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Background. The problem of concept formation in the visual modality remains largely unexplored. There are many studies on the formation of verbal concepts in the learning process. However, it has not yet been fully investigated how concept formation occurs in conditions when both the signified and the signifier (sign) are represented only in the visual modality and what brain mechanisms are involved in this process. Objectives. The aim of the present work was to identify the brain mechanisms of visual concepts formation, on the basis of EEG registration with subsequent localization of the sources of electrical activity. Another task is to evaluate the possibility of actualizing the process of indirect learning in the formation of visual concepts. Study Participants. 26 Russian-speaking subjects without neurological disorders: 10 males and 16 females (aged 18 to 40 years, mean age 22.92 years, SD = 6.38) participated in the study. Methods. Chinese hieroglyphs, unfamiliar to the subjects, were taken as signs. The designated ones were emoticons (schematic faces expressing various emotions). A total of 10 pairs of stimuli sign-designated were presented. A 19-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded in three successive series: 1) the initial perception of hieroglyphic signs without assigning them a category; 2) categorization of these signs in the process of associative learning, with only 8 designating stimuli-signs directly associated with the designated stimulus, while 2 stimuli-signs were never associated with the stimulus-designator, their meaning was established indirectly; 3) subsequent perception of signs with the meaning already assigned to them. All stimuli were presented to the subjects visually. A new method of localization of brain activity, “Virtually implanted electrode”, developed by A.V. Vartanov (patent RU No. 2 785 268) was applied. Results. The analysis of the subjects' responses showed that during the learning process all signs (including those formed indirectly) were assigned a certain meaning (designated). Differences in event-related potentials (ERP) were found in leads C3 and CZ. Significant differences in ERP as a result of learning were revealed in a number of brain structures. It was found that a number of functional connections between the left area of the secondary visual cortex and the right part of the cerebellum changed significantly as a result of learning. Conclusions. The development of visual categories is ensured by the coordinated work of the right part of the cerebellum, parahippocampal gyrus and primary visual cortex, which is confirmed by the discovered differences in the corresponding ERPs.

Epilepsy is a multifactorial disease, the important role in the emergence and development of which is played by hereditary factors, exogenous causes, combined effects of the exogenous causes and congenital or acquired susceptibility. Perinatal (antenatal, natal, and early postnatal) damage to the central nervous system is a common etiological factor of epilepsy in children. The paper reports the clinical case of the patient having structural focal epilepsy with bilateral tonic seizures, cramps resulting from the non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage.

Background. Given the difficulties in identifying absences and assessing the level of consciousness in epilepsy patients, it is extremely relevant to develop digital programs for automatic registration and testing of this type of epileptic seizures and related electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns, including those based on artificial intelligence.Objective: development of an algorithm for automatic detection of absence seizures to test real time patient's consciousness level during long-term video-EEG monitoring.Material and methods. The work on creating an algorithm was carried out during joint doctor/engineer cooperation. Doctors prepared a set of labeled EEG recordings of patients with verified absence epilepsy. Two independent experts in the generated examinations database mapped typical episodes of absence seizures that allowed to develop training and testing samples for a neural network algorithm to detect EEG absence epiactivity. Next, trained neural network was incorporated into Neuron- Spectrum.NET software to compare its accuracy with similar approaches published elsewhere.Results. A neural network algorithm was developed and trained using a mapped database to detect EEG absence epiactivity. A comparative analysis of the effectiveness for the proposed method vs. other approaches showed that the former is comparable in quality, whereas in some aspects – even superior to the latter. Accuracy was assessed using a publicly available database with mapped epiactivity episodes.Conclusion. A hardware and software system for automated assessment of patient’s consciousness level during absence seizure in continuous video-EEG monitoring was proposed. Potentially, neural networks may be applied not only to assess patient’s consciousness level, but also to stop stimulation-mediated seizure onset in the future.

In the rapidly evolving digital age, human-machine interface technologies are continuously being improved. Traditional methods of computer interaction, such as a mouse and a keyboard, are being supplemented and even replaced by more intuitive methods, including eye-tracking technologies. Conventional eye-tracking methods utilize cameras to monitor the direction of gaze but have their limitations. An alternative and promising approach for eye-tracking involves the use of electroencephalography, a technique for measuring brain activity. Historically, EEG was primarily limited to laboratory conditions. However, mobile and accessible EEG devices are entering the market, offering a more versatile and effective means of recording bioelectric potentials. This paper introduces a gaze localization method using EEG obtained from a mobile EEG recorder in the form of a wearable headband (provided by BrainBit). The study aims to decode neural patterns associated with different gaze directions using advanced machine learning methods, particularly neural networks. Pattern recognition is performed using both ground truth data collected from wearable camera-based eye-tracking glasses and unlabeled data. The results obtained in this research demonstrate a relationship between eye movement and EEG, which can be described and recognized through a predictive model. This integration of mobile EEG technology with eye-tracking methods offers a portable and convenient solution that can be applied in various fields, including medical research and the development of more intuitive computer interfaces.

Background. Accuracy and reliability of methods for spatial localization of brain activity based on electroencephalography (EEG) data do not lose relevance. Existing localization methods are coupled to specific difficulties due to ambiguity of the resulting solution.Ojective: verification of a new method for localizing brain activity using EEG data «Virtually Implanted Electrode» and demonstratoin of its capabilities.Material and methods. The new method was verified using deep brain stimulation (DBS) data. There were used the data from scalp electrical activity induced solely by potentials from two electrodes implanted into deep areas of human brain. It was achieved by filtering EEG signals at the stimulation frequency and excluding signals from other brain areas. A clinical case of applying the new method for EEG analysis of patient paroxysmal activity is presented as well.Results. «Virtually Implanted Electrode» method allowed to quite accurately determine the localization of DBS current sources. The effectiveness of using the method for analyzing the mechanisms of paroxysmal activity was demonstrated: based on change in potentials calculated in 33 sites of the brain (brain areas), three groups of areas were identified specifically contributing to development of paroxysmal activity. For comparison, the same artificial DBS sources were localized using other verified methods: the BrainLoc (Russia) and sLORETA (Switzerland) software providing substantially worse data.Conclusion. Identifying spatial localization of electrical potentials recorded on the scalp surface by using the new approach with the «Virtually Implanted Electrode» method shows high efficiency and reliability, demonstrating a clear advantage over other known localization methods.

The article presents a clinical case of adult patient with pharmacoresistant epilepsy lacking focal cerebral morphological changes, who was surgically implanted with a vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) system. The results of 6 months-long treatment were analyzed. In addition, available publications were reviewed to evaluate effectiveness of the VNS system in different patient groups. Current clinical case was featured with significant positive dynamics revealed by regression of epileptic seizures and no recorded epileptiform activity based on electroencephalography during VNS stimulation. In the absence of morphological cerebral focal changes in adult patients, installation of the VNS system is an effective and safe method to control pharmacoresistant epilepsy.

The current study was aimed at providing a detailed description of the major technical characteristics for electroencephalographic (EEG) equipment and their impact on quality of the recorded signal. Understanding the importance of the recording equipmenttechnical parameters will help medical professionals make the right choice while purchasing new equipment as well as correctly set the necessary recording parameters to ensure the maximum possible quality of EEG signal. In addition, the technical characteristics for EEG equipment available in Russia were compared. Such a comparison became possible after the full package of documents for registered medical equipment including data on relevant technical parameters began to be published at the Roszdravnadzor website since 2023.

MELAS syndrome (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes) belongs to the group of mitochondrial diseases. Most MELAS syndrome cases are associated with the A3243G mutation in the MTTL1 gene. A common clinical manifestation of the syndrome is presented by epileptic seizures (ES) characterized by phenotypic polymorphism and resistance to antiepileptic therapy. Diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy in patients with MELAS syndrome often poses difficulties. We present a clinical case of adult patient with MELAS syndrome with identified A3243G mutation and epilepsy. The disease course developed to severe cognitive impairment. The first focal ES occurred during stroke-like episode. Further seizures were observed spontaneously, with high frequency, often manifested as a series. Focal ES often had blurred polymorphic manifestations. The choice of drug therapy took into account the side effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) including potentially mitochondria-related negative effects. While diagnosing EP in MELAS syndrome, it should be considered that seizures often occur during stroke-like episodes and may have blurred polymorphic clinical manifestations. Cognitive impairment in patients complicates ES detection. First-line drugs should be presented by AEDs with low mitochondrial toxicity.

The development of objective methods for assessing stress levels is an important task of applied neuroscience. Analysis of EEG recorded as part of a behavioral self-control program can serve as the basis for the development of test methods that allow classifying people by stress level. It is well known that participation in meditation practices leads to the development of skills of voluntary self-control over the individual’s mental state due to an increased concentration of attention to themselves. As a consequence of meditation practices, participants can reduce overall anxiety and stress levels. The aim of our study was to develop, train and test a convolutional neural network capable of classifying individuals into groups of practitioners and non-practitioners of meditation by analysis of eventrelated brain potentials recorded during stop-signal paradigm. Four non-deep convolutional network architectures were developed, trained and tested on samples of 100 people (51 meditators and 49 non-meditators). Subsequently, all structures were additionally tested on an independent sample of 25 people. It was found that a structure using a one-dimensional convolutional layer combining the layer and a two-layer fully connected network showed the best performance in simulation tests. However, this model was often subject to overfitting due to the limitation of the display size of the data set. The phenomenon of overfitting was mitigated by changing the structure and scale of the model, initialization network parameters, regularization, random deactivation (dropout) and hyperparameters of cross-validation screening. The resulting model showed 82 % accuracy in classifying people into subgroups. The use of such models can be expected to be effective in assessing stress levels and inclination to anxiety and depression disorders in other groups of subjects.

Background. During the implementation of the project "Physiological activity of uric acid", our group discovered three variants of relationships between changes in uricemia and blood level of theophylline-sensitive CD8+ T-lymphocytes. The aim of this study is to find out the possibility of predicting one or another variants based on the set of initial parameters (predictors) of the patient. Materials and methods. Under an observations were 34 males (23-70 years) and 10 females (33-76 years) with chronic pyelonephritis in the phase of remission. Testing was performed twice - on admission and after 7-10 days of standard balneotherapy on Truskavets Spa. The main object of the study was serum and urine levels of uric acid. Other metabolic, endocrine and immune parameters were determined in the same blood and urine samples. In addition, EEG and HRV was recorded almost synchronously. Results. As a result of discriminant analysis, 23 predictors were selected. Among them, 10 reflect the power spectral density of all 4 EEG rhythms, 2 – EEG entropy, autonomous reactivity, 2 – hormones, 4 – immunity, 2 – metabolism, and another 2 – Popovych’s leukocytary indices of Strain and Adaptation. Prediction accuracy is 100%. Conclusion. The uric acid molecule, as a structural analog of methylxanthines and adenosine, exerts effects on neurons, endocrinocytes, and immunocytes, presumably through their adenosine receptors. The nature of the interaction of uric acid and adenosine receptors of theophylline-sensitive CD8+ T-lymphocytes is determined by a certain biochemical and physiological situation.

The purpose of the study: to analyze the parameters of the electroencephalogram in individuals with different levels of anxiety when performing non-verbal tasks.Object and methods. The study was conducted on 20 female students, aged 18 to 22 years. All studies were carried out on a voluntary basis, confirmed in writing, in compliance with bioethical standards governing the conduct of observations on humans. The level of situational anxiety was determined using the Spielberg-Khanin test.The spectral power of the electroencephalogram rhythms was recorded using the NVX 36 digital DC EEG neurovisor using a cap with a set of electrodes that were placed on the head of the subjects according to the international 10–20 system. The EEG recording lasted 1–2 minutes before and during the performance of nonverbal tasks. As non-verbal tasks, the subjects were asked to complete the Portsus maze test and the Cattell intellectual test. The results obtained were statistically processed. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. All data obtained are presented as arithmetic means ± standard errors of the mean, as well as changes in average values in %.Research results. It was found that the dynamics of EEG parameters in the performance of nonverbal tasks in students depends on the level of their situational anxiety. In persons with a low level of situational anxiety, when performing nonverbal tasks, an increase in the spectral power of the EEG parameters of beta2 and gamma waves in the frontal, parietal, occipital, and central leads is observed.In subjects with an average level of anxiety in the conditions of performing non-verbal tasks, the EEG parameters of beta2 and gamma waves in the frontal, occipital, and parietal leads noticeably increased. Persons with a high level of anxiety are characterized by an increase in the spectral power of alpha, beta2 and gamma rhythms in the frontal, central, parietal and occipital leads.

Purpose of this study — analysis of the possibility of using convolutional neural networks as a model for detecting epileptic seizures on real EEG data. Methods. In this paper, wavelet analysis is used for time-frequency analysis. To localize epileptic discharges, the task of detecting them was reduced to the classification task and the ResNet18 architecture of neural network was used. Techniques were used to augment and balance the biomedical data dataset under consideration. Wavelet analysis is used for time-frequency analysis. To localize epileptic discharges, the problem of their detection was reduced to the classification task, and the ResNet18 neural network architecture was used. Techniques were used to augment and balance the considered biomedical dataset. Results. Convolutional neural network can be successfully used to detect epileptic seizures, a method of postprocessing the results of primary detection is proposed to improve the quality of the model. It is shown that the developed model demonstrates high accuracy in comparison with other methods based on classical machine learning algorithms. The value of the F1-score metric reaches 0.44, which is a high value for classification of the real biological data. Conclusion. The presented model based on a convolutional neural network for detecting epileptic seizures on an EEG recording can become the main one in medical decision support systems for epileptologist.

Massive anoxic brain injury caused by cardiac arrest leads to wakefulness suppression up to coma. The prediction of outcome is based on the analysis of the clinical features and the results of instrumental tests. One of the well-known signs of an unfavorable prognosis is involuntary motor activity, which is most commonly represented by myoclonus. In case of their cortical origin, they are accompanied by epileptiform activity in the electroencephalogram (EEG).Material and methods. We present a case series and literature review concerning a very rare fatal sign, non-rhythmic spontaneous eye opening accompanied by a «burst-suppression» pattern (BS) in the EEG. All patients suffered from transient acute hypotension or arrhythmia that required cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in three cases. A literature search found only 11 publications describing post-anoxic tonic eye-opening (PATEO).Results. The PATEO with BS was observed for less than a day followed by cessation of brain bioelectric activity in all patients. Only two patients exhibited isolated eye-opening and closing, while the rest had axial and limbs myoclonus just after CPR. In one case, eyelid opening was followed by a clonic movement of the head to the right, the EEG bursts were prolonged and had spike-like morphology. Three patients received antiepileptic and sedative therapy. All patients died in 3-43 days after the fatal cardiovascular event.Visual superposition of bursts in EEG and myogram of m. orbicularis oculi demonstrating identical morphology for EEG and myographic bursts was described for the first time. Our cases and literature review confirm that, regardless of the intensive treatment, patients with PATEO have fatal outcomes.Conclusion. The clinical and electrographic PATEO with BS phenomenon always indicates a lethal prognosis. The origin of PATEO is still under discussion. We suggest that it could be caused by disinhibition of subcortical and stem structures during extensive death of cerebral cortical neurons.

This article is aimed at familiarizing medical specialists involved in the registration and analysis of electroencephalographic (EEG) examinations with the basic principles of work and the capabilities of current computer software for EEG recording and analyzing. Understanding the basics of how the software works should help medical staff use all its functionality correctly and ultimately improve the quality of medical care. The basic and innovative capabilities of computer software in the field of mathematical processing and analysis of EEG signals are discussed, the limitations of using mathematical processing methods are described.

The problem of a large number of people with cardiovascular diseases and brain diseases is relevant all over the world. The problem of mortality and the consequences of these diseases is particularly acute. Therefore, an important way in medical instrumentation is to improve and increase the amount of information with the help of external methods of diagnosing these diseases. Nanosensors have been developed at Tomsk Polytechnic University to significantly improve the quality of electrophysiological measurements. It is proposed to apply the developed nanosensors for ECG and EEG mapping.

The physical and mental health of the members of society is an important measure of development. With every aspect of life, Stress is a major problem now-a-days which is associated with a large number of mental and physical disorders. It is the need of the hour that the proper stress analysis should be done and the treatment of stress is incorporated. The Mizaj is also an important measure of a healthy living which is also related to psychological conditions like stress relaxation. With emerging technology of Biomedical Engineering, it is now easily possible to regularly analyze, monitor and take care of treatment of stress in a more organized way than earlier. The stress level may be measured with tests such as EEG and the treatment to improve stress levels is adopted with regular monitoring of the stress level by measuring the brain signals. Improvement in stress levels will indicate the correct direction of treatment and no improvement will indicate that the mode of treatment has to be changed.

A clinical case of a patient with pharmacoresistant epilepsy due to focal cortical dysplasia (PCD) directly adjacent to the speech zone in the left temporal region is presented. The diagnostic search and transition from MRI-negative form to structural focal epilepsy progressed for more than 6 years. It was accounted for by the fact that type IIa vs. IIb FCD is visualized much worse, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signs of type IIa FCD are not so prominent, so that this type of dysplasia is often omitted. Functional research methods in epileptology, such as video-electroencephalography monitoring, brain positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, functional MRI of speech zones, allow to more accurately verify the form of epilepsy and determine a scope of surgical treatment. Surgical intervention in carefully selected patients may contribute to favorable outcome of epilepsy (Engel 1, 51-months follow-up), which will lead to improved quality of life.

The article is aimed at familiarizing medical specialists involved in registration and analysis of electroencephalographic (EEG) examinations with the basic principles of operation and the design of a modern EEG recorder. Understanding the technical fundamentals behind operation of EEG equipment should help medical personnel to correctly use all its capabilities and ultimately improve quality of medical care. The basic diagram of the electroencephalograph operation, the types and features of EEG electrodes, the opportunities and limitations of digitally processed bioelectric signals are discussed. A review on the main technical characteristics of EEG equipment and their influence on the quality of the recorded signal is presented.

The description of new promising method of functional neuroimaging, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), is presented. General information on functional tomography and its features in children are given. Brief description on the history of fNIRS development, the method itself, its advantages and disadvantages are covered. fNIRS implementation areas in science and clinical practice are clarified. fNIRS features are described, and the role of this method among others in functional tomography is determined. It was noted that fNIRS significantly complements other research and diagnostic methods, including functional magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, induced potentials, thereby expanding the range of scientific and clinical issues that can be solved by functional neuroimaging.

The current literature lacks data on the incidence of intraoperative awakening during xenon anesthesia. This could be due to amnesia preventing memories of the intraoperative awakening.The objective: to determine the concentration of xenon in the xenon-oxygen mixture, which causes amnesia for events during inhalation in 100% of patients, and to make correlations with the depth of hypnosis as per Kugler scale.Subjects and Methods: 34 patients with chronic neurogenic pain who received 111 20-minute inhalations with concentration of xenon up to 50% were included in the study. Amnesia evaluation, EEG monitoring, and pain assessment on a visual analog scale (VAS) were performed.Results. Amnesic effect developed in 100% of patients at xenon concentration of 45%. On inhalation of xenon at concentrations of up to 50%, EEG changes did not exceed D1 grade on Kugler scale. The decrease in bispectral index (BIS) did not reach the level of deep sedation (Me 96.2%) at xenon concentration of 50%. The decrease in pain on VAS was approximately 60%.Conclusions. Xenon inhalations cause transient congradic amnesia at concentrations of 45% or more. The accuracy of the BIS monitoring readings may be reduced when using xenon in a monovariant. Inhalations of xenon-oxygen mixture in concentrations up to 50% showed good analgesic properties in the framework of combined therapy of chronic pain syndrome.

Background. Schizophrenia is a socially signifi cant disease that takes a variety of forms. The form of the course determines prescribing antipsychotic drugs with a different range of clinical effects. The study of the pharmacological activity of neuroleptics involves an experimental model using animals which makes it possible to reproduce some aspects of schizophrenia.Objectives. The study is aimed at evaluating the antipsychotic activity of 5-HT2A— RU-31 antagonist and atypical neuroleptic clozapine in behavioral tests and electroencephalography (EEG).Methods. The research methodology involved a dysontogenetic model of schizophrenia, implemented via aspiration destruction of the ventral hippocampus of rats on day 7 of postnatal development. The study was carried out on white outbred male rats selected from the offspring of females, represented by a simple random sample, provided by Rappolovo animal breeding facility of the National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”. Injection of the studied substances was initiated on day 35 of postnatal development. Motor activity was assessed on day 54 of postnatal development in the Open Field unit and included assessing vertical motor activity, measured as the number of acts of verticalization in 5 minutes, and horizontal motor activity of rats, recorded as the number of crossed squares in 5 minutes. EEG signals were recorded on day 55 of postnatal development; thereafter the spectral density was calculated in the delta- (д) (0.4–4 Hz), theta- (и) (4.8–8 Hz), alpha- (б) (8–12 Hz) and beta- (в) (12–30 Hz) frequency ranges and the effect of the “operation” and “substance” factors on spectral density was evaluated in comparison with control groups. Statistical data processing was performed using GraphPad Prism 9 (Insight Partners, USA).Results. The antipsychotic activity of 1-(2-diethylaminoethyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-imidazo[1,2-a] benzimidazole — RU-31 compound with 5-HT2A-antagonistic mechanism of action was evaluated. RU-31 compound (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) statistically signifi cantly reduced vertical and horizontal spontaneous locomotor activity in rats with psychotic disorder by 18.8% and 20.9%, while the atypical neuroleptic clozapine (2 mg/kg, i.p.) signifi cantly reduced these values by 41.15% and 27.67%, respectively. The 5-HT2A-receptor antagonist RU-31 increased EEG signal power in the delta range by 123.33% and decreased it in the alpha range by 41.86% in surgically operated animals (p < 0.05). Clozapine increased the EEG signal power in all studied frequency ranges: in delta — by 107.99%, theta — by 97.16%, alpha — by 41.86% and in beta — by 49.16% in animals with neonatal destruction of the ventral hippocampus (p < 0.05).Conclusion. The studied substances contributed to the correction of behavioural disturbances associated with hypermobility as well as electrophysiological changes induced by a surgical operation, while similar activity was not observed (or was observed to a lesser extent) in healthy animals.

The purpose of this article is to familiarize medical specialists involved in registration and analysis of electroencephalographic (EEG) studies using methods of mathematical processing and analysis for recorded EEG data. Understanding the principles of how quantitative EEG analysis tools work should help medical personnel to properly use their capabilities and ultimately improve quality of medical care. Here, we discuss basic and innovative mathematical tools for EEG processing and analysis.

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard for testing the efficacy of cancer therapy. Although the results of clinical trials have high internal validity, their generalizability, that is, the ability to transfer the results to a wide patient population, is limited. Therefore, users and health care workers may experience less effective intervention in real practice than stated in the RCT. There are many reasons for the formation of a gap between efficacy and effectiveness (efficacyeffectiveness gap; EEG), that is, the measure of impact on RCTs and the real-world. These reasons include, for example, different characteristics of patients in the trial and real practice, compliance to treatment, features of medical care, and others. To illustrate this problem, a review of some studies on the estimation of the magnitude and analysis of the possible causes of this gap is presented. In most of the studies cited, EEG was identified, its probable explanations were proposed, and additional estimates were made to establish the contribution of various factors to its magnitude. These publications» authors show that real-world patients are older, have worse functional status, and have a greater number of comorbidities. They are women mostly and are less likely to complete the treatment they have started or move to the next line of therapy, in contrast to participants in RCTs. Additionally, this article proposes various analytical approaches to determine the weight of the main causal factors in the formation of a discrepancy between efficacy and effectiveness, which can be used in the development of the methodology of relevant studies.Knowing the size of the EEG when using different treatment regimens in their region and understanding the extent to which one or another factor can influence the size of this gap, the clinician will be able to predict the effectiveness of treatment and choose the best therapy for a particular patient.

Management of elderly and senile patients is a major challenge due to significant comorbidity, especially in surgery under general anesthesia.The aim of the review was to identify the optimal method of anesthesia for knee arthroplasty in elderly patients based on the available clinical and experimental studies.We searched PubMed, Medline, and Elibrary.ru databases for relevant sources. Out of more than 300 publications initially analyzed, 113 literature sources (dating from 1951 to 2021) were included in the review, of which 80 were published within the last five years (2016–2021). The inclusion criteria were high informative value and relevance, except for sources cited as historical references. Both randomized multicenter studies and individual case reports were included in the review. Exclusion criteria were low informative value, outdated and repetitive data.We reviewed the physiology of elderly and senile patients, various variants of anesthesia, the use of neuroaxial anesthesia and peripheral regional blocks, xenon-based general anesthesia, assessed the advantages and drawbacks of each method, and discussed the monitoring of the depth of anesthesia and the issues of inraoperative awareness during knee arthroplasty in elderly and senile patients.Conclusion. The choice of anesthesia for knee arthroplasty in elderly and senile patients should be based on the risks of decompensation of cardiovascular comorbidities and cognitive impairment. No known anesthetic method is ideal in terms of safety. The use of xenon as the main anesthetic seems promising due to its cardio- and neuroprotective properties. However, its use is limited due to relatively high cost. Therefore, the search for optimal (lower than recommended) inhalation concentrations may lead to expanding use of xenon in elderly and senile patients. At the same time, the use of lower concentrations of the drug is associated with the intraoperative awakening and the need for its combination with narcotic analgesics or amnestic agents, which may not be optimal. In addition, the protective effect of xenon retrograde amnesia against the stress of unintended intraoperative awakening has not been studied, and routine methods of monitoring the depth of hypnosis when using xenon often yield skewed measurement results inconsistent with the clinical manifestations of anesthesia.Therefore, there is a need for further studies concerning the retrograde amnesic effect of xenon and search for optimal methods of assessing the depth of hypnosis when using this gas to safely reduce its inhalation concentration.

Background. During the implementation of the project "Physiological activity of uric acid", our group discovered four variants of the combination of levels of uricemia and uricosuria in patients with chronic pyelonephritis in the remission phase, which are accompanied by characteristic constellations of parameters of the central and autonomic nervous, endocrine, and immune systems, as well as the exchange of nitrogenous metabolites and electrolytes, the levels of which correlate with uricemia and/or uricosuria. The aim of this study is to clarify the relationship between parameters of uric acid exchange and neuroendocrine-immune complex as well as other metabolites. Materials and methods. Under an observations were 34 males (23-70 years) and 10 females (33-76 years) with chronic pyelonephritis in the phase of remission. The main object of the study was serum and urine levels of uric acid. Other metabolic, endocrine and immune parameters were determined in the same blood and urine samples. In addition, EEG and HRV was recorded almost synchronously. Results. Among all registered parameters, 28 were identified as characteristic of the four variants of uric acid metabolism. The discriminant model includes, in addition to uricosuria and uricemia by definition, 10 neuroendocrine, 5 immune, and 6 metabolic parameters, as well as bacteriuria, Bifidobacteria of feces, entropy of immunocytogram and Popovych’s leukocytogram strain index. According to the results of the canonical correlation analysis, it was established that balneotherapy-induced concomitant changes in uricosuria and uricemia positively determine changes in, first, the PSD of the theta-rhythm in the T3 locus and beta-rhythm in the O2 locus aa well as HRV-markers of vagal tone and sympatho-vagal balance; secondly – diuresis and excretion of urea, magnesium, sodium, phosphates, calcium, potassium and chloride, as well as calciumemia and magnesiumemia; thirdly – serum IgG and CIC. Instead, changes in cortisolemia and testosteroneemia as well as TNF-alpha and the intensity of Staph. aureus phagocytosis are subject to negative determination. In general, the rate of uric acid determination of the dynamics of the listed parameters of the body is 96%. Conclusion. The uric acid molecule, as a structural analog of methylxanthines and adenosine, exerts effects on neurons, endocrinocytes, and immunocytes, presumably through their adenosine receptors, and the metabolic effects of uric acid are the consequences of its neuro-endocrine effects.

Introduction Research results show that one of the greatest health challenges of the 21st century, especially in developed countries, is becoming the fight against the effects of living too fast, including the fight against occupational stress and burnout. Aim of the study The purpose of this article is to elucidate the neurophysiological determinants of occupational stress and burnout, including ocupational, including through the path of research review and the development of computational models based on artificial intelligence. Materials and methods A literature search was conducted in six bibliographic databases: PubMed, EBSCO, PEDro, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar. Articles were searched in English using the following keywords: occupational stress, burnout, marker, electroencephalography, EEG, magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, fMRI, computed tomography, CT, positron emission tomography, PET, computational model, machine learning, artificial intelligence, virtual patient, digital twin and similar. Neurophysiological determinants of occupational stress and burnout as far as computational models of occupational stress and burnout were analysed and discussed. Results The best currently observed neurophysiological markers of occupational stress and burnout may currently be a combination of EEG analysis (alpha power (IAF, PAF), P300, ERP (VPP and EPN)), diagnostic PET imaging (ACC, insular cortex and hippocampus) and monitoring changes in cortisol, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and thyroid hormones, as well as plasma BDNF levels. In addition, ERPs (LPPs) are a marker significantly differentiating burnout from depression. Conclusions The combination of traditional clinimetric tests, the aforementioned neurophysiological tests and AI-based big data analysis will provide new classifiers, highly accurate results and new diagnostic methods.

Background. During the implementation of the project "Physiological activity of uric acid", our group discovered four variants of the combination of levels of uricemia and uricosuria both in healthy rats and in people with chronic pyelonephritis and cholecystitis in the remission phase, which are accompanied by characteristic constellations of parameters of the autonomic nervous, endocrine, and immune systems, as well as the exchange of nitrogenous metabolites and electrolytes, the levels of which correlate with uricemia and/or uricosuria. The aim of this study is to clarify the relationship between parameters of uric acid metabolism and electroencephalogram (EEG) in humans. Materials and methods. Under an observations were 34 males and 10 females by age 24-76 years with chronic pyelonephritis and cholecystitis in the phase of remission. The object of the study was serum and urine levels of uric acid (uricase method) as well as EEG. Results. It was identified 12 parameters as characteristic of uric acid metabolism clusters. Another 42 EEG parameters were found to be out of the discriminant model, despite the clear recognition ability. A strong canonical correlation between EEG parameters and uricemia (R=0,729) and a moderate correlation with uricosuria (R=0,553) were revealed. Even stronger connections were found between changes in parameters of uric acid metabolism and EEG under the influence of balneotherapy: R=0,901 and 0,681 respectively. Conclusion. Uric acid has both activating and inhibitory effects on EEG parameters. The neurotropic effect of uric acid as a structural analogue of methylxanthines and adenosine is realized, apparently, through various adenosine receptors.

Objective: to compare the methods of electroencephalography (EEG) and amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG), related technical features, their clinical application in newborns at the intensive care unit, as well as a correlation between aEEG and other diagnostic methods (neurological status, neurosonography).Material and methods. Fifty-two newborns were examined who mainly born at full-term or had an initial degree of prematurity. In 29 infants, seizures were recorded, which were noted 1–5 times. An EEG was performed within 107.7±32.7 minutes followed by further software aEEG processing.Results. While analyzing aEEG, significant differences were found among the indices of delta 2 activity denoted as a percentage in premature vs. full-term infants relative to other rhythms. It was shown that prevalence of high-amplitude delta 2 activity throughout entire recording presented as percentage was higher in infants with vs. without seizures.Conclusion. It was demonstrated that aEEG clarifies and supplements the data obtained with routine EEG, and can be used not only for conducting continuous monitoring of neonatal brain functions, but also as an additional program to a standard EEG study. The method has a great potential for specifying diagnosis and further neonatal neurological support at intensive care units.

Background and Objectives: the coupling of EEG signals during an epileptic seizure in patients during coma is being studied. Materials and Methods: the analysis of the applicability of the method of detecting the interaction between oscillatory systems based on the phase dynamics modeling to EEG signals during an epilepsy seizure in comatose patients is carried out. Results: a method of preliminary filtering of EEG signals has been proposed and the values of the method parameters have been selected, which allow obtaining reliable estimates of directional coupling at a significance level of 0.05. As an example, the analysis of the couplings between EEG signals of two patients with the mentioned pathologies was carried out using the method of the coupling estimation developed in this work.

In this work, the features of the formation of the epileptic system in male and female rats, depending on the stages of the estrous cycle, were studied on the model of focal cobalt epilepsy. It was found that in male rats at the stable stage of the first stage of development of the epileptic system, Epi activity (the number and duration of discharges per minute) is most pronounced in the contralateral and ipsilateral cortex, and in female rats, the leading brain structures involved in the generation of EpA depend on the phases of the estrous cycle. In the diestrus2 phase, in females, the leading structure generating EpA, as in males, is the contralateral cortex, and in the proestrus and estrus phases, which are characterized by a high content of sex hormones, in females there is a significant predominance of EpA in the lateral hypothalamus and dorsal hippocampus.

Рurpose of this work is to study the effect of previous sensory information on the brain’s processing of current visual stimuli. Bistable images (Necker cubes) with a high degree of ambiguity (HA) and a low degree of ambiguity (LA) were used as visual stimuli. Methods. In this paper, we used wavelets to identify features of the brain activity signals. A multivariate analysis of variance was used to compare behavioral characteristics. Spectral power and event-related spectral perturbations were compared via a cluster-based permutation test using the FieldTrip package for Matlab. Results. We found that when the HA stimuli followed the LA stimuli, the activity of neurons in the sensory areas decreased in the early processing stage but increased in the later stages. This result confirmed the hierarchical organization of processing, where the low levels processed the details of the stimulus, and the high levels represented its interpretation. We supposed that processing of HA and LA stimuli was similar at low levels due to their similar morphology. Therefore, the brain might use the LA stimulus template at low levels to reduce the demands when processing the details of the HA stimulus. When the LA stimulus followed the HA stimulus, a weakened response in the sensory regions accompanied a high response in the frontal cortex. It reflected activation of the top-down cognitive functions, detecting a mismatch between the LA stimulus and the HA stimulus template. Conclusion. These results expanded the existing knowledge about the sensory processing mechanisms.

This review article describes the clinic of neurological symptoms in COVID-19, their diagnosis and the consequences of the disease. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, public Internet search engines and on the websites of medical journals to identify articles published in 2020-2021 that described neurological symptoms in patients with COVID-19, the results of MRI images, EEG studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human electroencephalogram (EEG) constitutes a nonstationary, nonlinear electrophysiological signal resulting from synchronous firing of neurons in thalamocortical structures of the brain. Due to the complexity of the brain's physiological structures and its rhythmic oscillations, analysis of EEG often utilises spectral analysis methods.Aim: to improve clinical monitoring of neurophysiological signals and to further explain basic principles of functional mechanisms in the brain during anaesthesia.Material and methods. In this paper we used Empirical Mode decomposition (EMD), a novel spectral analysis method especially suited for nonstationary and nonlinear signals. EMD and the related Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) decompose signal into constituent Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs). In this study we applied EMD to analyse burst-suppression (BS) in the human EEG during induction of general anaesthesia (GA) with propofol. BS is a state characterised by cyclic changes between significant depression of brain activity and hyper-active bursts with variable duration, amplitude, and waveform shape. BS arises after induction into deep general anaesthesia after an intravenous bolus of general anaesthetics. Here we studied the behaviour of BS using the burst-suppression ratio (BSR).Results. Comparing correlations between EEG and IMF BSRs, we determined BSR was driven mainly by alpha activity. BSRs for different spectral components (IMFs 1-4) showed differing rates of return to baseline after the end of BS in EEG, indicating BS might differentially impair neural generators of low-frequency EEG oscillations and thalamocortical functional connectivity.Conclusion. Studying BS using EMD represents a novel form of analysis with the potential to elucidate neurophysiological mechanisms of this state and its impact on post-operative patient prognosis.

The study used the method of cobalt epilepsy, which allows rats with long-term implanted electrodes in the cortical and subcortical structures of the brain to monitor the dynamics of the formation and migration of Epi-foci for a long time. It was found that in the control at the 1st stage of development of the Epi system, Epi activity is most pronounced in the electrocorticograms of the ipsilateral cortex, and at the 2nd, stable stage of development of the Epi system – in the contralateral cortex and subcortical structures. The compound GIZH-290 (the original structural analogue of levetiracetam) reduces the number of Epi discharges and their duration at the 2nd, stable stage of the development of the Epi system. The target structure of the GIZH – 290 compound was the hippocampus. The compound GIZH -290 selectively statistically significantly reduces both the number and duration of Epi – discharges only in the hippocampus and does not affect the foci of epileptic activity in the ipsi-and contralateral cortex and hypothalamus.

Purpose of the study. To study functional changes in the neuropsychological status of reproductive age patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer and to assess the possibility of using xenon-oxygen therapy to correct disorders.Patients and methods. This study included 60 reproductive age patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer who were undergoing surgical treatment at the Department of Bone, Skin, Soft Tissue and Breast Tumors of the National Medical Research Centre for Oncology of the Ministry of Health of Russia from 2018 to 2020. The main group included 30 patients with breast cancer diagnosed at the surgical stage of combined treatment, who underwent a rehabilitation course of xenon-oxygen therapy in the early postoperative period. The control group was formed from patients with the same diagnosis, without the use of this therapy. The functional state of the central nervous system in all patients was assessed by the parameters of the electroencephalography (EEG) bioelectrical activity. For the final assessment of the physiological and psychological state of the patients, a standardized questionnaires of the quality of life – ESAS, MOS-SF‑36, were used. Statistical data processing was performed using the Statistica 10 software package. Results. During the study, statistically significant differences were found in the assessment of subjective indicators, so in the group of patients using xenon-oxygen therapy, there was an improvement in well-being by 2.6 times, a decrease in depression by 2.3 times, a decrease in symptoms of nausea by 3 times, anxiety 1.9 times (p < 0.05). Against the background of an improvement in the psychophysiological state, the EEG showed a significant increase in the power of slow delta and theta rhythms, an increase in the power of the alpha rhythm and a decrease in the power of the beta rhythm, while in the patients of the control group only a decrease in the power of the beta rhythm was noted.Conclusion. The early postoperative period in patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer is characterized by the formation of a depressive symptom complex. The use of a course of xenon-oxygen therapy contributes to the normalization of the subjective feeling of physical and psychological health, increasing vital and social activity. Changes in the indicators of brain bioelectric activity and an improvement in psychophysiological state occur against the background of changes in brain activity caused by the normalizing effect of xenon.

Background. The dramatic events of the Russian-Ukrainian war around the Chornobyl’ nuclear power plant (NPP) once again opened up the healed wound inflicted by radionuclides on the human body not only in Ukraine, but also in Belarus and the border regions of Russia. The drama of the situation was further intensified by the events surrounding the Zaporizhzhia NPP. This prompted us to turn to the archive of the Truskavetsian Scientific School of Balneology and process the results of research that, due to certain technical and ethical circumstances, remained unanalyzed. Material and methods. The cohort of observation in 1997 were 19 men and 3 women who were exposed to pathogenic factors of the accident at the Chоrnobylian nuclear power plant during the liquidation of its consequences in 1986. The subject of the study was EEG and HRV parameters. The survey was conducted twice - on admission and after two weeks of rehabilitation at the Truskavets’ Spa. Results. Screening of the registered parameters revealed a pronounced sympathotonic shift of the autonomic balance, as well as a statistically significant deviation from the norm of 18 EEG parameters (increase in 8 and decrease in 10). Under the influence of two-week balneotherapy, 5 increased and 5 decreased EEG parameters normalized, but the remaining abnormal EEG and HRV parameters were resistant to the influence of balneofactors. Conclusion. Neurophysiological disorders, detected even 11 years after the effects of the factors of the Chornobyl’ disaster, differ both in severity and sensitivity to the sanogenic effect of the adaptogenic factors of the Truskavets’ Spa.

Background. Ergometric physical working capacity (PWC) testing has a long tradition in occupational medicine. PWC can be tested, using performance indicators like VO2max or the mechanical power. However, the calculated by bicycle ergometry PWC in reality reflects the reaction of the autonomic nervous system to muscle load, which, in turn, is strong, but still not absolutely complete, correlates with VO2max as a real indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness. The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between PWC, calculated based on the result of two-stage bicycle ergometry, and the parameters of neuro-endocrine regulation as well as sexual differences in such relationships. Materials and Methods. The object of observation were 30 women 29-76 (49,4±11,0) years and 30 men 24-69 (47,4±12,0) years without a clinical diagnosis, but with the deviations from the norm in a number of parameters of the neuro-endocrine-immune complex as a manifestation of maladaptation. For estimation of PWC a two-stage bicycle ergometry used. Parameters of EEG, HRV and adaptation hormones levels registered twice with an interval of 4 or 7 days. Results. In men, PWC correlates negatively with plasma levels of cortisol (r=-0,52) and triiodothyronine (r=-0,47), but positively with levels of calcitonin (r=0,25) and testosterone (r=0,22). The coefficient of multiple correlation R=0,705. In women, the correlation of the twice lower PWC with cortisol and calcitonin is weaker (r=-0,31 and 0,18, respectively), and is absent with testosterone and triiodothyronine, instead it was found in relation to aldosterone (r=-0,24); R=0,394. The PWC regression model for men includes 6 HRV and 11 EEG parameters (R=0,846), while for women only the mode HRV (r=-0,56) and two EEG parameters (R=0,608). Conclusion. PWC levels in men are generally downregulated by cortisol, triiodothyronine, sympathetic tone, and θ-rhythm generating neurons, but upregulated by testosterone, calcitonin, vagal tone, and related α-rhythm generating neurons. In women, PWC levels are borderline downregulated by cortisol and aldosterone, but significantly upregulated by circulating catecholamines and β-rhythm generating neurons.

This article contains a review of modern foreign concepts and empirical studies of dyadic synchrony mechanism which manifests in temporal alignment of biological rhythms and behavior of individuals participating in a paired interaction. Due to the development of neuroimaging techniques, the interest in hyperscanning has increased, as it allows to register brain activity of two or more individuals capturing the mechanism of dyadic synchrony. In this article such manifestations of dyadic synchrony as changes in the electrical brain activity, cardiac rhythms, respiratory rate, hormonal levels, and behavior are described. Dyadic synchrony at the early stages of development underlies individuals’ ability to learn, feel empathy, develop attachment and build close relationships.

Background. Earlier we showed that the qualitative-quantitative clusters of blood pressure (BP) are very clearly different from each other by age, sex and the constellation of neuro-endocrine, immune and metabolic variables, which we called the Tensioregulome by analogy with the metabolome and the microbiome. The purpose of this study is detailing this concept. Materials and methods. Under an observations were 44 patients with chronic pyelonephritis and cholecystitis in the phase of remission. Testing was performed twice - on admission and after 7-10 days of standard balneotherapy. The main object of the study was BP. We determined parameters of EEG and HRV, plasma levels of adaptation hormones, electrolytes, lipids, and nitrogenous metabolites, components of humoral, cellular, and phagocytic links of immunity and microbiota as well as markers of pyelonephritis. Results. The forward stepwise program identified 42 Tensioregulome parameters as characteristic of quantitative-qualitative blood pressure clusters: 25 EEGs, sympathetic tone, cortisol, calcitonin, Bifidobacteria faeces, 5 metabolic and 5 immune parameters as well as sex and age. The accuracy of patient classification is 97,7%. Another 15 parameters were found to be characteristic, but were outside the discriminant model. Non-linear correlations between the BP and Tensioregulome parameters were revealed. Conclusion. The Tensioregulome allows us to reliably evaluate quantitative-qualitative levels of blood pressure without measuring it with a tonometer.

Background. Earlier we studied the neural, endocrine, immune, microbiome and metabolome accompaniments of quantitative-qualitative blood pressure (BP) clusters of profile patients of Truskavets’ spa. The obtained results give us grounds to put forward the concept of tensioregulome by analogy with the metabolome and the microbiome. The purpose of this study is detailing this concept. Materials and methods. Under an observations were 44 patients with chronic pyelonephritis and cholecystitis in the phase of remission. Testing was performed twice - on admission and after 7-10 days of standard balneotherapy. The main object of the study was BP. We determined parameters of EEG and HRV, plasma levels of adaptation hormones, electrolytes, lipids, and nitrogenous metabolites, components of humoral, cellular, and phagocytic links of immunity and markers of pyelonephritis. Results. The forward stepwise program identified 26 tensioregulome parameters as characteristic of quantitative-qualitative blood pressure clusters: 10 EEG, 6 metabolic, 6 immune, testosterone, cotrisol, sympathetic tone as well as sex. The accuracy of patient classification is 98,9%. Another 25 parameters were found to be characteristic, but were outside the discriminant model, including 11 EEG, 2 HRV, 5 metabolic, 4 immune, bacteriuria, body mass index, and age. Both linear and non-linear correlations between the BP and tensioregulome parameters were revealed. Conclusion. The quantitative-qualitative blood pressure clusters have a characteristic accompaniment named tensioregulome.

The goal of the present study is to investigate the effect of healthy aging on the neuronal mechanisms supporting human brain activity during motor task performance. Such biomarkers of the age-related changes can be detected using mathematical methods of time-series analysis and complexity analysis. Methods. In the present paper, recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) measures are employed to explore the complexity of the pre-movement EEG in young and elderly adult groups. To evaluate the neural brain response during motor execution, we applied the traditional methods of time-frequency analysis. Results. The proposed approach demonstrated that (i) the RQA measures show a significant increase of complexity in elderly adults; (ii) increased pre-movement EEG complexity comes with the reduced motor-related brain response in the α/µ-band (p < 0.01), estimated via the traditional methods of time-frequency analysis. It allows to conclude that the increased pre-movement EEG complexity indicates the weak neuronal plasticity degenerated under the factor of age. Conclusion. The complexity of the pre-movement α/μ-band neuronal oscillations could be considered as a relevant measure for the detection of age-related cognitive or motor impairments. Besides, applied RQA method demonstrated a good ability to assess the complexity features of pre-stimulus EEG and provided a clear interpretation of age-related changes in electrical activity of the brain cortex.

There are different diagnostic methods that used for localization of the seizure onset zone in focal refractory epilepsy cases. Invasive video-EEG recording is the «gold standard» in determining the epileptogenic zone among other diagnostic methods. Invasive EEG already has a long history of using. This article provides historical review and analysis of the techniques, their advantages and disadvantages, current issues.

Background. Earlier we showed that the newly created sulfate-chloride sodium-magnesium drinking mineral waters “Myroslava” (5 g/L) and “Khrystyna” (10 g/L) have favorable effects on neuroendocrine-immune complex and metabolism of patients with their violations. At the same time, the influence of both waters on one constellation of parameters is similar, despite the twofold difference in mineralization, while on the other constellation it is different. The aim of this study was to elucidate the neuroendocrine mechanism of specific effects. Materials and Methods. The object of clinical-physiological observation were 22 men aged 23-70 years, who underwent rehabilitation treatment of chronic pyelonephritis and cholecystitis in remission in the Truskavets’ spa. The examination was performed twice, before and after a 7-10-day course of balneotherapy. All patients received bioactive water Naftussya, however, 11 men additionally drank water "Khrystyna", and the other 11 men - water "Myroslava". The subject of the study were the parameters of the neuroendocrine-immune complex and metabolism. Results. The method of canonical analysis shows that the changes in neuroendocrine factors (LF and VLF bands HRV; beta- and delta-rhythm-generating nerve structures, cortisol and aldosterone determine changes in the parameters of immunity, microbiota, metabolism and cholekinetics by 99,5-98,6%. Conclusion. The primary effects of mineral waters are the modulation of the activity of the structures of the central and autonomic nervous and endocrine systems, which, in turn, have a regulatory modulating effect on the immune system, microbiota, metabolism, cholekinetics and blood pressure.

Background. Earlier in experiments on rats, it was shown that drinking mineral water, regardless of their mineralization and chemical composition, have similar (nonspecific) course effects on a number of parameters of metabolism and neuroendocrine-immune complex. The aim of this study is to identify such parameters in patients of Truskavets’ spa who received complex drinking balneotherapy. Materials and Methods. The object of clinical-physiological observation were 34 men aged 23-70 years, who underwent rehabilitation treatment of chronic cholecystitis and pyelonephritis in remission. The examination was performed twice, before and after a 7-10-day course of balneotherapy. All patients received bioactive water Naftussya, therewith, 11 men additionally drank sulfate-chloride sodium-magnesium water "Khrystyna" (5 g/L), and the other 11 men - water "Myroslava" with a similar chemical composition, but twice the mineralization. The object of the study were the parameters of the electroencephalogram, heart rate variability (HRV), hormones, metabolism, immunity, microbiota and cholekinetics. Results. The complex balneotherapy by interval use of Naftussya water with sulfate-chloride sodium-magnesium mineral waters causes similar significant changes in the constellation of 10 EEGs, 10 metabolic, 10 microbiota and 4 immune parameters as well as total power and entropy of HRV, calcitonin and testosterone plasma levels and cholecystokinetics activity index. Conclusion. Balneofactors of Truskavets’ spa causes non-specific modulating effects on parameters of neuroendocrine regulation, metabolism, immunity, microbiota and cholekinetics in patients with chronic pyelonephritis and cholecystitis.

Background. Earlier in an experiment on rats we showed that newly created sulfate-chloride sodium-magnesium drinking mineral waters "Myroslava" and "Khrystyna" of Truskavets’ spa has a significant modulating effects on the parameters of metabolism and the autonomic nervous, endocrine and immune systems. Adhering to the principle "Ex experimento ad clinic", we continued research in this direction with the participation of patients of the resort. We showed that these mineral waters have favorable effects on metabolic, HRVs, EEGs, endocrine and immune parameters. This article presents an integrated assessment of previously identified effects. Materials and Methods. The object of clinical-physiological observation were 34 men aged 23-70 years, who underwent rehabilitation treatment of chronic cholecystitis and pyelonephritis in remission in the Truskavets’ spa. The examination was performed twice, before and after a 7-10-day course of balneotherapy. All patients received bioactive water Naftussya, however, 11 men additionally drank water "Khrystyna", and the other 11 men water "Myroslava". The subject of the study were the parameters of the neuroendocrine-immune complex and metabolism. Results. The complex balneotherapy by interval use of sulfate-chloride sodium-magnesium mineral waters with Naftusya water causes significant changes in the constellation of EEGs, HRVs, endocrine, metabolic and immune parameters, which are different from the effects of Naftusya water monotherapy. Own effects of mineral waters are estimated by modeling. In general, the effects are physiologically favorable and have a normalizing nature. Conclusion. The newly created sulfate-chloride sodium-magnesium drinking mineral waters of Truskavets’ spa have favorable neuroendocrine, metabolic and immune effects on patients with chronic cholecystitis and pyelonephritis.

Background. Earlier we found effects on the neuroendocrine-immune complex and metabolism, which are common to the mineral waters "Myroslava" and "Khrystyna", instead different from the effects of Naftussya water. The purpose of this article is to find the specific effects of these waters. Materials and Methods. The object of clinical-physiological observation were 22 men aged 23-70 years, who underwent rehabilitation treatment of chronic cholecystitis and pyelonephritis in remission in the Truskavets’ spa. The examination was performed twice, before and after a 7-10-day course of balneotherapy. Half of the patients received bioactive water Naftussya and sulfate-chloride sodium-magnesium mineral water "Myroslava" (M 5 g/L), and the other half - Naftussya and "Khrystyna" (M 10 g/L). The subject of the study were the parameters of the neuroendocrine-immune complex, microbiota, cholekinetics and metabolism. Results. Screening revealed specific changes in 37 parameters grouped into 5 patterns. The first pattern combines 11 parameters that decrease under the influence of "Myroslava" water (Myr), while increase under the influence of "Khrystyna" water (Khr). For the other 7 parameters of the second pattern, Myr acts similarly, while Khr is ineffective. Both mineral waters have a stimulating effect on 8 parameters, while Myr is inferior to Khr. Myr has a upregulating effect on 9 parameters of the fourth pattern, while Khr has a downregulating effect. Finally, sodium excretion and leukocyturia are reduced under the influence of both waters, but to a greater extent under the influence of Khr. Conclusion. The newly created sulfate-chloride sodium-magnesium drinking mineral waters of Truskavets’ spa have both common and specific favorable modulating neuroendocrine, metabolic and immune effects on patients with chronic cholecystitis and pyelonephritis.

Background. Imagination is necessary to create a plastic image in the theatre, choreography, cinema, and aesthetic sports. There are studies of the psychophysiology of imagination in the process of artistic creation using EEG, fMRI, and stabilometric platform. However, comprehensive studies of method acting using objective quantitative methods have not become widespread. The Objective of the study was to reveal the relationship between stabilometric and electrophysiological parameters in actors when imagining the two opposed objects, the tower and the jellyfish, while maintaining a vertical posture. Design. The study was conducted over two days on 12 volunteers (4 males and 8 females aged 20-22), students of the Higher School of Performing Arts (K. Raikin Theater School). As objects for imagination and mental transformation the participants were offered two images: a jellyfish and a high stable tower. The tasks for the actors were set in a randomized order. Participants were asked to complete the “Romberg Test” on a stabilometric platform (European feet position), and mentally represent a behaviour (movements, actions, emotions) that an actor could perform on a stage to show a given image. All actions had to be performed mentally only, while the original vertical position of the body should not be changed. Simultaneously, the multichannel EEG was recorded. Results. The normalized index of the mechanical energy (Av) and the surface area of the centre of pressure fluctuations (S) were significantly lower while maintaining a vertical posture in the process of representing the tower compared to the representation of the jellyfish (p 0.05). As to EEG spectral parameters, the representation of the jellyfish compared to the tower was characterized by a significantly lower power frequency of 3-4 Hz in the right hemisphere, frequencies of 8-9 Hz in the anterior temporal leads symmetrically (except for Fp1 and Fp2), 11-12 Hz symmetrically except for the posterior leads (O1, O2, T5, T6), 12-13 Hz in the right hemisphere except for Fp1 and Fp2, and, finally, less high-frequency power of 20- 21 Hz on almost all leads (except Fp1 and Fp2), 24-25 Hz on the right (except Fp2) and frequencies above 24 Hz in both occipital leads (all p

A stable relation between words and referent objects or events underlies human language. One of the most fundamental questions is how brain processes new words in order to form new lexical items. The answer to such questions will bring significant breakthrough in multiple fields, ranging from methods of language teaching and speech correction programs for children with late development to clinical rehabilitation of patients with speech impairments and neurophysiological functional tests of language network. This review presents the current state of Russian and foreign studies dedicated to new words learning in auditory modality. We tried to consider all varieties of techniques and paradigms in the field. Equal attention is paid both to studies of the phonological processing of a word (recognition of a phonetic pattern), and to works which consider the ways in which word acquire semantics. We discuss experiments carried out with an aid of such neuroimaging methods as fMRI, EEG / MEG, etc.

We followed clinical and EEG examinations of two patients with herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) in acute condition along with monitoring their early and late outcomes. Patients: M. B., 23-year-old female, who completed home treatment as a severe organic psycho-syndrome, reliant on nursing care, and L. J., now 16-year-old female patient, whose HSE in the 3 rd year of her life went into auto-aggressive Rasmussen encephalitislike condition with epileptic status in the form of Epilepsia parcialis continua (EPC).The EEG signal was statistically processed using «power spectral analysis» with color maps 3D BM showing the performance of individual frequency bands topographically and the measurement of connectivity in longitudinal and transversal direction by means of the mean coherencies — indexes of connectivity.On the 9th year of L. J. life when she overcame varicella with a significant eruption of the skin and high temperature the highly active EEG patterns were attenuated both graphically and clinically with a significant reduction in focal epilepsy. The latter was affected by a total thiopentotal anesthesia and bolus corticotherapy, as well as amantadine sulphate.This patient exhibited central right lower limb mono-paresis in a selfstanding walk and 4–5 short myoclonic abduction cramps in arm joints associated with vocalized «hee-haw», deep inspiring and expiring in full consciousness. MRI proved hyperintense area parasagitally on the left side of the centromotor region and EEG with epileptogenic grapho-elements in adjacent scar. We compared the last sample of the EEG signal to the EEG patterns of her homozygous sister and found them identical with no pathological graphoelements.These patients survival was the result of continuing anti-viral treatment, intensive medical and nursing care aimed to protect neural cells in the brain, the effect of which was longitudinally monitored by classic and statistical EEG signal analysis.The late outcome of these patients was diametrically different. L. J. graduated from the 9-year primary school with good results. M. B. was progressively mobilized, despite the clinical signs of severe alterations of psychic sphere as a result of postencephalitic encephalopathy with insufficient response to neuroleptics and sedatives. After parents’ agreement received she was transferred to the regional hospital.

The annual Interregional research and practical conference “Epilepsy and Paroxysmal Conditions as an Interdisciplinary Problem” was held in Moscow 19/02/2020, bringing together neurologists and epileptologists from Russia. The event was dedicated to the memory of Gagik N. Avakyan, who was President of Russian League Against Epilepsy (RLAE) for many years. The paper contains key messages of the plenary session.