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The article examines the application of the concept of legal pluralism to the interaction between the European Union (EU) administrative legal order and the administrative legal orders of associated or candidate States as part of the process of aligning national legislation with EU standards. This process involves multiple sources of integration obligations derived from the Association Agreement, accession negotiations, conditions for economic aid, administrative cooperation, and EU-funded modernization programs. The authors suggest that a pluralistic approach may provide associated or candidate States with a degree of flexibility in choosing specific scopes, models, and time frames to align their national legislation with EU laws. This can help to mitigate and offset the imbalance in States’ relations with the EU resulting from the latter’s normative dominance. At the same time, various sources can lead to conflicts between integration obligations and approaches to harmonizing national administrative rules and practices.

Background. The relevance of studying the phenomenon of public catering in the USSR is due to the need to understand the specifics of the Soviet modernity, the implemen-tation of the project of building a new society in the conditions of Stalin’s reconstruction of the national economy. The purpose of the work is to analyze the process of changes in the functioning of public catering in the 1920s – 1930s on the example of Penza region. Materials and methods. Based on the study of a wide range of sources extracted from the central (Russian State Archive of Economics) and local archives (State Archive of Penza region), as well as published documents, the features of the formation of a key branch of the modern economy – public catering in the period of the 1920s – 1930s are revealed. The methodological basis of the study was the concept of social constructionism or con-structivism, in the context of which the main emphasis is placed on the conditionality of the processes of constructing social reality by state ideology and management practice. Com-parative historical and statistical methods were used to identify the regional specifics of the formation of the Soviet public catering. Results. The main principles, features, advantages and disadvantages of the Soviet public catering in various historical periods – the new eco-nomic policy of the 1920s and industrialization of the 1930s – are analyzed on the example of Penza region. Conclusions. In the period of the 1920s – 1930s, continuity in the work of public canteens of Penza province was maintained: class orientation, advantages and problems characteristic of the previous period. A new trend was a temporary relaxation for private capital admitted to the catering sector in the 1920s. During the years of industriali-zation, it became one of the branches of the Soviet economy that contributed to the solution of important state tasks.

This article presents a clinical review of a patient with an extremely rare assotiation of opticoneuromyelitis and skin melanoma. The paper noted the typical clinical and neuroimaging signs of opticoneuromyelitis and the rare manifestations of myelitic syndrome such as segmental muscle hypertonicity and hand hyperkinesis. The question remains open as to whether these two processes in a patient are linked by a single pathogenesis in the form of a paraneoplastic neurological syndrome or whether two independent diseases are represent there. Two observations of a combination of melanoma and opticoneuromyelitis as a manifestation of the paraneoplastic syndrome have been analysed in the literature. The article highlights the difficulties in the treatment of this patient, as the immunomodulatory therapy used for both diseases has a different vectorial focus. Immunosuppression is recommended for the treatment of opticoneuromyelitis, while immune activation is recommended for melanoma.

Background. Leasing land is a widespread phenomenon in the life of a reform village in any region of European Russia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. By the level of development of rental relations, one can judge the state of the landowner and peasant economy of a particular province, the degree of development of capitalist relations in it. This determines the relevance of the work. The purpose of the work is to characterize rental relations in one of the large landowner farms of the Penza province of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries in the context of the development of the entire region. Materials and methods. Based on the study of a wide range of sources, including archival data of the State Archive of the Penza Region, as well as published documents of state central statistical agencies and primary materials collected by contemporaries, an attempt was made to solve the tasks of the study. In the process of work, comparative historical, statistical methods were used. Results. An analysis of the sources showed that the landowner’s farm in question was one of the large estates of the Chembar district in the Penza province, most of whose land was leased for short and long-term rent, which was the norm for the province under study. The tenants were the local peasantry. On part of the leased territories, the owners, at their own expense, equipped rental farms. Conclusions. Leasing land was an indispensable attribute of the landowner Stolypin in the village of Tarkhany throughout the period under consideration. Over time, rental relations have undergone a noticeable evolution, constantly becoming more complicated, improving and bringing more income to owners. The Tarkhany estate itself is an example of the successful integration of the landowner economy into the development of new agrarian capitalist relations.

The article is devoted to the memory of Professor Oleg V. Beydik. His career and professional development described.

Objective To explore decision support systems (DSS) used in spine-pelvic surgery, analyze its functional possibilities and approaches that allow the surgeon to make a correct decision. Material and methods Functional possibilities with modern DSSs used in surgery of spine-pelvic complex were reviewed with unified criteria using websites of DSS manufacturers and publications in scientific journals. Results MediCAD, TraumaCAD, Surgimap, Sectra AB and OrthoView are most common DSSs used for spine and hip surgery planning. The above systems can be applied in orthopedic surgery of several independent anatomical regions (e.g., spine, pelvis, femur, tibia, foot). But none of the systems can be applied to spine-pelvic complex. DSS facilitates only geometrical planning with geometric measurements, simulation of physiologically normal location of anatomical elements as well as selection and semi-automatic implant positioning. Conclusion Both geometrical planning and biomechanical simulation are required to achieve positive long-term follow-up of surgical treatment. Biomechanical simulation allows assessment of an extent and pattern of injury caused by malalignment of spine-pelvic complex and surgical intervention planning with the help of reconstruction options offered. The use of DSS should involve geometric planning, biomechanical simulation of the expected surgical outcome and prediction of a long-term follow-up. Introduction of DSS into clinical practice will facilitate the quality of medical care and rehabilitation with concurrent optimization of the national expenditure on health care.

Enamel is the hardest substance in the human body and contains the highest percentage of minerals (96%), with water and organic material composing the rest. The objective: to improve the quality of carious dental cavities filling in patients by determining the regularities of enamel prisms direction and quality of “enamel-filling”connection in topographically different parts of permanent human canines crown. Materials and methods. 40 permamnnet canines with intact enamel, removed because of trauma or orthodontic indications; 89 caries patients. Results. Angulation and direction of enamel prisms in different parts, surfaces and layers of a human permanent canines has been revealed. Conclusions. Features of different parts of enamel prisms inclination in toporgathically different parts of a human permanent canines has been shown. It has been revealed that the efficiency of a filling and enamel coalescence depends on the prevailing direction of enamel prisms in different parts of canine crown. Taking into account the peculiarities of enamel prisms location in the tooth crown at carious cavity preparation, increases the effectiveness of secondary caries prevention.

New effective dynamic models for motion of polymeric film have been proposed in the paper. These models in contrast to known ones take in to account deformation processes which occur at a unit for polymer-film materials production. It has been shown that the deformation process of a polуmer film in intersectional area determined by its tension depends on ratio of linear section velocities and tension and deformation values in these sections. An analysis of the proposed dynamic models of polymer film motion has shown that a decrease in its deformations in every zone of the unit can be achieved both by changing ratio of input and output velocities and introducing a compensator for perturbing influences due to deformations of the film at the entrance to the zone. Possible channels for automatic control of the unit for polymer-film material production have been identified with the aim of improving quality of products. While using the proposed dynamic models it has been demonstrated that it is necessary to apply systems for automatic measuring of section rotation speed and film tension in the unit for polymer-film material production in order to ensure effective control over an extrusion process. The proposed dynamic model can be efficiently used to create an adaptive system which is applied to control a multi-motor drive of the unit for of polymer-film material production.

Background. Nowadays it is being reported an increased number of cases of generalization of odontogenic infections which are caused by dental caries, periodontal diseases and other oral diseases. The beginning and progression of diseases depend on individual genetic profile of patient, but data about the role of genetic factors in purulent-inflammatory diseases of maxillofacial area pathogenesis are limited now. The aim of this study was to assess the possible association between IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10 and VEGF polymorphisms and risk of odontogenic maxillofacial infections. Materials and methods 80 patients with odontogenic maxillofacial infection (with and without diabetes mellitus) and 20 donors were examined. All patients’ with odontogenic maxillofacial infection groups were operated and received antibiotic and detoxification therapy. Polymorphism in IL-1B +3954C/T (rs1143634), IL-8 -251T/A (rs4073), IL-10 -1082G/A (rs1800896) and VEGF -634 G/C (rs 2010963) were assessed by polymerase chain reaction. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI), Chi-square test were used for statistical analyses. Results. No association observed between VEGF -634 G/C polymorphism and risk of odontogenic maxillofacial infections in patient without diabetes mellitus using all the genetic models. In patients with diabetes mellitus observed association between VEGF -634 G/C polymorphism and odontogenic maxillofacial infections in the codominant (OR=0,429, 95%СІ 0,185-0,994, р=0,046), heterozygous (OR=0,167, 95%СІ 0,048-0,574, р=0,004)and recessive (OR=0,194, 95%СІ 0,061-0,619, р=0,005) models. Polimorphism IL-1B +3954C/T increased the risk of odontogenic maxillofacial infections in patient without diabetes mellitus in the codominant (OR=0,059, 95%СІ 0,023-0,151, р

One of the most difficult stages of special education services for the child with autism spectrum disorder is establishing contact. When this problem is solved, a skilled educator would be able to reveal potential abilities and see a special interest (even maybe of a pathologic nature) even in a child with intellectual deficits. These interests and abilities are the basis of the further work on the child's development. This article describes the prolonged educational work during the 1970s on the preparation for school of a girl diagnosed with autism, organic damage of the central nervous system, diminished intellect, heightened aggression and impulsive be­havior. The article provides detailed description of the techniques used by the special educator for the problem solving, as well as general commentary for the concrete situations of the sessions with the child, the results of the work on developing learning skills and raising a child.

The main challenge of treating non-muscle invasive bladder cancer is multifocal tumors. Current methods of diagnosis are failed to detect all superficial flat tumor lesions in bladder mucosa. The use of fluorescence imaging with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) allows to improve the sensibility of routine cystoscopy, but low specificity decreases its diagnostic accuracy. The method of fluorescence imaging combined with local fluorescence spectroscopy developed in P.A. Herzen MCRI has been shown to increase the specificity from 71% to 84%. Thus, local fluorescence spectroscopy in visible fluorescence of 5-ALA-induced protoporphyrin allows to perform guided biopsy and decrease the rate of diagnostic mistakes.

Background. Silver nanoparticles are of interest to be used as antimicrobial agents in wound dressings and coatings in medical devices, but potential adverse effects have been reported in the literature. The most pronounced effect of silver nanoparticles and the role of particle size in determining these effects, especially in comparison to silver ions, are largely unknown. Objective. To investigate the morphological and functional changes in the skin tissues during intradermal injection of silver nanoparticles. Methods. Spherical silver nanoparticles of 30 nm were used. The experiment was performed on 140 Wistar rats. The effect after subcutaneous injection of 0.01 ml of silver nanoparticles solution was examined on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th, 21st, 30th, 45thday.Standard histological techniques were used. Results. It was shown that after the injection of silver nanoparticles there is a complex of reactive changesin the skin, which is realized in severalphases. Immediately after injection the phase of inflammation begins. Later it is replaced with the phase of regenerative histogenesis with the formation of granulation tissue and further is finished in the phase of adaptive remodeling. Conclusion. Morphological and functional changes after the intradermal injection of silver nanoparticles are based on the pattern of normal histogenesis that occurs at the site of injection and do not affect the intact zone. Citation: Syrma OI, Skobeeva VM, Ulianov VO. [Morphological changes in the skin after administration ofsilver nanoparticles]. Morphologia. 2014;8(1):90-4. Russian.

The method of fluorescence visualization of bladder tumors combined with fluorescence spectroscopy developed in P.A. Herzen MCRI is described. The efficacy of the method was proved by results of diagnostics in 198 patients with superficial bladder cancer. In the study group 67 patients had primary tumor, 131 patients had recurrence of superficial bladder cancer after previous treatment. In 3.5% patients the lesion was determined as carcinoma in situ, in 29.5% – non-invasive papillary carcinoma, bladder cancer with invasion into submucosal layer of bladder wall occurred in 67% of cases. Diagnostics was performed 1.5–2 h after instillation of 50 ml 3% solution of alasens into bladder. The data analysis was made with calculation of the diagnostic parameter and value of tumor/normal mucosa fluorescence contrast. The total number of fluorescence spectra accounted for 528. All determined areas of fluorescence were studied morphologically. During fluorescence spectroscopy 53 areas of fluorescence were determined on visually intact mucosa under white light, showed high values of diagnostic parameter. Morphological study proved severe dysplasia (3%), carcinoma in situ (95%) and bladder cancer (2%). Correlation between data of local fluorescence spectroscopy and morphological study of biopsy specimen was assessed, values of diagnostic parameter, характеризующих intact urothelium, areas of inflammation and moderate dysplasia, severe dysplasia and bladder cancer were estimated. Local fluorescence spectroscopy combined with visual assessment of fluorescence image allowed to increase specificity of cystoscopy from 70% to 85%, total accuracy – from 80% to 86%, with improvement of predictive value for positive result from 0,67 to 0,94.

Purpose: to improve the treatment results of patients with complicated injuries of the cervical spine on the basis of an hourly study of the reaction of the hemostatic system after the application of hyperbaric oxygenation. Materials and Methods. The subject of the study were 12 patients with complicated closed cervical spine trauma. In the study group characteristics were studied hourly reaction of the hemostatic system during treatment with hyperbaric oxygenation. Results. Found that patients with traumatic spinal cord disease, changes in the hemostatic system in the form of a coherent structural and phase changes in the structural chronometric anticoagulation and chronometric hypercoagula-bility, activation and inhibition of fibrinolysis, and reduced the extent of time and the overall rate of platelet aggregation. Conclusion. Under the influence of hyperbaric oxygenation in patients with traumatic spinal cord disease arise adaptive changes in the regulation of blood aggregation.

Objective: to study the dynamics of individual indicators of free radical lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense in acute and early periods of traumatic disease of the spinal cord during the development of infectious and inflammatory complications. Material and methods. An analysis of selected indicators of free radical lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection in the development of infectious-inflammatory complications in the acute and early periods of traumatic disease of the spinal cord. In the state of the studied groups of lipid peroxydation was evaluated on the content of malon dialdehyde, antioxidant protection — at the level of ceruloplasmin and superoxidedismutase. Results. In patients with traumatic spinal cord disease in the absence of infectious and inflammatory complications revealed monophasic increase in the concentrations of the studied parameters in the 1-4th day after injury, followed by a gradual decrease in its 30th day. With the development of traumatic disease of the spinal cord is marked as a two-phase activation of the mechanisms of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities of systems occurring in the 1-4th and 14th day from the date of injury with a subsequent decrease in their 30th day. Conclusion. The findings suggest that differences in the metabolic response depending on the absence or presence of infectious-inflammatory process.

The features of the morphological changes in the periodontal tissues in the cervical and periapical areas in different forms of chronic parodontitis and periodontitis were studied. Under supervision there were patients diagnosed with chronic granulomatous periodontitis and chronic parodontitis. Data of investigation suggest the existence of differences in morpho-logical and functional properties of the periodontal tissues of chronic periodontitis. Patients with chronic granulomatous peri-odontitis can be divided into three groups: patients with a predominance of inflammatory changes, with a predominance of degenerative changes and mixed form. On X-ray imaging to set histological differentiation into subgroups was not possible. These data suggest the existence of differences of morphological and functional changes in the properties of periodontal tissue in chronic periodontitis, namely the prevalence of inflammatory or degenerative changes that require a differentiated approach to the treatment of chronic periodontitis include data pathomorphological study.

The paper considers modeling of dynamics on hot extrusion process for polyester fibre. New modifications of nonlinear dynamic models are have been proposed in the paper. The models in contrast with the known ones make it possible to take into account an effect of tensile stress magnitude and duration of its application on temperature of the hot extrusion, in order to achieve the desired values of strength and relative elongations of the polyester fibre. The proposed models are applicable for efficient solution of problems on synthesis of combined control systems for regulation of hot extrusion temperature.

On depression of the anticoagulating system's function due to a prolonged keeping of animals on aterogenic diet, a decrease in the speed of clearance of thrombin-J131 was observed in the blood flow, the absorption of non-fermentative dissolvents of unstabilized fibrin (the heparin complex compounds) is sharply reduced in the liver and lungs tissues, and the fatty dystrophy of the liver cells followed by appearance of vacuoles in cytoplasm and decrease of the RNA and total protein contents in the cells, was observed.