney test, Levenov test enakosti varianc in test ANOVA. Rezultati: Rezultati so pokazali, da so pacienti zadovoljni z zdravstvenimi storitvami in bi sodelujočo bolnišnico tudi priporočili svojim prijateljem. Povprečna ocena splošnega zadovoljstva uporabnikov je 3,82. Rezultati kažejo statistično pomembno razliko v oceni odnosa medicinskih sester in zdravnikov (t = -10,21 p < 0,001). Obstaja statistično pomembna povezava (r = 0,423 p < 0,001) med hitrostjo obravnave in splošnim zadovoljstvom uporabnikov. Glede na spol (Z = -3,373 p = 0,709) in starost (F = 1,564 p = 0,167) pa statistično pomembne razlike v splošnem zadovoljstvu niso bile ugotovljene. Diskusija in zaključek: Ankete o zadovoljstvu pacientov omogočajo vpogled v pacientovo oceno o našem delu. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da so pacienti najpogosteje nezadovoljni, če jih ne poslušamo, jim namenimo premalo časa in jim ne posredujemo informacij na dovolj razumljiv način. Introduction: Satisfaction is an emotional reaction to a customer’s experience with the service. It develops as a consequence of comparing the expectations and the actual experience. A feeling of satisfaction is pronouncedly subjective and has emotional and cognitive roots. The goal of our research was to gain insight into patient satisfaction with health care services on the secondary level of health care and to identify areas with possibilities for improvement. Research methodology: For the theoretical part, we used the method of description with the analysis of domestic and foreign literature. For the empiric part of the master’s thesis, we used quantitative research via the method of closed question survey. The questionnaire contained three demographic questions and questions about patient satisfaction in five categories: admission to the hospital, relationship with nurses, relationship with doctors, their health, hospital environment, discharge from the hospital, and general satisfaction. We surveyed 100 patients in a non-random intentional sample. We used the following statistical tests: the paired t-test, the Spearman correlation coefficient, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the Mann Whitney test, the Levene´s test of variances, and the ANOVA test. Results: The study included 100 patients: 38 % male and 62 % female. The results showed that patients are generally satisfied with healthcare services in the participating hospital and would recommend it to their friends. The average score in general satisfaction is 3.82. Patients reported the lowest satisfaction levels in the category of sidelining the patient in a conversation. The average score is 2.51 for doctors and 2.44 for nurses. The results show that there is a statistically significant difference between the patient relationship with nurses and doctors (p

Uvod: Moški so se že v zgodovini pojavljali kot negovalci. To dokazujejo zapisi iz Indije, Rimskega cesarstva in srednjega veka. Dandanes število moških diplomantov v zdravstveni negi narašča. Številke iz obdobja 2006 – 2016 kažejo na povečanje deleža moških z 9% na 17%. Pri izvajanju zdravstvenih storitev prihajamo v stik s pacientom (fizično in psihično), ta stik pa je v literaturi opisan z izrazi, kot so pacientov intimni prostor, dostojanstvo in bližina. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je proučiti odnose med pacienti in zdravstvenimi delavci s poudarkom na pacientovem doživljanjem posega, s katerim posegamo v intimnost pacienta in dostojanstvo ter raziskati vpliv spola zdravstvenega delavca na ta odnos. Metode dela: Uporabljeni sta dve metodi dela: vsebinski pregled literature ter empirična metoda dela. Anketa je sestavljena iz 6 vprašanj o neprijetnih dogodkih pri pregledih, o zaupanju raznim zdravstvenim delavcem ter o vplivu spola zdravstvenega delavca pri izvajanju zdravstvene nege pacienta. Anketiranci so razdeljeni glede na demografske podatke (spol, starost in izobrazbo). Pri starosti so razvrščeni v starostne skupine po 10 let od vključno 18. leta dalje. Rezultati: K anketi je bilo povabljenih 165, sodelovalo je 161 anketirancev (98 žensk in 63 moških). Največ anketirancev je bilo v starostni skupini 18-29 let, večina je imela končano srednjo strokovno šolo ali gimnazijo. Najbolj pogost odgovor pri vprašanju o zadnji neprijetni izkušnji je fizikalni pregled (45%). V anketi je izpostavljen neprimeren odnos zdravstvenih delavcev (20%), nekateri anketiranci še niso imeli neprijetnih izkušenj (31%). Najbolj neprijetne izkušnje anketirancev so porazdeljene: primarna raven (41%), sekundarna raven (19%), terciarna raven zdravstvene dejavnosti (13%). Anketiranci najbolj zaupajo svoje težave zdravnikom in medicinskim sestram. 52% anketirancev meni, da je fizični pregled najbolj neprijeten. Pri vprašanju o vplivu spola zdravstvenega delavca je 42% anketirancev odgovorilo, da naj jih neguje oseba istega spola, 51% anketirancem se je odločilo za odgovor: Mi je vseeno. Razprava in zaključek: Število zaposlenih moških v zdravstveni negi se povečuje. Pri obravnavi se moramo zavedati vstopa v pacientov intimni prostor. Ta vstop je velikokrat spregledan. Raziskava je pokazatelj pacientovega doživljanja intimnega prostora, prav tako pa je tudi pokazatelj odnosa zdravstvenega delavca do pacienta. Introduction: Many sources in history that exist, which indicate that men have already been caregivers in the past. Nowadays the number of graduated males in nursing is increasing. Such are the facts from the year 2006 – 2016, where the percentage of males increased to 17%. As health workers we get in touch with patients (physically and psychologically). This contact is often described with words, such as intimate space, dignity and closeness. Purpose: The purpose is to study the relationship between patients and health workers with the emphasis on patient's point of view on the interventions into his/her intimate space and dignity. Methods: Two methods were used in diploma work. First was short literature review, the second was the empirical research. The survey consisted of 6 questions about uncomfortable experiences at medical examinations and the influence of the health worker's gender while providing intimate care. Respondents were organized into groups while taking the demographic data into account (gender, age and education). There were age groups made from the age of 18 onwards. Results: There were 161 respondents in total (98 women and 63 men). The majority was located in the age group 18-29, the most frequent level of education was finished secondary school. The most frequent answer about the last uncomfortable medical examination respondents chose is physical examination (45%). Answers about inappropriate health worker's behaviour must not be overlooked (20%), 31% of respondents had no such experience respectively. The answers about the most uncomfortable experience were organised into three groups: primary (41%), secondary (19%) and tertiary health system (13%). Respondents trust doctors and nurses the most when discussing personal (intimate) issues. 52% of respondents thought that physical examination is the most uncomfortable. 42% of all respondents answered that they should receive help from the caregiver of the same gender. 51% of all respondents chose the answer I don't care. Discussion and conclusion: The number of male nurses is increasing. While taking care of patients we need to remember how to approach them, because it is the significant indicator of the good nurse-patient relationship.

Zavedati se moramo, da je poznavanje osnovnih značilnosti nekaterih duševnih motenj bistveno pri delu v kliničnem okolju. Pri svojem delu se medicinske sestre velikokrat srečujejo z določenimi oblikami duševnih motenj. Na podlagi aktualnosti teme smo želeli raziskati poznavanje obsesivno kompulzivne motnje med študenti zdravstvene nege, saj bolezen velja za eno izmed ključnih anksioznih motenj, katere število v današnjem svetu močno narašča. We must be aware that knowledge of the basic characteristics of certain mental disorders is essential in working in a clinical setting. During their work, nurses often encounter certain types of mental disorders. Based on the topicality of the theme, we wanted to explore the knowledge of obsessive-compulsive disorder among students of nursing, since the disease is considered one of the key anxiety disorders, the number of which is increasing in today's world.

Prisilna hospitalizacija predstavlja etično-moralno sporno intervencijo v zdravstveni obravnavi pacienta s težavami v duševnem zdravju. Gre za kompleksen pristop k reševanju akutnih psihiatričnih stanj v dobrobit pacienta za varovanje njegovega zdravja in ostalih. Namen diplomskega dela je sistematični pregled literature in analiza podatkov obstoječih raziskav o prisilni hospitalizaciji v psihiatriji. Involuntary admission presents ethical and moral controversial intervention in psychiatry nursing care. It is a complex approach in saving acute psychiatric conditions in purpose of protecting the patient’s life and others. Purpose of work is a systematic review of literature and analysis of data from existing researches about approaches in involuntary hospitalization in psychiatry.

Magistrska naloga obravnava povezavo med avtonomijo pacienta in evtanazijo. V njej avtorica najprej, s teoretičnega vidika, predstavi pojem avtonomije pacienta in temeljne institute v veljavni zakonodaji, ki varujejo pacientovo avtonomijo. Temu sledi predstavitev umestitve pacientove avtonomije v veljavnem Zakonu o pacientovih pravicah, kot krovnemu aktu na področju pacientovih pravic. Dalje avtorica obravnava omejitve pacientove avtonomije, kot neizogiben del le te, ter osvetli problem še vedno prisotnega paternalističnega odnosa tretjih do pacienta. Naloga se v drugem delu osredotoči na problematiko evtanazije. Evtanazijo avtorica najprej definira, dalje pa, preko prakse Evropskega sodišča za človekove pravice in primerjalnopravnega pregleda ureditve na Nizozemskem in v Belgiji, predstavi še izvajanje evtanazije v praksi. Zadnji del naloge je namenjen predstavitvi možnosti odločanja o lastni smrti v našem pravnem redu. Avtorica najprej predstavi veljavno pravno ureditev in možnosti, ki jih imajo pacienti po sedaj veljavni zakonodaji. V nadaljevanju so predstavljeni argumenti tako za, kot proti dopustitvi evtanazije. Na koncu naloge avtorica oriše ureditev evtanazije, ki bi po njenem mnenju morala veljati v Sloveniji. This thesis researches the connection between patient autonomy and euthanasia. The author begins by illustrating the theroretical concept of patient autonomy and the fundamental institutes of existing legislation that safeguard it. This is followed by a presentation of the position taken by patient autonomy in current legislation, with the Patients’ Rights Act as a main act in the field. Furthermore, the author addresses the restrictions to patient autonomy as an unavoidable part of the latter, and illuminates the still present problem of paternalistic behaviour towards patients. The second part of the thesis focuses on the issue of euthansia. First by defining euthanasia, and then, through the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and a comparative analysis of legislative systems in the Netherlands and Belgium, presents the implementation of euthanasia in practice. The last part of the thesis is inteded as a presentation of options regarding end-of-life decisions in the Slovenian legal system. Current legislation is described along with the options that patients have based on it. Arguments for and against allowing the practice of euthanasia are presented before the author outlines a form euthanasia practice which, in her opinion, should be in force in Slovenia.

Teoretično izhodišče: Intramuskularna injekcija je pogosta intervencija v zdravstveni negi, saj je ena izmed osnovnih načinov dajanja zdravil parenteralno. Kljub pogostosti za pacienta predstavlja potencialno varnostno tveganje. Namen zaključnega dela je bil raziskati dejavnike, povezane z aplikacijo intramuskularne injekcije v glutealno področje, ki vplivajo na izide pri pacientu. Raziskovalna metodologija in metode: Izveden je bil sistematični pregled literature v podatkovnih bazah PubMed, Medline, ScienceDirect in CINAHL. V pregled so bili vključeni članki glede na ustreznost vsebine, vrsto raziskav, polno dostopnost in jezik. Za prikaz poteka sistematičnega pregleda literature je bil uporabljen diagram PRISMA. Kakovost posamičnih raziskav je bila ocenjena s pomočjo orodja NIH in razvrstitve v hierarhijo dokazov. Zbrani podatki so bili sintetizirani z metodo analize vsebine. Rezultati: Značilnosti ventroglutealnega in dorzoglutealnega področja, konstitucionalne značilnosti pacienta, izbor področja in vbodnega mesta aplikacije, tehnika aplikacije in tehnike zmanjševanja bolečine so dejavniki, ki vplivajo na varnost pri aplikaciji intramuskularne injekcije. Razprava in sklep: Za zagotavljanje varnosti pri aplikaciji intramuskularne injekcije je potrebno poznavanje dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na izide pri pacientu. Zaradi ugotovljenih pomanjkljivosti v praksi bi bilo smiselno raziskati znanje medicinskih sester o aplikaciji intramuskularne injekcije. Theoretical background: Administering intramuscular injections is a frequent intervention in nursing as it is one of the basic routes in parenteral drug administration. Despite its frequency it is associated with potential safety risks for the patient. The aim of the diploma work was to investigate the factors associated with the administration of an intramuscular injection, which influence the patient outcomes. Research methodology and methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature found in the databases PubMed, Medline, ScienceDirect and CINAHL, and included articles based on their content, type of study, accessibility and language. The PRISMA diagram demonstrates a systematic review of the literature. The quality of the articles was evaluated using the NIH tools and a hierarchy of evidence. The collected data were synthesized with the content analysis. Results: Factors that influence the safety in the administration of intramuscular injections are: characteristics of the ventrogluteal and dorsogluteal injection sites, physical characteristics of the patient, site selection and choice of the puncture point, the administration technique and methods of pain relief. Discussion and conclusion: For safe administration of an intramuscular injection it is necessary to know the factors which influence the patient outcomes. Due to observed shortcomings in the clinical practice, it would be rational to investigate the knowledge of nurses regarding the administration of an intramuscular injection.

Magistrsko delo predstavlja pravno analizo nekrivdnih odškodninskih shem v tujih zdravstvenih sistemih, natančneje pravnih sistemih skandinavskih držav (Švedska, Danska in Norveška) in Nove Zelandije. Jedro naloge izhaja iz teze, da je potrebna reforma slovenskega zdravstvenega sistema in z njim povezanega sistema odškodovanja za škodo nastalo zaradi zdravstvenih napak. Prav zato so v nalogi preučene možnosti drugih oblik odškodovanja, in sicer po modelu nekrivdnih odškodninskih shem iz skandinavskih držav. Ta model predstavlja noviteto na področju odškodovanja, saj vzpostavlja drugačen odškodninski režim, s katerim se odškoduje pacienta, četudi krivde zdravstvenega delavca ni mogoče ugotoviti. Z njim se lahko izognemo visokim postopkovnim stroškom, nezadovoljstvu v razmerju med zdravnikom in pacientom ter se osredotočimo na promocijo varnosti v zdravstvu. Kljub temu pa sistem ne prinaša zgolj prednosti, saj je deležen tudi določenih kritik, ki so povezane s krogom oškodovancev. Pojavlja se vprašanje glede izražanja resnične pravice in pomanjkanja učinka »strahu«, ki ga poznamo iz klasičnega pravdnega postopka. Vsled tega naloga na kratko v začetku predstavi izvirni »no fault« oziroma nekrivdni odškodninski sistem iz Nove Zelandije, potem pa se poglobi v tri področja, ki so potrebna za rešitev problema: materialne značilnosti nekrivdnih odškodninskih shem, postopkovno ureditev ter razpravo o kvalitetah in slabostih obravnavanega sistema. Purpose of this master’s degree is to create legal overview and analysis of no-fault compensation schemes for medical damages in foreign healthcare systems, more specifically from countries in Scandinavian region (Sweden, Denmark and Norway). Essence of this work revolves around personal opinion, that reform of healthcare system and its compensation system for medical injury is due. Therefore, this work mainly focuses on analysis of alternate way of compensation through no-fault compensation schemes for medical damages, taken from Scandinavian countries. This system is a novelty, because it establishes a completely new, different compensation regime. With it, we can avoid high procedural costs, dissatisfactions in relationship between doctors and patients, and shift our focus to promotion of safety in healthcare and medicine. Even with all of its benefits, it comes with several drawbacks. Its shortcomings are mostly about scope of beneficiaries it covers, doubts regarding expression of real truth and lacking element of “fear” from traditional due process. Hence, this work’s first part presents original no-fault system from New Zealand. After that it focuses into three areas, required to present a solution characteristics of substantive truth in no fault compensation schemes, about procedural provisions and discussion about features and drawbacks of no-fault compensation system in question.

V magistrsken delu smo predstavili pravice pacientov, ki jih vsebuje Zakon o pacientovih pravicah in dolžnostih. Prav tako smo prikazali, kakšna je seznanjenost pacientov z Zakonom o pacientovih pravicah ter kakšna je pogostost kršenja pacientovih pravic. Opisali smo vlogo in delovanje zastopnika in varuha pacientovih pravic ter kako ravnati ob kršitvi pacientovih pravic. In this master thesis, we present the patient rights contained within the Patient Rights Act. We also show the degree of familiarity of patients with the patient rights and duties Act, and with the frequency of patient rights violations are. We describe the role and function of the representative and guardian of patients rights and how to act in case of violation of patient rights.

Pacientova privolitev je v današnjih časih pogoj za skladnost medicinskega posega z zakonom. Zdravniški poseg brez veljavne privolitve pomeni izvršitev kaznivega dejanja telesne poškodbe, za katero bo zdravnik kaznenskopravno odgovarjal. Pacientova pravica do privolitve v zdravstveno oskrbo je ena izmed treh pravic, ki sestavljajo pacientovo avtonomijo oz. pacientovo pravico do samoodločbe, s katero se pacientu omogoča aktivno sodelovanje v procesu zdravljenja. V zgodovini je bil pacient zgolj objekt, primoran upoštevati zdravnikova navodila, danes pa odnos med zdravnikom in pacientom temelji na partnerstvu. Zdravnik je zavezan spoštovati odločitve in voljo pacienta. V okviru pojasnilne dolžnosti ga mora seznaniti z vsemi pomembnimi dejstvi, da je pacient sposoben oblikovanja razumne odločitve glede zdravljenja. V primeru pacientove nezmožnosti podati veljavno privolitev, protipravnost medicinskega posega izključi nadomestna privolitev, dana s strani tretjih oseb, ki jih zakon zato predvideva. Zdravnik je vedno zavezan ravnati v dobrobit pacienta. Medicinski poseg je dolžan izvesti tudi kadar se zaveda, da je veljavno pacientovo ali nadomestno privolitev nemogoče pridobiti, vendar utemeljeno domneva, da bi se pacient s posegom strinjal. V drugih državah poznajo inkriminacijo samovoljnega zdravljenja, ki jo del sodobne teorije medicinskega kazenskega prava hvali kot najprimernejšo. Na prvi pogled se res zdi primerno sredstvo za varovanje pacientove avtonomije, vendar je treba poudariti, da ne more nadomestiti trenutno sprejetega koncepta varovanja samoodločbe, lahko ga le dopolni. Nowadays patient’s consent is a condition for a medical procedure to be in compliance with the law. Medical procedure without valid patient’s consent means commission of a criminal offense, for which the physician will be held responsible. Patient’s right to consent is one of three rights composing patient’s autonomy or patient’s right to self-determination which allows patient to actively participate in treatment process. In the past, the patient was only an object, obliged to follow physician’s instructions. Today, the relationship between a physician and a patient is based on partnership. The decisions and the will of the patient must be respected. It is physician’s duty to disclose all relevant information based on which patient forms reasonable decision regarding treatment. In the event of a patient’s inability to give a valid consent, law allows third parties to consent instead. Physician is always committed to acti in patient’s wellbeing. His medical intervention is also required when he is well aware that it is impossible to obtain patient’s or substitute’s consent, but it is reasonably assumed that the patient agrees with the procedure. Some countries are familiar with incrimination of arbitrary treatment, which is considered by part of modern theory of medical criminal law to be the most appropriate. At first sight it is true but it needs to be pointed out that arbitrary treatment cannot replace currently adopted concept of self-determination, it can only supplement it.

Izhodišče in namen: Čustvena inteligenca je združitev medsebojno povezanih čustvenih in socialnih kompetenc. Čustva izkazujemo, uporabljamo pri komunikaciji in tako vzpostavljamo medosebne odnose. Namen zaključnega dela je bil raziskati čustveno inteligenco in komunikacijske veščine medicinskih sester pri vzpostavljanju medosebnih odnosov s pacientom. Raziskovalne metode: V zaključnem delu je bila uporabljena kvantitativna metodologija raziskovanja. Izvedena je bila terenska študija. Podatke smo zbrali s pomočjo anketnega vprašalnika. Ta je vseboval trditve, povezane s čustveno inteligenco in komunikacijskimi veščinami. Za prikaz rezultatov smo uporabili deskriptivno statistiko, Pearsonov koeficient korelacije za ugotavljanje povezanosti in t-test za ugotavljanje razlik med spremenljivkami. Rezultati: Ugotovili smo, da je stopnja čustvene inteligence pozitivno povezana s stopnjo komunikacijskih veščin pri vzpostavljanju medosebnih odnosov s pacientom (r = 0,0464 p = 0,000). Glede na spol anketirancev in stopnjo čustvene inteligence nismo ugotovili statistično pomembnih razlik (t = 0,672 p = 0,409), tudi glede na delovne izkušnje anketirancev se ne pojavljajo statistično pomembne razlike v komunikacijskih veščinah pri vzpostavljanju medosebnih odnosov s pacientom. Diskusija in zaključek: Čustva so sestavni del vsakega dela, vendar dobijo specifično razsežnost ravno v zdravstveni negi, saj ta poklic temelji na delu z ljudmi. V raziskavi smo ugotovili, da se čustvena inteligenca in komunikacijske veščine medicinskih sester povezujejo in vplivajo na vzpostavljanje medosebnih odnosov s pacientom. Background and purpose: Emotional intelligence is a combination of interconnected emotional and social competences. We express emotions and use them when communicating with others, thus establishing interpersonal relationships. The purpose of this diploma thesis was to examine nurses' emotional intelligence and communication skills when establishing interpersonal relationships with patients. Research methods: This diploma thesis used a quantitative research methodology. A field study was conducted. The data were collected by means of a questionnaire, which contained statements relating to emotional intelligence and communication skills. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient for determining correlation, and a t-test for determining differences among variables were used to show the results. Results: It has been established that the level of emotional intelligence is positively correlated with the level of communication skills when establishing interpersonal relationships with patients (r = 0,0464 p = 0,000). To the respondents' gender there are no statistically significant differences (t = 0,672 p = 0,409) even with regard to the work experience of the respondents, there are no statistically significant differences in communication skills when establishing interpersonal relationships with patients. Discussion and conclusion: Emotions are an integral part of each job, however, they have even greater significance in nursing, because the profession is based on working with people. The research has determined that the emotional intelligence and communication skills of nurses are interconnected and that they influence the establishment of interpersonal relationships with patients.

Uvod: Zadovoljstvo bolnikov je pomemben izid zdravstvene oskrbe, ki je med drugim pogojen s kakovostjo sporazumevanja, medosebnimi odnosi in organizacijo dela. Zadovoljstvo pacientov prispeva k večjemu ugledu radiološkega oddelka, kot tudi zdravstvene ustanove. Bolj kot so pacienti zadovoljni, bolj so lahko zadovoljni tudi radiološki inženirji z delom, ki ga opravljajo. Namen: Namen magistrskega dela je ugotoviti stopnjo zadovoljstva pacientov na radiološkem oddelku Splošne bolnišnice Slovenj Gradec, ter identificirati dejavnike, ki vplivajo na (ne)zadovoljstvo pacientov na dveh področjih delovanja, magnetna resonanca (MR) in računalniška tomografija (CT). Metode dela: Za teoretični del smo uporabili metodo pregleda domače in tuje strokovne literature. V empiričnem delu smo uporabili kvantitativno metodo. Mnenja pacientov smo zbrali z anketnim vprašalnikom. Podatke smo statistično analizirali z opisno statistiko, Cronbach alfa testom, koeficientom korelacije, ne parametričnim t-testom, linearno in multiplo regresijsko analizo. Rezultati: Na anketo je odgovorilo 140 anketirancev 47,1% moških in 52,9% žensk. Povprečna starost anketirancev je bila 53 let. Največ jih je imelo končano srednjo šolo 49,3%. Pri preverjanju povezanosti pacientovega splošnega zadovoljstva z različnimi spremenljivkami radiološkega oddelka najdemo močno povezanost pri komunikaciji in odnosu radiološkega inženirja, srednjo povezanost pa pri mnenju o čakalnici, čakalnem času, čakalni dobi in izobrazbi. Zdravstveno stanje pacienta, spol in starost niso povezani z zadovoljstvom. Ko pa so v modelu multiple linearne regresijske analize zajeti vsi preučevani dejavniki, rezultati kažejo, da na zadovoljstvo pacientov v največji meri vplivajo komunikacija (β = 0,461, p < 0,01), odnos radiološkega inženirja (β = 0,256, p < 0,05) in čakalni čas v čakalnici (β = -0,136, p < 0,05). Razprava in zaključek: Anketiranci CT in MR diagnostik so v povprečju podali visoke ocene zadovoljstva z zdravstveno obravnavo (nad 4 na 5-stopenjski lestvici). Splošno mnenje pacientov o delu radioloških inženirjev s CT in MR diagnostike je povprečju zelo dobro. Iz rezultatov vidimo, da so pacienti v veliki meri zadovoljni z delom radioloških inženirjev. Sklenemo lahko, da se zadovoljstvo pacientov ustvari s kombinacijo pacientovih pogledov in potreb, ter z nenehnimi izboljšavami odnosov med radiološkimi inženirji in pacienti. Naša raziskava je eni prvih v Sloveniji na področju zadovoljstva pacientov z delom radioloških inženirjev, zato v nadaljnje raziskovalne namene priporočamo, da razširimo merjenje zadovoljstva še na ostale diagnostike radiološkega oddelka Splošne bolnišnice Slovenj Gradec. Podobne raziskave priporočamo tudi v drugih ustanovah radioloških oddelkov po Sloveniji, saj bi tako RI bolje razumeli pacientove želje in potrebe in bi tako svoje delo temu tudi ustrezno prilagodili. Introduction: The satisfaction of patients is an important outcome of health care, which is determined by the quality of communication, interpersonal relationships and organisation of work. The satisfaction of patients contributes to better reputation of the radiological department as well as health institution. The more patients are satisfied, the more can radiographers be satisfied with their work. Purpose: The purpose of the master thesis is to determine the level of satisfaction of patients at Radiological department of the General Hospital Slovenj Gradec, and to identify the factors that affect the satisfaction of patients in two fields of operating: magnetic resonance (MR) and computer tomography (CT). Methods: For the theoretical part, we analysed Slovenian and foreign professional literature, and for empirical part, we used the quantitative method. With survey questionnaire, we collected the opinions of patients and statistically analysed the data with descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s alpha, correlation coefficient, nonparametric t-test, linear and multiple regression analysis. Results: The survey was answered by 140 respondents, 47,1 % of men and 52,9 % of women. Average age of respondents is 53. The majority of them (49,3 %) finished secondary school. When examining the relationships between patients’ overall satisfaction with the various variables of the radiological department, we discovered a strong correlation with ˝communication˝ and radiographer’s attitude. Less strong is the relationship with the waiting-room, waiting time, waiting period and education. Patient’s health condition, sex and age are not connected to the satisfaction of the patient. When every studied factor is included in the model of multiple linear regression analysis, results show that the satisfaction of patients is in majority impacted by communication (β = 0,461, p < 0,01), attitude of radiographer (β = 0,256, p < 0,05) and waiting time in the waiting-room (β = -0,136, p < 0,05). Discussion and conclusion: Respondents of the survey have assessed the CT and MR diagnostics with a high grade of satisfaction with health treatment (above 4 on a scale of 1 to 5). Average opinion of patients on the work of radiographers at CT and MR diagnostics is genuinely high. The results reveal that patients are satisfied with the work of radiographers. We can conclude that satisfaction of patients consists of patient’s point of view and needs, and of constant improvements of the relationship between a radiographer and a patient. Our research is one of the first on the satisfaction of patients with the work of radiographers in Slovenia. Therefore, we recommend expanding the measuring of satisfaction to other diagnostics of the radiological department of the General Hospital Slovenj Gradec. We also recommend similar studies in radiological departments elsewhere in Slovenia in order to understand patients wishes and needs, and to adjust the work appropriately.

Uvod: Učinkovita komunikacija dviguje kvaliteto nudenja zdravstvenih storitev, cilj katerih so zadovoljni uporabniki storitev in zaposleni. V obseg pridobljenih kompetenc tekom študija sodi tudi ustrezna komunikacija. Če že ni, mora postati ena izmed osnovnih vrednot osebja na delovnem mestu. Študentje Zdravstvene fakultete predstavljamo bodoč svež val, prepotreben kader zdravstva. Uporaba komunikacijskih spretnosti izboljšuje potek kvalitete procesa zdravljenja in zmanjšuje število nastanka morebitnih ovir, ki bi nemoten proces zdravljenja lahko otežile. Zavestno razmišljanje in izobraževanje o veščinah komunikacije pripomoreta k dvigu standardov, kvalitetnejšemu sodelovanju in povezovanju osebja v zdravstveno multidisciplinaranih timih. Namen: Želeli smo ugotoviti ali študentje tretjih letnikov posedujejo več komunikacijskih spretnosti s področja poslušanja, sprejemanja informacij in izražanja, kot prvi letniki. Poleg tega je bil namen ozaveščati o pomembnosti ustrezne komunikacije na delovnem mestu in prispevati k razvoju in nadgradnji komunikacijskih veščin študentov ter izboljšati lastne spretnosti na tovrstnem področju. Metode dela: Uporabljeni sta bili kvantitativna metoda raziskovanja s pomočjo ankete in deskriptivna metoda dela s pregledom domačih in tujih virov. Anketa je bila zaprtega tipa. Sodelujoči so imeli na voljo že podane odgovore, ki so jih ustrezno označili, z označbo pa izključili ostale možnosti. V anketi je sodelovalo 382 oseb, od tega jih je anketo ustrezno in za nadaljnjo analizo primerno izpolnilo 185 oseb. Rezultati: Analiza rešenih vprašalnikov študentov je pokazala dobre rezultate. Prve tri hipoteze smo ovrgli, četrto pa potrdili. Glede na dobljene rezultate in pretvorbo teh preko numerične lestvice sklepamo, da se znanje študentov, s področja osnov spretnosti komunikacije, giba na meji odličnega. Razprava in zaključek: Doseženi rezultati anketirancev so v večini odlični, vendar so ti vseeno mnenja, da čutijo primankljaj na področju znanja o veščinah komunikacije. Temu primerno želijo študentje ustrezno ukrepati in znanje s tovrstnega področja tudi nadgraditi. Pot do napredka jim lahko olajša Zdravstvena fakulteta, za katero večina anketirancev meni, da bi lahko nekaj več pozornosti namenila tudi tovrstnemu izobraževanju. Študentje menijo, da bi bilo najbolje, če bi učenje komunikacijskih spretnosti potekalo preko organiziranega tečaja ali kot del korikuluma, rednega izobraževalnega programa. Introduction: Effective communication raises the quality of healthcare treatments that aim to satisfy users of services and employees. In the scope of competences acquired during the course of studies, we also include appropriate communication, which should become the basic value of the personnel at the workplace. Students of the Faculty of Health Sciences present a future fresh wave of much needed medical personnel. The use of such acquired competences influences and improves the quality of the healthcare process. Conscious thinking and education about communication skills contribute to raising standards and improving cooperation and staffing in health multidisciplinary teams. Purpose: The purpose of the final thesis is to investigate, how good are students of the Faculty of health sciences in the basics of communication, to contribute to the development and upgrading of students communication skills and to improve our own knowledge of communication skills in the health field. We are interested in students awareness of the importance of good communication in the workplace and, if it is necessary, to upgrade their current knowledge of cfacultyommunication. Methods of work: We used quantitative method of reserch and a descriptive method of work, with a survey of domestic and foreign used sources. The poll was a closed type. Participants had already provided with the answers, which they correctly marked, and excluded other options with the tag. It involved 382 people, of which 185 persons fulfilled it correctly and appropriate for further analysis. In a more precise selection of the study of the basics of communication, we captured: the ability to provide information, listening and provideing answers. Results: An analysis of the results has shown good results. We reversed first three hypotheses and confirmed the fourth. We can conclude, that the knowledge of students in the field of communication skills verges on excellent, considering obtained and converted results, with the help of numerical scale. Discussion and conclusion: Although the majority of respondents results were excellent, they still feel that there is a lack of knowledge in the field of communication. Therefore they want to take appropriate action and upgrade it. Their path to progress could be facilitated with the help of Faculty of health sciences, which, in the opinion of the respondents, could devote a little more attention to this kind of education. Students believe that it would be best, if learning communication skills is carried out through an organized course, or as part of a regular curriculum.

Kakovost življenja posameznika po vstavitvi totalne endoproteze kolka je tesno prepletena z njegovim zdravstvenim stanjem. Zato je vloga izvajalcev zdravstvene nege pri rehabilitaciji usmerjena predvsem v funkcioniranje pacienta, da bi dosegel čim večjo samostojnost. Namen diplomskega dela je predstaviti kakovost življenja pacienta po vstavitvi totalne endoproteze kolka. The quality of an individual's life after the insertion of total hip hip endoprotection is closely intertwined with his state of health. Therefore, the role of nursing care providers in rehabilitation is mainly focused on the functioning of the patient in order to achieve as much autonomy as possible. The purpose of the diploma work is to present the quality of life of the patient after the insertion of total hip endometriosis.

Izhodišča: Poznavanje vzrokov za napake pri dajanju zdravil, ovir sporočanja ter ocene sporočanja je pomembno za zagotavljanje kakovostne in varne obravnave pacientov, takšnih raziskav pa v slovenskem okolju primanjkuje. Strokovnjaki ocenjujejo, da je za varnost pacientov med drugim potrebna tudi ustrezna kultura skrbi, vendar je zaenkrat še premalo raziskav, ki bi potrdili povezanost kulture skrbi s kazalniki kakovosti in varnostjo pacientov. Z doktorsko disertacijo smo želeli raziskati zaznavanje vzrokov za napake pri dajanju zdravil, ovir sporočanja in ocene sporočanja napak ter kulturo skrbi, izraženo kot zaznavanje skrbi posameznika pri lastnem delu, pri sodelavcih in nadrejenih, v delovnem okolju ter ugotoviti njihove povezave. Metode: Izvedli smo multicentrično presečno opazovalno raziskavo z uporabo zaporednega pojasnjevalnega načrta mešanih metod na populaciji zaposlenih v zdravstveni negi na internih in kirurških oddelkih v 11 slovenskih bolnišnicah. Podatke v okviru kvantitativnega dela smo zbrali s pomočjo petih psihometrično veljavnih in zanesljivih vprašalnikov. Zbrane podatke smo nato analizirali z uporabo deskriptivne in inferenčne statistike. V okviru kvalitativnega dela smo uporabili metodo utemeljene teorije, podatke pa zbrali s pomočjo vprašanj odprtega tipa v anketnem vprašalniku in delno strukturiranimi intervjuji. Rezultati: Ugotovili smo, da so vzroki za nastanek napak organizacijske in individualne narave. Anketiranci so komponente kadrovsko-delovni procesi, komunikacija z zdravniki in znanje ocenili z najvišjimi povprečnimi ocenami. Ugotovili smo pomanjkljivo sporočanje napak, saj so anketiranci ocenili, da se na njihovem oddelku sporoči manj kot 60 % vseh napak pri dajanju zdravil (p ≤ 0,001). Kar 37,6 % pa jih je ocenilo, da se vse vrste napak sporočijo v 0–20 %. Na pomanjkljivo sporočanje napak pri dajanju zdravil vpliva več dejavnikov na organizacijski in individualni ravni, kot največji oviri pa sta bili z najvišjimi povprečnimi ocenami ocenjeni komponenti odziv in strah. Rezultati so pokazali tudi, da je zaznavanje vzrokov za napake, ovir sporočanja, ocene sporočanja in kulture skrbi odvisno od določenih demografskih značilnosti posameznika, oddelkov in ustanov. Kultura skrbi je na srednji ravni, saj so anketiranci povprečno ocenili vse elemente kulture skrbi, povprečno so ocenili k osebi osredotočeno skrb v okolju, skrb pri svojem delu pa so ocenili bolje kot skrb pri nadrejenem in sodelavcih. Anketiranci, ki so bolje ocenili k osebi osredotočeno skrb v okolju, klimo varnosti, skrb pri lastnem delu in skrb pri nadrejenem, so ocenili, da se sporoči višji odstotek napak, in sicer 61–100 % vseh napak (p ≤ 0,05). Z rezultati kvalitativne raziskave smo dobili še bolj poglobljen vpogled v obravnavano problematiko. Razprava in zaključki: Kultura skrbi je osnova za zagotavljanje varnosti pri dajanju zdravil, vendar je slednja odvisna od številnih drugih, predvsem sistemskih dejavnikov. Za boljšo varnost pri dajanju zdravil potrebujemo sistemski pristop obravnave napak. Na oddelkih in predvsem na ravni ustanov potrebujemo neobtožujočo, nekaznovalno učno kulturo, v kateri bodo zaposleni brez strahu sporočali napake. Background: Knowing the causes of medication errors, barriers of reporting and estimation of reported medication errors are important for ensuring patients’ quality and safety and there is a lack of such studies in Slovenia. Experts estimate, that among other factors caring culture is also needed for patient safety, however, there is a lack of research confirming the link between caring culture and quality indicators and patient safety. Therefore, we wanted to research perception of causes of errors in medication administration, barriers of reporting, estimation of reported errors and caring culture expressed as caring of care providers, co-workers, managers and in a working environment and determine their correlations. Methods: A multicentre cross-sectional observational study using mixed methods sequential explanatory design was conducted on a population of employees in nursing working on internal and surgical wards in eleven Slovenian hospitals. Data within quantitative strand were gathered using five psychometric valid and reliable questionnaires and then analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The grounded theory approach was used within qualitative strand. Data were gathered using open ended survey questions and semi-structured interviews. Results: Results showed there are organizational and individual causes of medication errors. Nurse staffing and work processes, physician communication and knowledge were assessed with highest average values. We found underreporting, as respondents assessed there are a less than 60% of occurred medication administration errors reported on their wards (p ≤ 0.001). 37.6% evaluated that all errors are reported in 0-20%. Underreporting is influenced by several factors at the organizational and individual level. Response and fear were found with highest average values. Results also showed that perception of medication administration error causes, reporting barriers and estimation of reported errors are dependent on certain demographic characteristics of individuals, wards and institutions. Caring culture is average, as respondents assessed all elements of caring culture with average mean values. Person-centred climate was assessed as the average, while caring of the provider was assessed better than caring of managers and co-workers. Respondents who assessed person-centred climate, safety climate, caring of provider and caring of manager with higher mean values perceived better medication error reporting, they perceived that 61-100% of all errors is reported (p ≤ 0,05). Results of a qualitative strand provided even more in-depth insight into the researched problem. Discussion and conclusions: Caring culture is the foundation for ensuring medication administration safety, but the latter is dependent on several other mainly organizational, system factors. A system approach is needed to manage medication administration safety. Non-punitive, non-blaming learning culture is needed on hospital wards and especially at the institutional level, so nurses can report errors without fear.

Izhodišča in namen: V bolnišničnem okolju se lahko v določenem trenutku znajdejo ljudje iz različnih delov sveta, ki potrebujejo zdravstveno obravnavo. V Sloveniji je dne 1. 1. 2017 bilo 2.065.895 prebivalcev, od tega približno 114.500 priseljencev, kar pomeni 5,5 % populacije. Ne glede na spol, narodnost, raso ali etnično poreklo, prepričanje, invalidnost, starost, spolno usmerjenost ali drugo osebno okoliščino ima pacient pravico do enake obravnave pri zdravstveni oskrbi. Kadar se medicinska sestra in pacient sporazumevata v dveh različnih jezikih prihaja do manj učinkovite zdravstvene obravnave kot v primerjavi z dvema govorcema, ki se sporazumevata v istem jeziku. Jezikovna prepreka vidno vpliva na kakovost zdravstvene nege v zdravstvenem sistemu, saj onemogoča učinkovito komunikacijo med medicinsko sestro in pacientom. Namen diplomskega dela je ugotoviti, kako se medicinske sestre spopadajo z jezikovno prepreko pri zdravstveni negi pacientov. Raziskovalne metode: Uporabili smo kvalitativno metodologijo s fenomenologijo kot metodo raziskovanja. Za obdelavo podatkov smo uporabili metodo tematske analize besedila. Posneli smo intervjuje s 6 diplomiranimi medicinskimi sestrami, jih prepisali in slovnično uredili. Iz vseh intervjujev smo poiskali tematske sklope in jih interpretirali. Rezultati: Odgovore na vprašanja smo analizirali po metodi tematske analize besedila. Najdene so bile tri glavne tematske kategorije, in sicer soočenje s tuje govorečim pacientom, reševanje težav v komunikaciji in izobraževanje. Diskusija in zaključek: Jezikovne prepreke v zdravstveni negi v RS so prisotne, vendar se o njih premalo govori. V prihodnje bomo v zdravstveni negi v RS več pozornosti posvečali tudi temu. Introduction: In a medical environment, there can be a large number of people from around the globe who need medical attention. On 1 January 2017, Slovenia had 2.065.895 citizens, 114.500 of them migrants, who comprise approximately 5.5 % of population. Health care must be accessible and provided without discrimination based on health status, race, ethnicity, age, sex, sexuality, disability, language, religion, national origin, income, or social status. When a nurse and a patient communicate in two different languages, the outcome is less successful medical care compared to speakers of the same language. Language barriers have an effect on the quality of healthcare, because they are one of the reasons for less effective communication between the nurse and the patient. The purpose of the study was to investigate how the nurses are dealing with language barriers in nursing. Research Methods: Qualitative methodology and empirical research were used. Thematic analysis was used for data synthesis. Data were collected by a verbatim transcription of an interview with 6 nurses. Results: Three main themes were found: (1) Communicating with foreign language-speaking patients, (2) solving problems in communication, and (3) education. Discussion and Conclusion: Language barriers are present in healthcare in Slovenia, even though they are hardly ever mentioned.

Izhodišče. V sodobnem času temelji zdravstvena nega v psihiatriji predvsem na procesu človekove komunikacije, za katero pa je značilen medoseben odnos med medicinsko sestro in pacientom. Posebnosti komuniciranja v zdravstvu izhajajo predvsem iz etičnih načel, to je iz spoštovanja osebnosti pacienta. Odnosi med pacientom in medicinsko sestro se odražajo prek komunikacije. Komuniciranje s pacienti je zahtevno in zahteva mnogo izkušenj in znanja. V diplomskem delu je opisana komunikacija ter medosebni odnos med medicinsko sestro in pacientom z duševno motnjo. Pravilna komunikacija in empatičen odnos medicinske sestre sta ključnega pomena pri uspešnem zdravljenju pacientov z duševno motnjo. Namen diplomskega dela je opisati ključne elemente komunikacije ter empatičen odnos v direktni komunikaciji s pacientom z duševno motnjo. Metodologija raziskovanja. V diplomskem delu smo uporabili komparativno raziskovalno metodo s študijem domače in tuje literature. Sklep. Medicinske sestre, ki nudijo pomoč, se počutijo dobro in s tem krepijo svojo lastno samopodobo. Empatija je osebnostna značilnost vsake posamezne medicinske sestre in tudi njena sposobnost. Empatija sproži tudi občutek odgovornosti do pacienta, ki si ne more pomagati sam, ki je odvisen od medicinske sestre. Podporno in empatično komuniciranje medicinske sestre s pacientom je pomembno motivacijsko sredstvo za pacienta. Starting point. Nowadays health care in psychiatry is primarily based on the process of human communication, for which is the interpersonal relationship between nurse and patient significant. Special features of communication in health care result primarily from ethical principles, to respect the personality of the patient. The relations between the patient and nurse are reflected through communication. Communication with patients is complex and requires a lot of experience and knowledge. The thesis describes the communication and the interpersonal relationship between nurse and patient with a mental disorder. Proper communication and empathic attitude of the nurse are the key to a successful treatment of patients with a mental disorder. The purpose of the thesis is to describe the key elements of communication and the empathic attitude in direct communication with a patient with a mental disorder. Research methodology. We used in this degree paper the comparative research method with the study of domestic and foreign literature. Conclusion. Nurses, who offer assistance, feel good and therefore enhance their own self-esteem. Empathy is the personal characteristic and ability of each individual nurse. Empathy also activates the sense of responsibility towards the patient, who cannot help himself and is dependent on the nurse. Supportive and empathic communication of the nurse with a patient is an important motivational asset for the patient.

Uvod: Neverbalna komunikacija je za paciente na mehanski ventilaciji težka in zahtevna naloga. Ne le, da niso zmožni verbalnega izražanja, zaradi svojega zdravstvenega stanja so večkrat depresivni, prestrašeni, jezni in občutijo veliko nelagodje, kar še dodatno otežuje njihovo zdravljenje. Poleg navedenega so omejeni v gibanju, nimajo moči in znanja o svojem zdravstvenem stanju, so sedirani ali pa se pojavi nezainteresiranost zdravstvenega osebja za komunikacijo s pacientom. Zaradi tega pri zdravstvenem osebju večkrat naletijo na nerazumevanje zaradi nezadostnega znanja, ki ga ima osebje, ali pomanjkanja empatije. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je s pomočjo pregleda literature predstaviti pomen neverbalne komunikacije s pacienti na mehanski ventilaciji, ovire, ki se pojavljajo pri n komunikaciji in načine neverbalne komunikacije, ki so zanje najbolj uspešni in učinkoviti. Metode dela: Uporabljena je bila deskriptivna metoda dela. Izvedena je bila analiza ustrezne strokovne in znanstvene literature. V analizo smo vključili literaturo iz obdobja od leta 2005 do leta 2016. Literaturo smo iskali s pomočjo bibliografsko-kataložne baze COBIB.SI in podatkovnih baz CINAHL (ComulativeIndex to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) with Full Text, ScienceDirect in Medline. Razprava in sklep: Raziskave iz 14 relevantnih člankov kažejo, da pacienti na umetni ventilaciji doživljajo predvsem negativne občutke zaradi nezmožnosti verbalnega izražanja, so pod stresom in se bojijo, zato je zelo pomembna vloga medicinske sestre, da prepozna ovire in jih skuša odpraviti tako, da poišče čim bolj učinkovit način neverbalne komunikacije s pacientom. Kot najbolj uspešne in pogoste metode za paciente so se pokazale različne komunikacijske table s črkami in slikami. Najbolj pogost način komunikacije so tudi stisk roke in zapiranje ali odpiranje oči kot odgovor da oziroma ne. Pacienti na umetni ventilaciji se znajdejo v težki situaciji zaradi nezmožnosti verbalne komunikacije. Odvzeta jim je osnovna potreba, komunikacija. Kljub temu pa lahko z neverbalnim komuniciranje sporočajo svetu, kaj si želijo, zato mora medicinska sestra imeti določena znanja in izkušnje, da se lahko ustrezno odzove in pomaga. Introduction: Non-verbal communication is very difficult and demanding for patients on mechanical ventilation. Not only are they unable to express themselves verbally, they are often depressive, scared, angry and very uncomfortable because of their condition, which makes the situation even worse. In addition, they cannot move, lack strength and knowledge, or are sedated. Health care staff may also become uninterested in their issues, which can cause misunderstanding due to insufficient knowledge or lack of empathy. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to provide an overview of relevant literature, discuss the significance of non-verbal communication with a patient on mechanical ventilation, point to potential issues, and present the most successful and efficient types of non-verbal communication. Methods: This thesis is based on a descriptive research method involving an examination of relevant scientific literature from the period 2005–2016 and a presentation of the findings. The literature was found through the COBIB.SI bibliographic/catalogue database, the CINAHL data base with Full Text, and the ScienceDirect and Medline databases. Discussion and conclusion: The results of 14 relevant articles suggest that patients on mechanical ventilation experience negative feelings due to their inability to express themselves verbally. They are stressed and afraid, which is why it is up to the nurse to identify any obstacles and help the patient overcome them by finding the most effective way to communicate in a non-verbal manner. The most successful method of communication with such patients is communication boards featuring letters and pictures that patients can point at. However, hand squeezing and closing/opening the eyes to indicate a yes or a no are also common forms of communication. Patients on mechanical ventilation are in distress because they cannot communicate verbally, meaning that they are deprived of communication – their basic need. They can use non-verbal communication to express their wishes, but the nurse must possess sufficient knowledge and experience to react properly and provide assistance.

Teoretična izhodišča: Religija je organiziran sistem čaščenja, ima temeljna načela, obrede in običaje, ki so povezani z rojstvom, smrtjo, poroko, zdravljenjem, ima pa tudi pravila za vedenje v vsakdanjem življenju. Religijo lahko razumemo kot skupino in sistem prepričanj, ki vključujejo nadnaravno, sveto ali božansko, moralne kodekse, prakse, vrednote, rituale, institucije, ki so povezani z temi prepričanji. Medicinska sestra je oseba, ki nudi pomoč bolnemu ali zdravem posamezniku, skupini ali lokalni skupnosti pri tistih dejavnosti, ki pripomorejo k boljšemu zdravju ali mirni smrti. Duhovna oskrba pacientov pomeni priznavanje duhovnih potreb, ki jih pacienti doživljajo, in zagotavljanje ugodnega okolja za izpolnjevanje teh potreb. Elementi duhovne oskrbe so: ohranjevanje dostojanstva in zasebnosti, pozorno poslušanje pacienta, omogočanje izvajanja verskih obredov v bolnišnicah ter pomoč posamezniku, da najde pomen in smisel svojega življenja v času bolezni. Raziskovalne metode: v teoretičnem delu smo uporabili deskriptivno metodo dela, v empiričnem pa kvantitativno metodo dela in kot inštrument raziskave smo vključili anonimni anketni vprašalnik, ki je bil zastavljen od 15 vprašanj (13 odprtega in 2 zaprtega tipa). Pridobljene podatke smo obdelali, jih grafično prestavili in opisali z opisno statistiko. Rezultati: Rezultati so pokazali, da študentje delno poznajo pravila in načela religij (50 %), (45 %) študentov, pa dobro pozna pravila in načela religij. Prav tako se je pokazalo, da študentje menijo, da religija ne vpliva na paciente v kliničnem okolju (38 %). S pomočjo anketnega vprašalnika smo ugotovili, da je pri nekaterih ljudeh religija zelo pomembna v življenju. Prav tako smo ugotovili, da lahko medicinska sestra pomaga vsem pacientom pri izražanju verski čustev ali pa mu pomaga najti ustrezno osebo. Prav tako smo ugotovili, da je izpovedovanje vere in veroizpovedi dovoljeno v javnem in zasebnem življenju, posamezno ali skupaj z drugimi. Sklep: Ugotovili smo, da študentje na eni izmed fakultet za zdravstvene vede na severovzhodnem delu Republike Slovenije ne poznajo ali delno poznajo pravila in načela religij ter menijo, da religija ni pomembna pri obravnavi pacientov. Zato bi bilo smiselno, da se študentje naučijo obravnavati pacienta celostno in ne samo fizično, saj je zelo pomembna tudi duhovna oskrba pacientov. Theoretical background: Religion is an organised system of worship. Its characteristics are main principles and rituals, which are connected to birth, marriage and healing. It also has certain guidelines regarding everyday behavior. Religion can be understood as a system of beliefs, which include supernatural, holy and divine elements, moral codices, practises, values, rituals and institutions, that are connected with previously mentioned beliefs. A nurse is a person that offers help to a sick or healthy individual, a group of people or a local community. The unique function of nurses in caring for individuals, sick or well, is to assess their responses to their health status and to assist them in the performance of those activities contributing to health or recovery or to dignified death. Spiritual care of patients means acknowledging their spirtual needs and to provide a proper place to fullfil these needs. Elements of spiritual care are: protecting dignity and privacy, hearing out the patients, enabling of carrying out religious rituals in hospitals and assisting an individual with finding the meaning of his life in the time of illness. Research methods: A descriptive method was used in the theoretical part of the thesis and a qualititative type of research was also carried out. We have carried out an annonymous survey, which contained 15 questions (13 open type and 2 closed type). Acquired data was analyzed and described statistically. Results: Results have shown us that (50 %) of students know rules and principles of religions, (45 %) of students know the rules and principles very well. Statistics have also shown us that as much as (38 %) of students believe that religion doesn't play a big role in a clinical environment. The survey has also shown us that some people believe that religion plays a big role in life. We also found out that a nurse is able to help patients fullfil religious needs and that religious freedom is permited in private and public environment. Conclussion: We found that students at one of the faculties of health sciences in the northeastern part of the Republic of Slovenia don't know or are partially familiar with the rules and principles of religion and they believe that religion is not important in the treatment of patients. It would therefore make sense to teach the students the importance of religion and to emphasize studying how to fullfill all patients' needs, not only physical.

Ulcerozni kolitis spada med kronične vnetne črevesne bolezni in vpliva v veliki meri na samo kakovost pacientovega življenja. Pacienti z ulceroznim kolitisom sodijo v skupino kroničnih pacientov pri katerih so otežene številne osnovne življenjske aktivnosti, ki neposredno vplivajo na njihov vsakdan. Pri tem imajo pomembno vlogo svojci pacienta, kateri ga podpirajo in spodbujajo pri vsakdanjih opravilih. Ulcerative colitis belongs to chronic inflammatory bowel diseases and has an effect, to a large extent, on the very quality of life of a patient. Patients with ulcerative colitis fall within the group of chronic patients to whom numerous basic life activities. In this context the relatives of patient have an important role as they support and encourage him/her in daily chores.

Informacije imajo velik pomen za človeka. Naš življenjski slog se hitro spreminja, informirani želimo biti na vsakem koraku, ob vsakem trenutku. V primeru, ko se človeka informacija osebno dotakne, je še toliko bolj pomembno, da je ta preprosta, razumljiva, popolna. Predvsem je to pomembno, ko pride do bolezni. V tem primeru ljudje iščemo informacije na pravih in nepravih mestih. V diplomskem delu smo proučili proces informiranja pacientov glede na razumevanje informacij, ki jih pacienti prejmejo s strani zdravstvenih delavcev. Nova prilagojena navodila smo razdelili med uporabnike naših storitev v času prvega pregleda v specialistični ambulanti KO za torakalno kirurgijo, UKC Ljubljana. Zanimalo nas je, kako pacienti razumejo napotke za sprejem na načrtovani operacijski poseg in kako zaznavajo oglaševanje navodil s pomočjo QR kode. Želeli smo podatek, v kolikšni meri so navodila pripomogla k boljšemu počutju pred sprejemom v bolnišnico. Rezultati so pokazali, da so pacienti z navodili zadovoljni in nimajo dodatnih predlogov, da se zaradi navodil počutijo bolj varni in so bolj pripravljeni na sprejem v bolnišnico. Možnost uporabe QR kode v navodilih je ostala skoraj neizkoriščena. Z vključevanjem ergonomskih načel v sistem informiranja, bomo pacientu konstantno nudili podporo pri enoličnem razumevanju informacij. Odpravili bomo vpliv dejavnikov, ki motijo razumevanje v osnovni in povratni zvezi regulacijskega sistema komunikacije med pacientom in zdravstvenim osebjem. Predlagali bomo tudi izboljšave organizacije dela v specialistični ambulanti. Information has a great meaning for a person. Our lifestyle is rapidly changing we want to be informed on every step, every moment. When a piece of information affects a person on a personal level, it is even more important, that the information is simple, understandable, and complete. This is especially important when it comes to diseases. In this case, people look for information in the right and wrong places. In this diploma thesis we have studied the process of informing patients according to the understanding of the information received by the patients from health professionals. We have distributed new customized instructions to the users of our services at the time of their first examination in the specialist clinic KO for Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana. We wanted to know how patients understand instructions for admission to the planned surgery and how they perceive the advertising of the instructions with the use of a QR code. We wanted information on the extent to which the instructions contributed to the better well-being before the admission to the hospital. The results showed that patients are satisfied with the instructions and that they do not have additional suggestions, that the instructions made them feel more secure and better prepared for admission to the hospital. The possibility of the use of QR codes in the instructions remained virtually unused. With the inclusion of ergonomic principles in the information system, the patient will consistently be provided the support in the unique comprehension of information. We will eliminate the influence of the factors which interfere with the understanding in the basic and reverse connection of the control system of communication between the patient and medical staff. We will also propose improvements in the organization of work in a specialist clinic.

Terapevtska komunikacija pri pacientu odvisnem od psihoaktivnih snovi, se začne takoj ko vstopi v zdravstveni sistem in traja vse do njegovega odpusta. Zelo je pomembno, na kakšen način prihajamo v stik s pacientom. Namen diplomskega dela je bil, opisati posebnosti terapevtske komunikacije pri pacientu, odvisnem od psihoaktivnih substanc. Opisali smo značilnosti terapevtske komunikacije, zraven pa zajeli tudi etični vidik s tovrstnimi pacienti. Poudarili smo tudi vlogi pacienta in zdravstvenega delavca in se osredotočili na komunikacijske dejavnike, ki vplivajo na terapevtsko komunikacijo. Pri pisanju diplomskega dela smo uporabili deskriptivno metodo dela s študijem strokovne literature iz knjižnih in elektronskih virov. Vse podatke iz literature smo preučili, analizirali, primerjali dosedanja znanstvena spoznanja in jih zapisali s pomočjo računalniškega programa Microsoft Word. Skozi diplomsko delo smo ugotovili, da se tudi pacienta z odvisnostjo od psihoaktivnih snovi obravnava z veliko mero empatije, spoštovanja in dostojanstva. Medicinska sestra mora imeti veliko specifičnega znanja o delu s pacienti z odvisnostjo od psihoaktivnih substanc in se ravnati po kodeksu etike, ki jo pri delu zavezuje. Medicinska sestra mora pacienta z odvisnostjo od psihoaktivnih substanc doživljati, kot sebi enako osebo, brez poniževanja ali pomilovanja. Pacienta skozi terapevtsko komunikacijo vodi do cilja, ki si ga skupaj postavita in stopata korak za korakom. Therapeutic communication with a patient addicted to psychoactive substances begins immediately after entering the heath care system and lasts until his discharge. It is very important, how we approach the patient. The purpose of the thesis was to describe the specifics of therapeutic communication with the patient, addicted to psychoactive substances. We described the characteristics of therapeutic communication. In addition, we included the ethical aspect of such patients. We also emphasized the role of patient and health care professional, and focused on the communication factors that impact on therapeutic communication. The diploma thesis was written with the use of the descriptive method by studying scientific literature from books and electronic resources. All information from literature was studied, analyzed we also compared previous scientific findings and wrote them down with help of the computer program Microsoft Word. Throughout the diploma thesis we established that even patient with addiction to psychoactive substances should be treated with a great deal of empathy, respect, and dignity. A nurse must have a lot of specific knowledge of working with patients that have an addiction to psychoactive substances, and must comply with the code of ethics, which binds her at work. A nurse must perceive patient with addiction to psychoactive substances as an equal person, without humiliation or pity. She guides the patient through therapeutic communication to the objective, which is jointly set, and they are walking step by step.

Teoretična izhodišča: pljučni rak je maligna bolezen celic bronhijev, ki je po incidenci na drugem mestu, po smrtnosti pa na prvem glede na rakava obolenja. Paliativna oskrba pri pljučnem raku je še vedno v razvoju. Razlikuje se od posameznega pacienta ter stadija bolezni. Namen paliativne oskrbe je predvsem izboljšati kakovost življenja pacienta ter lajšati trenutno prisotne simptome, fizične, psihosocialne in duhovne. Namen diplomskega dela je bil s študijo primera predstaviti zdravstveno nego pri pacientu s pljučnim rakom v paliativni oskrbi in izpostaviti najpogosteje izražene negovalne probleme pri obravnavanem pacientu. Metodologija raziskovanja: za izdelavo teoretičnega dela diplomskega dela smo uporabili deskriptivno metodo dela. Naredili smo pregled domače in tuje literature ter elektronskih virov in strokovnih člankov. V empiričnem delu diplomskega dela smo izvedli študijo primera. S pacientko, diagnosticirano za pljučnim rakom smo naredili intervju s vprašanji odprtega tipa, pregledali pa smo tudi pacientkino medicinsko in negovalno dokumentacijo. Rezultati: po 14 osnovnih življenjskih aktivnostih po Virginii Henderson smo izpostavili negovalne diagnoze po M. Gordon (2006): dihanje, neučinkoviti vzorci dihanja, nauzea, tekočine, nevarnost za prenizek volumen tekočin, poškodba ustnic in mehkih tkiv v ustni votlini, negativni občutki v zvezi z izgledom, funkcijo ali omejitvami lastnega telesa ali telesnih delov, nevarnost infekcije - i.v. kanila, strah - pred bolečinami in smrtjo in bolečina v obeh nogah. Ugotovili smo, da je osnovna življenjska aktivnost, kjer je pacientka najbolj omejena, prehranjevanje in pitje, zaradi slabosti in bruhanja, izgube telesne teže ter pojava stomatitisa. Sklep: pljučni rak je v večini primerov neozdravljiva bolezen. Soočenje s postavljeno diagnozo je težko tako za pacienta kot tudi za njegove svojce. Kakovost življenja pacientu bistveno izboljša zgodnja vključitev v paliativno oskrbo, ki blaži simptome, ki se pojavljajo skozi vsa obdobja bolezni. Medicinska sestra je vključena v multidisciplinarni paliativni tim, prepoznava pacientove fizične, psihične, socialne in duhovne potrebe, izvaja delo po procesu zdravstvene nege, kamor vključuje tudi pacientove svojce ter izvaja zdravstveno vzgojno delo. Theoretical background: lung cancer is on second place by incidence, but on the first place by the mortality, depending on the cancer. Palliative care with the lung cancer is still in development, differs from each patient and stage of disease. Te goal of palliative care is mainly to improve the quality of life of the patient and to ease the currently present symptoms, physical, psyhosocial and spiritual. Purpose of the thesis was with the case of study present the health care of a patient with lung cancer in palliative care and highlight the most commonly expressed nursing problems by the present patient. Research methodology: in the manufacture of the diploma thesis we have used the descriptive method of work. We did a rewiew of the domestic and foregin literature, electronic resourses and professional articles. With one female patient, diagnosed with lung cancer, we made an interwiev with an open type questions. We also reviewed her medical and nursing documentation. Results: after 14 basic living activities after Virginia Henderson we exposed nursing diagnoses by M. Gordon (2006). We have exposed the following nursing diagnoses: breathing, ineffective patterns of breathing, nausea, liquids, a risk for too low volume of liquids, injury of the lips and soft tissues in the oral cavity, negative feelings in regard to appearance, function, or limits of one's own body or body parts, danger of infection – intravenous cannula, fear – before the pain and death and pain in both legs. We found out that a basic life activity, where patient is the most limited, is eating and drinking due to nausea and vomiting, loss of body weight and the occurrence of inflamation in oral cavity. Conclusion: Lung cancer is in most of cases incurable disease. Face with raised diagnosis is difficult for the patient as well as for his relatives. It´s important that patient and his family has support in health care providers, from the beginnig, facing with diagnosis and throught the entire treatment. Qualitiy of the patient´s life significantly improves early inclusion in the palliative care, that reduces symptoms that occur throught the whole period of the disease.

Dobri medsebojni odnosi in motivacija za delo v zdravstvenih ustanovah postajata pomembni področji zanimanj raziskovalcev in vodstev zdravstvenih ustanov v Evropi. Na pripravljenost za delo najbolj vplivata skrb za dobre medsebojne odnose, ki temeljijo na zaupanju in ustrezna komunikacija med zaposlenimi. Ljudje, ki svoje delo opravljajo z veseljem in odgovorno, so pri delu bolj uspešni in dosegajo boljše rezultate. Bistveni elementi zdravstvene nege so tudi kakovost, kriteriji in standardi, pri čemer je zadovoljstvo pacientov najpomembnejši kazalnik kakovosti. Good interpersonal relations and motivation to work in health care facilities are becoming important areas of interest for researchers and managements of health institutions in Europe. People who do their work with pleasure and responsability are more sucessful and achieve better results. The essential elements of health care are also quality, criteria and standards, while patient satisfaction is the most important indicator of quality.

Kakovost življenja povezana z lumboishialgijo, pomeni spremembo v kakovosti oziroma zmanjšanje kakovosti življenja posameznika. Stopnja spremembe ali zmanjšanosti pa je odvisna kako se posameznik spopade z bolečino, ki vpliva na njegovo gibanje. V teoretičnem delu diplomskega dela je predstavljena kakovost življenja, kot pomemben element, ki ne zadovoljuje le materialnih potreb in sredstev, ampak tudi zdravje, znanje, zaposlitev, srečo, svobodo, varnost in pripadnost. Opisali smo kako lahko merimo in ocenjujemo kakovost življenja. Predstavili smo tudi simptome nastanka lumboishialgije, ter opisali akutno in kronično lumboishialgijo. Predstavili smo še aktivnosti patronažne zdravstvene nege pri obravnavi pacienta z lumboishialgijo, kjer je patronažna medicinska sestra steber, ki povezuje obolelega z lumboishialgijo z njegovimi svojci in okolico. Opisali smo metode lajšanja bolečine in vlogo svojcev. V raziskovalnem delu smo izvedli intervju po deskriptivni metodi kvalitativnega raziskovanja. Za inštrument raziskovanja smo uporabili študijo primera, kjer so bila že v naprej pripravljena vprašanja odprtega tipa. Poudarek je temeljil na pacientkinem doživljanju bolečine, njeni vsakodnevni telesni aktivnosti in kako pacientka sama ocenjuje kakovost življenja. V študijo primera je bila vključena pacientka, katera ima prisotne bolečine v križu, ki se širijo v desno stran zadnjice, vse do stopala. Težave pri pacientki so se začele sedem let po zadnjem carskem rezu. Ugotovili smo, da prisotnost bolečine v ledvenem delu hrbtenice ovira tako prizadetega, kakor tudi njegovo družino s katero živi. Pacient potrebuje veliko vzpodbude in strokovne pomoči za premagovanje ovir, da se bolečina ne bi več pojavila. Na podlagi študije primera ugotavljamo, da ima pacient z lumboishialgijo zmanjšano kakovost življenja, kar se pozna v njegovem socialnem življenju, vsakodnevnih aktivnostih, spanju in razpoloženju. Pomembno je, da se ljudje zavedamo, da moramo skrbeti za svoja gibala že od otroštva, predvsem pa za hrbtenico, ki je steber človekovega telesa. Die mit der Lumboischialgie verbundene Lebensqualität bedeutet eine Veränderung in der Qualität bzw. Verringerung der Lebensqualität einer Einzelperson. Der Veränderungsgrad oder die Verringerung der Qualität ist damit verbunden, wie eine Einzelperson mit dem Schmerz, der sich auf seine Beweglichkeit auswirkt, umgeht. Im theoretischen Teil der Diplomarbeit ist die Lebensqualität nicht nur als ein bedeutendes Element der Befriedigung der materiellen Bedürfnisse und Mittel dargestellt, sondern bedeutet auch Gesundheit, Wissen, Beschäftigung, Glück, Freiheit, Sicherheit und Angehörigkeit. Es wird beschrieben, wie wir die Lebensqualität messen und benoten können. Es werden auch die Symptome der Entstehung der Lumboischialgie sowie die akute und chronische Lumboischialgie beschrieben. Im Weiteren werden auch die Aktivitäten einer Gemeindegesundheitspflege bei der Behandlung eines Patienten mit Lumboischialgie beschrieben, wobei die Krankenschwester eine Säule zwischen dem mit Lumboischialgie erkrankten Patienten und seinen Angehörigen sowie dem Umfeld darstellt. Es wird die Methode der Schmerzlinderung und die Rolle der Angehörigen beschrieben. In der Forschungsarbeit wurde ein Interview nach der deskriptiven Methode der qualitativen Forschung durchgeführt. Als Instrument wurde eine Fallstudie angewendet, wobei die Fragen (offen) schon vorab vorbereitet waren. Die Betonung lag darin, wie die Patientin den Schmerz und ihre alltägliche körperliche Aktivität wahrgenommen sowie ihre Lebensqualität eingeschätzt hat. In die Fallstudie wurde eine Patientin einbezogen, welche Schmerzen im Kreuz, die sich in die rechte Hälfte des Hinterns bis hin zum Fuß ausgebreitet haben, hatte. Diese Probleme traten bei der Patientin sieben Jahre nach dem Kaiserschnitt auf. Es wurde herausgefunden, dass die Schmerzen in der Lendenwirbelsäule so den Betroffenen als auch seine Familie, mit der er lebt, behindern. Ein solcher Patient braucht viel Ansporn und fachliche Hilfe für die Überwindung der Hürden, womit der Schmerz nicht mehr auftauchen würde. Aufgrund der Fallstudie wurde festgestellt, dass die Lebensqualität eines Patienten, der an Lumboischialgie leidet, verringert ist, was wiederum sich auf sein Sozialleben, seine alltäglichen Aktivitäten, seinen Schlaf sowie seine Laune auswirkt. Es ist wichtig, dass wir Menschen uns dessen bewusst sind, dass wir für unsere Bewegungsorgane, besonders aber für unsere Wirbelsäule, die die Säule des menschlichen Körpers darstellt, schon seit unserer Kindheit an sorgen.

Komunikacija ima ključni pomen tudi v zdravstvu. Zdravstveni delavci bi težko pomagali pacientom, če z njimi ne bi mogli, znali komunicirati. V diplomskem delu smo predstavili vlogo medicinske sestre v specialistični ambulantni dejavnosti, učinkovito komunikacijo s pacientom, vlogo in pomen komunikacije v procesu naročanja in obravnave pacienta pri specialističnem pregledu, pomen prvega stika med pacientom in medicinsko sestro, ovire, ki jih srečujemo pri komuniciranju s pacientom, načine za jasno in razumljivo posredovanje informacij, podani pa so tudi predlogi za izboljšanje komunikacije. : Communication is of key importance in healthcare. It would be difficult for health professionals to help patients if they were not able to communicate. In this thesis, we present the role of nurses in specialist outpatient activities, effective communication with patients, the role and importance of communication in the process of making appointments for patients for treatment by specialists, the meaning of the first contact between the patient and the nurse, the obstacles encountered when communicating with patients, ways to provide clear and understandable communication of information and also suggestions to improve communication.

V diplomskem delu smo predstavili zdravstveno dejavnost v Občini Žalec. Predvsem smo se osredotočili na kakovost zdravstvenih storitev, organiziranost zdravstva in na zadovoljstvo pacientov z zdravstvenimi storitvami v Občini Žalec. Metode. Uporabljena je bila kvalitativna metodologija raziskovanja. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 40 anketirancev (pacientov), ki so obiskali zdravnika v določenem zdravstvenem domu v Občini Žalec. Anketni vprašalnik je vseboval 39 vprašanj zaprtega tipa in eno vprašanje delno odprtega tipa. Uporabljena je bila petstopenjska lestvica merjenja stališč. Podatke smo statistično obdelali in prikazali s pomočjo računalniških programov Microsoft Office Word 2013, Microsoft Office Excel 2013 in IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Rezultati. Pacienti so zadovoljni z zdravstvenimi storitvami v Občini Žalec (95 %), prav tako z delom medicinske sestre v ambulanti (99 %). Pacienti menijo, da so medicinske sestre na svojem delovnem mestu preobremenjene (90 %). Menijo, da jim tudi zdravnik v ambulanti posveča dovolj časa (87 %). Sklep. Razvidno je, da so pacienti zadovoljni z delom zdravstvenega osebja, kljub temu da je slišati veliko govora o preobremenjenosti in pomanjkanju kadra. Pomembno je, da se tako pacienti kot zdravstveno osebje zaveda, da s skupnimi močmi, komunikacijo in seveda neko stopnjo razuma da doseči dobro kakovostno sodelovanje. Theoretical background. The thesis deals with health care in the municipality of Žalec, particularly the quality of medical services, the organisation of health care, and patient satisfaction with medical services. Methods. The qualitative method was used in the research, which involved 40 respondents (patients) who visited a doctor at a certain clinic in the municipality. The survey questionnaire consisted of 39 closed-ended questions and one semi-open-ended question. The opinions were measured using a five-level scale. The data was processed statistically and displayed using the following software: Microsoft Office Word 2013, Microsoft Office Excel 2013 and IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Results. The patients are satisfied with medical services in the municipality of Žalec (95%) and with the work of the nurse at the clinic (99%). They also believe that nurses are overburdened (90%). Moreover, the respondents find that the doctor at the clinic spends enough time with the patients (87%). Conclusion. The findings indicate that patients are satisfied with the work of medical staff despite widespread rumours that they are overburdened and understaffed. It is important that both patients and medical staff are aware of the fact that joint efforts, communication and a bit of reason can result in effective cooperation.

Terapevtska komunikacija med medicinsko sestro in pacientom je zelo pomembna zaradi večjega zaupanja pacienta v potek zdravljenja, za kakovostno obravnavo pacienta in dober odnos med njima. V diplomskem delu je predstavljen pomen terapevtske komunikacije v ambulantni obravnavi pacienta, tehnike terapevtske komunikacije, ovire, ki nastanejo v sami komunikaciji med medicinsko sestro in pacientom ter vloga medicinske sestre v ambulantni dejavnosti. Therapeutic communication between the nurse and the patient is very important as it boosts the patient’s trust in the therapeutic process and improves the quality of their treatment as well as their relationship with the nurse. This thesis demonstrates the significance of therapeutic communication in outpatient treatment, techniques of therapeutic communication, problems occurring in the communication between the nurse and the patient and the role of the nurse in the outpatient service.

Obsesivno kompulzivna motnja je ena tistih duševnih motenj, o kateri se bolj malo govori, o njej ljudje malo vedo in redko poiščejo pomoč. Kljub temu se z leti pri nas vedno bolj pojavlja v medijih, literaturi in pozitivna posledica tega je, da so ljudje vse bolj seznanjeni z obsesivno kompulzivno motnjo. Ni zdravja brez duševnega zdravja. V tem času so ljudje vedno bolj ozaveščeni,še vedno pa je težava v sprejemanju, razumevanju, potrpljenju, odnosih v smislu samega sebe, do drugih in okolice. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is one of those mental disorders that are not discussed much, people know very little about it and they rarely seek help. Over the years we see it appear in different media and in literature more and more. There is no health without mental health. Nowadays, people are becoming increasingly aware but there is still difficulty in accepting, understanding and patience, relations within the meaning of oneself, others and the environment.

Teoretična izhodišča: V diplomskem delu smo predstavili pomen poučenosti pacientov o peritonealni dializi, kot izbiri nadomestnega zdravljenja pri končni ledvični odpovedi. Predstavili smo pomen dobre psihične in fizične priprave pacienta in pomen dobre edukacije. Poleg tega smo predstavili pomen dobrega sodelovanja pacienta in raziskali poučenost pacientov o peritonealni dializi, kot izbiri nadomestnega zdravljenja. Metode: Raziskava je temeljila na kvantitativni metodologiji raziskovanja. S pomočjo anketnih vprašalnikov smo pridobili odgovore na vprašanja, ki smo jih nato obdelali s pomočjo računalniških programov Microsoft Office Word 2010 in Microsoft Office Excel 2010. Rezultati: Iz raziskave je razvidno, da so anketiranci v 84 % odgovorili, da so z edukacijo pridobili dovolj informacij o možnostih nadomestnega zdravljenja. Največ informacij so o ledvični bolezni in možnostih zdravljenja dobili od medicinske sestre, tako se je odločilo 53 % anketirancev, 33 % anketirancev pa pravi, da jim je največ informacij podal zdravnik. 83%, anketirancev meni, da so bili najbolje seznanjeni s peritonealno dializo, 61% je bilo najbolje seznanjenih s hemodializo in 55% anketirancev s transplantacijo. Sklep: Bistveno je, da se pacienti učinkovito izobrazijo, preden začnejo izvajati peritonealno dializo na domu. Veliko medicinskih sester razvije svoj značilen slog poučevanja, vendar je za razvoj k pacientu usmerjenega izobraževanja pomembno poznati različne načine, kako paciente učiti. Poučevanje skupine je odličen način učenja pacientov. Ne samo, da se tako pacienti lahko učijo drug od drugega, se tako pomaga tudi medicinski sestri, saj lahko hkrati poučuje več pacientov hkrati. Vendar pa je pri tem potrebno biti pozoren, da se učni načrt osredotoča na pacienta samega in njegove individualne okoliščine. Introduction: In this diploma work we showcase the importance of patient education concerning peritoneal dialysis, as replacement therapy for end-stage kidney failure. We presented the importance of adequate mental and physical preparedness and the importance of quality education. Furthermore we outlined the importance of patient cooperation and researched patients' education concerning peritoneal dialysis as replacement therapy. Methods: The research was based on decriptive and quantitative methodology. With the help of questionnaires we gained answers to our questions, which we then analyzed with the help of computer programs Microsoft Office Word 2010 and Microsoft Office Excel 2010. Results: From the analysis of survey data it is shown that 84% of the respondents acquired sufficient amount of information concerning possibilities of replacement therapy. 53% of respondents received the most information about liver disease and treatment options from nurses, 33% replied they received information from the doctor. 83% of respondents believe they were most informed about peritoneal dialysis, 61% believe so for hemodialysis and 55% believe so for transplantation. Conclusion: It is essential that patients are adequately educated, before they begin performing peritoneal dialysis at home. Many nurses develop their own distinctive style of teaching, but it is still necessary, for the developement of patient oriented education, to know different ways of teaching patients. Teaching groups are an effective way of teaching patients. Not only can patients learn from one another, it can also help the nurse as she can teach multiple patients at once. However caution should be taken, as the curriculum must focus on the patient and his individual circumstances.

Tudi v zdravstvu predstavlja komuniciranje pomembno orodje, ki ga zdravstveni delavci vsakodnevno uporabljamo pri svojem delu. Zaradi slabe interpretacije informacij, nejasno danih navodil, spregledanih sprememb v statusu in pomanjkanja kritičnih informacij je komunikacija na relaciji pacient - zdravstveni delavec - sodelavci neuspešna. Neučinkovita komunikacija pa je razlog, da so lahko kasnejši ukrepi neučinkoviti ali celo škodljivi za zdravje pacienta. Vsak zdravstveni delavec bi moral biti human, prijazen, vljuden, sočuten, razumevajoč, pristen, pozoren, pozitiven, empatičen, dosleden, znati bi moral dobro poslušati in dobro razlagati, itd. Če znamo dobro prisluhniti in smo dovolj pozorni, bomo med pogovorom s pacientom hitro zaznali tudi občutke, ki nam jih je posredoval. Da smo na svojem delovnem mestu lahko uspešni, je poleg visoke strokovne usposobljenosti pomembno tudi obvladanje komunikacijskih veščin, kajti z njimi pri delu s pacienti in drugimi zdravstvenimi delavci naše strokovne veščine le še dodatno plemenitimo. S principi, tehnikami in veščinami NLP-ja se naučimo spoznavati sebe, lastne navade, prepričanja in vrednote, s katerimi vstopamo v življenje. Skupaj z izobraževanjem, motivacijo, osebno rastjo in treningom lahko vplivamo na kvaliteto našega sporazumevanja s svetom in življenja nasploh. Resnično uspešni in resnični pri tem, kar počnemo, smo lahko le takrat, ko vse naše znanje, sposobnosti združimo z neko energijo, ki vsemu skupaj daje pravi smisel. Even in health care, communication is an important tool, used daily by health professionals at work. Due to poor interpretation of information, unclear directions, overlooked changes in the status and lack of critical information, the communication in the relation patient – health professionals – co-workers is not successful. Inefficient communication is the reason, why subsequent measures are not effective or even harmful for the patient’s health. Each health professional should be humane, friendly, polite, compassionate, understanding, genuine, positive, emphatic, and consistent, he should be a good listener and well at explaining etc. If we know how to listen and pay attention, we will quickly perceive the patient’s feelings during the conversation with him. In order to be successful at our work, it is important to have great communicational skills in addition to high professional qualification, since they enable us to further develop our professional skills in working with patients and other health professionals. With NLP principles, techniques and skills we learn to get to know ourselves, our habits, beliefs and values, with which we enter into life. Together with education, motivation, personal growth and training we can influence the quality of our communication with the world and life as such. We can be really successful and original at what we do, only when we combine our knowledge and skills with some energy, which gives true meaning to all of it.

Izhodišča: Sodelovanje med zdravniki in medicinskimi sestrami je ključnega pomena, saj dobro sodelovanje omogoča višjo varnost pacientov ter kompleksnejšo in kvalitetnejšo obravnavo. Raziskava je bila opravljena z namenom ugotoviti, kako odnose med medicinskimi sestrami in zdravniki ocenjujejo študenti medicine in zdravstvene nege, torej kadri v pripravi. Metodologija: V uvodnem teoretičnem delu smo predstavili sodelovanje kot konjuktivni družbeni proces, izobraževanje različnih profilov v zdravstvu in pomen timskega dela in sodelovanja zdravstvenih delavcev. Raziskovalni del magistrskega dela temelji na kvantitativni metodologiji. Raziskavo smo izvedli s pomočjo validiranega anketnega vprašalnika. Uporabili smo Jeffersonovo lestvico za oceno sodelovanja med zdravniki in medicinskimi sestrami (Jefferson Scale of Attitudes toward Physician-Nurse Collaboration- JSAPNC). Anketa je bila izvedena med 428 študenti Medicinske fakultete in Fakultete za zdravstvene vede Univerze v Mariboru. Rezultati: V raziskavi smo ugotovili statistično pomembne razlike glede na spol anketirancev pri nekaterih trditvah pa tudi glede na vrsto študija. Zelo visoko stopnjo strinjanja smo ugotovili pri želji po vključenosti medprofesionalnih odnosov v izobraževalne programe (M=3,3). Diskusija in zaključek: Po analizi obeh študijskih programov smo ugotovili, da vsi študentje tekom študija usvojijo znanja s področja komuniciranja, profesionalnega sodelovanja in medsebojnih odnosov v zdravstvu. Predlagali smo, da bi se določene študijske vsebine predavale študentom obeh fakultet v skupnem študijskem predmetu sočasno. Introduction: Cooperation between physicians and nurses is crucial because good cooperation enables higher patient safety and more complex and higher-quality treatment. In our study, we aimed to find out how medical and nursing students assess the relationship between nurses and physicians. Methodology: In the theoretical part, we presented cooperation as a conjunctive social process, education of various profiles in health care, and the importance of teamwork and cooperation between health professionals. The empirical part of the master thesis is based on a quantitative methodology. The survey was conducted by using a validated questionnaire. For the purpose of physician-nurse collaboration assessment we used the Jefferson Scale of Attitudes Toward Physician-Nurse Collaboration - JSAPNC. The survey was conducted among 428 students of the Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor. Results: In the study, we found statistically significant differences by gender of respondents in some claims, and also as regards the type of study. A very high degree of agreement was found as regards the respondents` desire to include topics on interprofessional collaboration in study programs (M = 3.3). Discussion and conclusion: In our analysis of both study programs, we found that during the study, all students acquire knowledge in the field of communication, professional cooperation and interaction in health care. We recommend that certain specific study contents are offered to students of both faculties in a joint subject, at the same time.