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The study describes the negative impacts of the most important biotic and abiotic factors on the production of planting material in the forest nursery "Bišina" - Šekovići (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Weather disasters (heavy rain, hail, frost) and zoobiotic caused the most harm to cultivated plants (birds, roe deer). Activities and processes for removing and reducing the damages are explained for each of the elements stated.

Povrće je važan deo ljudske ishrane jer ono prvenstveno sadrži materije korisne za ljudsko zdravlje kao što su: vitamini, minerali, biljna vlakna, antioksidansi, organske kiseline i dr. U svetu je poznato oko hiljadu vrsta povrća, od kojih se gaji oko 150, a najširu upotrebu ima 30-50 vrsta, koliko je zastupljeno u ishrani u Srbiji (Gvozdanovic-Varga i sar., 2016). U Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo Novi Sad do sada je stvoreno više od 50 sorti povrća priznatih u zemlji i delom u inostranstvu. Sortiment povrća Odeljenja za povrtarske i alternativne biljne vrste čine nove sorte povrća, kao i odomaćene sorte, te se proizvodi seme 27 povrtarskih vrsta i 10 vrsta cveća. Pored rada na novim sortama povrća koje se odlikuju visokim prinosom, vodilo se računa da sorte svojim izgledom i ukusom zadovoljavaju zahteve probirljivog tržišta i da su prilagođene našim agroklimatskim uslovima (Gvozdenovic i sar., 2008). Zadatak ovog rada je da se prikažu karakteristike novopriznatih sorti povrća, koje su dobijene kao rezultat višegodišnjeg rada, u cilju zadovoljenja potreba proizvođača i potrošača za novim, atraktivnim i kvalitetnim sortama povrtarskih vrsta.

U radu su prikazani agroekološki uslovi uspevanja graška i tehnologija gajenja koja uključuje izbor parcele, plodored, obradu zemljišta, mineralnu ishranu, setvu, negu, zaštitu od korova, bolesti i štetočina i berba graška. Leguminoze su grupa biljaka koje se prvenstveno gaje zbog kvaliteta i velike upotrebne vrednošti. Osim za ishranu ljudi i domaćih životinja, sve više se koriste i kao lekovite biljke za proizvodnju različitih farmaceutskih preparata. Leguminoze imaju izuzetan agrotehnički značaj u svim sistemima poljoprivredne proizvodnje, a posebno u organskoj poljoprivredi (Bokan i sar. 2016). Prema podacima Republičkog zavoda za statistiku u Republici Srbiji se u poslednje četiri godine (2016-2019) najviše gaje sledeće povrtarske vrste: krompir, paprika, pasulj, paradajz, kupus i kelj, grašak, dinje i lubenice, krastavac, šargarepa i beli luk. Tokom 2019. godine povrće se gajilo na ukupnoj površini od 56.453 ha (bez krompira), dok se grašak gajio na 6.282 ha sa prosečnim prinosom od 4,1 t/ha.

Paprika (Capsicum annuum) je u svetu, pa tako i u Srbiji jedna od vodećih povrtarskih vrsta. U sortimentu Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo se nalaze sorte paprika različitih tipova ploda kao što su: babure, polubabure, kapije, šipke, feferone i paradajz paprike. Međutim, pošto se u sortimentu Instituta ne nalazi nijedna sorta slatke paprike sa konusnim i visećim plodovima, cilj je bio da tržištu ponudimo novu sortu u ovom tipu ploda. Višegodišnjim oplemenjivačkim radom je dobijena nova sorta paprike pod nazivom NS Prva. U Republici Srbiji NS Prva je priznata 2019. godine i od tada se nalazi na domaćoj sortnoj listi. Plodovi ove sorte su mase oko 150 g, imaju jedan vrh, rastu viseći na biljci, svetložute su boje u tehnološkoj, a crvene boje u punoj zrelosti. Analizom plodova čuvanih tri nedelje nakon branja, utvrđeno je da plodovi sorte NS Prva imaju mali gubitak mase, odnosno imaju dobru sposobnost čuvanja. Pepper (Capsicum annuum) is one of the major vegetable species in the world, and Serbia as well. The pepper assortment of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops includes varieties of different fruit type such as the bell, conical, kapia, elongated, pepperoni and tomato-shaped peppers. However, in the assortment of the Institute, there is no variety of sweet pepper with conical and hanging fruits. Because of that, we wanted to develop a new pepper variety with this fruit type and offer it to the market. Selected lines from one of the crossbreeding combinations were grown in the open field and the greenhouse area by the pedigree method in the period 2012-2017. Based on the phenotype, the most vital plants that had the desired characteristics of the fruit were selected. During the many years of breeding, a new pepper variety NS Prva was obtained. NS Prva has been registered in the Republic of Serbia in 2019 and from that period it has been on the National variety list. The fruits of this variety are about 150 g, have one peak, grow hanging on the plant, with light yellow colour in technological maturity, and red in full maturity. A new pepper variety NS Prva is recommended for growing in a greenhouse where it gives uniform fruits suitable for the market in all maturity stages. It can also be recommended for growing in the open field where it gives slightly longer fruits. NS Prva showed good storage ability three weeks after harvest since it had the smallest reduction in fruit weight during storage in a cold chamber.

Intensive vegetable production nowadays is a large "energy consumer". Producers look only at the economic side of such production, which is most often the excuse for its current realization. Intensive vegetable production is now reduced to cultivating several vegetable species, more often in the single-crop system. By thinking this way we bring the entire production into an unsustainable situation. Therefore, vegetable production in a greenhouse should be organized by growing preceding crops, main crops and stubble crops. Intensive vegetable production implies the maximally well-organized use of available land and resources. This includes proper crop rotation and cultivation practices, as well as knowledge of the market, as a possibility of placing excess production. With the good organization of crop rotation and the timely replacement of crops, we can transform a greenhouse into a useful place for vegetable production. Intenzivna proizvodnja povrća danas predstavlja velikog "potrošača" energije. Proizvođači najviše gledaju ekonomsku stranu ove proizvodnje, što najčešće biva i izgovor za njenu trenutnu realizaciju. Intenziva proizvodnja povrća se danas svodi na gajenje nekoliko povrtarskih vrsta a sve češće u monokulturi. Ovakvim sistemom razmišljanja i gajenja povrća u monokulturi, cela proizvodnja može biti dovedena u neodrživu situaciju. Zbog toga bi trebalo proizvodnju povrća u zaštićenom prostoru organizovati sistemom gajenja pretkulture, glavne kulture i naknadne kulture. Intenzivna proizvodnja povrća trebalo bi da podrazumeva maksimalno dobro organizovano korišćenje raspoloživog zemljišta i resursa. To znači pravilan plodored sa kompletnom agrotehnikom, te poznavanje tržišta kao mogućnosti plasmana viška proizvodnje. Dobrom organizacijom rotacije i vremenskim smenjivanjem useva, zaštićeni prostor možemo pretvoriti u koristan prostor za proizvodnju povrća.

U disertaciji su posmatrani projektivni postupci tipa konjugovanih gradijenata za rešavanje nelinearnih monotonih sistema velikih dimenzija. Ovi postupci kombinuju projektivnu metodu sa pravcima pretraživanja tipa konjugovanih gradijenata. Zbog osobine monotonosti sistema, projektivna metoda omogućava jednostavnu globalizaciju, a pravci pretraživanja tipa konjugovanih gradijenata zahtevaju maloračunarske memorije pa su pogodni za rešavanje sistema velikih dimenzija. Projektivni postupci tipa konjugovanih gradijenata ne koriste izvode niti funkciju cilja i zasnovani su samo na izračunavanju vrednosti funkcije sistema, pa su pogodni i za rešavanje neglatkih monotonih sistema. Pošto se globalna konvergencija dokazuje bez pretpostavki o regularnosti, ovi postupci se mogu koristiti i za rešavanje sistema sa singularnim rešenjima. U disertaciji su definisana tri nova tročlana pravca pretraživanjatipa Flečer-Rivs i dva nova hibridna pravca tipa Hu-Stori. Formulisani su projektivni postupci sa novim pravcima pretraživanja i dokazana je njihova globalna konvergencija. Numeričke performanse postupaka testirane su na relevantnim primerima i poređene sa poznatim postupcima iz literature. Numerički rezultati potvrđuju da su novi postupci robusni, efikasni i uporedivi sa postojećim postupcima., Projection based CG methods for solving large-scale nonlinear monotone systems are considered in this thesis. These methods combine hyperplane projection technique with conjugate gradient (CG) search directions. Hyperplane projection method is suitable for monotone systems, because it enables simply globalization, while CG directions are efficient for large-scale nonlinear systems, due to low memory. Projection based CG methods are funcion-value based, they don’t use merit function and derivatives, and because of that they are also suitable for solving nonsmooth monotone systems. The global convergence of these methods are ensured without additional regularity assumptions, so they can be used for solving singular systems.Three new three-term search directions of Fletcher-Reeves type and two new hybrid search directions of Hu-Storey type are defined. PCG algorithm with five new CG type directions is proposed and its global convergence is established. Numerical performances of methods are tested on relevant examples from literature. These results point out that new projection based CG methods have good computational performances. They are efficient, robust and competitive with other methods.

Efikasnost metode fitoremedijacije procednih voda deponija primenom vodenih zumbula eksperimentalno je ispitivana u okviru tri prethodno realizovana istraživanja.

Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) is one of the most important species of forest trees in Bosnia and Herzegovina, both for economic and ecological aspects. In this paper we aimed to present an overview of the most important parasitic and saprophytic fungi occurring in pure and mixed Norway spruce stands in Bosnia and Herzegovina. We also aimed to compare the fungal diversity associated with Norway spruce in Bosnia with those found in Serbia and Montenegro. In total, 18 parasitic and saprophytic fungi have been found associated with Norway spruce in Bosnia and Herzegovina, including six species associated with needles and 12 species of decay fungi. The most important wood decay fungi included Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink, Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.) P. Karst., Gloeophyllum sepiarium (Wulfen) P. Karst, Heterobasidion parviporum Niemelä & Korhonen, Phaeolus schweinitzi (Fr.) Pat. and Rhizina undulata Fr.

Monografije „Proizvodnja kupusa“ predstavlja značajnu publikaciju iz oblasti gajenja, prerade i proizvodnje semena. Napisana je jednostavnim stilom, za sve čitaoce, tako da je pristupačna širem krugu čitalaca. Namenjena je kako stručnjacima iz ove oblasti tako i drugim korisnicima u produbljivanju njihovih znanja iz ove tematike, a pre svega proizvođačima kupusa, studentima različitih nivoa studija poljoprivredne i biološke struke. Glavni i najobimniji deo monografije čine poglavlja vezana za agroekološke uslove uspevanja kupusa, načine proizvodnje i prerade. Detaljno su prikazani svi načini proizvodnje kupusa (rani, srednje rani, kasni i direktna setva), kao i preporuke za pravilan izbor sorte za sve načine proizvodnje. Posebna poglavlja čine tehnologija proizvodnje rasada za ranu proizvodnju, koji se odvija u zaštićenom prostoru (različiti tipovi) i kasnu proizvodnju (otvorenom polju), koje su i najzastupljenije u R. Srbiji. Poglavlja posvećena proizvodnji futoškog kupusa imaju poseban značaj. Dugu tradiciju u proizvodnji kupusa imaju meštani Futoga. Proizvod sa ovog područja poseduje vrlo visoke kvalitete, te je udruženje iz Futoga izvršilo zaštitu geografskog porekla proizvoda sa ovog područja

Golija nature park is a nature park located in the south-west of Serbia. The park is protected under law and declared an area of outstanding cultural and natural importance. During the recent years, a severe forest decline has been observed in parts of the park and it mostly occurred in Norway spruce stands. The aim of this paper was to present an overview of fungal pathogens and insect pests possibly involed in forest decline in Golija nature park. The study sites included mixed beech-fir-spruce forests (Piceo-Fago-abietetum), mixed beechmountain maple forests (Aceri heldreichii-Fagetum moesiacae), a montane spruce forest (Piceetum excelsae serbicum montanum) and subalpine spruce forest (Piceetum excelsae serbicum subalpinum). The forests were found in areas ranging from 1450-1700 m in altitude. Melampsorella caryophillacearum, Cytospora sp., Ganoderma sp., Armillaria spp. and Heterobasidion spp. were found associated with beech, fir and spruce trees and four insect pests were found infesting beech and spruce trees, ie Phyllaphis fagi, Orchestes fagi, Sacchiphantes viridis and bark beetles (Scolytidae).

Paprika se od povrtarskih vrsta (bez krompira) u 2015. godini nalazi na prvom mestu po površinama u Srbiji sa 14.845 ha, a njena raznovrsnost plodova je dovela do velikog broja različitih prerađevina. U različitim regionima Srbije potrošači su navikli da konzumiraju plodove paprika različitog oblika, veličine i boje. U radu će biti navedeni samo najznačajniji faktori u proizvodnji paprike.

Monitoring of the fungus Dothistroma pini Hulb. in Austrian pine plantations on Subotica Sand is being conducted for many years. In spring 2007, after the air treatment of pine plantations, disease occurred in the local scale epidemics, as well as in autumn of 2010 and 2014. Several years of observation confirmed that the gradual regeneration of the needles is possible without chemical control.

The aim of this paper was to provide an overview of the recent research concerning truffle biology, ecology and cultivation in Serbia and worldwide. Truffles are ectomycorrhizal fungi, primarily from to the genus Tuber (Ascomycota: Pezizales) which form underground fruiting bodies. Unless they form a symbiotic relationship with plant roots, truffles do not produce fruiting bodies. Survival and reproductive success of truffles is affected by numerous ecological factors (climate, soil characteristics and vegetation). They emit aromatic volatile organic compounds to attract free living organisms such as insects and mice that serve as vectors for truffle dispersal. Truffles use volatile signaling molecules throughout their life cycle to regulate interactions with microorganisms and plant roots. The most cultivated species of truffles in the world is the species T. melanosporum, followed by T. aestuvum. Inoculation with spores is the most common method for production of plants colonized with truffle mycorrhizas. It is recommended to plant seedlings with a high degree of truffle colonization in order to increase the production of fruiting bodies in plantation. Truffle plantations should be established using local genetic resources. In order to preserve natural truffle populations in Europe, the focus should be shifted from searching for truffles in nature to the establishment of plantations with mycorrhized seedlings.

U okviru rada biće prikazani rezultati tretmana procednih voda deponije metodom fitoremedijacija primenom Eichhornia crassipes. Tokom istraživanja praćena je efikasnost uklanjanja četiri teška metala, hroma, kadmijuma, nikla i cinka, koncetracioni trendovi sulfatnih jona i amonijačnog azota, kao i varijacije konduktivnosti i pH vrednosti u procednoj vodi deponije. The results of landfill leachate phytoremediation using Eichhornia crassipes will be presented in the paper. During the study, removal efficiency of four heavy metals, chromium, cadmium, nickel and zinc, concentration trends of sulfate ions and ammonium nitrogen, as well as variation of conductivity and pH values in landfill leachate were monitored. Ovaj rad proistekao je iz master rada čiji mentor je bila dr Jelena Radonić, van. prof.

This paper presents an overview of the results achieved in the laboratory for molecular studies of the Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad, in the field of biotechnology, mainly in molecular genetics, genomics and functional genomics. Researches are designed to serve as a breeding tool. The aim was to clarify the processes of classical genetics by applying modern methods and enable a qualitative and rapid progress in understanding the processes that occur at the level of genes in the genome of forest plant species and thus help the processes of conservation of valuable taxa at the time of global climate change. The results are presented within various research fields and by type of forest trees that were given priority by importance in forest ecosystems. Studies have in most cases been of applicative character with the aim of solving the major problems in forestry, but also of fundamental nature when they were necessary to elucidate the response of forest species to the induced stress, which is an inevitable component of the time characterized by tolerance and adaptation as keywords. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike SRbije, br. III 43002: Biosenzing tehnologije i globalni sistem za kontinuirano istraživanje i integrisano upravljanje ekosistemima i br. III 43007: Istraživanje klimatskih promena i njihovog uticaja na životnu sredinu - pracenje uticaja, adaptacija i ublažavanje i IPA - OXIT]

In the past few years, peas has been grown on larger areas in Serbia (11,533 ha) as the main raw material for the processing industry. In our agro-ecological conditions, downy mildew on peas (Peronospora viciae) has become an increasingly frequent pathogen, affecting the production of this plant species. In years that favour the development of this parasite, it causes significant damage characterized by a yield reduction of up to 50%. Thus far, no products for the control of downy mildew infection on peas have been registered in Serbia. Hence, the following fungicides were studied: fosetyl-aluminium, metalaxyl-M + mancozeb and chlorothalonil + metalaxyl-M, and the experiment included three peas varieties: Tamis, Dunav and Mali Provansalac. The effect of fungicides on yield components was measured through the number of pods, number of grains, grain weight/plant (g) and kg/ha weight. The results indicate that variety has a very high impact on the number of pods/plant, as well as that variety and the interaction of variety and fungicide significantly affect the number of seeds/pod, while variety and the interaction of cultivar and applied fungicides have a highly significant impact on grain weight/plant. Poslednjih nekoliko godina grašak se kod nas gaji na većim površinama (11 533 ha) i predstavlja osnovnu sirovinu za prerađivačku industriju. Međutim, u proizvodnji ove značajne povrtarske biljke u našim agroekološkim uslovima plamenjača graška (Peronospora viciae) se sve češće javlja. U povoljnim godinama za razvoj patogena, pričinjava ozbiljne štete, smanjenjem prinosa do 50%. Za suzbijanje prouzrokovača plamenjače na grašku u našoj zemlji nema registrovanih preparata. Otuda su u ispitivanja uključena tri preparata na bazi aktivnih materija: fosetil-aluminijum, metalaksil-M + mankozeb, hlorotalonil + metalaksil-M, i tri sorte graška (Tamiš, Dunav i Mali provansalac). Uticaj fungicida na komponente prinosa meren je preko broja mahuna, broja zrna i mase zrna/biljka (g) i masa kg/ha. Rezultati ukazuju da, na broj mahuna/biljka visoko značajno utiče sorta, na broj zrna/biljka značajno utiču i sorta i interakcija sorta i fungicidi, na masu zrna/biljka visoko značajni uticaj su imale i sorta i interakcija sorta i primenjeni fungicidi.

The paper gives an overview of the forests health status in Vojvodina in 2015, ie activities in detecting, diagnosing, monitoring and suppression of the most harmful organisms. The subject of monitoring were also the abiotic factors that have had a significant impact on forest ecosystems in a positive and negative sense. In general, the forest health status in Vojvodina during 2015 was satisfactory. Due to the joint work of scientists and forestry professionals in solving the forest protection problems, larger scale damages were avoided which enabled the normal forest management.

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) originated from the Middle East. The oldest data of its presence on the territory of Serbia originate from the forth millennium B.C. Today is one of the most important plant species in human and animal diet around the world. On the territory of Serbia, cultivated area of field pea is estimated of 20000 ha. The term field pea refers to two agricultural types, namely forage pea and dry or protein pea. Thus, technology practices depend on its purpose. Since it contains small amounts of anti-nutritional compounds, it is not necessary to thermally process the grains of pea for animal nutrition. Field pea breeding in Serbia is ongoing only in the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, where breeding directions for these two agricultural field pea types are carried out since its establishment in 1938. This paper also presents the most important pests and diseases of field pea. Among pests, the most damaging are Bruchus pisorum L., Aphididae, Kakothrips robustus Uzel, Sitona spp., Liriomyza spp., Chromatomyia spp. and Contarinia pisi (Winnertz). The most important pathogens of field pea are Ascochyta spp., Erysiphe pisi DC., Peronospora viciae (Berk.) Casp and Uromyces pisi (Pers.) Wint. Grašak (Pisum sativum L.) je poreklom iz bliskoistočnog centra diverziteta. Najstariji podaci o prisustvu graška na teritoriji Srbije datiraju iz četvrtog milenijuma p.n.e., a danas je jedna od najznačajnijih biljnih vrsta u ishrani ljudi i životinja širom sveta. Na teritoriji Srbije, stočni grašak zauzima oko 20.000 ha. Izraz stočni grašak se odnosi na dva agronomska tipa graška, krmni i zrneni, odnosno proteinski. Stoga, i tehnologija gajenja graška zavisi prevashodno od njegove namene. S obzirom da sadrži malu količinu antinutritivnih materija, zrno graška nije potrebno termički obrađivati za ishranu životinja. U Srbiji se oplemenjivanje stočnog graška odvija jedino u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo iz Novog Sada, gde su razvijeni pravci oplemenjivanja za ova dva osnovna agronomska tipa. U radu su predstavljene najvažnije štetočine i bolesti stočnog graška. Među štetočinama se ističu: Bruchus pisorum L., Aphididae, Kakothrips robustus Uzel, Sitona spp., Liriomyza spp., Chromatomyia spp. i Contarinia pisi (Winnertz). Najčešći prouzrokovači bolesti stočnog graška su Ascochyta spp., Erysiphe pisi DC., Peronospora viciae (Berk.) Casp i Uromyces pisi (Pers.) Wint.

One of the main cause of relativly slow afforestration with white poplar are problems in rooting of its hardwood cuttings. One way of stimulation of white poplar cuttings' rooting is treatment with appropriate plant growth regulators, mainly those with auxin effect. In this work the results of the experimental application of powder formulations with indolbutiric acid (auxin) and cobalt chloride (ethylene action inhibitor) in nursery conditions are presented. Beside effect of examined powder formulations, the effect of differences between genotypes (Populus alba cl. Villafranca and cl. L-12) was examined, as well as, for genotype Villafranca, the effect of differences between three nurseries. Obtained results suggest the positive effect of implementation of cobalt chloride in formulations dedicated to the stimulation of white poplar cuttings' rooting, as well as on differences between genotypes in their reaction on examined formulations. After the treatment of cuttings of Villafranca with combined formulation with 100 μM CoCl2·6H2O and 0,6% indolbutiric acid, beside pozitive effect on cuttings surivival, the positive effect on the rooted cutting height was achieved as well, resulting in significantly higher partition of plants apropriate for planting than in control (50-100% higher, depending on nursery). Presented results suggest the significant potential in the implementation of cobalt chloride in white poplar nursery production.

The results of the research on mycelium growth of different isolates of Daedaleopsis confragosa in different temperatures (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 350S) and medium (PDA and Malat-dextrose). According to the highest average daily micelium growth for all five examined isolates the optimal temperature for development was 350S. Optimal temperature, with favorable air humidity, favors the development of Daedaleopsis confragosa, which is, in conditions of dense stand fundmental cause of frequent and abundant appierance of this fungus on trees in forests on lower altitudes (Fruška gora Mnt.).

The health status of crucifers and lettuce crops in organic production, was examined during the 2011 and 2012 growing season in the village of Kisač, the Vojvodina Province. The presence of white rot and downy mildew on lettuce, downy mildew on kohlrabi and club root on cabbage was noticed. These pathogens in favorable conditions and in lack of preventive measures could be a problem in organic production. Harmful insects were detected only on crucifers. Soon after seeding to the field, young plants were attacked by highly abundant populations of Phyllotreta species, especially during July 2012. In the second part of growing season, in 2011, the most numerous on cabbage were larvae of Lacanobia oleracea and Mamestra brassicae, while in 2012 prevalent was Helicoverpa armigera. Other crucifers, like kale, kohlrabi and broccoli were less attacked by noctuid larvae. Tokom 2011. i 2012. godine izvršen je zdravstveni pregled različitih vrsta kupusnjača i salate u organskoj proizvodnji na imanju registrovanog poljoprivrednog proizvođača u Kisaču. Na pregledanim parcelama utvrđeno je pojedinačno prisustvo bele truleži i plamenjače na salati, plamenjače na kelerabi i kile kupusa na kupusu. Štetni insekti su uočeni samo na kupusnjačama. Odmah po rasađivanju, izuzetno brojni su bili buvači, naročito u 2012. godini. U kasnijim fenofazama razvoja kupusnjača registrovana je pojava gusenica lisnih sovica. Najviše napadnut i oštećen od gusenica sovica je bio kupus, a znatno manje ljubičasti kupus, kelj, keleraba i brokoli.

Many activities in forestry, such as the total harvest, afforestation and regeneration of forests, have an impact on changing conditions of site. On that occasion, violate the edaphic and hydrological conditions and parameters of light and many plant species in the changed conditions are favourable conditions for its development. In these changed conditions, there is fouling the regeneration areas of herbaceous vegetation mainly nitrophil, ruderal and invasive plant species. The presence of invasive plants and their spread is a major danger to native flora. Analysis of ground vegetation in the reforestation of sessile oak registered 25 plant species were grouped into 14 families. Most species belong to the family Asteraceae. On the investigated locality more numerous were perennial herbaceous plants hemicryptophytes. Phytogeographical analysis revealed that the greatest number of plants (28%) belongs to the group adventive floral elements and have an invasive character.

By accessing the process of forest certification, Public Company 'Vojvodinašume' and Public Company 'Srbijašume' receives FSC certification (Forest Stewardship Council), international recognition, which confirms that forest resources are managed in a sustainable way. The aim of forest certification is to improve the management of forests as natural resources and to provide more market access. Certification by the FSC program is based on 10 principles and criteria. These principles and criteria are the basis for the development of internal, local standards, taking into account all the specific areas where applicable. This means if you want to access the forest certification are not required national standards. FSC in its structure contains requirements relating to quality, social sphere and ecology. Accordingly, the certification of forests such Public Companies are required to use pesticides in compliance with FSC standards. All pesticides that are on the list ANNEXURE A accordingly on 'List of Highly Hazardous Pesticides' prohibited for use in certified forests. However, the main problem with the application of pesticides in forestry of Serbia is a small number of registered preparations. Unlike our country, in the EU countries the number of active substances of pesticides registered for use in forestry is much higher. The problems faced by our users of forests are complex because the protection of forests, nurseries and plantations requires the use of broad spectrum pesticides. In addition to high efficiency and selectivity, pesticides in forestry must be applied in accordance with the provisions of the FSC policy. In this regard it would be desirable to speed up the procedure for their registration and use in forestry. .

Forest ecosystems of Vojvodina Province (North Serbia) are endangered by numerous harmful biotic and abiotic factors. Among them, plant pathogens are of special concern. Successful conservation and renewal of forest depend on opportune identification of pathogens, disease symptoms and consequences, and appropriate protective measures. In the present work, chronological list of the most important phytopathological problems in forests of Vojvodina Province for the period 2001-2011 is shown, based upon professional and scientific literature, reports of the prognostic and reporting service, protocols, official papers and our authentic notes and observations. Important information about diseases in this area were obtained, with wide awareness in forest practice. .

Promena klime ne utice samo na gajenje biljke vec dovodi do promene u razvoju stetnih organizama. Klimatske promene uticu na rezistentnost biljaka domacina i dovode do promena u interakciji domacin patogen. Najcesce promene se desavaju u prostornoj distribuciji stetnih vrsta i one mogu ugroziti njihovu efikasnu kontrolu. Kao direktna posledica klimatskih promena utvrdena je pojava novih bolesti, stetocina i korova u Austriji, Grckoj, ltaliji, Poljskoj, Rusiji i Srbiji. Volovod je uzrokuje ozbiljne ekonomske stete na suncokretu koji se gaji u toplim, aridnim regionima oivicenim Sredozemnim i Crnim morem. lnvazivni potencijal parazitnih cvetnica iz roda Orobanche je znacajan u svim tropskim i suptropskim zemljama, ali i u vecini zemalja umerenog klimata u kojima se moze jav iti neka od vrsta iz ovog roda. Sa predvidenim promenama klime u vidu visih temperatura i suse u mnogim podrucjima u svetu vrste roda Orobanche mogu predstavljati znacajniju pretnju sirenjem na sever Evrope. U vezi s' ovim ukoliko se ne bude vrsila kontrola uvoza semena i edukacija proizvodaca postoji mogucnost da se volovod prosiri na velike povrsine. Globalno otopljavanje moze takode uticati na distribuciju i sirenje volovoda i u nasoj zemlji. Od ukupno opisanih 99 vrsta u svetu iz roda Orobanche, u Srbiji je do sada opisano 26 vrsta, 56 varijeteta i 226 formi. Najznacajniji patogen suncokreta je Orobanche. cumana Wallr (sin. 0. cernua Loef.), a u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji mogu se javiti i sledece vrste: 0. coerulescens, 0. minor, 0. ramosa, 0. brassicae, 0. aegyptica, 0. Crenata, pri cemu poslednje dve vrste nisu do sada opisane u Srbiji. Volovod se pored suncokreta, najcesce javlja na paradajzu i duvanu. Do epifitoticnog sirenja volovoda u Srbiji doslo je pocetkom 90-tih godina pro$1og veka sto se nastavilo i do danasnjih dana. Analizom populacije volovoda, na bazi reakcije diferencijalnih linija suncokreta, ustanovljeno je da se radi o rasi E, a dalja analiza populacije je u toku. Najefikasniji i ekonomski najisplativiji nacin suzbijanja volovoda je gajenje otpornih hibrida suncokreta, ukljucujuci i IMI otporne hibride suncokreta. Strategija u prevenciji sirenja volovoda treba da obuhvati iznalazenje novih izvora otpornosti (kako u gajenim tako i u divljim srodnicima roda Heliathus) koji bi se koristili u selekciji pri stvaranju novih tolerantnih hibrida suncokreta. S' obzirom na velicinu semena volovoda karantinske mere u prometu semena predstavljaju veoma vaznu preventivnu meru u suzbijanju ove parazitne cvetnice, odnosno u prevenciji kontaminacije novih proizvodnih regtona. Konstantan monitoring populacije volovoda uz upotrebu najsavremenije molekularne dijagnosti ke je veoma znacajan u cilju blagovremenog otkrivanja pojave novih, virulentnijih rasa. Ova je posebno vazno za nasu zemlju kada se zna da je u okruzenju doslo do promene u populaciji, odnosno do pojave novih virulentnijih rasa. Gajenjem IMI otpornih hibrida suncokreta i hibrida tolerantnih na volovod deluje i u svrhu smanjenja populacije ovog parazita i prevencije pojave epidemije.

The aim of this investigation was to study the reliability of the results dependent on the mode of the statistical processing. The results of the influence of fungicide treatment on wheat seed (Triticum durum Desf.) seed. Novosadska rana 5 wore subjected to statistical analysis. The 15 products were applied for seed treatment. The trial was set with two samples (I and II) from the same seed bulk. The results were statistically processed as 2x4 or 1x8 repetitions (n=4 or 8). The differences were tested at 95 % and 97.5 % confidence intervals. Dividend star 036 FS and Mankogal S significantly increased the germination compared to the control regardless to the mode of processing. Significant elongation of the stem for both reliability intervals was achieved by application of Vitavax 200 FF. Significant shortening of the stem in relation to control was achieved by application of Dividend star 036 FS, Maxim star 025 FS, Vincit F and Baytan universal 19.5 WS. There was no significant difference in elongation of seedling roots of treated seed observed for both confidence intervals between treated and control seed. Baytan universal 19.5 WS caused significant shortening of the root in comparison to the control. Cilj ovih ispitivanja su sporedni efekti fungicida za tretiranje semena pšenice i pouzdanost rezultata zavisno od načina statističke obrade ostvarenih rezultata. U laboratorijskim uslovima ispitivan je uticaj fungicida za tretiranje semena pšenice na sortu Novosadska rana 5. Rezultati bili su podvrgnuti statističkoj obradi. Ispitan je efekat 15 preparata. Ogled je postavljen na dva uzorka iste partije u četiri ponavljanja. Podaci su statistički obrađeni kao 2x4 ili 1x8 ponavljanja. Razlike su bile testirane za intervale pouzdanosti 95% i 97,5%. Preparati Dividend star 036 FS i Mnnkogal S su značajno povećali klijavost u odnosu na kontrolu. Značajno izduženje stabla za oba intervala pouzdanosti prouzrokovao je Vitavax 200 FF. Signifikantno skraćenje stabla u odnosu na kontrolu je postignuto primenom Dividend star 036 FS, Maxim star 025 FS, Vincit F i Baytan universal 19.5 WS. Nisu nađene značajne razlike u izduženju korena za oba intervala poverenja. Baytan universal 19.5 WS je prourokovao značajno skraćenje korena pšenice kod ove sorte u poređenju sa kontrolom.

Bezbjednosno-kritični sistemi poput aviona ili automobila zahtijevaju visoko-pouzdanu razmjenu poruka između uređaja u sistemu, što se postiže primjenom determinističkih mreža. Pravilno uspostavljanje međusobne usklađenosti časovnika, kao i konstantno održavanje vremenske usklađenosti, svrstavaju se među najbitnije aspekte determinističkih mreža među kojima su i TTEthernet mreže. Ukoliko časovnici mrežnih uređaja nisu vremenski usklađeni, deterministička razmjena poruka u mreži nije izvodljiva. S obzirom da se informacije o najkritičnijim funkcijama sistema prenose preko determinističke klase poruka, očigledno je da ovakvi servisi neće biti dostupni sve dok se časovnici ne usklade.Teza se bavi procjenom najgoreg slučaja vremena koje je potrebno da protekne da bi se časovnici mrežnih uređaja međusobno uskladili, u slučaju da u mreži postoji jedan uređaj pod otkazom. Procjene su vršene pomoću OMNeT++ simulacija uz primjenu genetskog algoritma. Simulacije pokazuju da se vrijeme neophodno da se uspostavi usklađenost časovnika u TTEthernet mreži značajno povećava pod uticajem uređaja pod otkazom, a samim tim se produžava i vrijeme nedostupnosti najkritičnijih servisa mreže. Simulacije pokazuju da se za mrežu posmatranu u tezi, za izabrane parametre mreže dobija procijenjena vrijednost medijane jednaka 489579μs za najgori slučaj uspostavljanja vremenske usklađenosti u mreži., Safety-critical systems like airplanes and cars demand high-reliable communication between components within the system, which is achieved by using deterministic networks. Proper establishing and maintenance of synchronization of device clocks in the network components represents one of crucial aspects in deterministic networks where belong TTEthernet as well. If device clocks are not synchronized, deterministic communication is not feasible. Keeping in mind that most critical information has been exchanged between the network components using deterministic traffic class, it is obvious that such services will not be available until the clocks in the network are synchronized.The thesis deals with estimation of worst-case startup time for observed TTEthernet network, in case that one device in the network is under failure. The estimation is performed by OMNeT++ simulations and using genetic algorithm. The simulations show that startup time of the network is extended significantly under impact of faulty component. Also, unavailability of most critical services in the network is extended for the same time. For the network simulated in this thesis, estimated median value equals 489579 μs for worst-case startup time.

Problemi klasifikacije i segmentacije digitalnih slika su veomaaktuelni i zastupljeni u praksi. Potreba za modelima koji razmatrajuovu problematiku u poslednjih nekoliko decenija ubrzanim tempompoprima sve veći značaj i obim u svakodnevnom životu. Koriste se uračunarskoj grafici, prepoznavanju oblika, medicinskoj analizi slika,saobraćaju, analizi dokumenata, pokreta i izraza lica i sl.U okviru ove disertacije, predstavljeno istraživanje motivisano jeprimenama razvijenih modela u klasifikaciji i segmentacijidigitalnih slika. Istraživanje obuhvata dva segmenta. Ovi segmentipovezani su terminom neodređenosti, koji je uz upotrebu adekvatnogmatematičkog aparata (teorije fazi skupova), ugrađen u modele razvijeza primenu u obradi slike.Jedan pravac istraživanja baziran je na teoriji fazi skupova, t-normama, t-konormama, operatorima agregacije i agregiranimfunkcijama rastojanja. U okviru toga, istraživanje je sprovedeno sastruktuiranom matematičkom podlogom, izložene su osnovnedefinicije, teoreme, kao i osobine korištenih operatora, proširenisu teorijski koncepti t-normi i t-konormi. Definisani su novi tipovioperatora agregacije i njihovom primenom konstruisane su novefunkcije rastojanja, čija je upotreba diskutovana kroz uspešnost uprocesu segmentacije digitalnih slika.Drugi pravac istraživanja, izložen u ovoj disertaciji, obuhvata višeinženjerski pristup rešavanju problema klasifikacije teksturadigitalnih slika. U skladu sa tim, detaljno je analizirana idiskutovana klasa lokalnih binarnih deskriptora teksture.Inspirisana uspešnošću pomenute LBP klase deskriptora, uvedena jejedna nova podfamilija α-deskriptora teksture. Uvedeni modeldeskriptora formiran je na temeljima idejnih principa lokalnihbinarnih kodova i bazičnih pojmova iz teorije fazi skupova. Praktičnaupotreba i značaj predstavljenog modela demonstrirani su kroz veomauspešne procese klasifikacije na nekoliko javno dostupnih baza slika., Classification and segmentation problems of digital images is a very attractivetopic and has been making impact in many different applied disciplines. In thepast few decades, the demand for models that address these issues has beengaining momentum and applications in everyday life. These models are used incomputer graphics, shape recognition, medical image analysis, traffic, documentanalysis, facial movements and expressions, etc.The research within this doctoral dissertation was motivated by the application ofdeveloped methods in classification and segmentation tasks. The conductedresearch covered two segments, which were linked by the term of indeterminacy,with the usage of the theory of fuzzy sets, which is incorporated into methodsdeveloped for application in image processing.One direction of the research was founded on the theory of fuzzy sets, t-norms,t-conorms, aggregation operators, and aggregated distance functions. Within thisframework, the research was conducted with a structured mathematicalbackground. Firstly, basic definitions, theorems and characteristics of the usedoperators were presented, followed by the theoretical concepts of t-norms and tconormsthat were extended. New types of aggregation operators and distancefunctions were defined, and finally, their contribution in the digital imagesegmentation process was explored and discussed.The second direction of the research presented in this dissertation involved moreof an engineering-type of approach to solving the problem of the classification ofdigital image textures. To that end, a class of local binary texture descriptors(LBPs) was analyzed and discussed in detail. Inspired by the results of theabove-mentioned LBP descriptors, one new sub-family of the $\alpha$-descriptors was introduced by the author. The introduced descriptor model wasbased on the conceptual principles of LBPs and basic definitions from the fuzzyset theory. Its practical usage and importance were established and reflected invery successful classification results, achieved in the application on severalpublicly available image datasets.

Ова докторска дисертација се бави истраживањем из области интеграције дигиталне телевизије у модерне мултимедијалне уређаје унутар аутомобила. Циљ истраживања у оквиру ове докторске дисертације је да се развије скуп алгоритама за системско проширење DTV функционалности у нестационарном окружењу и предложи решење које омогућава рад у реалном времену. Решење реализовано у склопу истраживања аутоматски, без потребе за интервенцијом корисника, одржава ажурном листу програмских садржаја дигиталне телевизије током кретања аутомобила. Такође, предложено решење континуирано пружа кориснику исти програмски садржај, емитован у најбољем квалитету слике и звука и доступан на различитим фреквенцијским каналима. Основни допринос се огледа у дефинисању алгоритама и јединствене програмске спреге дигиталне телевизије на платформама које примају сигнал дигиталне телевизије током кретања аутомобила., Ova doktorska disertacija se bavi istraživanjem iz oblasti integracije digitalne televizije u moderne multimedijalne uređaje unutar automobila. Cilj istraživanja u okviru ove doktorske disertacije je da se razvije skup algoritama za sistemsko proširenje DTV funkcionalnosti u nestacionarnom okruženju i predloži rešenje koje omogućava rad u realnom vremenu. Rešenje realizovano u sklopu istraživanja automatski, bez potrebe za intervencijom korisnika, održava ažurnom listu programskih sadržaja digitalne televizije tokom kretanja automobila. Takođe, predloženo rešenje kontinuirano pruža korisniku isti programski sadržaj, emitovan u najboljem kvalitetu slike i zvuka i dostupan na različitim frekvencijskim kanalima. Osnovni doprinos se ogleda u definisanju algoritama i jedinstvene programske sprege digitalne televizije na platformama koje primaju signal digitalne televizije tokom kretanja automobila., This PhD thesis addressed the problem in the field of integrating digitaltelevision into modern multimedia devices within the vehicles. The goal of theresearch within this PhD thesis is to develop a set of algorithms forsystematic expansion of digital television functionality in a non-stationaryenvironment and to propose a solution that can be deployed into theembedded devices. The main contribution of the thesis is the definition of theapplication programming interface and algorithms that enable digitaltelevision on the platforms receiving the digital television signal during thevehicle's movement. The solution implemented within the research, whichverifies the defined algorithms, allows the development of various televisionapplications, as well as the interconnection of the digital television signal withthe multimedia system within the vehicle.