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The purpose of the work is to determine the spectrum, quantity and frequency of occurrence of microorganisms in the oral fluid and large intestine in healthy young men under changes of living conditions. A survey was conducted of 14 nonresident young men, students of the 1st and 2nd courses, studying at Tver State Medical University, which included questions about the place of birth, living conditions, the presence of chronic diseases and the frequency of their exacerbations over the past year, water and food regimes, physical exertion, the presence of bad habits and emotional stress, etc. The oral fluid and feces were examined to determine the spectrum and amount of microbiota of the upper and lower parts of the gastrointestinal tract. As the result of the survey, it was found that the living conditions of all young men significantly worsened among second-year students than freshmen. It was revealed that colon microbiota in sophomores characterized by less diverse than those of first-year, despite of a marked increase in the number of opportunistic pathogens (Stаphylocоccus spp., Strерtocoсcus spp., Clоstridium spp., Васillus spp., Кlebsiеlla spp.) over resident microbes. It was found the decrease in the number and frequency of occurrence of all microbial representatives in the oral microbiota of 2nd year students in comparison with first-year. It was proved that the deterioration of living conditions of nonresident students led to the increase in the number of second-year students with dysbiotic changes in the intestinal microbiota from 86% to 100%, mainly due to the increase in the number of persons with dysbiosis of II and III degree., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The aim of the research was comparative investigation of the quantitative and qualitative composition of large intestinal microflora following internal (by dispersed powdered 56Mn) and internal exposure of Wistar rats. Ten weeks-old male Wistar rats were used. Rats were divided into four groups: L-56Mn group with 12 rats, H-56Mn with ten rats, 60Co group with nine rats and control group with nine rats. L-56Mn and H-56Mn groups were exposed to two different doses of 56MnO2 powder. 60Co group received 2 Gy of external 60Co γ-ray whole body irradiation. Totally 40 rats. Three rats from each group were sacrificed throw 6 hours and on days 3, 14, and 60 after the exposure. Animals were examined throw 6 hours and on days 3, 14 and 60 after exposure. Although the absorbed doses in large intestine were only 0.69 and 1.90 Gy in 56Mn exposed groups, respectively, changes in large intestinal microflora were evident. After 6 hours and on day 3 after 56Mn exposure amount of main representatives of large intestinal microflora (Bifidobacterium and lactobacilli) was decreased in the dose dependent manner. On the other hand, the amount of conditionally pathogenic bacteria was increased. These changes were persistent even on day 14. External 60Co γ-irradiation at a dose of 2 Gy also changed the intestinal microflora, but these changes were not persistent and on day 14 after irradiation returned to the control level. Our data suggest that internal exposure to dispersed powdered 56Mn has a significant biological impact on the intestinal microflora for a prolonged period of time, when it is compared with the effects of external radiation.

The decreasing of content of animal, palmitic milk fat (butter) by means of its substitution with vegetable, oleic, palmy oil in food of adults optimal by its quantity is physically chemically and biologically substantiated. In oleic palmy oil higher content of oleic mono unsaturated fatty acid and oleic triglycerides than in creamy fat is established. The biologic availability of palmitic unsaturated palmitic acid in the form of free fatty acid is decreased at its absorption by enterocytes of small intestines is detected. There are no transforms of mono unsaturated acids in palmy oil in contrast with hydrogenated margarines. In palmy, oleic oil there is not enough of short-chained fatty acids (C4-C6) and it has no taste quality and it has low level of unsaturated fatty acids and factually it is lacking of ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, it is compensated in case of availability offish and sea products in food. If adults, especially older ones, will refuse to consume creamy fat and decrease intake of products with high content of palmitic unsaturated fatty acid and palmitic triglycerides (beef, sour cream, fatty cheeses) it'll positively impact their health. The refusal from these products is a real step in prevention of metabolic pandemic (atherosclerosis and atheromatosis, metabolic syndrome, resistance to insulin, obesity). There are still large number of people who at optimal amount of food retain in vivo increased amount of exogenous, endogenously synthesized from glucose palmitic unsaturated fatty acid in the form of unesterified fatty acids (syndrome of resistance to insulin) and increased content of palmitic triglycerides.

The evaluation of the levels of major colon microbiota populations (lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, enterobacteria) was carried out in two 15-days experiments on Wistar rats, exposed to stress factor (electric shock) and fed with different diets with the addition of biologic active micronutrients [extract from the leaves of Serratula coronata L. and Enzymatic hydrolyzate of the mussels meat (EHMM)]. In the first experiment animals were fed with a common vivarium diet. In the experimental group the water extract from leaves of Serratula coronata L. as a phytoecdysteroid source (5 mg per 1 kg body weight) was added to water. In the second experiment rats received balanced semisynthetic diet. In the diet of the experimental group the part of the protein (casein) was replaced by the peptides from EHMM. During the experiment the animal body weight was measured. On the 14th day of the experiment the animals were subjected to stress stimulation [electrodermal stimulation on paws (electric current 0.4 mA for 8 seconds)]. On the last day of the experiment the animals were euthanized by decapitation and micro-ecological research of protective microbiota populations in the cecal contents was carried out. The relative body weight increase was recorded in both experiments. In the second experiment in animals receiving EHMM this index (68.2 ± 3.0%) was considerably higher than in the control group and in the experimental group receiving no EHMM (57.2 ± 4.0 and 59.7 ± 2.8% respectively). The results of the microecological study showed different effect of diets with biologically active micronutrients on the population levels of lactobacilli. In the experiment with common vivarium diet no significant changes of the levels of the studied colon microbiota populations had been recorded in the rats of control group compared with rats of experimental group, exposed to stress factor but received no extract from Serratula coronata L. The decrease of the levels of lactobacilli by the end of the experiment was observed in the experimental group of rats received water extract from the leaves of Serratula coronata L (content of lactobacilli 7.76 ± 0.17 lg CFU/g) compared to those in control group and experimental group of rats received no extract (8.4 ± 0.09 and 8.69 ± 0.07 lg CFU/g respectively). Feeding with the balanced semisynthetic diet with the addition of EHMM or without it had a positive effect on the levels of lactobacilli and their balance with the aerobic component of the Enterobacteriaceae. There was a trend toward increased levels of lactic acid bacteria in the experimental group received EHMM (9.16 ± 0.12 lg CFU/g) compared with the contents in the control group and in the experimental group exposed to stress factor without adding EHMM in the diet (8.74 ± 0.34 and 8.79 ± 0.23 lg CFU/g, respectively). The conclusion about the positive (protective) effect of a semisynthetic diet enriched with peptides from EHMM was made based on the comparison of indicators that reflect the status of non-specific resistance of the organism: the integral criterion of weight gain and the levels of major colon microbiota populations of laboratory animals.

Aim: Determination of the content of various cytokines in coprofiltrates of individuals with bacteriologically confirmed intestine dysbacteriosis., Materials and Methods: Qualitative and quantitative content of large intestine microbiocenosis was studied; IFNγ, pro-inflammatory (IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) content was determined using EIA in coprofiltrates of 139 individuals aged 18 - 60 years. All the indexes were juxtaposed with the cytokine index (CI): RESULTS. A high content of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 with normal levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 was established. A comparable content of bifidobacteria, lactobacilli and escherichia was detected in individuals with various CI index; in individuals with CI above 1 c.u. and above 10 c.u., against the background of proportionally intensifying IFNγ induction, an increase of quantity of escherichia with decreased enzymatic activity and frequent detection of opportunistic enterobacteria, staphylococci and Candida genus fungi is noted., Conclusion: The presence of opportunistic microflora at low content of IFNγ with CI of less than 1 c.u. could be evaluated as a dysbiotic reaction, and the presence of opportunistic microflora against the background of high IFNγ content with CI of above 10 c.u.--as a development of systemic inflammation due to translocation of dysbiotic microflora into the bloodflow.

Aim: Study the influence of antibiotic therapy on the formation of main biotope microflora nasopharynx, large intestine, urinary system) of the premature child organism weighing less than 500 g at birth in hospital., Materials and Methods: Bacteriological study of upper respiratory tract discharge, urine, large intestine contents in 58 premature children during admission and discharge from newborn and premature children pathology department was carried out. Factor analysis method was applied to construct factor models of antibiotics influence on main biotope microbiocenosis formation., Results: Deficiency of obligatory normal flora members in all the 3 biotopes was noted in all the children during admission to the department. Colonization of all the biotopes by obligatory members was noted by discharge, however the parameters do not reach age norm. Antibiotics therapy is the main factor, in all the biotopes opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms prevail., Conclusion: The formation of main biotope microbiocenoses does not occur and carriage of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms is noted in premature children receiving massive antibiotic therapy.

Cichorium intybus is an herbaceous perennial, known as a coffee substitute. It possesses a wide range of healing characteristics particularly due to inulin, one of its components. Inulin is a natural polysaccharide, a polyfructosane containing 27-35 fructose residues in furanose form and glucose residue. When inulin is in the alimentary tract it passes to the stomach and the small intestine unchangeable. In large intestine inulin is fermented by bifidobacteria and then converted in to a great number of short-chain fatty acids. Due to the process it stimulated the growth of bifidobacteria population and reduces that of pathogenic microorganisms. The increase of pool of healthy intestinalflora normalizes the passage of fieces masses through the intestine, improves immunologic status, regulates carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The paper presents experimental and clinic studies confirming bifidogenic, immunogenic, anticancerous, hepatoprotective characteristics of inulin and cichorium intybus.

Aim: Study the possible qualitative and quantitative changes of microbial community of the parietal mucin of the large intestine and the state of the wall of the large intestine in experimental animals underbackground and anomalous influence of geomagnetic field., Materials and Methods: CBA mice were put under the influence of anomalous magnetic field comparable to its intensity in Zheleznogorsk (3 Oe) for 1 and 2 weeks. Quantitative and qualitative study of mucous microflora of the large intestine of the mice was performed by bacteriological method. Identification of the microorganisms was performed by microbiological analyzer "Multiskan-Ascent" and commercial test-systems "Lachema-Czech Republic": ENTHEROtest-16, STAPHYtest-16, Streptotest-16, En-COCCUStest-16; for lactobacilli and bifidobacteria identification - API 50 CHL (bioMerieux). Bacteria content in 1 g of material was calculated by the number of microorganism colonies grown., Results: A pattern of changes of mucous microflora of the intestine and the state of the wall of the large intestine of the experimental animals that had been put under the influence of anomalous magnetic field is shown. During evaluation of qualitative and quantitative diversity of microbial community of parietal mucin of the large intestine of the mice under the influence of magnetic field on the background and anomalous levels changes not only in quantity and frequency of detection of obligate, transitory flora but also cell elements of mucous membrane of the wall of the large intestine were established., Conclusion: The results of the study allow to make a conclusion about the presence of reactivity of the parietal microflora of the intestine of the mice to the influence of the anomalous magnetic field. This leads to changes in cell elements in the mucous membrane of the wall that manifest by infiltration of the connective tissue stroma by leucocytes and reconstruction of epithelium, that are features of dysbiosis.

[Formula see text], their profile can be one of markers, characterizing activity of colon microflora at the consequences of the vast resections of bowels, and to determine setting of preparations of medicamental correction in the structure of nutritional therapy by siping compositions.

Aim: Detection of features of qualitative and quantitative composition of large intestine microbiocenosis of humans with various degree of local metabolic disorders during dysbacterioses due to various causes., Materials and Methods: Microflora of large intestine and content of malonic dialdehyde (MDA) in coprofiltrates of 330 adult humans with large intestine dysbacterioses due to various causes were studied., Results: It was established, that high MDA content in coprofiltrates matches higher quantities of opportunistic microorganisms and atypical escherichia in microflora composition of large intestine. Relation of MDA composition in coprofiltrates and factors that cause dysbacteriosis were not detected., Conclusion: The studies performed give evidence that changes in local metabolic activity may be a single mechanism of development of large intestine dysbacterioses that are caused by various factors.

Large intestine microbiocenosis, levels of endotoxinemia, tumor necrosis factor alpha, C-reactive protein, sE-selectin, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-4 (TIMP) in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients was studied. Association of dysbiosis and endotoxinemia levels increase, systemic inflammation activation and an imbalance of MMP-TIMP system with progression of CHF has been shown. It can be a reason of a myocardium extracellular matrix structure disturbance and heart remodeling at CHF.

Aim: To specify policy of nutritive support late after radical gastric resection., Material and Methods: Patients with postgastroresectional dystrophy were examined using standard techniques and estimation of intestinal electric activity (registration of body surface biopotentials on Conan-M myngograph)., Results: Frequency-amplitude parameters of the intestine serve the basis for choice of mixtures for enteral correction. Nutritive support provided for on demand pharmaconutrients--microbiotic correctors., Conclusion: Myography gives additional information for decisions on the policy of nutritive support.

One of the main components of the metabolic syndrome is a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Currently, NAFLD is recognized as one of the main factors for cardiovascular disease because cholesterol synthesis is carried out mainly in the liver. In connection with this selection of lipid-lowering therapy, which has a known hepatotoxic effect, is a challenge. In the pathogenesis of NAFLD important role played by the violation of the colon microflora and, consequently, elevated levels of metabolic products of microorganisms (short chain fatty acids, endotoxin, nitric oxide), which must also be considered in the treatment of atherogenic dyslipidemia. In patients with NAFLD and atherogenic dyslipidemia appointment of combination therapy of statins and probiotics are more effective in lowering cholesterol and products of metabolism of intestinal microflora compared with monotherapy.

Aim: To determine features of intestinal microbiocenosis in dysbiosis as well as biological characteristics of isolated microflora in residents of Orenburg city., Materials and Methods: 70 children one year old and 60 adult 1 - 60 years old were examined for dysbiosis. Bacteriologic identification of the large intestine's content was performed using method of serial dilutions. Isolated microorganisms were identified by routine methods. Assessment of the degree of dysbiotic disorder was conducted according to the standard guideline "Patients management protocol. Intestinal dysbiosis". Antibiotic resistance of Klebsiella species was determined by disc-diffusion method, antagonistic activity of lactobacilli--by plate culture method, and lysozyme activity--by agar bullet method., Results: Dysbiotic disorders were registered in more than 90% of examined subjects. For patients of both age groups, stage I of intestinal dysbiosis was observed most often. Dysbiotic disorders were characterized by increased amount of bacteria from Klebsiella genus and yeast-like fungi from Candida genus. It was established that antibiotic resistance was widely prevalent in isolated strains of Klebsiella. At the same time representatives of normal microflora, i.e. lactobacilli, had a marked antagonistic activity against Klebsiella species, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida fungi and low level of lysozyme activity., Conclusion: Among the population of Orenburg, intestinal dysbiosis was widely prevalent and characterized by predominance of Klebsiella spp. and Candida spp. among opportunistic microflora. One of the rational methods of correction of compensated forms of intestinal dysbiosis is stimulation of growth of normal flora including lactobacilli, which have antagonistic activity.

Patients of different ages with various forms of food allergy and also with the irritable bowel syndrome with locks are studied. The quantitative levels of bifido- and lactoflora of large intestine, the qualitative characteristics of lactoflora population, including specific gravity of individual representatives in the sum of the isolates, are investigated, species composition is identified. Shown that food allergy, irrespective of the disease manifestation form induces the balance disturbance of bifido- and lactoflora in large intestine, significantly affects the reduction in the number of species of Lactococcus and Leuconostoc spp. and on the narrowing of the enzymatically active species of Lactobacillus spp.

Aim: To study dynamics of qualitative and quantitative changes of microflora of large intestine in different age groups., Materials and Methods: Stool samples from children of different age groups (0 - 6 months, 6 months - 1 year, 1 - 7 years, 7 - 14 years, >14 years) were tested on dysbiosis., Results: Majority of patients admitted during the period of 1999 - 2008 were children 1 - 7 years old (32 - 38%). The highest rate of dysbiosis was observed in infants (92 - 100%). Leading place in pathology of microbiota of large intestine during all study period belonged to Staphylococcus aureus and hemolytic Escherichia coli., Conclusion: In Karachaevo-Cherkessk republic tightening of measures for surveillance on infection control regime in health-care organizations as well as on carriage of S. aureus in health-care workers are needed.

Aim: To compare rate of detection of stage II-III intestinal dysbiosis with normal and decreased quantities of bacteria from Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium families in different age groups., Materials and Methods: Microflora of large intestine was studied in 600 persons of different ages with normal quantity or deficit of bacteria from Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium families., Results: Decrease of bifidobacteria level in structure of large intestine microflora increases rate of detection of opportunistic microorganisms--predominantly, bacteria from Klebsiella genus and Staphylococcus aureus. Decrease of lactobacilli level had lesser influence on rate of detection of opportunistic microorganisms., Conclusion: Results of bacteriologic studies of large intestine microbiocenosis demonstrate that intestinal microflora has its own characteristics in each age group.

Aim: To assess the effects of cyclophosphamide (CP), methotrexate (MT), and prednisolone (PS) on the levels of staphylococci, enterococci, Escherichia coli (EC) and lactose-negative enterobacteria (LNEB) in feces of white mice as well as to determine adhesive properties of isolated microorganisms., Materials and Methods: Drugs were administered intragastrically during 6 weeks; CP in dose 35.4 mg/kg daily; MT - 2.5 mg/kg over week; PS - 2.5 mg/kg daily; sterile distilled water was administered to controls. Microflora was assessed by common methods; adhesion of microorganisms to group 0 (I) human erythrocytes was determined., Results: Administration of prednisolone leads to increase of isolation rate of staphylococci, CP increased levels of LNEB and EC with suppressed enzymatic activity (P < 0.05). MT decreased isolation rate of typical EC (P < 0.05). MT also decreased degree of adhesion of EC and LNEB, whereas PS enhanced adhesiveness of LNEB, and CP decreased adhesion of staphylococci (P < 0.05). Statistically significant correlation between number and adhesiveness of enterobacteria was established (r = 0.73, P < 0.01)., Conclusion: Immunodepressors from different groups have non-similar effects on quantitative characteristics of microflora and adhesiveness of isolated opportunistic microorganisms.

Influence of different levels of dietary carrageenan (0.2; 0.6, 2% with 18% casein) after 4 weeks in rats on coefficients of biological value (PER, NPR, NPUtr u BVtr) and digestibility (Dtr) of protein, microflore in cecum and morphometric data in distal part of small intestine were studied. There were found adverse changes of coefficients of biological value (NPUtr, BVtr) and digestibility (Dtr) after 2% dose of carrageenan. Chandes in microflore of cecum and worse of morphometric data in small intestine were observed.

The study of microflora of skin, mucous tunic of nose and mouth, and the quantitative and qualitative structure of the intestinal and urinal microflora in cases of systemic connective tissues diseases, are reproduced. The decrease of the dominant state of typical representatives, and the increase of the role of pseudopathogenic bacteria in various biotypes, were observed. The frequency of S. aureus detection increased in skin, mucous tunic of nose and mouth. Pseudopathogenic microbes acquired greater significance in the forming of microbiocenosis of intestine, while the number of E. coli, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacterium decreased. The frequency of detection of microbes in urine decreased. The comparative analyses of the microflora in patients with systemic lupus erythromatosis and progressive systemic sclerosis demonstrated the common peculiarities for microflora character change.

Spectrum of microorganisms vegetated in the large bowel of patients with allergic diseases was investigated. The index of constancy C was used for characterization of the microbial population. 80 patients (31 adults and 49 children < 14 years) were examined. Most prominent changes in obligatory and facultative parts of microflora were revealed in children. Serological typing of 108 cultures of enterobacteria isolated in children under examination with disbiosis showed variety of serogroups that can testify to the presence of pathogenic variants.

The article is dedicated to bacterial translocation under the conditions of acute small and large bowel obstruction, studied in experiment using bacteriological methods. The degree of contamination of internal organs, blood, and peritoneal exudate in the dynamics of the pathological process was determined. The study found that the use of allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, reduced the intensity of bacterial translocation.

In the study of the microbiocenosis of the distal section of the patients' large intestine Bacillus strains with antilysozyme activity (ALA) were isolated. In B. cereus strain 26 with pronounced expression of antilysozyme factor the plasmid sized approximately 100 kb was detected. The transformation of the isolated plasmid in cells of B. cereus non-plasmid strain IP5832 the localization of genes encoding ALA and resistance to kanamycin was determined. The production of ALA factor in the recombinant clone of B. cereus strain IP5832 corresponded to the clinical isolate of B. cereus 26. The replicon of the detected plasmid could be used for the determination of the coding sequence of the antilysozyme sign of bacilli. Genetic determinants of antilysozyme factors and kanamycin resistance may be used for the construction of vector systems of cloning in bacilli.

The treatment method of disbios suffered by patients with syndrome of irritated intestines with constipations was under research. The method was based on introduction of sour-milk beverage with addition of beet pectin in a dietary intake. The comparison product was kefir. The following developments were detected against the positive dynamics of clinical symptoms: improvement of microbiocenosis structure, reduction of potentially pathogenic germs, inhibition of pathogenic properties of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus. Comparison group results showed lower clinical efficiency and poorer effect of dietary treatment on large gut microorganisms, contents of enterotoxigenic S. aureus remained unchanged. Introduction of sour-milk beverage with addition of alimentary fibre in a dietary intake of patients suffering the syndrome of irritated intestines with constipations was found expedient.

The cultural, physiologo-biochemical adhesive and antagonistic properties of B. subtilis strains with good prospects for use as biotherapeutic preparations were studied. For further studies B. subtilis strain No. 1719 was chosen. In experiments on non-inbred white mice the animals were treated by the preparation Cifran used for their selective decontamination from opportunistic microflora and for the creation of the state of dysbiosis. The influence of the spore-forming microbe on the parietal microflora of the large intestine of the animals was shown. Reliable data on the changes in the number of microorganisms (CFU/ml) per 1 cm of the surface of the large intestine were established. As markers making it possible to evaluate the action of biotherapeutic and other medicinal remedies, easily determinable ratios of lac+/lac- of bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus/Staphylococcus spp. was proposed.

A total of 91 children, aged 3-16 years, with vitiligo were examined. These examinations showed that the total number of T lymphocytes decreased irrespective of the degree of intestinal dysbacteriosis. The average number of T suppressors increased as dysbiotic changes in the intestine became more profound. The amount of natural killers, B lymphocytes, as well as the content of IgG and IgA (p < 0.001), increased irrespectively of the degree of intestinal dysbacteriosis. Thus the unbalance of the immunity system and dysbiotic changes in the intestine of children having vitiligo were Inter-related.

Dysbacteriosis of the large intestine is one of severe complications of long-term use of antituberculosis agents in the treatment of respiratory tract tuberculosis that results in a significant decrease of tolerability of antituberculosis agents, persistence of tuberculosis intoxication and slower involution of the tuberculosis process in the lungs. When the complex treatment with antituberculosis agents was accompanied by the use of cow's kumiss for correction of the large intestine dysbacteriosis, the intoxication signs disappeared in 12% of the patients in the main group, while in the patients of the control group the level of the intoxication syndrome increased twice. The rate of the tuberculosis lesions regression evident from the lung roentgenograms was 2.7-fold higher in the main group vs. the control (62 and 23% respectively). The indices of the lung functional capacity recovery in the patients of the main group vs. the control were also higher (41 and 33% respectively). Hepatic toxic reactions in the patients not given cow's kumiss for correction of dysbacteriosis were 8 times more frequent vs. the control. The results of the study made it possible to develop recommendations for phthisiologists in the use of cow's kumiss as one of the methods of pathogenetic therapy in complex treatment of patients with respiratory tract tuberculosis in sanatoria.

Long-term chemotherapy of tuberculosis leads to dysbacteriosis of the large intestine, that significantly decreases tolerance of tuberculosis drugs, provokes persistence of tuberculosis intoxication and retards involution of tuberculosis process in the lungs. Recovery of the bifidoflora and lactoflora due to the use of an original sour-milk drink developed by the authors was stated in 65 and 55% of the patients respectively. Moreover, it promoted higher tolerance of the chemotherapeutics since its composition includes amino acids, vitamins B, C, D and E, enzymes and microelements. It should be indicated that the drink was used simultaneously with the chemotherapy and did not require its discontinuation. Therefore, it is recommended that the scheme of the treatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in sanatoria should include corrigating agents and in particular probiotics containing live bifido- and lactobacteria having no contraindications and side effects, and providing elimination of intestinal dysbacteriosis.

A nitrogen-fixing strain identified as Klebsiella pneumonia 402-2 and two endoglucanase-synthesizing Bacillus strains were isolated from the intestines of phytophagous animals. One of the Bacillus strains was identified as Bacillus subtilis GL. Klebsiella pneumoniae 402-2 increased the endoglucanase activity of both Bacillus strains in mixed cultures. The data on the taxonomic position of strains 402-2 and GL and on the nitrogen-fixing capacity of strain 402-2 were confirmed by sequencing and analyzing their 16S rRNA genes and by amplifying the nitrogenase gene nifH.

The specific features of intestinal aerobic and anaerobic intestinal microflora in children with nondifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia were under study. A high rate of dysbiotic disturbances was noted in patients with connective tissue dysplasia in comparison with healthy persons. Profound quantitative and qualitative changes in the biocenosis of the intestine were detected in patients with the pathology of the gastrointestinal tract as well as that of the locomotor system. Changes in the species composition and the persistence properties of the intestinal microflora may serve as pathogenetic factors in the development of connective tissue dysplasia.

The modified method of the microbiological study of parietal mucin has been developed. The proposed method makes it possible to evaluate the parietal microflora of the intestine. The advantages of using physiological saline and Hanks' solution as medium ensuring the storage and self-thinning of mucin have been proved. The optimum time of making the microbiological study of intestinal mucin has also been determined.

Dysbiotic manifestations in the gastrointestinal tract are widely spread. They are characterized by a prolonged, persistent course with the tendency to transition to the chronic form and poorly respond to corrective treatment. The occurrence of high concentrations is 70% for Klebsiella oxytoca, while for K. pneumoniae--within the limit of 30%. The most topical problem is colonization of the intestinal mucosa in children aged up to 1 year by Klebsiella, the seeded bacteria retaining their capacity for growth for up to 2-3 years despite the use of probiotics. As shown in this study, the occurrence of Klebsiella and the level of the antilysozyme and "antiinterferon" activity of these bacteria, their resistance to antimicrobial preparations increase, correlating with the level of dysbiotic disturbances.

Nearly one third of workers engaged into oil extraction suffer from gastrointestinal disorders. Stationary medical examination revealed over 70% diseased subjects among which 98% of cases demonstrated disorders of colic microbiocenose (absent or depressed normal microflora, growing pathogens, deficient Bifidum bacteria in 63% of the examinees). These facts could be caused by environmental (including occupational) hazards resulting in decompensation of adaptive mechanisms.

Sixty bronchial asthma (BA) patients aged 15-18 years were examined between attacks. The composition of the oral cavity and intestine microflora as well as the total IgE level, peripheral blood eosinophils and lymphocytes expressing receptors CD3, CD4, CD8, CD22, CD11b, CD71, HLA-DR were detected. Colonization of the oral cavity by Staphylococcus aureus in 9%, by hemolytic streptococci in 10%, by fungi of the genus Candida in 25% and by enterococci in 7% of the patients was revealed. From the intestines S. aureus were isolated in 21%, hemolytic Escherichia coli in 18% and fungi of the genus Candida from 45% of the patients, while lactic acid bacteria were isolated only in 39% of the patients. The patients of this group were found to have eosinophilia (4.21 +/- 0.05%, p < 0.001) and a high concentration of IgE (330.2 +/- 29.31%, p < 0.01); in these patients the index CD4/CD8 was lower (< 0.05), the number of CD11b-, CD71- and HLA-DR positive lymphocytes was elevated. Thus, at periods between attacks the examined BA patients were found to have dysbiosis of mucous membranes, an elevated content of IgE, eosinophilia and lymphocyte activation indicative of the absence of immunological remission and required adequate diagnostic and therapeutic measures.

The bacteriological study of fecal specimens obtained from 595 children at different critical periods of the development of their immune system was carried out. The comparison of intestinal microflora in children at the critical periods of the development of their immune system revealed that in children under 1 year considerable changes in the microflora composition were observed during the first 6 months of life. These changes, most pronounced in children aged 1 month and 3-6 months, were characterized by decreased level of indigenous microflora and an increase in the qualitative and quantitative content of aerobic microflora with the representatives of the family Enterobacteriaceae playing the dominating role. In boys such disturbances were manifested to a greater extent than in girls.

The study of the microflora of the large intestine in healthy adult volunteers of different age groups (25-36, 55-68 and 88-94 years old), living in Switzerland, has been carried out. As revealed by the analysis of the result obtained in this study, normal intestinal microflora in adults has different qualitative and quantitative characteristics at different periods of their life. The greatest diversity of intestinal microflora is observed at a mature age (55-68 years old), while the poorest microflora is observed in people more advanced in age. The amount of microorganisms inhabiting the intestine reaches its maximum in people of mature age and is low in elderly people. Changes in normal intestinal microflora are probaly linked with morpho-functional transformations in the host body at different periods of life. It is expedient to work out the criteria of norm for the microflora of different age groups with a view to use these criteria for the evaluation of the microbial status of the intestine in persons of different age.

Intestinal microflora was studied in 3 groups of children; 55--living in Mongolia, 18--in Switzerland and 28--in Russia. Age of children of both sexual groups was 1.5-3 years. This study revealed that in none of these groups of clinically healthy children living in different regions and having different diet normal intestinal microflora corresponded to the standard considered to be the norm. The revision of norm criteria for normal intestinal microflora in children is recommended.

Fifty-six children of early age with pneumonia developed on the background of frequent respiratory infections were placed under observation. In 91.1% of these cases microecological disturbances in the intestine were detected, 46.6% of the patients having third-degree dysbacteriolysis. In such cases it is more correct to regard the "intestinal" syndrome as the clinical manifestation of disturbances in the biocenosis of the intestine, the state of its microflora. Intestinal dysbacteriosis aggravates the course of acute aggravated pneumonia in children and requires the inclusion of special therapy aimed at normalizing intestinal microflora.

Antibiotic susceptibility of the main isolates from the large intestine contents and pathological substrates of 12 patients after gastroectomy for stomach carcinoma was studied. Three of them developed esophagoenterostomy incompetence, 4 had intraabdominal abscesses and in 5 infection of the operation wound was stated. In all, 30 isolates of enterobacteria, 28 isolates of enterococci and 38 isolates of bacteroides were tested. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates from various sources was practically identical, which showed that before surgical operations for stomach carcinoma it was necessary that data on the patients intestine microbiocenosis and antibioticograms of the main isolates should be available to correct severe dysbiotic disorders.

The methodological aspects of the study of the microflora of the parietal mucous layer (parietal mucin) of the large intestine is discussed; the study is difficult because the mucin layer is thin closely associated with epithelium and the impossibility of the mechanical separation of this layer from the epithelium without damaging the latter is possible. The method of homogenization fails to determine of the composition of parietal mucin proper. Such possibility becomes real after the dissolution of mucin and obtaining the suspension of microbial cells. As experimentally shown in vitro, urea solution, reducing disulfide bonds, effectively depolymerized mucin and exhibited no antibacterial and cytolytic activity. With the use of urea treatment, microflora of parietal mucin of the large intestine was studied on 44 non-inbred mice. This newly developed method was shown to have higher resolution in comparison with the traditional one (homogenization). Some qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the microflora of parietal mucin were established. In the same group of mice the study of fecal microflora was made and compared with microflora of parietal mucin.

In 2100 children of different age groups the microbiocenosis of the large intestine was studied. The study revealed that the colonization of the mucous membrane of the large intestine with staphylococci developed in 30% of children with intestinal dysbacteriosis. Young children were mainly affected (91%). The prevailing species among isolated staphylococci was S. aureus (86%), capable of persistence in the intestine (30.9%). In children non typing S. aureus strains mainly circulated (70%), and among phage-typing strains isolates of phage group III prevailed (70.2%). The colonization of the intestine with coagulase-negative staphylococci was possible (14%). Microecological intestinal disturbances in children of different age groups were characterized by different degrees of changes in normal microflora with the prevalence of opportunistic microorganisms in the microbial picture.

One hundred and twenty-nine children with acute viral and bacterial infection of the respiratory tract were examined and disturbance of the large intestine microflora was detected. It was characterized by significant reduction of lactobacilli, moderate growth of opportunistic bacteria and higher contents of Candida. Changes in T- and especially B-cellular immunity were observed in 35 per cent of the patients. In patients with decreased avidity of the immunoglobulins G in the peripheral blood the changes were observed in 82-100 per cent of the cases. In the majority of the patients the capacity for interferon genesis was suppressed. A shorten course (5 days) of the bifidumbacterin forte therapy in a dose of not less than 10(9) CFU/ml. normalized the intestinal microflora, improved the indices of the B- and T-cellular immunity (including the subpopulation of the T-helper cells but not the T-suppressor cells), stimulated NK and improved the ability to induce alfa- and gamma-interferons of the peripheral blood leukocytes. The experience with using high doses of bifidumbacterin forte was evident of its good tolerance and possible value in increasing the patient resistance to infection.

In the course of the study of the biochemical rapid method for the evaluation of microecological changes in the intestine by means of the test for the caseinolytic activity of fecal supernatants, the simultaneous presence of several enzymes in the samples under test was shown. Different degrees of the thermal inactivation of the active principle, linked with the expression of the positive caseinolytic sample, were established. The manifestations of caseinolytic activity, differing in their thermal stability, were found to have the proteolysis zone of equal size. The study showed the stability of this sign and its preservation during 1.5-2 years of storage of fecal supernatants in a refrigerator. Some details of making tests according to this method and the conditions ensuring the standard reproducibility of results were ascertained.

At least four food peptides were found to possess opiate-like and antibacterial properties, lys-arg-fen-ala-glu being the most active one. These peptides seem to be able to become accumulated in high concentrations in indigestion and induce an intestinal spasm and constipation.