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The article presents the results of creating a GIS project for Forest based on the QGIS program. During the work, the main stages of creating a GIS for a forest user were presented. Satellite images, navigator data, and forest management tablets were used. The raster was linked, the vectorization of quarters, allotments and Forest activities were carried out. A control check was made. The possibilities for the formation of forest planning documents are shown. Представлены результаты создания проекта ГИС для лесного хозяйства на базе программы QGIS. В ходе работы были представлены основные этапы создания ГИС для лесопользователя. Были использованы космоснимки, данные навигаторов, лесоустроительные планшеты. Была проведена привязка растра, проводилась векторизация кварталов, выделов и лесохозяйственных мероприятий. Сделана контрольная проверка. Показаны возможности формирования документов лесного планирования.

Breastfeeding is the gold standard of optimal nutrition and largely determines the health of the child not only at an early age, but also in subsequent periods of his life. Due to the optimal composition of breast milk, the child forms such features of lipid, carbohydrate, mineral and energy metabolism, which provide not only the best conditions for physical and intellectual development of the child, but also its social adaptation. Prolonged breastfeeding reduces the subsequent risk of developing socially significant diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Since the 1970s, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) have been active in reviving the culture of breastfeeding. In 1989, they developed a joint declaration Protection, Promotion and Support of Breastfeeding Practices: the Special Role of Obstetric Services, which is based on Ten Principles of Successful Breastfeeding (training of medical personnel, antenatal preparation of pregnant women for breastfeeding, early breastfeeding in the delivery room, keeping mother and baby together and feeding a healthy baby on demand, helping mothers in difficult situations, exclusive breastfeeding, informing mothers about the dangers of pacifiers in initiating breastfeeding, follow-up assistance to mothers after discharge from the maternity hospital). The duration of exclusive breastfeeding (feeding only breast milk) is important for the health of the infant. According to the 2003 WHO recommendations, which are reflected in the Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding, exclusive breastfeeding should last 6 months. The national program for optimizing the feeding of children of the first year of life in the Russian Federation (2009, 2019) defines recommended periods of exclusive breastfeeding in the range of 4-6 months, and they depend on the health status of the infant. Modern industrially produced complementary foods are created taking into account the principles of healthy eating and contribute to the formation of proper nutritional behavior in children from an early age, which undoubtedly has a favorable effect on the child’s health in the future.

The problem of revealing the “Declaration of Love” discourse in works of art is considered. The author’s development on the automatic detection of the situation of declaration of love, tested on the material of the work of A. P. Chekhov, is presented. The search was carried out on the basis of the Russian National Corpus. In total, more than 200 texts have been identified containing textual representations of the situation of declaration of love. 40 out of 200 texts are identified by the authors of the article as the most fully representative of the desired situation. The set of textual passages describing it is viewed as a cognitive-discursive set of declarations of love. The development of the algorithm was carried out based on the identification of the cognitive schemes of the writer and the statistical analysis of the lexical composition of the situation of declaration of love. Among the frequency components of the cognitive model, which A. P. Chekhov follows in describing the process of declaring love, an open space filled with plants, birds, etc. was revealed. In the general cognitive-discursive set of declarations of love, the nuclear and satellite zones were identified and analyzed, the lexical components of which belong to certain functional-semantic classes and functional-semantic groups.

The article modifies the way of applying the stakeholder approach to corporate governance amid the global coronavirus crisis. The study clarifies and systematizes the views of a wide range of researchers who have developed their own approaches to studying the topical problems of implementing the stakeholder model of corporate governance under crisis. The theory of corporate governance and its stakeholder model constitute the methodological basis of the study. The methods of generalization, grouping, systematization and content analysis are used. The information base includes 85 studies published from 1980 to 2021 and indexed in the international and local databases, as well as fundamental scientific works reflecting the basic provisions of the scientific review article. The current research presents the evolution of views on the development of the stakeholder model, while focusing on the practical aspects of its application. The concept of shared value creation and its progress in numerous studies is seen as an extension of stakeholder theory and an attempt to transform capitalism according to the principles of "stakeholder capitalism". The findings of the given scientific review can serve as a theoretical platform for further examination of the stakeholder model of corporate governance in the context of new paradigm declaration concentrated on creating value for stakeholders and the real implementation of responsible business behavior in the context of a pandemic and post-pandemic economy.

The essence of costs in the organizational interaction between participants of external economic activity and the market in the case of connection to the electronic Declaration system has been revealed. This type of cost is classified as transactional. The expenses faced by participants in foreign economic activity at the present time when connecting to the electronic Declaration system have been identified and disclosed. It has been found that the existence of intermediaries in the process of providing such services leads to transaction costs of an explicit type Seven groups of implicit transaction costs also have been highlighted. Various approaches to measuring transaction costs have been considered, a partial use of ordinalist and cardinalist approaches has been proposed.

Currently, the construction of business in a competitive environment allows the management of companies to better understand the importance of not just the Declaration, but the actual implementation of effective management tools in the practice of the company, which ultimately leads to a convergence of the form and essence of corporate governance. Companies should implement individual components of corporate governance, taking into account their business goals and objectives, the stage of development of the organization, as well as the expectations of the company from the point of view of all stakeholders. The introduction of the practice of active involvement of portfolio investors in the corporate management of investment assets will help to improve the development of corporate governance in Russia. The management of Russian companies should recognize that certain corporate governance tools should be implemented based on business objectives, the stage of development of the company, as well as stakeholders. Simple compliance is no longer an effective means of creating and maintaining value. Each corporate governance structure and process needs to be rethought in terms of how they actually contribute to better risk management and opportunities. And on this basis, a program for the development of corporate governance, understandable to all participants in the process, should be adopted.

The scientific article is devoted to the topical problem of the law on state control over the circulation of certain types of weapons, issues related to theory and practice at the present stage. The particular significance of this work is attached to the legal problems of the law on state control over the circulation of certain types of weapons, namely, the age of the citizen, according to which the right to acquire weapons is given. In the article, much attention is paid to the tragic events that are directly related to the illegal use of firearms in adolescence, the legislative acts of the neighboring countries are analyzed and examples are given. In addition, the author provides specific proposals for solving these problems. The relevance of the article is beyond doubt, as weapons have been one of the most fundamental problems of all time and remains an important milestone for future research. The scientific article is relevant because in recent years, crimes related to the use of firearms have sharply increased in different countries of the world, especially among young people. This demonstrates the importance and timeliness of this article. In the course of the study, the main emphasis is placed on the relevance of the legal problem of imperfection of the law on weapons. The material of the article has a pronounced author's line, since the author does not easily analyze the scientific positions of different authors, but also expresses his point of view., Научная статья посвящена актуальной проблеме закона о государственном контроле за оборотом отдельных видов оружия, вопросы касающиеся теории и практики на современном этапе. Особую значимость данной работы придает правовая проблема закона о государственном контроле за оборотом отдельных видов оружия, а именно возраст гражданина, по которому дается право на приобретение оружия. В статье большое внимание уделяется трагическим событиям, которые связаны непосредтвенно с незаконным применением огнестрельного оружия в подростковом возрасте, анализируются законодательные акты стран ближнего зарубежья и приводятся примеры. Кроме того, автор приводит конкретные предложения по решению данных проблем. Актуальность статьи не вызывает сомнений, так как оружие было одной из самых основных проблем всех времен и остается важной вехой для будущих исследований. Научная статья актуальна тем, что в последннее время преступления связанные с применением огнестрельного оружия резко увеличились в разных странах мира, особенно среди молодежи. Это свидетельствует о важности и своевременности данной статьи. В ходе исследования, основной акцент ставится на актуальность правовой проблемы несовершенства закона об оружии. Материал статьи имеет ярко выраженную авторскую линию, так как автор не просто анализирует научные положения разных авторов, но и высказывает свою точку зрения.

Russian consumer often uses imported products in their food intake. Someone has more trust to these products, someone, on the contrary, seeks to avoid buying foreign food products, but sometimes we have no alternative at all. Can we be sure in the quality and safety of foods supplied to the Russian Federation? What is being done at the State level to control the entire process of production and supply of foreign products? What should a consumer pay attention to when buying imported food products? This article attempts to find the answers to these questions, to find out what products are subject to mandatory certification or declaration, what the difference between a certificate and a declaration is, what regulatory documents ensure the safety of food products imported into the Russian Federation. Российский потребитель часто в своем рационе питания использует импортные продукты. У кого-то к такой продукции больше доверия, кто-то, наоборот, стремится избежать употребления зарубежных товаров, а порой у нас просто нет альтернативы. Можем ли мы быть уверены в качестве и безопасности пищевой продукции, поставляемой в Российскую Федерацию? Что делается на уровне Государства, чтобы проконтролировать весь процесс производства и поставки иностранных продуктов? На что должен в первую очередь обращать внимание потребитель при покупке импортной пищевой продукции? В настоящей статье предпринята попытка найти ответы на данные вопросы, выяснить, какая продукция подлежит обязательной сертификации или декларированию, в чём разница между сертификатом и декларацией, какие нормативно-правовые документы обеспечивают безопасность ввозимой в РФ пищевой продукции.

Рассматривается правовое регулирование деятельности международных и отечественных спортивных федераций. Отмечено, что с развитием системы правоотношений появляются новые виды источников права, которые не находят места в существующей иерархической системе, но активно применяются в регулировании трудовых и непосредственно связанных с ними отношений. Одна из разновидностей таких источников — акты общероссийских спортивных федераций, распространяющие свое действие на особые категории работников — спортсменов и тренеров. Авторы задаются вопросом: насколько законным с точки зрения трудового права является применение спортивными федерациями расширенного перечня дисциплинарных (по сути) взысканий по сравнению с предусмотренным статьей 192 Трудового кодекса РФ? В результате исследования авторы делают вывод о том, что в настоящее время механизмами обеспечения и удержания в управлении деятельности международных спортивных федераций являются обеспечение и развитие надлежащих качеств саморегулирования деятельности федераций и Международный спортивный арбитражный суд. При этом акты общероссийских федераций могут стать основой для локальных нормативных актов., The article deals with the legal regulation of the activities of international and domestic sports federations. It is noted that with the development of the system of legal relations, new types of sources of law appear, which do not find a place in the existing hierarchical system, but are actively used in the regulation of labor and relations directly related to them. One of the varieties of such sources is the acts of the all-Russian sports federations, which extend their effect to special categories of workers - athletes and coaches. The authors ask the question: how legitimate from the point of view of labor law is the application by sports federations of an extended list of disciplinary (in fact) penalties in comparison with that provided for in Article 192 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation? As a result of the study, the authors conclude that at present, the mechanisms for ensuring and retaining in the management of the activities of international sports federations are the provision and development of the proper qualities of self-regulation of the activities of federations and the International Sports Arbitration Court. At the same time, acts of all-Russian federations can become the basis for local regulations., СОВРЕМЕННОЕ ПРАВО, Выпуск 9 2021, Pages 121-126

The subject. The paper is devoted to the main trends of the Russian customs law at the present stage.The purpose of the paper is to determine the place of customs law in the system of Russian law and to identify the features of its impact on the development of integration within the EAEU.The methodological basis for the study: general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, com-parison, description); private and academic (interpretation, formal-legal).Results, scope. Despite all the variety of social relations that make up the subject of customs law, their core is the relationship associated with the management of customs authorities, regulated by the rules of administrative law. In this regard, the allocation of customs law as an independent branch of law, in our opinion, is premature.Further development of integration within the EAEU has necessitated the development and adoption of a new codified legal act regulating public relations in the field of customs.Analysis of the provisions of the customs code of the EAEU revealed the following innovations, confirming the thesis on the simplification of regulation in the sphere of customs affairs:– reduction of terms of performance of separate customs operations;– priority of electronic Declaration form;– improvement of the Institute of customs control;– further development of the Institute of authorized economic operators.Conclusions. Customs law is a sub-branch of administrative law at present. A natural con-sequence of the integration processes is the transformation of the domestic customs law into an alloy of international law, integration law (acts of the EAEU) and national law.

The article presents the provisions of the Erice Declaration on the safety of medicines and discusses the need for their transformation into the XXI century.

The subject. The article is devoted to the analysis of ongoing systematic reform of Chinese anticorruption legislation and practice of its enforcement.The purpose of the article is to formulate ways of improvement Chinese anti-corruption legislation.The methods of legislation analysis and synthesis of legislative gaps and contradictions are used.The results, scope of application. Nowadays, China is moving from the struggle against corruption by political means to the struggle by legal means. In attempt to construct a system of anti-corruption legislation, China is actively forming a dualistic normative system and a mechanism for the interaction between party norms and state legislation. A multilevel vertical-integrated system of anti-corruption legislation with "The anti-corruption law" as a core was created; the Party is stressing the priority status of preventive legislation and the auxiliary role of legislation on control over power. This system should became the basis for building Chinese anti-corruption legislation. The author formulated a system of principles of Chinese anti-corruption legislation, including the principles of efficiency, consistency, economy and gradualism. The importance of the anti-corruption legislative program, the task formulated in 2015, is underlined. The list of the main anti-corruption legislative acts has been determined, including legislation in the aspects "do not dare to take [bribes]", "cannot take [bribes]" and "do not want to take [bribes]". The problem of improving the legislation in the "do not dare to take" aspect have been specially considered, including improvement of criminal legislation, adoption of the law on accountability and responsibility of public servants, as well as the adoption of an anti-corruption law. The main alternatives and problems of improving legislation in the context of "not being able to take" are considered, such as adoption of laws on declaration of property of public servants, on pre-vention of conflict of interests, on transparency of the administration, on public hearings, and the improvement of party norms.Conclusions. China is experiencing a crucial turning point in the fight against corruption since the beginning of the modernization transformation and is in the strategic "window of opportunities". Active and systematic construction of anti-corruption legislation, the transit from formal counteraction to real counteraction is the key to overcoming the current "corruption crisis with Chinese characteristics".

In diplomacy, the interests of an individual nation largely determine the form of relations it maintains with other states. This gives credence to the notion that there is neither a permanent friend nor permanent enemy in international relations; rather, it is interests of a country which is permanent. In the pursuance of their national interests, diplomatic relations between Lagos and Moscow were formally established on November 25, 1960 soon after Nigeria’s gaining in-dependence. The embassy of the Soviet Union was established in Lagos in 1961, while Nigeria established its embassy in Moscow in 1962. On December 26, 1991 the Soviet upper chamber under the chairmanship of A. Alim-shanov (Declaration № 142-H) decided to discontinue the Soviet Union existence as a state. This was in line with the outcome of the meeting of December 8, 1991 between Boris Yeltsin (Russia), Leonid Kravchuk (Ukraine) and Stalinislav Shushkevich (Belarus) that later came to be known as the Belovezha Accords of 1991. Russia, a prominent union republic of the for-mer Soviet Union, gained international recognition as the successor to the Soviet Union which thereafter took up both the assets and liabilities of the former Soviet Union. Nigeria-Russia Bilateral Relations (NRBR) had been developing over the years and cul-minated in the visit of Nigeria’s President, Olusegun Obasanjo to Russia in 2001 and Russian President Dmitri Medvedev’s visit to Nigeria in 2009. Undoubtedly, the NRBR has had both good and diffi cult experience. This paper is an assessment of NRBR and it provides answers to the questions of the desirability and necessity of strong Nigeria-Russia diplomatic ties. Besides, it makes recommendations on how the two countries can elevate their bilateral relations to a more functional cooperation in the key and strategic sectors.

Collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and increase in the number of the Caspian Littoral States lead to the necessity of renewal of the legal status of the Caspian Sea. Former Soviet-Iranian agreements, which had previously determined the legal status of the basin, didn’t correspond with the needs of the time because of the lack of juridical regulations about such topical issues as: marine mineral exploration, environmental requirements to the mineral resources development, capture levels of the living marine resources, etc. Unilateral actions of some Littoral States didn’t find support of their neighbors. That aggravated a situation in the region as well as adversely affected the negotiation process within the framework of the Special Working Group for drafting a Convention on the legal status of the Caspian Sea at the level of Deputy Foreign Ministers of the Littoral States. The article analyzes the core role of four Caspian Summits in the negotiation process of the Littoral States. The author underlines positive influence of the summits on establishment of multilateral cooperation mechanisms in the region as well as development of relations in the “Caspian Five”. The key benchmarks of the negotiation process are considered. Special attention is given to the legal documents of four Caspian Summits which outlined the principles of cooperation of the Caspian Littoral States. Positive balance of the First Caspian Summit (Ashgabat, 2002) is considered. The key roles of the Joint Declaration of the Second Caspian Summit (Tehran, 2007) as well as the political Statement of the Fourth Caspian Summit (Astrakhan, 2014) as political guidelines for the negotiation process on the legal status of the basin are highlighted. Great significance of the Agreement on Security Cooperation in the Caspian Sea, which was endorsed within the framework of the Third Caspian Summit (Baku, 2010), is estimated. The author proceeds from the assumption that all efforts of five nations should be focused on forging the compromise on key issues of the draft comprehensive Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea to finalize the text of this pentalateral legal agreement as promptly as practicable and to adopt it on the Fifth Caspian Summit in Kazakhstan.

Данная статья раскрывает особенности налогообложения для субъектов малого предпринимательства. Налогообложение субъектов малого предпринимательства имеет ряд особенностей, которые основываются на налоговом законодательстве. И у малых предприятий могут возникнуть трудности при выборе режима налогообложения., This article reveals the features of taxation for small businesses. Taxation of small businesses has a number of features that are based on tax legislation. And small businesses may have difficulties in choosing the tax regime., Наука: общество, экономика, право, Выпуск 4 2020

Налоги еще со времен появления государства является необходимым звеном экономических отношений в обществе, и принципиальной важной обязанностью налогоплательщика является предоставление налоговым органам или их должностным лицам документы и информацию необходимую для исчисления и уплаты налога. В данной статье рассказывается о документации и отчетности в системе налогового учета, которая является одной из важнейших составляющих деятельности предприятий и правильное ее составление дает возможность ее пользователям сформировать верное представление о предприятии. И конечно же, для любого предприятия главным условием является получение максимальной прибыли, но для достижения данной цели необходимо правильно составить документооборот, отчетность и предоставлять ее необходимым пользователям в срок, чтоб уберечь компанию от возможных штрафов., Taxes have been a necessary element of economic relations in society since the advent of the state, and it is an important duty of the taxpayer to provide the tax authorities or their officials with the documents and information necessary for calculating and paying taxes. This article describes the documentation and reporting in the tax accounting system, which is one of the most important components of the activities of enterprises and its correct preparation allows its users to form a correct idea of the company. And of course, for any enterprise, the main condition is to get the maximum profit, but to achieve this goal, it is necessary to correctly compile the document flow, reporting and provide it to the necessary users in time to protect the company from possible penalties., Наука: общество, экономика, право, Выпуск 3 2020

An inclusive approach is aimed at more complete participation of students and staff in the educational process. The practical basis of the work was the joint cooperation carried out in the life of employees who wanted to create an environment and culture in which absolutely everyone will be equal and involved. Инклюзивный подход в образовании направлен на глубокое вовлечение студентов, преподавателей и персонала в образовательный процесс. Практической основой работы стало совместное сотрудничество студентов и сотрудников, которые желали создать среду и культуру, где абсолютно все были бы равноценны.

в данной статье рассматривается проблема суверенизации Республики Крым и Каталонии, автономного сообщества Королевства Испании. Два весьма схожих по сути народных референдума о своей дальнейшей судьбе – в Крыму и в Каталонии – разошлись в главном: как на итоги народного волеизъявления отреагировали те, кому люди доверили свое будущее., Two very similar in essence people's referendum on their future fate - in the Crimea and in Catalonia - dispersed in the main: how the outcome of the people's will was reacted by those who were trusted by their future

In the article the methodological value of the concept of responsibility is uncovered in the sphere of ecological risks management in those communities which are located near plants with risk technologies. The notion “ecological-economy” conflict is under consideration: the conditions of forming, subjects, way of manifestation. There are analyzed Russian and foreign approaches to conceptions of business social responsibility, strategy and practice of its realization. Comparative analysis is realized basing on sociological study among community living near the technologically dangerous plant. In the survey the community had been represented by common schools graduates, plant’s workers and residents. The analysis of plant’s documents demonstrates the fact that ecology protection is one of the main values of its social activity. But the great part of graduates (70%) points out that the plant really is dangerous, risk can’t be compensated and should be adjusted with the community. More than a half of graduates plan to leave the birth-place because of ecological problems and their damage upon people health. More than 65% of residents believe that damage reducing is possible only if the authorities will really act, but only 24% believe that the authorities are interested in ecology protection. Social partnership of authorities, plant and community takes place as the declaration and not as real deal. Meanwhile 46% of residents believe that it is really possible to manage with minimum damage to ecology and 80% are sure that civil society should take more important part in environment protection and decision making.

The paper considers the problem of young people’s moral education with the reference to the system of secondary vocational education; the relevance of the study being enhanced by the greater independence of vocational college students compared to their high school peers. In addition, the paper describes the psychological and pedagogical difficulties in developing the moral norms, behavior principles, and life position in adolescence, when a mere moral declaration has little effect. Taking into consideration the students’ psychological and age characteristics, the authors suggest the active methods of dialogical interactions and recommend the system of ethical education and culture studies based on a differentiated understanding of specificity of the domestic moral culture, and axiological analysis of its educational potential. The multi-variant moral norms coexisting in modernRussiainclude the traditional, aristocratic, pragmatic and other types of values; all of them can be introduced in the series of educational discussions. The paper lists the approximate topics for such ethical and cultural debates, and demonstrates the expected effect of students’ moral self-assessment related to their life position and behavior patterns. The recognized moral values are likely to make a foundation for the students’ proper behavior both in college and in their future work.

Данная работа посвящена актуальной проблеме развития промышленной безопасности в ÑÐ¾Ð²Ñ€ÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ ÑƒÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸ÑÑ , которое приводит к возрастанию аварий и выбросом в атмосферу Ð²Ñ€ÐµÐ´Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð²ÐµÑ‰ÐµÑÑ‚Ð². Для снижение масштабов последствий нужно использовать научно-обоснованные мероприятия, провести анализ опасности и риска аварий, а также предложения по реализации мер, Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ñ€Ð°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð½Ð° уменьшение риска аварий., This work is devoted to the actual problem of industrial safety development in modern conditions , which leads to an increase in accidents and emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. To reduce the scale of the consequences, it is necessary to use science-based measures, to conduct an analysis of the danger and risk of accidents, as well as proposals for the implementation of measures aimed at reducing the risk of accidents.

Данная работа посвящена проблеме политического развития Китайской Республики. В работе рассмотрено образование Китайской Республики, ее образование на Тайване, историческое развитие. Изучена политическая система на Тайване при политическом режиме при Чан Кайши, а также ее изменения во второй половине 20 века. Также рассматривается история создания демократического движения на острове, начальные программы Чэнь Шуйбяня, посвященные борьбе за демократию. Названы особенности тайваньской демократии, ее специфика. Проанализирован метод возможности использования модели «тайваньская демократия»., This work dedicated to the problem of political development of Republic of China. In this work discussed formation of Republic of China, formation of Republic of China in Taiwan, historical development. Also studied political system in Taiwan with the political mode under Chiang Kai-Shek, and it's changes in the second half of the 20th century. Also, the history creation of the democratic movement on the island, the initial programs of Chen Shui-bian, dedicated to the struggle for democracy. Named features of Taiwan's democracy, it's specificity. Analyzed possibility of using the model of "Taiwan's democracy".

This article presents the results of typological research of speech acts on the material of the English dramas of the XIX-XX century: «The Dark Lady of the Sonnets» (1910) by Bernard Shaw, «The Importance of Being Earnest» (1895) by Oscar Wilde, «Dangerous Angels» (1993) by Scott Sickles, and «Dead Rats» (1994) by Paul Knag. The work is focused on the study of pragmatic peculiarities of dramatic texts, namely on the definition of speech acts, by which characters of the dramatic works inform the reader of their own thoughts, influence each other, and create the atmosphere of their messages. В данной статье представлены результаты исследования разных типов речевых актов на материале англоязычных драм ХІХ-ХХ века «The Dark Lady of the Sonnets» (1910) Бернарда Шоу, «The Importance of Being Earnest» (1895) Оскара Уайльда, «Dangerous Angels» (1993) Скотта Сиклза, «Dead Rats» (1994) Пола Нега. Работа ориентирована на исследование прагматического аспекта драматического текста, определение типов речевых актов, с помощью которых персонажи драматического произведения доносят до читателя свою мысль, влияют друг на друга, создают атмосферу своих сообщений.

The article analyzes the Russian translation of an ‘open letter’ written by the English king Charles I and published in January 1648 as The Kings Declaration to all His Subjects, of Whatsoever Nation, Quality, or Condition. The Russian text has been published in the 3rd volume of Vesti-Kuranty. Probably this version of the royal declaration is the earliest Russian translation of a printed text in English for which the original has been established. Thus it provides unique material for a scholarly study of the translation technique of the period. Comparison of the Russian translation with its source text indicates that the greatest difficulty for the translator involved certain syntactical constructions as well as a number of unfamiliar English idioms. There are also some inaccuracies in rendering specific lexemes—for the most part due to their confusion with similar-looking English words. However, such mistakes and the consequent distortion of certain nuances of the original are minor defects in what is by and large an adequate rendering of the text as a whole. Apart from the linguistic analysis, the article also presents the historical background and commentary on relevant sources for the texts and contains a hypothesis regarding which of the translators in the Diplomatic Chancery was likely responsible for the Russian version of the English pamphlet. В статье представлен анализ опубликованного в третьем выпуске Вестей-Курантов русского перевода открытого письма английского монарха Карла I, увидевшего свет в январе 1648 г. под заглавием The Kings Declaration to all His Subjects, of Whatsoever Nation, Quality, or Condition. По всей вероятности, русская версия «королевского извета» являет собой самый ранний перевод печатного текста с английского языка на русский, для которого установлен оригинал. Это позволяет рассматривать его как уникальный материал, на основе которого можно изучать переводческую технику того периода. Критический анализ текста русского перевода в сопоставлении с исходным изданием позволяет сделать вывод о том, что наибольшую трудность для передачи составили некоторые синтаксические периоды оригинала, а также ряд устойчивых английских выражений, не распознанных переводчиком. Также обнаружены и неточности, связанные с переводом отдельных лексических единиц—в основном, вызванные смешением схожих по внешнему облику английских слов. Однако утрата эквивалентности при передаче отдельных элементов и, как следствие, искажение некоторых смысловых нюансов оригинального послания не мешает признать русский перевод адекватным на уровне всего текста. Помимо аналитической части в статье представлен исторический и источниковедческий фон сопоставляемых текстов, а также выдвигается гипотеза о том, кто именно из переводчиков Посольского приказа осуществил русский перевод английского памфлета. Авторы весьма признательны В. Б. Крысько, который прочитал более ранний вариант статьи и сделал ряд очень ценных замечаний. За стилистическую правку авторы благодарят также М. Б. Михайлову. English title in Web of Science: "The Kings Declaration to all His Subjects" (1648)-the first Russian translation of an English printed text?‘Korolevskij izvet ko vsem ego poddannym’ (1648 g.) – pervyj russkij perevod anglijskogo pečatnogo teksta?

In the present article author analyzes questions of French constitutionalism origin. Author notes that in France, over the past two centuries, a state of law, which is based on the principles of popular sovereignty has been formed; observance of human rights and freedoms by the state; parliamentary democracy; supremacy of constitution in relation to all other laws and regulations; separation of powers and institute of authorities responsibility as an organizational framework for the legal state; independence of the judiciary; compliance with commitments taken by the State during international relations. These principles were laid down in the constitutional history of the country. In the present article an attempt to explore the beginning of the French constitutionalism through the prism of the Constitution of 1791 was made. Author makes concludes that in the Constitution of 1791 the fundamental principles of constitutional law were laid, some of which are reflected in the Constitution of the Fifth Republic in France and continue to operate. Constitution of the Fifth Republic proclaimed commitment to "human rights and principles of national sovereignty as defined by the Declaration of 1789, confirmed and complemented by the Preamble to the Constitution of 1946, and despite many disputes, Constitutional Council reaffirmed inviolability of the equality before the law principle, which exists in the Declaration.

DECLARATION CONCERNING THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS RELATED TO NATIONAL OR ETHNIC, RELIGIOUS OR LEGAL MINORITIES Resolution 47/135 of the General Assembly of the United Nations of 18.12.1992