55 results on '"Particle"'
Search Results
2. Investigation of the structure of heat-resistant alloys under direct laser cultivation
- Author
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D. A. Baranov
- Subjects
technology of direct laser cultivation ,metal powder composition ,powder ,particle ,heat‑resistant nickel spoaves ,defect formation ,pore ,structure ,Mining engineering. Metallurgy ,TN1-997 - Abstract
In this work, the following studies were carried out: the structure of the starting materials (metal‑powder composition) of heat‑resistant nickel alloys EP648 and VJ159; sphericity, fluidity and bulk density of powder particles from heat‑resistant nickel alloys EP648 and VJ159; elemental (chemical) composition of powder particles of heat‑resistant nickel alloys EP648 and VJ159; the effect of technological and energy parameters of laser radiation on defect formation (pore) in manufactured (grown) blanks (samples); structure formation of manufactured samples from heat‑resistant nickel alloys EP648 and VJ159.Based on the results obtained, the following were determined: the causes of the formation of satellites on the particle surface of metal‑powder compositions made of heat‑resistant nickel alloys EP648 and VJ159; the causes of the formation of a "layered" and fine‑grained multidirectional structure of manufactured (grown) blanks; the regularities of the effect of the crystallization rate of the melt bath on the total area of defects (pores) in the metal.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Container Scheme-Image and Its Types: English Phrasal Verbs of Cognitive Activity
- Author
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Victoria G. Egorova and Oxana F. Zadobrivscaia
- Subjects
scheme-image ,compositional semantics ,conceptual structure ,particle ,cognitive domain ,cognitive projection ,History (General) ,D1-2009 ,Language and Literature - Abstract
The article features the compositional semantics of phrasal verbs that denote a cognitive activity, as well as the interaction between their conceptual structure and the particle. The conceptual structures of these components can be described as mental schemes, e.g., a container with a certain vector of cognitive projection, and a number of subtypes. The compositional semantics of phrasal verbs of cognitive activity revealed that the interaction between the conceptual structure of the verb and the particle is a cognitive mechanism that develops its semantics. The container metaphor is based on the semantic potential of the verbal component and such particles as in, out, and through. These particles are usually combined with verbs of movement, physical activity, and perception. As part of phrasal verbs of mental activity, they realize the following prototypical concepts: the subject / object of the action gets into / penetrates into the container, is out / outside of the container, or crosses the border of the container, respectively. The role of the container belongs not to real objects, but to abstract entities, e.g., memory, consciousness, attention, feelings, thoughts, etc., as well as various physical and mental states or situations in which objects are immersed.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Gas dynamics of stationary supersonic gas jets with inert particles exhausting into a medium with low pressure
- Author
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Daniil O. Bogdanuk, Konstantin N. Volkov, Vladislav N. Emelyanov, and Alexander V. Pustovalov
- Subjects
nozzle ,jet ,supersonic flow ,rarefaction wave ,particle ,two-phase flow ,Optics. Light ,QC350-467 ,Electronic computers. Computer science ,QA75.5-76.95 - Abstract
Issues related to the development of tools for mathematical modeling of stationary supersonic flows of an ideal compressible gas with inert particles are considered. A mathematical model is constructed that describes the flow of an inviscid compressible gas with inert particles in a jet flowing from an axisymmetric nozzle into a flooded space. Provided that the flow is supersonic along one of the spatial coordinates, the Euler equations are hyperbolic along this coordinate. For numerical calculations of the gas flow field, the finite volume method and the marching method are used. For integration over the marching direction, the three-step Runge–Kutta scheme is used. The procedure for calculating the flows includes the reconstruction of the values of the desired functions on the faces of the control volumes from the average values over the control volumes and the solution of the problem of the decay of an arbitrary discontinuity (the Riemann problem). The Lagrangian method of test particles is used to describe the dispersed phase. The effects of the reverse influence of particles on the flow of the carrier gas are not taken into account. The effects of viscosity and rarefaction of the gas flow are taken into account only when the gas interacts with particles. Calculation of the trajectories of inert particles is carried out in a known flow field of the carrier gas. The motion trajectories of discrete inclusions in jet flows with strong underexpansion are presented. The influence of the particle size and the coordinates of the particle entry point into the flow on the features of their transfer by the jet stream are discussed. Efficient means of numerical simulation of stationary supersonic flows of an ideal compressible gas with particles in nozzles and jets have been developed. The calculation results are of interest for studying supersonic gas suspension flows around bodies and for calculating oblique shock waves.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Sebe and vpolne sebe: semantics, pragmatics, functions
- Author
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Sergei G. Vorkachev
- Subjects
pronoun ,particle ,autonomy ,hedging ,communicative function ,russian language ,Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages ,PG1-9665 - Abstract
Linguists are particularly interested in observing lexical units, reflecting the picture of the world of a modern person. It allows to visually study fashionable words and expressions as indicators of the linguistic taste of the era. The relevance of the research is due to the need to study the trends in using colloquial lexical units as markers of cognitive and social development of personality at the present stage. The aim is to characterize the functions and pragmasemantic meanings of the particle sebe (to oneself) and the set expression vpolne sebe (quite) in modern Russian linguistic culture. The material was taken from the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language and examples from the National Corpus of the Russian Language. The author used the methods of continuous sampling, contextual and interpretive analysis, elements of quantitative analysis, and semantic analysis of dictionary definitions. It was found that quite often the freedom and independence of actions of the statement protagonist, conveyed by this particle, his autonomy and sovereignty receive negative assessment of the subject of speech: they are considered as indifference to others, disregard for ethical norms and norms of social life and they are condemned, and this assessment is emphasized by the presence in the statement of the particle sebe (oneself). It was determined that the increase in the activity of the particle sebe (oneself) in modern speech is associated with changes in the modal type of the Russian personality. The semantic core, which focuses the basic meanings of the set expression vpolne sebe (quite), is concentrated in the lexeme vpolne (quite), while pragmatic meanings remain in the particle sebe (oneself). The author revealed that the main communicative purpose of the expression vpolne sebe (quite) is the function of taking off the responsibility for the statement's content, singling out the object of speech and identifying the speaker with the social group which is elite in his perception. Being a fashionable expression, the phrase is nowadays actively used in Runet, penetrates into public speech, reaches the peak of its popularity and then may give way to new indicators of linguistic fashion.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Experimental modeling of spruce needles ignition by a carbonaceous particle heated to high temperatures
- Author
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N.V. Baranovskiy and A.V. Zakharevich
- Subjects
forest fuel ,mechanism ,experimental modeling ,ignition delay ,particle ,spruce ,Forestry ,SD1-669.5 - Abstract
Forest fires occur as a result of natural and man-made causes. It is known that particles heated to high temperatures are a common source of high temperature. The purpose of the work is the physical simulation of the ignition of typical forest fuel (spruce needles) by a carbonaceous particle heated to high temperatures and the identification of the typical ignition conditions of forest fuel. Every year, field observations and collection of forest fuel samples for experimental studies are carried out in the Timiryazevskiy forestry of the Tomsk Region. Typical forest fuel (spruce needles) is considered. The sources of heating during the ignition of forest fuel were simulated by the particles made of graphite in the shape of a parallelepiped with characteristic dimensions in three coordinate directions (14 mm, 8 mm, 8 mm). The weight of such a graphite particle was 1.3 g. Experiments were performed in the range of changes in the initial temperatures T0 from 1113 K to 1273 K. Numerical analysis shows that at a low sedimentation height, the particle retains its heat content to the maximum and cools down only in the near-surface layers. Initially, the mechanism of ignition as a result of the action of a burning graphite particle was investigated. The physical mechanism of the ignition of the forest fuel layer is established when a carbonaceous particle heated to high temperatures falls out in a flameless mode. A series of experiments were carried out and the dependence of the ignition delay on the initial temperature of the particle was obtained. The analysis showed that the dependence of the ignition delay on the initial temperature of a particle can be approximated to a first approximation by a straight line. The obtained results can be used for the development and verification of mathematical models to simulate the ignition of forest fuel by the particle heated to high temperatures.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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7. Force calculation of the process of briquetting powder, chip and other bulk materials
- Author
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O. M. Dyakonov
- Subjects
metal ,shape ,particle ,solid ,density ,porosity ,mold ,punch ,matrix ,focus ,deformation ,elementary ,volume ,tensor ,stress ,condition ,plasticity ,axis ,symmetry ,scheme ,contact ,loading ,compaction ,friction ,rheology ,resistance ,pressure ,effort ,work ,pressing ,problem ,continuum ,model ,method ,calculation ,system ,equation ,solution ,Mining engineering. Metallurgy ,TN1-997 - Abstract
The work is devoted to solving the axisymmetric problem of the theory of pressing porous bodies with practical application in the form of force calculation of metallurgical processes of briquetting small fractional bulk materials: powder, chip, granulated and other metalworking wastes. For such materials, the shape of the particles (structural elements) is not geometrically correct or generally definable. This was the basis for the decision to be based on the continual model of a porous body. As a result of bringing this model to a two-dimensional spatial model, a closed analytical solution was obtained by the method of jointly solving differential equilibrium equations and the Guber-Mises energy condition of plasticity. The following assumptions were adopted as working hypotheses: the radial shear stress is equal to the tangential one, the lateral pressure coefficient is equal to the relative density of the compact. Due to the fact that the problem is solved in a general form and in a general formulation, the solution itself should be considered as methodological for any axisymmetric loading scheme. The transcendental equations of the deformation compaction of a porous body are obtained both for an ideal pressing process and taking into account contact friction forces. As a result of the development of a method for solving these equations, the formulas for calculating the local characteristics of the stressed state of the pressing, as well as the integral parameters of the pressing process are derived: pressure, stress, and deformation work.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. About the use of the Stokes number for mathematical modeling of two-phase jet flows
- Author
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Yu.V. Zuev
- Subjects
two-phase jet ,gas ,particle ,criteria of similarity ,calculation results ,Mathematics ,QA1-939 - Abstract
The appropriateness of using the Stokes number as a single similitude parameter for representation of the results of research on two-phase jet flows in a criteria form was considered. Numerical modeling with the help of the developed mathematical model of a two-phase turbulent jet was applied. After putting the equations of this model in the dimensionless form, the similitude parameters needed for two-phase turbulent jet flow modeling were obtained. One of the criteria for dynamic similarity is the Stokes number, which can be presented as a product of the Reynolds number, the relative diameter of particles, and the relative density of phases. It was shown that the value of the Stokes number is uniquely related to changes in the parameters of the two-phase jet only when its value is smaller than 0.14–0.15. The two-phase jet flows can be geometrically and kinematically similar at higher values of the Stokes number if the equality of the following three criteria of similarity are maintained: Reynolds numbers, relative diameter of particles, and relative density of phases. The obtained results allow avoiding gross errors during generalization of experimental and analytical data on two-phase turbulent jet flows.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. POROUS DIAMOND TOOLS WITH ANISOTROPIC PORE STRUCTURE FOR GRINDING AND POLISHING WORKS
- Author
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L. P. Pilinevich
- Subjects
abrasive material ,pore structure ,diamond ,particle ,coolant ,Electronics ,TK7800-8360 - Abstract
The results of the theoretical and experimental studies of the process of producing a porous diamond tool with anisotropic pore structure for grinding and polishing works with flow in the treatment area coolant through the pores of the tool are given. On the basis of the conducted theoretical and experimental studies porous abrasive material, which allows to increase productivity when machining hard more than 65 % is developed.
- Published
- 2019
10. RESEARCH OF PULVERIZED HALURGIC POTASSIUM CHLORIDE AGGLOMERATION
- Author
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Mariya V. Cherepanova, Evgenia O. Kuzina, Vladimir Z. Poylov, and Dmitry A. Munin
- Subjects
pulverized halurgic potassium chloride ,granule ,agglomeration ,molding ,electron microscopy ,static strength ,commodity fraction ,particle ,Engineering geology. Rock mechanics. Soil mechanics. Underground construction ,TA703-712 - Abstract
The relevance. The industrial pulverized halurgic potassium chloride (KC1) is mixed with the finished conditioning product, which leads to its dustiness and caking, as well as losses during transportation. The enlargement of the pulverized KC1 will increase the quality of the main product, by eliminating the mixing stage of different components. The agglomeration by molding will make it possible to obtain a product of a size close to the concentrate. Investigation of agglomeration features with various binders will allow studying their influence on the efficiency of the process and the quality of the product obtained. The main aim of the research is to study the molding of pulverized halurgic potassium chloride and to establish agglomeration features of moistened fertilizer using various binders. Methods. To study the state of the agglomerates surface, electron-scanning microscopy was applied using the shooting modes BSE3D and SE with an increase to 1500X; to determine the elemental composition formed in molding and drying the fertilizer mixture, the X-ray spectral analysis was used; the quality of the resulting product was evaluated using a sieve analysis and the method of measuring the static strength of an IPG-1M instrument. The results. It was found that increasing the moisture content of the granulated mixture promotes an increase in the content of the commodity fraction to 84 % and a static strength up to 10 N/granule; the use of binders has a positive effect on the quality of the product (increasing the yield and strength of the agglomerates), and they can have fundamentally different features of molding the pulverized halurgic KC1, resulting in formation of agglomerates with significant structural differences, as confirmed using electron microscopy. The use of sodium metasilicate makes it possible to obtain agglomerates with a tight adherence of particles to each other, and the needle-shaped crystals of silicon oxide formed by the thermal decomposition of Na2SiO3·5H2O increase the roughness of the KC1 particles, the number of crystallization centers, and strengthen the bonds in the granule. When molasses are used, the resulting agglomerates have KC1 particles with intimate contact, but the remainders of the binder are visible between them; on their surface there are accumulations of microparticles with a size of 10–30 μm of the initial pulverized raw materials in the form of «shell».
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Experimental modelling of spruce needles ignition by the carbonaceous heated up to high temperatures particle
- Author
-
N.V. Baranovskiy and A.V. Zakharevich
- Subjects
forest fuel ,mechanism ,experimental modelling ,ignition delay ,particle ,spruce ,Forestry ,SD1-669.5 - Abstract
Forest fires occur as a result of natural and man-made causes. It is known that particles heated to high temperatures are a common source of high temperature. The purpose of the work is the physical simulation of the typical forest fuel ignition (spruce needles ignition) by the carbon particle heated to high temperatures and the identification of the typical forest fuel ignition conditions. Every year, field observations and collection of forest fuel samples for experimental studies are carried out in Timiryazevskiy forestry of Tomsk Region. A typical forest fuel (spruce needles) is considered. The sources of heating during the ignition of forest fuel were simulated by the particles made of graphite in the shape of a parallelepiped with characteristic dimensions in three coordinate directions (14 mm, 8 mm, 8 mm). The weight of such a graphite particle was 1.3 g. Experiments were performed in the range of changes in initial temperatures T0 from 1113 K to 1273 K. Numerical analysis shows that at a low sedimentation height, the particle retains its heat content to the maximum, cooling only in the near-surface layers. Initially, the mechanism of ignition as a result of the action of a burning graphite particle was investigated. The physical mechanism of the forest fuel layer ignition is established when a carbon particle heated to high temperatures falls out in a flameless mode. A series of experiments was carried out and the dependence of the ignition delay on the initial temperature of the particle was obtained. The analysis showed that the dependence of the ignition delay on the initial temperature of a particle can be approximated to a first approximation by a straight line. The obtained results can be used for the development and verification of mathematical models to simulate ignition of forest fuel by the particle heated to high temperatures.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Dependence of the cut-off parameters for the cluster reconstruction on incident momenta
- Author
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Shinebayar Janchiv, Togoo Ravdandorj, Tursukh Amgalan, Otgonsuren Dalkhajav, and Munkhjargal Lkhagvadorj
- Subjects
Collision ,high-energy ,particle ,nucleus ,rapidity ,scattering and azimuthal angles ,multiplicity ,nuclear photographic emulsion ,momentum ,cluster ,cut-off parameter ,algorithm ,Science ,Social Sciences - Abstract
In this work, firstly, we have determined the multiplicities of protons that are involved from projectiles to interactions, and secondly, the mean incident momentum using experimental data on the collisions of proton, helium, oxygen, silicon, and sulfur with the nuclear emulsion at 4.5A GeV/c. We have studied the dependences of clot numbers, number of particles in the clot, rapidity, and the mean azimuthal value on the variable dij, and the dependence of the cluster number on the mean value of the variable dij. Using the “Cone” algorithm for the clustering, we have precisely identified that the cut-off parameter to compose the clusters consisted of s and f tracks produced in (p, He, C, O, Si, S) + Em collisions decreases by the power law with mean values of incident momentum.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Secondary particle clusterization in carbon-carbon collision
- Author
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Shinebayar J, Sovd M, Togoo R, Tulgaa T, and Tursukh A
- Subjects
Bubble chamber ,interaction event ,particle ,cluster ,multiplicity ,temperature ,Science ,Social Sciences - Abstract
In the present work, using the hadron clustering algorithm, we have determined the mass of π0 mesons with excellent accuracy by restoring data of the neutral particles which are produced in the collisions of carbons and propane. It has observed that the value of cut parameter for the clustering depends on the primary energies. We have studied hadron cluster’s and its particle multiplicities, longitudinal rapidity, transverse momentum and the temperature feature of cluster decay. In the central region of the interaction, there is a cluster with high temperature produced by the collision process.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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14. Gibbs potential of particles on two-dimensional lattice in the muffin-tin model
- Author
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S.A. Khubezhov, V.I. Kesaev, I.V. Tvauri, A.P. Bliev, O.G. Ashkhotov, and T.T. Magkoev
- Subjects
potential ,particle ,lattice ,theorem ,function ,level ,crystal ,model ,reaction ,equation ,approximation ,zone ,Physical and theoretical chemistry ,QD450-801 - Abstract
The system of N identical particles in the tight bonding model on two-dimensional square periodic lattice, developed by axisymmetric partially-constant potential well, is considered. The chemical and thermodynamic Gibbs potentials of the system in Boltsman approximation are calculated.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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15. Particle in the Ukrainian South-Bessarabia Dialects
- Author
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Andrij Kolesnykov
- Subjects
particle ,function ,resettlement dialect ,origin ,dialectal type ,International relations ,JZ2-6530 - Abstract
A particle as the most active functional morphological class in the Ukrainian dialectal speech needs attention in the investigation of the Ukrainian different origin dialects spoken in South Bessarabia. The article deals with the functioning peculiarities of different morphological particle types (emphasising, demonstrative, affirmative, intensifying, negative, form-building, derivative etc.). The author highlights the wide ambivalent possibilities of particles towards other grammatical classes, especially interjections.
- Published
- 2016
16. The interrogative particle zar - from syntax and semantics to etymology
- Author
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Vlajić-Popović Jasna B.
- Subjects
Serbian language ,etymology ,loanword ,Turcism ,semantics ,syntax ,particle ,interrogative ,modality ,zar ,Philology. Linguistics ,P1-1091 - Abstract
This paper deals with the Serbian interrogative particle zar/zar/zar ‘num, forsan’, typically positioned at the beginning of a sentence (expressing surprise, wonder, disbelief, dissent, etc.) or at its end, coupled with ne and separated by a comma (in guided questions, affirmative and negative alike: Ti ga (ne) voliš, zar ne?), yet also broadly attested in obsolete use (in the 19-20th-century literature) in modal function, where it is synonymous to valjda, možda ‘perhaps, maybe’. After a review of the ways zar is treated in modern Serbian grammars and descriptive dictionaries (including several dialectal dictionaries), and following research of Macedonian, Bulgarian and Turkish dictionaries, its etymology is discussed: Skok’s unconvincing idioglottal interpretation is refuted, and Rešetar’s idea is reintroduced (prevoiusly rejected by Skok, questioned by Elezović, accepted in the RJA) that zar, along with its obliterated forms zaer, zajer, zaher, should be traced back to Turkish zahir adv. ‘apparently, clearly, evidently’, ‘seemingly, perhaps, maybe’. The semantic-syntactic evolution of the loanword within the Serbian language is illustrated, and hence the alloglottal etymology corroborated, by a selection of quotes from folklore and eminent 19-20th-century writers. And finally, as the most likely, the paper offers the interpretation of this particle as a hybrid formation resulting from contamination by the Turkisms of an idioglottal zar, which could be related to archaic Polish zaż < PSl. *za-že. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 178007: Etimološka istraživanja srpskog jezika i izrada Etimološkog rečnika srpskog jezika]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. FOCUS PARTICLES (JUST, EVEN, AND, ETC.) IN THE ADVERTISEMENTS
- Author
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Danguolė Valančė
- Subjects
Particle ,Focused Particle ,Frequency ,Text of Advertising ,Discourse ,Language and Literature - Abstract
The article has been prepared by carrying out the analysis of focus particles: just, even, and, etc. It is important to note that particles play a very important role in linguistic pragmatics: they convey additional meanings called the conventional implicatures, and in that way they strengthen their effect on the consumers. First, the article discusses slogans which were advertised in January – March 2014; then, it discusses how focus particles are used in these slogans, besides the attention which is drawn to the visual advertising and invitation design. The research of advertisements and slogans has approved the prior statement just partially, and for this reason two corpora of advertisement articles (from the fields of education and medicine) were formed. They were analysed separately and later on compared in order to find out whether the focus particles are used similarly in different discourse advertisements. The comparison of the data has disclosed that the focus particles are more commonly used in the original texts related to Lithuania’s education than in the medical advertisements, which are mostly translations used to inform about new medical tools or medical treatment innovations. The research has been carried out by applying the method of corpus linguistics.
- Published
- 2015
18. Визначення механічних характеристик нанорозмірних частинок осадження в дифузійній батареї сіткового типу
- Subjects
adhesion ,particle ,дифузія ,електрична рухливість ,diffusion ,electrical mobility ,частинка ,поверхня ,surface ,адгезія - Abstract
The method for determining the mechanical and adhesion characteristics of the particle-surface system based on a comparison of the results of particle size measurements by two independent methods – by the electric mobility of particles and by the diffusion method - was proposed and experimentally tested. In the first case, the particle size was established by an Electrostatic classifier of particle (model TSI EC 3071A), and in the second case, it was measured by a screen type diffusion battery (DB) (model TSI 3041). Iodobenzene, molybdenum oxide, and tungsten oxide aerosols with particle sizes ranging from 3.05 nm to 15.4 nm in diameter were used in the experiments. Experimental data on aerosol penetration through DB were used to calculate the average value of adhesion efficiency and thermal rebound parameters of particles. The adhesion characteristics of the particle-surface system: the Gamaker constant А and specific adhesion energy sP,S were determined by using the models of particle adhesion to a flat surface., Запропоновано та експериментально перевірено метод визначення механічних та адгезійних характеристик системи частинка-поверхня, заснований на порівнянні результатів вимірювання розмірів частинок двома незалежними методами – за електричною рухливістю частинок та дифузійним методом. У першому випадку розмір частинок встановлювався електростатичним класифікатором частинок (модель TSI EC 3071A), а в другому вимірювався дифузійною батареєю (ДБ) сіткового типу (модель TSI 3041). У дослідах використані аерозолі йодбензолу, оксиду молібдену та оксиду вольфраму з розміром частинок від 3,05 нм до 15,4 нм у діаметрі. Досвідчені дані по проскоку аерозолю через ДБ використано для розрахунку середнього значення ефективності адгезії та параметрів теплового відскоку частинок R. Із застосуванням моделей адгезії частинок до плоскої поверхні визначено адгезійні характеристики системи частка-поверхня: постійна Гамакера А та питома енергія адгезії sP,S.
- Published
- 2022
19. Modification and validation of the test procedure for determination of sub-visible particulate matter in parenteral solutions, using the Coulter method
- Author
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A. A. Voropaev, O. V. Fadeikina, D. S. Davydov, and A. A. Movsesyants
- Subjects
Range (particle radiation) ,coulter method ,Materials science ,Aperture ,Analytical chemistry ,Linearity ,electrical sensing zone method ,Repeatability ,Dosage form ,sub-visible particulate matter ,Coulter counter ,Automotive Engineering ,Particle ,Medicine ,parenteral solutions ,Parenteral solutions ,TP248.13-248.65 ,Biotechnology - Abstract
The State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, 14th edition provides for determination of sub-visible particles (less than 100 µm in size) in parenteral dosage forms using the Coulter method, in addition to the light obscuration particle count test and microscopy. However, the proposed 100 µm aperture tube does not enable assessment of the whole range of sub-visible particle sizes. Therefore, research is needed to find optimal test conditions for determination of sub-visible particulate matter by the Coulter method. The aim of the study: modification of the Coulter-based procedure using a 200 µm aperture tube, and performance of validation studies. Materials and methods: Multisizer 4e Coulter counter, suspensions of reference latex particles (10 µm, 20 µm, and 43 µm), and a particulate count reference standard containing 0.998 × 106 particles/mL were used in the study. The following parameters were assessed during validation: accuracy, repeatability, linearity. Results: the study confirmed the feasibility of using the modified Coulter-based procedure with a 200 µm aperture tube. The following values were obtained during validation of the modified test procedure: accuracy was 5.3% (deviation from the mean value) as compared to the particulate count reference standard, and 4.2% as compared to the light obscuration method. Repeatability was 1% (relative standard deviation) for the particle concentration of approximately 10000 per 1 mL, and 7.6% for the particle concentration of approximately 300 per 1 mL. The study demonstrated the linearity of the procedure, the linear correlation coefficient was more than 0.99. Conclusions: the studied validation parameters of the modified test procedure were shown to comply with the acceptance criteria. The modified test procedure will enable assessment of the whole range of sub-visible particle sizes when testing parenteral solutions for particulate contamination: sub-visible particles.
- Published
- 2021
20. Particular Semantic and Syntactic Properties of Polyfunctional Lexeme LI
- Author
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V. N. Zavialov and Xu Ma
- Subjects
Conjecture ,Lexeme ,particle ,PG1-9665 ,Computer science ,Novelty ,essay ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Pragmatics ,Semantics ,Object (philosophy) ,Linguistics ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,union ,030211 gastroenterology & hepatology ,Relevance (information retrieval) ,separation, conditional, concessional relations ,Categorical variable ,syntactic link ,semantics ,pragmatics ,Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages - Abstract
The object of the article is a non-descriptive lexeme. Its use is investigated in various semantic-syntactic and communicativepragmatic contexts. The relevance of the work is due to the need for amore holistic description of a number of primitive linguistic units (a, and, either, or, etc.), the categorical properties of which are not fully and systematically identified within the framework of traditional methods of analysis. The novelty of the work lies in the consideration of all uses within the framework of the functioning of the lexeme-particular of the same name. This approach is due to the principles of nonparadigmatic linguistics — a modern trend in the study of primitive lexemes. The theoretical significance of the work lies in the introduction into scientific circulation of the principles of the analysis of a particular li based on its ancient categorical properties associated with the semantics of conjecture. It has been established that in all the considered contexts we are dealing with the same particular lexeme, which retains its original categorical properties in them. They are manifested in the questioningness of li (direct or indirect), as well as in various hypothetical meanings that are realized in sentences-statements at a deep syntactic level. Asimilar description technique is applicable to the analysis of the properties of other particular units of the Russian language.
- Published
- 2021
21. Surface modification of dispersed fillers (silicofluoride sodium and ammonium polyphosphate). Their properties and influence on an epoxy matrix
- Author
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N. A. Yakovlev, E. V. Plakunova, A. S. Mostovoy, and A. S. Shcherbakov
- Subjects
Materials science ,Scanning electron microscope ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Sieve analysis ,impregnation, morphology, aggregation, particle distribution, dispersed filler, silicofluoride sodium ,02 engineering and technology ,Epoxy ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,TP368-456 ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Food processing and manufacture ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,visual_art ,Monolayer ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Particle ,Particle size ,0210 nano-technology ,Phosphoric acid ,Ammonium polyphosphate - Abstract
The structure and properties of ammonium polyphosphate and sodium silicofluoride used as dispersed fillers for epoxy compositions were studied. The morphology of the fillers was studied separately and in an epoxy composite matrix using scanning electron microscopy with an X-ray energy dispersive analysis detector. Due to the fact that sodium silicofluoride is a by-product in the production of phosphoric acid, its particle size was determined by sieve analysis and particle parameters were statistically calculated, while a comparative analysis of the studied filler with ammonium polyphosphate widely used in the production of composite materials, which at the same time, was performed time was not modified by the surfactant 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The study of morphology and properties is a determining factor describing the size and type of particles, which entails the possibility of controlling technological parameters, such as the dynamic viscosity of the system, resistance to various loads, therefore, it is possible to obtain highly filled composites having high physical and mechanical characteristics. In this regard, the influence of the studied fillers on the properties of polymer composite materials is determined. The mechanisms of interaction of the modifying additive of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane with an epoxy oligomer and the effect of sizing on the properties of sodium silicofluoride and ammonium polyphosphate, processes, and the formation of a monolayer heterofunctional surfactant are studied.
- Published
- 2020
22. Calculation of particle trajectories in the pneumatic separation channel using various methods
- Author
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A. I. Burkov, A. L. Gluhkov, and V. A. Lazukin
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Physics ,Airflow ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Mode (statistics) ,Agriculture ,02 engineering and technology ,Mechanics ,pneumatic separator ,Seed separator ,hovering velocity ,theoretical and experimental-theoretical methods of particle trajectories calculation ,021105 building & construction ,Particle ,Partition (number theory) ,General Materials Science ,Ricochet ,Vector field ,021108 energy ,Particle velocity - Abstract
The article presents the comparison testing of particle trajectories in the pneumatic separation channel (PSC) of the pneumatic seed separator SP-2F and its bend, calculated using computer simulation method and two experimental-theoretical methods. They are based on taking into account the real airflow velocity field. In the first variant, the velocity field was measured in an idle mode, in the second at the nominal grain load. The studies were carried out in a vertical PSC with a supporting grid divided into two parts by a partition wall. In the variant with the theoretical velocity field the trajectories of light and grain impurities in the first part of the PSC are shifted closer to the outer wall. In the second part of the channel, particles with hovering speed of 8.0...10.0 m/s are carried upwards, and with hovering speed of 11.0 m/s they fall down into the purified material. In the variant of the experiment in an idle mode, particles with the hovering speed of 7.0...10.0 m/s rise up in the second part of the PSC. In the variant with grain load, particles with the hovering speed of 7.0...9.0 m/s rise upward and ricochet off the inner walls of the PSC and a bend wall, and particles with the hovering speed of more than 10.0 m/s fall down into the purified material. In the variant of the experiment with the grain load, the particle velocity with the hovering speed of 5.0...9.0 m/s at the exit of the PSC bend is more evened as compared to other options - 2.3...2.7 m/s, and the velocity vector of most particles is directed at a lower angle to the horizontal: from 4 up from the horizontal to 17 down from the horizontal. The most accurate is the calculation of particle trajectories using the velocity field in the PSC at the nominal grain load. The results of the study can be useful in the theoretical substantiation of the design parameters of pneumatic systems of grain cleaning machines.
- Published
- 2020
23. ЧТО ЛИ В РУССКОЙ РАЗГОВОРНОЙ РЕЧИ: ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНО-СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИЕ ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ПРАГМАТЕМЫ.
- Author
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Богданова-Бегларян, Н. В.
- Abstract
The article is dedicated to the description of one of pragmatic items of Russian everyday speech,chto li, all its structure and semantic variations including collocations (chto/chego (...) chto li?, s uma soshel chto li?, serjozno chto li?, ne vidish' chto li!? etc.). The items mentioned are extremely frequent in Russian everyday speech, in fact, they are not produced but reproduced automatically; their functions are numerous and are not reflected in any type of dictionary or even glossary. The items of this kind are normally particularly difficult for speakers of other languages when they speak Russian, for teachers of Russian as a foreign language, and for translators and interpreters who try to localize Russian texts in foreign languages. The analysis was performed with usage of Russian speech corpus («One Speaker's Day» module) that represents the most informal everyday speech of Russian speakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
24. INFLUENCE OF NATURAL AIR EXCHANGE ON THE CONCENTRATION OF SUSPENDED PARTICLES
- Author
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K. M. Agakhanova and D. V. Abramkina
- Subjects
Air pollution ,Microclimate ,air exchange ,medicine.disease_cause ,fine particles ,air mobility ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Air quality index ,TA1001-1280 ,pm10 ,Air exchange ,Suspended particles ,Environmental engineering ,Natural ventilation ,natural ventilation ,air quality ,Transportation engineering ,suspended particles ,030228 respiratory system ,Environmental science ,Particle ,Particle size ,pm2,5 - Abstract
Introduction. The purpose of the article is to assess the quality of indoor air in university by measuring the concentration of suspended particles. In the Russian Federation, the rationing of maximum permissible concentrations of undifferentiated dust in atmospheric air depends on particle size.Materials and methods. The research carries out measurements of suspended particles concentrations in the air of six audiences in the Moscow State National Research University of Civil Engineering (NRU MGSU).Results. The obtained results of concentration measurements (particle/m3) are recalculates in mg/m3, and compared with threshold values of maximum one-time concentrations of suspended particles.Discussion and conclusions. In calm weather, air pollution by suspended particles in the surface layer practically does not affect the quality of internal microclimate, which is associated with significant decrease of dust concentration in height and insufficient air exchange in natural ventilation systems.
- Published
- 2019
25. Development of recommendations for the production of secondary hard alloys by thermal softening
- Subjects
particle ,ÐÐ10 ,hard alloy ,crushing ,мокÑÑй Ñазмол ,ÑвеÑдÑй Ñплав ,ÑаÑÑиÑа ,ÑеÑмиÑеÑкое ÑазÑпÑоÑнение ,wet grinding ,thermal softening ,дÑобление ,ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑа ,structure ,WC-Co10 - Abstract
ÐÐ°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑабоÑа поÑвÑÑена иÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ñежимов ÑеÑмиÑеÑкого ÑазÑпÑоÑÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÑамокобалÑÑового ÑвеÑдого Ñплава ÐÐ10 и ÑазÑабоÑка ÑекомендаÑий пÑи подгоÑовке ÑабоÑей ÑмеÑи Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð³Ð¾Ñовок по ÑÑандаÑÑной ÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð¸. РабоÑа пÑоведена на базе ÐР«СÐР«ТвинÑоÑ», где иÑполÑзовалÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÑод ÑеÑмиÑеÑкого ÑазÑпÑоÑÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑвеÑдого Ñплава, его дÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² ÑÑÑановке ÐÐÐ300, мокÑого Ñазмола, ÑÑÑке и замеÑа в ÑеÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоÑенÑном ÑаÑÑвоÑе каÑÑÑка в бензине. УÑÑановлено, ÑÑо ÑÑедний ÑÐ°Ð·Ð¼ÐµÑ ÑаÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñле Ñазмола в ÐÐÐ300 ÑоÑÑавлÑÐµÑ 150 мкм, поÑле мокÑого Ñазмола ÑÑедний ÑÐ°Ð·Ð¼ÐµÑ ÑаÑÑÐ¸Ñ ÑоÑÑавлÑÐµÑ 1 â5мкм. ÐоÑле замеÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð² бензине полÑÑена ÑабоÑÐ°Ñ ÑмеÑÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ñи пÑеÑÑовании Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÐµÐ¼ 100 ÐÐа позволÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÑ ÑоÑÐ¼Ð¾Ð²ÐºÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð¾ÑноÑÑÑÑ 8 г/Ñм3, и обÑей поÑиÑÑоÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑимеÑно 40 %, ÑÑо ÑооÑвеÑÑÑвÑÐµÑ ÑÑебованиÑм ÑÑандаÑÑной ÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð¸ пÑи полÑÑении Ñплава ÐÐ10., This work is devoted to the study of the modes of thermal softening of the tungsten-cobalt hard alloy WC-Co10 and the development of recommendations for the preparation of the working mixture for the production of blanks according to standard technology.The work was carried out on the basis of JSC "PPE "Twintos", where the method of thermal softening of the hard alloy, its crushing in the KID300 unit, wet grinding, drying and kneading in a four-percent solution of rubber in gasoline was used.It was found that the average particle size after grinding in the KID300 is 150 microns,and after wet grinding, the average particle size is 1-5 microns. After mixing in gasoline, a working mixture is obtained, which, when pressed with a pressure of 100 MPa, allows you to show a molding with a density of 8 g/cm3, and a total porosity of about 40 %, which meets the requirements of the standard technology for obtaining the WC-Co10 alloy.
- Published
- 2021
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26. Development of recommendations on the technology of sintering secondary hard alloys of high physical and mechanical properties
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вк10 ,пÑеÑÑование ,sintering ,particle ,Ñпекание ,hard alloy ,ÑвеÑдÑй Ñплав ,ÑаÑÑиÑа ,ÑвойÑÑва ,ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑа ,vk10 ,properties ,pressing ,structure - Abstract
СпеÑеннÑе ÑвеÑдÑе ÑÐ¿Ð»Ð°Ð²Ñ ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¸Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑаненнÑм маÑеÑиалом Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð³Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑаллоÑежÑÑего инÑÑÑÑменÑа. РпÑоизводÑÑве оÑевого меÑаллоÑежÑÑего инÑÑÑÑменÑа в болÑÑинÑÑве ÑлÑÑаев пÑименÑÑÑÑÑ ÑвеÑдÑе ÑÐ¿Ð»Ð°Ð²Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÑамкобалÑÑовой гÑÑÐ¿Ð¿Ñ ÐÐ, оÑновой коÑоÑÑÑ ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ñбид волÑÑÑама Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð±Ð°Ð»ÑÑом в каÑеÑÑве меÑаллоÑвÑзки. ÐÑоизводиÑели ÑвеÑдÑÑ Ñплавов ÑÑпеÑно пÑименÑÑÑ Ð² каÑеÑÑве вÑоÑиÑного ÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑоÑкообÑазнÑе оÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑобÑÑвенного пÑоизводÑÑва: измелÑÑеннÑй бÑак опеÑаÑии пÑеÑÑованиÑ, пÑлевиднÑе оÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð°Ð½Ð¸ÑеÑкой обÑабоÑки загоÑовок и Ñ. д. ÐÑ Ð¸ÑполÑзование не вÑзÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð·Ð°ÑÑÑднений. Ðолее Ñложной задаÑей ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑеÑабоÑка ÑпеÑеннÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ð¹. Ð¦ÐµÐ»Ñ ÑабоÑÑ ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸ÑÑледоваÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑеÑÑ ÑÐ¿ÐµÐºÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð²ÑоÑиÑнÑÑ ÑвеÑдÑÑ ÑплавовÐÐ10, коÑоÑÑе бÑли полÑÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ñименением ÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð¸ ÑеÑÐ¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð°Ð½Ð¸ÑеÑкой пеÑеÑабоÑки. ÐÑовеÑÑи ÑÑавниÑелÑнÑÑ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½ÐºÑ ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ ÑвойÑÑв вÑоÑиÑного и ÑÑандаÑÑного Ñплава и ÑазÑабоÑаÑÑ ÑекомендаÑии по ÑовеÑÑенÑÑÐ²Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑеÑÑов полÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²ÑоÑиÑнÑÑ ÑвеÑдÑÑ Ñплавов вÑÑÐ¾ÐºÐ¸Ñ Ñизико-Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð°Ð½Ð¸ÑеÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑвойÑÑв. Ð Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ðµ ÑабоÑÑ Ð±Ñли пÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ñ Ñакие ÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸ÑеÑкие опеÑаÑии как: ÑеÑÐ¼Ð¾Ñ Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ÑеÑкое ÑазÑпÑоÑнение, дÑобление, пÑеÑÑование, Ñпекание. Ðо ÑезÑлÑÑаÑам ÑаÑÑеÑов и иÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸Ð· ÑделаннÑÑ ÑоÑогÑаÑий ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑÑ Ð±Ñли ÑÐ´ÐµÐ»Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо полÑÑеннÑй в Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ðµ ÑабоÑÑ Ð¼Ð°ÑеÑиал Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ ÑвойÑÑвами не Ñ Ñже, Ñем ÑÐ¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑй пÑименÑеÑÑÑ Ð² пÑоизводÑÑве., Sintered hard alloys are the most common material for the manufacture of metal-cutting tools. In the production of axial metal-cutting tools, in most cases, hard alloys of the tungsten-cobalt group VK are used, the basis of which is tung-sten carbide with cobalt as a metal binding.Manufacturers of hard alloys successfully use powdery waste of their own production as secondary raw materials: fine scrap of pressing operations, pulver-ized waste of mechanical processing of workpieces, etc. Their use is not difficult. A more difficult task is the processing of sintered products.The aim of the work is to investigate the sintering process of secondary hard alloys VK10, which were obtained using the technology of thermomechanical pro-cessing. To conduct a comparative assessment of the structure and properties of the secondary and standard alloy and to develop recommendations for improving the processes of obtaining secondary hard alloys of high physical and mechanical properties.During the work, such technological operations as: thermochemical soften-ing, crushing, pressing, sintering were carried out. Based on the results of the cal-culations and on the basis of the photographs of the structure, it was concluded that the material obtained in the course of the work has properties no worse than the one used in production.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Research of possibilities of gravel packs application for flow equalization on oil wells
- Subjects
inflow profile ,���������������������������� �������������������������������� ,particle ,����������������-������������������������ ,gravel pack ,�������������������������������������������� ,������������������������������������ ���������������������������� ,skin factor ,���������������������������� ,���������������������������� ���������������������������� - Abstract
������������������������ ������������������������ ������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������ ���������������������������� ���������������������������� �������� ������������������������������ ���������������������������������� ���� ���������������������������� ���������������������������������� ����������������������������. ������������������������, ���������������������������� �������������������������������� ���� �� ������������ ������������������������������������������������: 1. ������������������������������������ �������������������������������� ���� ������������������������������������ �������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������ ������������ ������������������������������������������������ ����������������-����������������������������. 2. ���������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������������������ ���������������������������� ������������������������������������ ������������������������������������ ���������������������������� ������������ ���������������������������������������� ������������������ ���������������������������� ����������������-����������������������������. 3. �� ������������������������������������ ���������������������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������� ������������������������������������ ����������������������������. �� �������������������� ������������������������������������ ������������ ������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������ �������� ���������������������������������������������������� ����������������. ���������������� ������������������������������������ ���� ���������������������������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������ ������������������������ ���� ������������������������������������������������������������ �������� ����������������������������������������������������-������������������������������������ ������������������������������������ ���� ������������������������������������ ������������������������������������ ���������������������������� �������������������� ������������������������������������ ����������������-����������������������������. ������������������������ ���������������������������������������� ���� ���������������������������� ������������������������������������������������ �������������������������������������������� Eclipse �������� �������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������. ���� ���������������������������������������� ���������������� ������������������������������������ �������������������������������� ���� ������������������������������������ �������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������ �������������������� �������� �������������������������������� ������������ ������������������������������������������������ ����������������-����������������������������. ���������������� �������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������������������ ���������������������������� ������������������������������������ ������������������������������������ ���������������������������� ������������ ���������������������������������������� ������������������ ���������������������������� ����������������-����������������������������. �������� ������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������ ���������������� ���������������������������� ������������������������ ���� ������������, ������������ ���������������������������������������� ���������������������������������� ���������������������������� ������������ ������������������������������������������������ ���������������������������� �������������������������������� ���� �������������������� ���������������� ������������������������������������������������ ����������������������������������������., The given work is devoted to the research of possibilities of equalization the flow profile of oil wells with the help of gravel packs. The research set the following goals: 1. To test the hypothesis of the appearance of additional production when varying the skin factor. 2. To make multivariate calculations of gravel packing clogging to achieve the required skin factor. 3. Calculate the economic efficiency of gravel packing application The work was carried out with the support of specialists from ����Gazpromneft NTC����. A hydrodynamic model of a reservoir with heterogeneity in filtration-capacitive properties with gravel packing simulation by changing the skin factor was built and analyzed. The analysis was performed using Eclipse software from ����Schlumberger����. As a result, the hypothesis of the appearance of additional oil production from the well when varying the skin factor was tested. Multivariate calculations of gravel packing clogging were made to achieve the required skin factor. Based on these studies, conclusions were made that the use of gravel packs for flow equalization is possible and can be costeffective.
- Published
- 2021
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28. INFLUENCE OF THE INLET SYSTEM DESIGN ON DUST CENTRIFUGATION AND THE PARTS WEAR OF THE MODERN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- Subjects
двигатель внутреннего сгорания ,абразивный износ ,впускной коллектор ,частица ,инерция ,центрифугирование ,internal combustion engine ,abrasive wear ,intake manifold ,particle ,inertia ,centrifugation - Abstract
In conditions of severe restrictions imposed on the ICE design by economic and environmental requirements, there is a risk of abnormal and unplanned reduction of the ICE durability due to increased abrasive wear. In accordance with this, the objective of the work is formulated as a study of typical design solutions of the intake system of the internal combustion engines from the point of view of their influence on the abrasive wear of the parts. In determining the possible sources of abrasive particles, it was found that the widely used air filters from fibrous materials have the property to pass dust when heavily contaminated. In this regard, for a typical element of the inlet system, a method was developed for calculating the curvilinear motion of the particle along the air flow line considering the acting forces near the lateral outlet from the channel. Calculation with the assumption of the air movement along the radius showed that, as a result of centrifugation, the dust particle deviates from the air flow line and moves by a larger radius which increases with the particle size and air speed. The reliability of the calculation results was estimated by numerically simulating a two-phase flow using the ANSYS software package. A coincidence of the calculation results by the method of particle motion calculation with the simulation results in the range of the most destructive abrasive particles of 10-20 μm with an accuracy of no worse than ± 20% is obtained. Comparison of calculation and simulation results with experimental data from studies of the causes of ICE failures confirmed that local abrasive wear in one or more cylinders can occur due to uneven particle distribution in the intake system. Based on the results obtained, recommendations are formulated to increase the reliability and durability of ICE in operation, including the need not only to take into account dust centrifugation processes during design, but also the possible refinement of maintenance procedures for existing ICEs., В условиях жестких ограничений, накладываемых на конструкцию ДВС экономическими и экологическими требованиями, имеется риск нештатного и незапланированного снижения ресурса ДВС вследствие повышенного абразивного износа. В соответствие с этим цель работы сформулирована как исследование типовых конструкторских решений впускных каналов ДВС с точки зрения их влияния на абразивный износ деталей. При определении возможных источников абразивных частиц было выявлено, что получившие широкое распространение воздушные фильтры из волокнистых материалов обладают свойством пропуска пыли при сильном загрязнении. В связи с этим для типового элемента впускного канала была разработана методика расчета криволинейного движения частицы по линии тока воздуха с учетом действующих сил вблизи бокового отвода из канала. Расчет с допущением о движении воздуха по радиусу показал, что в результате центрифугирования частица пыли отклоняется от линии тока воздуха и переходит на больший радиус тем сильнее, чем больше ее размер и скорость воздуха. Оценка достоверности результатов расчета выполнена путем численного моделирования двухфазного течения с помощью програмного комплекса ANSYS. Получено совпадение результатов расчета движения частицы с результатами моделирования в диапазоне наиболее разрушительных при абразивном износе размеров частиц 10-20 мкм с точностью не хуже +20%. Сравнение результатов расчета и моделирования с опытными данными выполненных исследований причин неисправностей ДВС подтвердило, что во впускной системе за счет неравномерного распределения частиц может возникнуть локальный абразивный износ в одном или нескольких цилиндрах. На основании полученных результатов сформулированы рекомендации по повышению надежности и ресурса ДВС в эксплуатации, включая необходимость не только учета процессов центрифугирования пыли при проектировании, но и возможного уточнения регламентов обслуживания уже существующих ДВС.
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- 2020
29. Моделирование нестационарного течения газовзвеси, возникающего при взаимодействии ударной волны со слоем частиц
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Shock wave ,Physics ,concentration ,Conservation law ,shock wave ,particle ,Discretization ,Computer simulation ,Numerical analysis ,Mechanics ,концентрация ,two-phase flow ,Flow (mathematics) ,numerical simulation ,ударная волна ,Particle ,частица ,Two-phase flow ,двухфазное течение ,численное моделирование - Abstract
На основе модели взаимопроникающих континуумов проводится численное моделирование нестационарного течения газовзвеси, возникающего при взаимодействии ударной волны со слоем инертных частиц. Каждая фаза описывается набором уравнений, выражающих законы сохранения массы, импульса и энергии. Межфазное взаимодействие учитывается при помощи источниковых членов в уравнениях изменения количества движения и энергии. Основные уравнения для газовой и дисперсной фаз имеют гиперболический тип, допускают запись в консервативной форме и решаются с использованием численного метода типа Годунова повышенного порядка точности. Для дискретизации уравнений по времени применяется метод Рунге-Кутты 3-го порядка. Построенная модель позволяет рассчитывать широкий спектр режимов течения газовзвеси, возникающих при изменении объемной концентрации дисперсной фазы. Обсуждаются вопросы, связанные с замыканием математической модели, а также детали реализации численной модели. Приводятся ударно-волновая структура течения и пространственно-временные зависимости концентрации частиц и других параметров потока., A numerical simulation of the unsteady gas-particle flow arising from the shock-wave interaction with a layer of inert particles is performed based on a continuum model. Each phase is described by a set of equations describing the conservation laws of mass, momentum and energy. The interphase interaction is taken into account using source terms in the momentum and energy equations. The governing equations for the gas and dispersed phases are of a hyperbolic type, they can be written in a conservative form and can be solved with a Godunov-type numerical method. A third order Runge-Kutta method is used to discretize the governing equations in time. The proposed model allows one to calculate a wide range of gas-particle flow regimes occurring when the volume concentration of the dispersed phase varies. The closure of the mathematical model and some details of numerical model implementation are discussed. The shock-wave flow structure as well as the space-time dependencies of particle concentration and other flow parameters are presented., ВЫЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ МЕТОДЫ И ПРОГРАММИРОВАНИЕ: НОВЫЕ ВЫЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ, Выпуск 1 2020
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- 2020
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30. Влияние двумерных эффектов на взаимодействие ударной волны с облаком частиц
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Physics ,Shock wave ,concentration ,облако частиц ,shock wave ,particle ,Computer simulation ,Numerical analysis ,cloud of particles ,Equations of motion ,Probability density function ,Mechanics ,концентрация ,two-phase flow ,numerical simulation ,ударная волна ,Particle ,частица ,Particle velocity ,Two-phase flow ,двухфазное течение ,численное моделирование - Abstract
В рамках статистического подхода, основанного на кинетическом уравнении для функции плотности вероятности распределения скорости и температуры частиц, построена континуальная модель, описывающая псевдотурбулентные течения дисперсной фазы. Введение функции плотности вероятности позволяет получить статистическое описание ансамбля частиц вместо динамического описания отдельных частиц на основе уравнений движения и теплопереноса типа Ланжевена. На основе уравнений для первых и вторых моментов дисперсной фазы проводится численное моделирование нестационарного течения газовзвеси, возникающего при взаимодействии ударной волны с облаком частиц. Основные уравнения имеют гиперболический тип, записываются в консервативной форме и решаются с использованием численного метода типа Годунова повышенного порядка точности. Обсуждается влияние двумерных эффектов на формирование ударно-волновой структуры течения и пространственно-временн´ые зависимости концентрации частиц и других параметров потока., A statistical approach based on the kinetic equation for the probability density function of the distribution of particle velocity and temperature is used to develop a continuum model describing pseudoturbulent flows of the dispersed phase. The introduction of the probability density function allows one to obtain a statistical description of an ensemble of particles instead of a dynamic description of individual particles based on Langevin equations of motion and heat transfer. The equations for the first and second moments of the dispersed phase are derived and the numerical simulation of the unsteady gas–particle flow arising due to the interaction of a shock wave with a cloud of particles is performed. The governing equations are of the hyperbolic type and are written in a conservative form. They are solved by a Godunov numerical method of high order of accuracy. Two-dimensional effects on the formation of the shock-wave structure of the gasparticle flow and distributions of particle concentration and other flow quantities in time and space are discussed., ВЫЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ МЕТОДЫ И ПРОГРАММИРОВАНИЕ: НОВЫЕ ВЫЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ, Выпуск 3 2020
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- 2020
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31. Influence of geometry of corrugated base surface of working bodies on the sorting of grain mixes
- Author
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A. A. Ryndin, A. N. Strelyukhina, S. A. Machikhin, and A. M. Vasiliev
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Materials science ,Oscillation ,Geography, Planning and Development ,bearing surfaces, separating machines ,Base (geometry) ,Geometry ,02 engineering and technology ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,TP368-456 ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Food processing and manufacture ,0104 chemical sciences ,Vibration ,Zigzag ,Grain flow ,Perpendicular ,Particle ,0210 nano-technology ,Intensity (heat transfer) - Abstract
The article is devoted to the substantiation of the creation of new bearing surfaces of the working bodies of vibration separating machines, the use of which contributes to an increase in the intensity of one of the stages of the separation processes - self-sorting. When studying the influence of one or another factor on the efficiency of self-sorting, experiments were carried out with the same grain mixture on the working surfaces bounded on four sides by the walls with horizontal harmonic oscillations of the horizontal working surfaces. The most common light particle was used as a model particle. an impurity in the wheat grain is a straw. Experiments are devoted to determining the time of the emergence of a light particle in a layer of wheat grain. Experiments were carried out on the working surface with grooves forming zigzag channels, grooves of variable height, with the arrangement of the flute perpendicular to the direction of oscillation of the working member and with the arrangement of the flute at an angle to the direction of oscillation. In the experiments, the thickness of the grain flow layer above the grooves and the position of the light particle in the layer relative to the supporting surface were varied, so that the time when the light particle emerges through the layer of the same thickness but located at different distances from the flute of the supporting surface. This made it possible to eliminate the influence of the layer thickness on the time (speed) of the ascent of the light particle and to estimate the effect on the self-sorting intensity (the ascent time) only on the flute of the support surface. It has been experimentally proved that an increase in the efficiency of the self-sorting process on the working surface can be achieved by installing a flute perpendicular to the direction of oscillation.
- Published
- 2018
32. Mathematical modeling of sulphurous anhydride condensation in atmosphere adjoining thermal electric station
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D. V. Gvozdyakov and V. E. Gubin
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thermal power plant ,smoke gases ,pollution ,sulphurous anhydride ,condensation ,particle ,Engineering geology. Rock mechanics. Soil mechanics. Underground construction ,TA703-712 - Abstract
The paper introduces the results of numerical estimation of intensity of sulphurous anhydride condensation in air adjoining thermal electric station. The authors have determined the size of cores of acid drops which can fall on the Earth surface at sedimentation.
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- 2009
33. INFLUENCE OF EMULATOR'S NATURE ON DISPERSION AND STABILITY OF ARTIFICIAL LATEX
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A. N. Stuzhuk, I. A. Gritskova, P. S. Gorbatov, M. M. Pavlovski, and P. S. Zavyazkin
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Materials science ,silicone surfactants ,Polymer ,Suspension (chemistry) ,lcsh:Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Chemistry ,Silicone ,chemistry ,Pulmonary surfactant ,Chemical engineering ,Dynamic light scattering ,lcsh:QD1-999 ,Particle-size distribution ,Particle ,butadiene-styrene thermoplastic elastomer ,Thermoplastic elastomer ,cationic surfactants ,QD1-999 ,artificial latex - Abstract
In this paper, we consider methods for producing artificial latexes based on butadiene-styrene thermoplastic elastomer in the presence of cationic surfactants, as well as their mixtures with nonionic and silicone surfactants. The obtained results are compared for the particle size distribution, and conclusions are drawn about the stability of the polymer suspension. The size of particles of polymer suspensions was determined by the method of photon correlation spectroscopy (dynamic light scattering) using a laser particle analyzer. This method allows us to consider the properties of the resulting polymer suspensions and directly draw conclusions about the effect of nature and the concentration of surface active substances on the stability of the resulting latexes. It can be assumed that in this case, structural- mechanical and electrostatic barriers form in the surface layers of the particles. The combined action of these barriers has made it possible to obtain stable polymer emulsions. Thus, it can be concluded that the used surfactant mixtures make it possible to increase the stability of artificial latexes in the stages of emulsification and distillation.
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- 2017
34. Approximate model of wet particle drying
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A. N. Dadyko and A. V. Golubkovich
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длительность зажигания частицы ,Materials science ,Moisture ,Metallurgy ,Evaporation ,сжигание ,Humidity ,Agriculture ,General Medicine ,Coke ,plant refuse ,duration of particle ignition ,Combustion ,law.invention ,Ignition system ,Boiling point ,сушка ,law ,TJ1-1570 ,Particle ,drying ,Mechanical engineering and machinery ,растительные отходы ,burning - Abstract
When plant refuse burning process of drying of fuel is transferred to the furnace camera. Drying of large particles of fuel from the very beginning proceeds in the period of the drooping combustion rate. At the same time the front of evaporation goes deep in material, volatile components and coke residual are separated and firing. In the conditions of convective and radiant heat exchange with the combustion gases which are in case of high temperature, the particle practically at once gets warm to a water boiling temperature. At the same time process of intensive evaporation of moisture which front moves deep into material begins. «Dry» and «wet» zones are formed in a particle. Warming up, separation of volatile components and their inflaming in «dry» zone begin in the course of a deepening of evaporation zone. Three periods of drying are provided for burning of a large particle of the wet fuel with a radius more than 1 mm: before inflaming of volatile components; visible burning of volatile components before inflaming of coke on a surface; the drying proceeding in parallel with coke burning-off. A certain location of an evaporation zone corresponds to each of these periods. And we can calculate particle dryness and drying duration. Summary time of drying represents duration of particle ignition. Processes of particles drying and ignition with different initial humidity and under various conditions of a heat emission were calculated. Drying, separation and inflaming of volatile components, as well as burning of coke residual take place at the same time in a large wet particle of plant refuse in case of arrival into the furnace camera. Duration of ignition is defined by end time of burning of coke residual and can be calculated according to complete drying of a particle. In the furnace unit TBR-2.0 drying and ignition of the wet soft plant refuse particles with a radius less than 0.25 mm takes less than for 2 s, drying with the subsequent ignition of particles with a radius of 1-3 mm continues 30 s.
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- 2017
35. Mathematical model of the agglomeration of solid disperse phase in the cyclone with a liquid-drip irrigation
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I. A. Saranov, G. O. Magomedov, V. I. Ryazhskikh, and S. V. Shahov
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Materials science ,agglomeration ,Economies of agglomeration ,fluctuation ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Environmental engineering ,modeling ,Mechanics ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,TP368-456 ,Food processing and manufacture ,Momentum ,Physics::Fluid Dynamics ,granulation ,instant-foods ,Agglomerate ,Mass transfer ,Spray drying ,Particle ,Wetting ,spray drying ,Displacement (fluid) - Abstract
The paper concerns a process for producing an agglomerated structure powder by spray drying of liquid food and chemical environments. The development of this direction is the method based on collision in the cyclone chamber dispersible liquid pa rticles and previously dried up particles of swirling stream, returned from the separation system of finely fraction from spent heat medium. Thus, the solid particles collide with droplets of liquid wetting at the same time, due to this with further dry the particles collision with the moistened portion of another dry particles the spatial structure is formed. Repeating of this process leads to enlargement of particles and to the obtaining of their agglomerates or granules. To build an adequate model of the process of agglomera tion the use of the fundamental momentum and mass transfer equations is difficult, therefore, to build the model, it was decided to apply the principle of kinetic transformations in chemical reactions. To registrate the application of thin liquid films on the particle and the formation of agglomerates use the kinetic coefficients is proposed, and upon application of hydrodynamics of ideal displacement the task is written in the form of Cauchy. The solution to this task is done with numerical Euler method for end-difference scheme. Qualitative analysis of the calculation results shows that effective modes of agglomeration are possible if the kinetic coefficient and the agglomerates formation is higher than the kinetic coefficient of film formation on the particles, and the concentration of particles of solid fractions should be higher than the concentration of the liquid fraction particles, which in the conditions of standard spray dryers with return highly dispersed fr action can not be implemented without the development of special agglomeration units for drying plants.
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- 2017
36. APPROXIMATE FORMULAE FOR CALCULATING THE MODULUS OF A NONSTATIONARY DIFFUSIOPHORESIS VELOCITY COMPONENT OF A SOLID SPHERICAL PARTICLE
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Mikhail K. Kuzmin and Vladimir E. Efremov
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Physics ,Component (thermodynamics) ,Diffusiophoresis ,lcsh:Mathematics ,Particle ,Modulus ,Mechanics ,lcsh:QA1-939 - Abstract
We continue to construct a theory of nonstationary diffusiophoresis of large solid non-volatile spherical particles in a viscous gas medium by the method of Laplace integral transforms. Approximate formulae are obtained for calculating the modulus of a nonstationary diffusiophoresis velocity component of a spherical particle in a particular case of diffusiophoresis. The nonstationary diffusiophoresis velocity component from its approximate formulae for long and short times is investigated. A conclusion is drawn that the nonstationary diffusiophoresis velocity component module depends on the properties of a particle substance and parameters of the gas mixture.
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- 2017
37. МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ДВИЖЕНИЯ ЧАСТИЦЫ В НАКЛОННОЙ ПЛОСКОСТИ ПОД ДЕЙСТВИЕМ ПОТОКА ВОДЫ
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separation ,business.product_category ,Water flow ,General Mathematics ,гравитационная сепарация ,mineral processing ,gravity separation ,Gibbs method ,поток ,Position (vector) ,золото ,Inclined plane ,Physics ,математическая модель ,сепарация ,Mathematical model ,Isotropy ,Equations of motion ,Mechanics ,gold ,обогащение полезных ископаемых ,flow ,Particle ,Probability distribution ,business ,метод Гиббса ,mathematical model - Abstract
Работа посвящена моделированию процессов гравитационного обогащения полезных ископаемых. В ней представлены результаты исследования движения частиц в наклонной плоскости под действием потока воды. При разработке математических моделей коллективного движения частиц в устройствах необходимо знание вероятности положения одной частицы в устройстве. Целью настоящей работы является определение вероятности положения частицы на наклонной плоскости при заданных условиях. При определении вероятности положения частицы используется метод ансамблей Гиббса. Возможные положения частицы на рабочей поверхности устройства определяются законом движения, который получается интегрированием уравнения движения. При стационарных процессах концентрация точек этого множества согласно методу Гиббса представляет собой распределение вероятности местонахождения частицы в рассматриваемом пространстве. С целью проверки данной математической модели разработана экспериментальная установка, которая представляет собой емкость в виде плоского полого прямоугольного параллелепипеда, расположенного под некоторым углом к горизонту, с изотропным потоком воды. Свинцовые маркеры, двигаясь под действием потока воды и силы тяжести по наклонной плоскости, падают в ячейки, расположенные в нижней части емкости. Количество дробинок в ячейках позволяет оценить распределение частиц в нижней части устройства в зависимости от скорости потока воды и угла наклона рабочей поверхности. На основе разработанной математической модели рассчитано вероятное распределение частиц вдоль нижней грани рабочей поверхности устройства. Сравнение и анализ полученных теоретических и экспериментальных результатов показали хорошую корреляцию полученных данных., The work is devoted to modeling the processes of gravitational enrichment of minerals. It presents the results of a study of the motion of particles in an inclined plane under the influence of a stream of water. When developing mathematical models of the collective motion of particles in devices, it is necessary to know the probability for the position of one particle in the device. The aim of this work is to determine the probability for the particle position on an inclined plane under given conditions, for which the Gibbs ensemble method is used. The possible positions of the particles on the working surface of the device are determined by the law of motion, which is obtained by integrating the equation of motion. In stationary processes, the concentration of points of this set, according to the Gibbs method, is the probability distribution for the location of a particle in the space under consideration. In order to verify this mathematical model, an experimental setup has been developed which is represented by a container in the form of a flat hollow rectangular parallelepiped located at an angle to the horizon with an isotropic water flow. Lead markers, moving under the influence of the stream of water and gravity along the inclined plane, fall in the cells located in the lower part of the tank. The number of pellets in the cells allows us to estimate the distribution of the particles in the lower part of the device depending on the speed of the water flow and the angle of inclination of the working surface. Based on the developed mathematical model, the probable distribution of particles along the lower face of the working surface of the device is calculated. Comparison and analysis of the theoretical and experimental results showed a good correlation of the data., №4(104) (2020)
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- 2019
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38. Methods for modelling Air blast on structures in LS-DYNA. Comparison and analysys
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Physics ,Explosive material ,lcsh:Military Science ,antimine resistance ,lcsh:U ,modeling ,Mechanics ,Arbitrary lagrangian eulerian ,LS-DYNA ,Calculation methods ,Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics ,Particle ,explosion ,Air blast - Abstract
The results of modeling the effect of an explosion on a metal plate using different calculation methods are presented: LOAD_BLAST; LOAD_BLAST_ENHANCED; Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian; Particle Blast Method; Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics, implemented in the LS-DYNA program. The adequacy and accuracy of these methods is estimated, depending on the distance factor to the explosive. Bringing the advantages and disadvantages of each method and recommendations for their application based on the results of this simulation and the experience of the authors.
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- 2019
39. MATHEMATICAL MODEL FALL MATERIAL PARTICLES IN A VORTEX APPARATUS
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I. Ye. Sokolovska
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Work (thermodynamics) ,Materials science ,Turbulence ,Flow (psychology) ,УДК 664.2.032.1 ,вихревой аппарат ,сушка ,турбулентность ,тепломассообмен ,траектория движения ,термообработка ,витание дисперсных частиц ,вихровий апарат ,турбулентність ,тепломасообмін ,траєкторія руху ,термообробка ,витання дисперсних часток ,General Medicine ,Mechanics ,vortex apparatus ,drying ,turbulence ,heat and mass exchange ,trajectory ,heat treatment ,dispersion of dispersed particles ,Теплоэнергетика ,Coolant ,Vortex ,Heat-power Engineering ,Flow velocity ,Particle ,Теплоенергетика ,UDC 664.2.032.1 ,Intensity (heat transfer) - Abstract
The results of test calculations obtained on the basis of mathematical models of the motion of material particles and gas dynamics of the coolant flow in a vortex apparatus during heat treatment are given in the article. The task of this paper is to determine the dependencies between the flow velocity, the place where the particle is introduced into the apparatus, and the specific trajectory of the particle.The efficiency of heat and mass transfer during the drying of porous materials in vortex devices is largely determined by the ratio of the geometric dimensions of the device, since the hydrodynamic performance of the apparatus depends on them. The drying of materials in the vortex apparatus occurs during the period of the dispersion of particulate material in the apparatus during their interaction with air currents. Obviously, the longer this process, the more effective it is.Analyzing the obtained results of the work, the author concludes that the duration of heat treatment of the particles of the material up to the moment of its completion may be different and depends, in the main, on the intensity of washing of the particle with the flow of the coolant. In general, the calculated information obtained can be the basis for designing and optimizing the design of the device in terms of reducing energy costs. The shape of the trajectory, its extent determine the overall dimensions of the device and the flow characteristics of the coolant. Depending on the required intensity of heat treatment, the location of the particles entering and the velocity of the coolant can vary.Analysis of the results of the calculations given in the paper allows us to make a qualitative conclusion that, in general, the particles that get into the vortex apparatus closer to the side wall last longer in its volume, and, consequently, are longer dried, which is more prefe-rable from a technological point of view.The data obtained can be used in the calculation of heat-mass-exchange vortex devices., В статье приводятся результаты тестовых расчетов, полученные на основании математических моделей движения частиц материала и газодинамики потока теплоносителя в вихревом аппарате при термообработке. Задача данной работы в определении зависимостей между скоростью потока, местом введения частицы в аппарат и конкретной траекторией частицы.Эффективность процессов тепломассообмена во время сушки пористых материалов в вихревых аппаратах во многом определяется соотношением геометрических размеров устройства, поскольку от них зависят гидродинамические показатели работы аппарата. Сушка материалов в вихревом аппарате происходит в период витания дисперсных частиц материала в аппарате при их взаимодействии с воздушными потоками. Очевидно, чем более длительный данный процесс, тем он эффективнее.Анализируя полученные результаты работы, автор делает вывод о том, что продолжительность термической обработки частиц материала до момента ее завершения, может быть различной и зависит, в основном, от интенсивности омывания частицы потоком теплоносителя. В общем случае полученная расчетная информация может быть основой для проектирования и оптимизации конструкции аппарата с точки зрения сокращения энергозатрат. Форма траектории, ее протяженность определяют габаритные размеры устройства и расходные характеристики теплоносителя. В зависимости от необходимой интенсивности термообработки место ввода частиц и скорость теплоносителя могут изменяться.Анализ результатов расчетов, приведенных в работе, позволяет сделать качественный вывод о том, что в целом частицы, попадающие в вихревой аппарат ближе к боковой стенке, дольше витают в его объеме, а, следовательно, и дольше подвергаются сушке, что предпочтительнее с технологической точки зрения.Полученные данные могут использоваться в методиках расчета тепломассообменных вихревых устройств., У статті наводяться результати тестових розрахунків, отримані на підставі математичних моделей руху часток матеріалу і газодинаміки потоку теплоносія у вихровому апараті при термообробці. Завдання даної роботи – у визначенні залежностей між швидкістю потоку, місцем введення частки в апарат і конкретною траєкторією частки.Ефективність процесів тепломасообміну під час сушіння пористих матеріалів у вихрових апаратах багато в чому визначається співвідношенням геометричних розмірів пристрою, оскільки від них залежать гідродинамічні показники роботи апарата. Сушка матеріалів у вихровому апараті відбувається в період витання дисперсних часток матеріалу в апараті при їх взаємодії з повітряними потоками. Очевидно, чим довший цей процес, тим він ефективніший.Аналізуючи отримані результати роботи, автор робить висновок про те, що тривалість термічної обробки часток матеріалу до моменту її завершення може бути різною і залежить, в основному, від інтенсивності омивання частки потоком теплоносія. У загальному випадку отримана розрахункова інформація може бути основою для проектування і оптимізації конструкції апарата з точки зору скорочення енерговитрат. Форма траєкторії, її протяжність визначають габаритні розміри пристрою і витратні характеристики теплоносія. Залежно від необхідної інтенсивності термообробки місце введення часток і швидкість теплоносія можуть змінюватися.Аналіз результатів розрахунків, наведених в роботі, дозволяє зробити якісний висновок про те, що в цілому частки, які потрапляють у вихровий апарат ближче до бічної стінки, довше витають в його об’ємі, а, отже, і довше піддаються сушці, що краще з технологічної точки зору.Отримані дані можуть використовуватися в методиках розрахунку тепломасообмінних вихрових пристроїв.
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- 2019
40. Approaches to teaching phrasal verbs as part of teaching foreign language (in relation to English as a foreign language)
- Subjects
переходность глагола ,particle ,обучение лексике ,речевые навыки ,языковые ,phrasal verb ,фразовый глагол ,oral skills ,vocabulary drill ,условно-речевые и речевые упражнения ,upper grades of high school ,methodical guide ,лексическая единица ,методические рекомендации ,verb transitivity ,беспереводная и переводная семантизация ,старшая ступень средней школы ,коммуникативная компетенция ,lexical unit ,teaching english vocabulary ,communicative competence ,semantization with or without translation ,послелог - Abstract
На 68 с., 6 рисунков, 4 таблицы, 2 приложения. В данной работе рассматриваются теоретические и практические вопросы изучения фразовых глаголов на старшем этапе обучения (10-11 классы средней общеобразовательной школы). В первой главе определяется понятие фразовых глаголов, дается их классификация и лексические особенности, исследуются теоретические основы обучения лексике, приводятся возможные способы подачи фразовых глаголов как новой лексики, а также анализируется ряд российских УМК с точки зрения системы упражнений, используемых для усвоения фразовых глаголов. Во второй главе описан процесс подбора массива фразовых глаголов для изучения на данном возрастном этапе, а также даны методические рекомендации по закреплению и активации в речи новых лексических единиц. Приложение 1 содержит массив отобранных фразовых глаголов. Приложение 2 содержит пример комплекса рекомендуемых упражнений., 68 pages, 6 figures, 4 tables, 2 appendices. This thesis deals with theoretical and practical issues of teaching phrasal verbs at the secondary level of education (10th and 11h grades). The first section includes the concept of phrasal verbs, their classification and lexical characteristic, as well as theoretical approaches to teaching English vocabulary. Also a number of textbooks are analyzed based on exercises included. The second section describes selection of necessary phrasal verbs and gives a range of vocabulary exercises together with the recommendations on working on the new lexical material. Appendix 1 includes the list of selected phrasal verbs while Appendix 2 gives a complex of recommended exercises.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. IMPLANT-ASSOCIATED PATHOLOGY: AN ALGORITHM FOR IDENTIFYING PARTICLES IN HISTOPATHOLOGIC SYNOVIALIS/SLIM DIAGNOSTICS
- Author
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M. Thomsen, A. Tiemann, Peter Thomas, Monika Huber, S. Müller, V. Krenn, S. Usbeck, Daniel Kendoff, Manfred Georg Krukemeyer, Friedrich Boettner, T. Gehrke, F. Hopf, L. Scheuber, and Wolfgang Rüther
- Subjects
Orthopedic surgery ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Materials science ,particle algorithm ,Interface membrane ,Toxic reaction ,синовиально-подобная интерфейс-мембрана (slim) ,дисфункция протеза ,synovial-like interface membrane (slim) ,Periprosthetic ,toxic reaction ,побочные реакции ,алгоритм частиц ,Particle identification ,wear particles ,medicine ,prosthesis dysfunction ,Particle ,износ частиц ,токсические реакции ,adverse reactions ,Algorithm ,СИНОВИАЛЬНО-ПОДОБНАЯ ИНТЕРФЕЙС-МЕМБРАНА (SLIM),SYNOVIAL-LIKE INTERFACE MEMBRANE (SLIM),АЛГОРИТМ ЧАСТИЦ,PARTICLE ALGORITHM,ДИСФУНКЦИЯ ПРОТЕЗА,PROSTHESIS DYSFUNCTION,ИЗНОС ЧАСТИЦ,WEAR PARTICLES,ПОБОЧНЫЕ РЕАКЦИИ,ADVERSE REACTIONS,ТОКСИЧЕСКИЕ РЕАКЦИИ,TOXIC REACTION ,RD701-811 - Abstract
In histopathologic SLIM diagnostic (synovial-like interface membrane, SLIM) apart from diagnosing periprosthetic infection particle identification has an important role to play. The differences in particle pathogenesis and variability of materials in endoprosthetics explain the particle heterogeneity that hampers the diagnostic identification of particles. For this reason, a histopathological particle algorithm has been developed. With minimal methodical complexity this histopathological particle algorithm offers a guide to prosthesis material-particle identification. Light microscopic-morphological as well as enzyme-histochemical characteristics and polarization-optical proporties have set and particles are defined by size (microparticles, macroparticles and supra- macroparticles) and definitely characterized in accordance with a dichotomous principle. Based on these criteria, identification and validation of the particles was carried out in 120 joint endoprosthesis pathological cases. A histopathological particle score (HPS) is proposed that summarizes the most important information for the orthopedist, material scientist and histopathologist concerning particle identification in the SLIM.
- Published
- 2016
42. Grammal functions of the particular же in the Russian language (based on the texts of Ambassadorial books of the 17th century on communications of Russia with Khiva and Bukhara were involved)
- Author
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Chuponov, O.
- Subjects
variation of speech ,linguistics ,morphology ,grammar ,function ,particle ,emphasized meaning - Abstract
The urgency of the given article is caused by that it is devoted to one of the important problems of the history of Russian linguistics — to research of morphological features of monuments of Russian business writing, in particular, grammatical functions of a particle же (ж) on an example of the business documents created as a result of diplomatic communications of Russian state with the countries of the East. For the analysis, the texts of Ambassadorial books of the 17th century on communications of Russia with Khiva and Bukhara were involved. It is underlined, that the particle же (ж) was used in the texts of ambassadorial books with nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, adverbs, verbs and verbal forms as a universal category, the adverbial modifiers which caused its wide common use were analyzed.
- Published
- 2018
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- View/download PDF
43. Использование предложений тождества для объяснения понятий в «Письмах о добром» Д. С. Лихачева
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language specif ics ,particle ,предложение тождества ,expla nation of notions ,Linguistics ,functioning ,язы ковая специфика ,equivalent sen tence ,conjunction ,объяснение поня тий ,частица ,Form of the Good ,риторические средства выражения ,rhetorical devices ,функ ционирование ,союз ,Mathematics - Abstract
В статье анализируется функционирование предложений тождества в «Письмах о добром» Д. С. Лихачева. В языковом отношении сопоставлены две операции мышления (определение и объяснение). Делается вывод о закономерности использования предложений тождества для объяснения понятий, что мотивировано их лексико-грамматическим и риторическим потенциалом. Рассматривается использование в их составе союзов и частиц, слов обобщенной семантики и других языковых средств. Для текстовой реализации предложений тождества характерны повтор, инверсия, анадиплосис и метафора., The article analyzes the functioning of equivalent sentences in the “Letters about the good” by D.S. Likhachev. In language terms, two thinking operations (defining and explaining) are compared. A conclusion is made about the regular use of equivalent sentences to explain notions, which is motivated by their lexico-grammatical and rhetorical potential. The article considers using conjunctions and particles, words of general ized semantics and other linguistic means as components of such sentences. Repetition, inversion, anadiplosis and metaphor are common for text implementation of equivalent sentences., Университетский научный журнал, Выпуск 42 2018, Pages 191-196
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. The mathematical model of hydrodynamics motion of two phase ascending flow in pneumatic classifiers of variable cross-section
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particle ,velocity profile ,скорость витания ,terminal velocity ,частицы ,траектория ,профиль скорости - Abstract
Процессы классификации заключаются в разделении сыпучих материалов на две и более фракции по размеру частиц, причем содержание примесей в этих продуктах допускается в небольшом количестве. Высокая степень разделения при осуществлении процессов классификации дисперсных материалов влияет не только на расходные нормы сырья и его качество, но и определяет производительность и эффективность работы других машин и аппаратов в технологической схеме, в конечном итоге сказывается на технике - экономических показателях всего производства. Данная работа посвящена созданию математической модели гидродинамики движения двухфазного потока. Описана математическая модель однофазного потока (газовая фаза). Так же описана математическая модель двухфазного потока, на примере газовой фазы и твёрдой частицы. Classification processes involve division of granular materials into two and more fractions according to the particles size. Notably, impurity content in these products is acceptable in small amounts. The high separation level during the particulates classification processes affects not only the raw materials unit consumption and its quality but also has an impact on the productivity and efficiency of other machines and apparatus in the flowsheet and, eventually, on the technical-and-economic indicators of the production in general. This paper deals with the developing the hydrodymamics mathematical model of two phase flow motion. To reach the set goal, the authors created the mathematical model of one phase flow (gas phase). The next stage was the creation of the mathematical model of two phase flow, as exemplified by the gas phase and the solid particle. This model is unique due to the fixation of the dependence of solid particles velocity on the apparatus body and the gas flow profile. The authors worked out the equations to define the velocity of the gas flow and the velocity of the solid particle at every point of the variable cross-section apparatus body. The authors developed the characteristic curve of gasflow line in the pneumatic classifier body. The solid particle trajectories were defined in the body of the pneumatic classifier with variable cross-section. The velocity distribution and the influence of the gas flow on the individual solid particle are deeply analyzed in the paper. The conclusions also deal with the trajectory change of the individual particle within the apparatus body.
- Published
- 2016
45. Ability of fullerene to accumulate hydrogen
- Author
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Mikhail A. Bubenchikov, Olesya V Usenko, Alexey M. Bubenchikov, Sanghi O Budaev, and Valentina B Tsyrenova
- Subjects
углеродные наноструктуры ,Fullerene ,Hydrogen ,фуллерены ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Continuum (design consultancy) ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Nanotechnology ,Sorption ,Interaction energy ,углеродные структуры ,chemistry ,Chemical physics ,Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters ,Particle ,Carbon - Abstract
In the present paper, using a modification of the LJ-potential and the continuum approach, we define С60 -H2 (He) potentials, as well as interaction energy of two fullerene particles. The proposed approach allows to calculate interactions between carbon structures of any character (wavy graphenes, nanotubes, etc.). The obtained results allowed to localize global sorption zones both inside the particle and on the outer surface of the fullerene.
- Published
- 2016
46. Really? What is actually going on? Discourse words in between semantics and pragmatics
- Author
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Tommola, H. and Департамент «Филологический факультет»
- Subjects
REALITY ,МОДАЛЬНОСТЬ ,LEXICAL MEANING ,GRAMMATICAL WORDS ,PARTS OF SPEECH ,ЧАСТИЦА ,ПЕРЕВОД ,СЛУЖЕБНЫЕ СЛОВА ,MODALITY ,ЧАСТЬ РЕЧИ ,ЛЕКСИЧЕСКОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ,TRANSLATION ,PARTICLE ,ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ - Abstract
This paper is devoted to the problem of so-called discourse words. The first part is a survey, presenting some theoretic concepts, suggested by a number of linguists to define the status of lexical units (consisting of one or more words) that are felt to be pragmatically significant, even if they seem to lack a lexical meaning. The second part is com prised by a brief report of a contrastive investigation into the Russian discourse words v samom dele ʽreallyʼ and na samom dele ʽactuallyʼ, and their Finnish equivalents in a parallel corpus of Russian fiction texts and their translations into Finnish (ParRus located in Tampere). The results show that the two Russian lexemes are rendered with a number of different Finnish discourse words in the Finnish translations, while the distribution of v samom dele and na samom dele are radically different. The result is corroborated also by a collocation test using the data of the National corpus of the Russian language. Статья посвящена проблемам дискурсивных слов в связи с переводом их с одного языка на другой — в нашем случае с русского языка на финский. В первой части обсуждается теоретический статус прагматически значимых лексем (слов и словосочетаний), для которых трудно определить конкретное лексическое значение. Здесь приводятся некоторые концепции, предложенные для выяснения понятия дискурсивных слов и отграничения их от других прагматический лексических единиц, таких как модальные и дискурсивные частицы. Терминологически наиболее важно, пожалуй, делать различие между дискурсивными словами и дискурсивными частицами, одним из центральных понятий в рамках конверсационного анализа. Во второй части излагаются результаты проведенного исследования представленности соответствий русских дискурсивных слов в самом деле и на самом деле в финских переводах русской художественной прозы. Оказывается, что значения распределения финских соответствий обоих русских дискурсивных слов значительно расходятся. Кроме того, и данные Национального корпуса русского языка показывают, что в своей сочетаемости дискурсивные слова в самом деле и на самом деле являются достаточно самостоятельными. Исследование выполнено при поддержке программы повышения конкурентоспособности Уральского федерального университета на 2013–2020 гг. (номер соглашения 02.А03.21.0006).
- Published
- 2016
47. Mathematical model of hydride phase change in a symmetrical powder particle
- Author
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Ilya Alexandrovich Chernov and Svetlana Vladimirovna Manicheva
- Subjects
Materials science ,hydriding ,Hydride ,phase change ,lcsh:T57-57.97 ,lcsh:Mathematics ,Thermodynamics ,lcsh:QA1-939 ,Computer Science Applications ,Phase change ,dehydriding ,Computational Theory and Mathematics ,Modeling and Simulation ,lcsh:Applied mathematics. Quantitative methods ,Particle ,shape symmetry ,mathematical modelling - Abstract
In the paper we construct the model of phase change. Process of hydriding / dehydriding is taken as an example. A single powder particle is considered under the assumption about its symmetry. A ball, a cylinder, and a flat plate are examples of such symmetrical shapes. The model desribes both the "shrinking core"(when the skin of the new phase appears on the surface of the particle) and the "nucleation and growth"(when the skin does not appear till complete vanishing of the old phase) scenarios. The model is the non-classical boundary-value problem with the free boundary and nonlinear Neumann boundary condition. The symmetry assumptions allow to reduce the problem to the single spatial variable. The model was tested on the series of experimental data. We show that the particle shapes influence on the kinetics is insignificant. We also show that a set of particles of different shapes with size distribution can be approxomated by the single particle of the "average" size and of a simple shape; this justifies using single particle approximation and simple shapes in mathematical models.
- Published
- 2012
48. Particle dynamics in corrugated rectangular billiard
- Author
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T. Akhmadjanov, D. Otajanov, and E. Rakhimov
- Subjects
Physics ,Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous) ,Materials Science (miscellaneous) ,Numerical analysis ,Chaotic ,Physics::Optics ,Fermi acceleration ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Nonlinear Sciences::Chaotic Dynamics ,Mathematics (miscellaneous) ,Classical mechanics ,Particle dynamics ,OPTICAL FIBER,CHAOS,RAY DYNAMICS,CORRUGATED WAVEGUIDE,FERMI ACCELERATION,BILLIARDS ,Particle ,Physics::Accelerator Physics ,Dynamical billiards - Abstract
The particle dynamics in one side corrugated rectangular billiard system is investigated with the help of numerical analysis. The dependence of chaotic behavior in particle dynamics on the corrugation height h is shown. The focusing mechanism of the corrugated billiard is investigated by analyzing the dependence of the total path on particle incident angle.
- Published
- 2015
49. Composition and microstructure Investigation for the modeling and classification of dietary fiber derived from plants
- Author
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Anna Pozdnyakova, Oksana Kozlova, Alexander Arkhipov, and Lev A. Ostroumov
- Subjects
sodium pyrophosphate ,Materials science ,electron microscopy ,lcsh:TP368-456 ,Sodium ,microstructure ,xanthan gum ,chemistry.chemical_element ,stabilizer ,Microstructure ,Dietary fiber ,sodium alginate ,lcsh:Food processing and manufacture ,Chemical engineering ,chemistry ,carboxymethylcellulose ,Particle ,Composition (visual arts) ,Food science ,histogram ,Food structure ,Chemical composition ,Food Science ,Stabilizer (chemistry) - Abstract
Investigation of the composition and microstructure of dietary fiber derived from plants showed that the stabilizers investigated differ with regard to size and shape of the particles and the density of particle distribution. The composition and microstructure of dietary fiber derived from plants have been studied using electron microscopy. Spectrometric profiles of chemical composition have been obtained, and the content of the predominant chemical elements in food microstructure stabilizers has been determined. Some similarity concerning the content of certain chemical elements and the ratio of the contents of different elements has been detected upon the analysis of food structure stabilizers of the same type (carboxymethylcellulose, gum, and sodium pyrophosphate). Mathematical processing of photomicrographs of structure stabilizer samples has been performed, and masks for the assessment of the content of microcavities in the particles of the structure stabilizers investigated have been created.
- Published
- 2014
50. Mathematical modeling of sulphurous anhydride condensation in atmosphere adjoining thermal electric station
- Subjects
серная кислота ,particle ,sulfuric acid ,smoke gases ,дымовые газы ,mathematical modeling ,condensation ,thermal power plant ,конденсация ,pollution ,серный ангидрид ,частицы ,sulphurous anhydride ,тепловые электрические станции ,загрязнение ,математическое моделирование - Abstract
Представлены результаты численной оценки интенсивности процесса конденсации серного ангидрида в воздушном пространстве, прилегающем к тепловой электрической станции. Определены размеры ядер капель кислоты, которые в процессе седиментации могут выпадать на поверхность Земли. The paper introduces the results of numerical estimation of intensity of sulphurous anhydride condensation in air adjoining thermal electric station. The authors have determined the size of cores of acid drops which can fall on the Earth surface at sedimentation.
- Published
- 2013
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