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Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is an idiopathic generalized epilepsy, which could be attributed to genetic forms according to the latest proposals of the Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy (2016). CAE has specific clinical and encephalographic characteristics. Data regarding cognitive impairment in children with CAE is still controversial. There are some attempts to introduce more strict diagnostic criteria to be able to define the disease course and prognosis of this form of epilepsy. These are the criteria proposed by Panayiotopoulos C. P. in 2005. Objective. To asses specific features of CAE taking into account the criteria of Panayiotopoulos C. P. (2005). Materials and methods. We have retrospectively analyzed 186 cases of CAE in children; study participants were divided into groups according to Panayiotopoulos’s criteria (2005). Results. Children from the group allocated in accordance with Panayiotopoulos’s criteria had neither generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) nor myoclonic seizures; control of absence seizures was achieved in 94.3% of the cases; almost 90% of children in this group received monotherapy with mean treatment duration of 2.8 years. Conclusions. The use of more precise diagnostic criteria for CAE will help to predict clinical course of this form of epilepsy and its outcome.

The article describes the main clinical forms and causes of speech delay in children. It presents modern data on the role of neurobiological factors in the speech delay pathogenesis, including early organic damage to the central nervous system due to the pregnancy and childbirth pathology, as well as genetic mechanisms. For early and accurate diagnosis of speech disorders in children, you need to consider normal patterns of speech development. The article presents indicators of pre-speech and speech development in children and describes the screening method for determining the speech delay. The main areas of complex correction are speech therapy, psycho-pedagogical and psychotherapeutic assistance, as well as pharmaceutical treatment. The capabilities of drug therapy for dysphasia (alalia) are shown.

Mastitis is one of the most common global diseases of dairy cattle, it is detected in 5–36% animals in a herd undergoing a single examination, and the incidence reaches 68% within a year, given that some cows get reinfected more than once. The disease causes significant economic losses to dairy industry both in the Russian Federation and globally. Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland that develops in response to the effects of various factors of the external and internal environment, which are classified as mechanical, physical, biological, etc. Based on the clinical symptoms, the disease has two forms: clinical and subclinical. Both the animal and its milk shall be subjected to a thorough examination for the diagnosis establishment. The final stage of the mastitis diagnosis in cows is laboratory testing. In this case, the most informative is the bacteriological method, which helps to isolate a pathogen’s pure culture, identify it and determine sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs. The latter plays a specific role in indicating the direction of further therapeutic measures, since the obtained data facilitate selection of effective antibiotics against certain pathogens. Incorrect treatment, incompliances with the prescribed therapy, as well as unnecessary use of antimicrobials can lead to the generation of multi-resistant bacteria. Due to the widespread spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganism strains, despite the large number of drugs currently used, their effectiveness is constantly decreasing. The prospects for the further use of antibiotics as therapeutics are questioned by many researchers and international organizations due to antibiotic resistance rapidly developing in many agents. Vaccination plays a significant role in infectious disease control. The use of vaccines not only reduces mastitis occurrence in cows, but also significantly improves the quality of dairy products.

Results of tests of six Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates recovered from the diseased pigs kept in animal holdings located in the Russian Federation for their biological properties (biochemical, proteomic, antigenic and pathogenic ones) are presented in the paper. Proteomic properties were determined with mass-spectrometry using Autof MS 1000 mass-spectrometer (Autobio Diagnostics Co., Ltd, China): protein profiles were plotted and the peaks characteristic for each isolate were identified. Mass-spectra of tested Actinobacillus isolates and reference Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae DSM 13472 strain were found to be in the m/z range of 2,000–12,000 Da. The following peaks (m/z) were common for all Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates and the strain: 2,541 ± 2; 4,267 ± 2; 5,085 ± 2; 6,450 ± 2; 7,207 ± 4; 9,408 ± 3; 11,820 ± 6. Therewith, the highest intensity (100%) was reported for the peak at 5,085 ± 2, that was supposed to be a specific feature of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. All isolates were confirmed to belong to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae species and to 2, 5 and 9 serotypes by real-time polymerase chain reaction using species-specific and serotype-specific primers. Actinobacillus рleuropneumoniae isolates were tested for their pathogenic properties by experimental infection of white mice and 2.5–3 month-old piglets. All tested isolates were pathogenic for both white mice and piglets. Isolate No. 4 belonging to serotype 5 was found to be the most virulent out of tested isolates. Thus, LD50 was 4.19 lg microbial cells for white mice and 5.49 lg microbial cells for piglets that was consistent to the data of other authors carried out tests of actinobaccilli isolated in the Russian Federation for their pathogenicity. The isolates were deposited to the FGBI “ARRIAH” Collection of Microorganism Strains.

This review provides a data analysis of the test results for farm animal feeds. The analysis is based on the articles published from 1955 to 2020. It was found that the overall pooled prevalence estimates of Salmonella was 0.14: with a prevalence of 0.18 in raw feed components, 0.09 – in finished feed and 0.08 – in swabs from the surfaces of feed production equipment. The probability of contaminating raw animal feed components with Salmonella is 3.9 times higher than that for raw vegetable feeds. There is a tendency for Salmonella to be less detected in raw feed components; however, in finished feeds Salmonella detectability has remained unchanged for decades. The Salmonella prevalence in samples taken from environmental objects and surfaces of feed mill production equipment was 0.08. The risk of Salmonella detection at feed mills in the pre-heat treatment zone was 1.5 times higher than the risk of detection in the post-heat treatment zone. The analysis of Salmonella serovariants revealed that S. senftenberg, S. montevideo, S. typhimurium, S. anatum, S. havana, S. enteritidis, S. cerro are isolated everywhere. The S. salford serotype is found only on the African continent. A research into antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates demonstrated resistance to such medicinalproducts as ceftriaxone, carbopenem and imipenem; and full genome sequencing showed at least one antibiotic resistance gene in 40% of Salmonella isolates detected at pig feed production plants.

The article provides data on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Salmonella isolates recovered from animal products tested in the Laboratory for Microbiological Testing of the FGBI “ARRIAH” from 2019 to 2020. 106 isolates of Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica were recovered from 4,500 tested samples of raw materials and products of animal origin, 23% of them wereuntyped, and 77% belonged to 17 serological variants. Isolates of S. enteritidis (n = 37) and S. virchow (n = 9) serovariants dominated among the typed cultures of Salmonella, which is consistent with the data from other authors. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the microorganisms was determined in a disk diffusion test in accordance with the recommendations of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Different Salmonella serovars demonstrated different proportions of susceptible and resistant isolates, in terms of antibiotics from ten pharmacological groups. The largest number of polyresistant isolates was noted in Salmonella serovars S. virchow, S. nigeria, S. infantis, S. colindale. Both resistant and polyresistant Salmonella isolates were most often isolated from poultry products. S. typhimurium serovar, which is referred to in literature as polyresistant, was resistant to one or two antimicrobial agents as the research demonstrates. Isolates of 9 Salmonella serovars out of 17 (65%) showed resistance to nalidixic acid. 97% (n = 36) of S. enteritid isisolates were resistant to this antimicrobial agent. Isolates of S. Colindale serovar (n = 2) were resistant to 8 antimicrobials, S. papuana (n = 5) – to 6 antibiotics, and S. agona (n = 3) – to 5 antimicrobials. Untyped Salmonella isolates were resistant to 9 antibiotics, 2 cultures out of them showed resistance to ciprofloxacin.

Data on mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobials in bacteria are reviewed and summarized. Main causes of resistance emergence and spread in bacteria are analyzed. Mechanisms of innate resistance of pathogenic bacteria (non-specific efflux pumps, antibiotic-inactivating enzymes and mechanisms serving as permeability barriers) are characterized. Mechanisms of acquired resistance are described: antibiotic modification or degradation; active removal of an antimicrobial from a bacterial cell – efflux (draining out); sequestration; target modification (bypass). The origin of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in pathogenic bacteria is shown to be debatable. It is noted that producer microorganisms can directly transfer antimicrobial resistance genes to pathogenic bacteria, but a reliable link between this process and antimicrobial resistance spread has not been identified and proven so far. Horizontal gene transfer, including free DNA transformation, transduction by bacteriophages and plasmid-involving conjugation, is believed to play an important role in antimicrobial resistance spread. All three mechanisms are widespread in nature, although some bacterial species use one mechanism to a great extent than the other two. Transduction is supposed to play an important role, in particular, in the antibiotic resistance gene transfer, but the significance of transformation or transduction in the resistance gene transfer under the laboratory or environmental conditions has not been clarified so far due to the difficulty of naturally emerging recombination detection. Data on the role of conjugation in the antimicrobial resistance gene spread in nature, in particular carbapenem- and quinolone-resistance genes in gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria are presented. New trends in the antimicrobial resistance gene spread are indicated.

Background. This article is devoted to a topical topic in gynecology genital prolapse and methods of preventing recurrence in the postoperative period. Despite the surgery in the field of correction of genital prolapse, up to 13% of patients require repeated surgical treatment of this pathology in the postoperative period. Aim. At present, a unified algorithm for rehabilitation after operations to eliminate this pathology has not yet been developed. We proposed a technique for using quadripolar radiofrequency therapy in patients operated on for pelvic organ prolapse in the postoperative period in order to improve the rehabilitation period. Materials and methods. To achieve our goals, histological material was collected from 60 patients with pelvic organ prolapse before and after surgical treatment to assess the strength of collagenogenesis and reparative processes in the connective tissue of the vagina based on changes in the expression of the RNA matrix of collagen types I and III, genes encoding vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF-A, transforming growth factor TGF-B1 and decorin by polymerase chain reaction. The FSFI-19 questionnaire was used to analyze the quality of the patients' sexual life. We also calculated the vagina health index of patients suffering from this disease. Results. In the course of the study, it was revealed that when using this method, complete re-epithelization of tissues occurs by 90 days after the operation, metabolic and trophic processes in the tissues of the urogenital tract intensify, and an increased degree of patient satisfaction with the quality of sexual life. Conclusion. All the results obtained confirmed the therapeutic effect of radiofrequency therapy in the postoperative period, which makes it possible to use the technique as a rehabilitation program after surgical treatment for genital prolapse.

Physiological loss of ovarian function during the menopausal transition often leads to the development of unfavorable symptoms associated with vulvovaginal atrophy, recurrent urinary tract infections and dyspareunia. Currently, the scientific community is actively discussing the risks and benefits of prescribing menopausal hormone therapy to relieve the consequences of estrogen deficiency. The study of vaginal microbiota in dynamics made it possible to take a deeper look at the development of genitourinary menopausal syndrome and associate several microorganisms with specific undesirable manifestations. The link between recurrent urinary tract infections during menopause and physiological replacement of microbiota by opportunistic flora with the development of unpleasant symptoms resolves doctors to resort to irrational courses of antibiotic therapy. The review is devoted to the generalization of information on microbiological changes in the vagina during perimenopause, the possibilities of choosing the optimal hormone therapy for the correction of symptoms, the use of new promising methods, including management by modulating the vaginal microbiota.

To date, there is a whole system of legal documents, regulating food security issues in the Russian Federation. Monitoring of food quality and safety is performed on the federal level, on the level of the Russian Federation Subjects and on the municipal level based on the developed and adopted regulatory and methodical documents. The paper presents the analysis of ASSOL information system data related to microbial contamination of animal raw materials and products, collected within the following official activities: “Laboratory Testing within Official Monitoring of Food Safety and Quality” and “Laboratory Testing of Animal Raw Materials and Products, Feed and Biological Materials for the Purposes of Food Safety and Quality Assurance”. Microbiological test data were obtained from 37 Russian laboratories, subordinate to the Rosselkhoznadzor, within 2015–2018. The analysis performed showed that the maximum number of tests was performed for the following pathogenic microorganisms: Salmonella bacteria (29.5% within official monitoring and 26.8% within official programme). The highest number of non-compliances within monitoring was revealed when testing for total viable count (total mesophilic anaerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms) – 14.8% and Coliforms – 8.98%; within the official programme most violations were related to yeast (18.8%), yeasts and molds (18.5%) and TVC (12.4%). The parameters, showing less than 1% of positives within official programme testing, were identified. They include Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Proteus bacteria and sulphite-reducing clostridia. The necessity in further tests for safety and quality of animal raw materials and products in the Russian Federation was justified.

Bacteria of Campylobacter genus are ones of the main zoonotic pathogens causing human and animal diseases. Campylobacter organisms are microaerophiles and, therefore, require low oxygen concentration (3–5%) and high carbon dioxide concentration (3–10%) for their growth. They use amino acids rather than carbons as a source of energy. Classical bacteriological methods for Campylobacter spp. detection are not always successful due to diffi culties in creating optimal conditions for their growth. Therewith, development and implementation of molecular methods for Campylobacter detection and identifi cation are of current importance. Assay for qualitative Campylobacter spp. detection with real-time polymerase chain reaction using CFX-96 thermocycler was optimized. Highly specifi c segment of 16S rRNA gene allowing identifi cation of 6 Campylobacter species: C. jejuni, C. coli, C. lari, C. upsaliensis, C. helveticus и C. hyointestinalis was selected as an amplifi cation target. Optimal magnesium ion concentration (2.5 мМ) and primer annealing temperature (58 °С) were determined. Eighteen reference strains of various bacteria were tested. Only tests of Campylobacter genus strains gave positive results. The method sensitivity was 40 target molecules. The said method was used for testing 76 samples of raw materials of animal origin. Campylobacter spp. genome was detected in 18 samples. Obtained results showed that the optimized variant of real-time polymerase chain reaction based on 16S rRNA gene amplifi cation was a specifi c, sensitive, rapid, reproducible and accurate method for qualitative detection of Campylobacter spp. in samples of raw animal materials.

Salmonella continues to be the primary cause of foodborne intestinal infections in many countries around the world. According to the offi cial data, 47% of the infection outbreaks in the world are associated with salmonellosis, while chicken meat (34%) plays a signifi cant role in the infection transmission to humans through food. Since the early 90’s of the last century, with the massive use of antibiotics, Salmonella strains resistant to a number of antimicrobials began to appear and currently pose a serious public health problem. Resistant strains persistent in animals can be transmitted to humans through the food chain. The paper presents results of studies of morphological, biochemical, serological properties of Salmonella bacteria recovered from animal raw material: beef, pork, poultry meat, tallow, off al derived from broiler chickens and pig slaughter products. In 2018 the FGBI “ARRIAH” Microbiological Laboratory performed 1,204 tests of animal raw material for Salmonella bacteria and recovered 45 Salmonella isolates. Salmonella bacteria were isolated in accordance with GOST 31659-2012 (ISO 6579:2002). Most Salmonella isolates (56%) were recovered from poultry meat. Biological properties of all the studied isolates were quite typical: they formed hydrogen sulfi de, fermented glucose and mannitol with the formation of gas and acid, did not utilize sucrose, lactose and urea; reaction to indole was negative. It was established that the recovered Salmonella isolates belong to serogroups O7, O9, O5, O4. The frequency of recovering Salmonella group B was 8.9%, group C – 51.1%, group D – 40.0%. Among Salmonella group B, S. derby (4.4%) and S. typhimurium (2.2%) were more common; group C – S. infantis (29.0%), S. virchow (17.8%); group D – S. enteritidis (40.0%). Isolated cases of S. reading (2.2%) and S. oranienburg (4.4%) were observed. All Salmonella isolates recovered from raw material of animal origin demonstrated sensitivity to ciprofl oxacin, chloramphenicol, amoxicillin, amikacin, azithromycin, meropenem, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, kanamycin; were less sensitive to cefotaxime, ampicillin, levofl oxacin and had low sensitivity to nalidixic acid, doxycycline, streptomycin, tetracycline. The phenomenon of multiresistance is characteristic of 44.4% of the isolated Salmonella isolates.

Upward trend in the number of human yersiniosis cases, caused by bacterium Yersinia enterocolitica, is globally observed nowadays. This microorganism is widely spread in the environment, able to persist for prolonged periods in animal products and propagate under low temperatures. Basic infection sources are meat and meat products. In order to isolate Yersinia enterocolitica from food and feed samples horizontal method for the detection pursuant to GOST ISO 10273-2013 was used. It was noted, that Yersinia enterocolitica isolation is associated with certain difficulties, because the sample contains only small quantities of the agent and only the use of special techniques allows removing the concurrent microflora. It was proposed to use cold enrich­ment (4 ± 1) °C of the test material before conventional technique is started. The technique was validated pursuant to GOST ISO 16140-2011. As a result, it was established that validated method for Yersinia enterocolitica bacteria detection in food products, performed at the Microbiology Laboratory, is specific. The method sensitivity is 10 CFU/cm3. Intralaboratory reproducibility and repeatability were confirmed by relevant tests. Additional culture step at (4 ± 1) °C allows complete inhibition of non-psychrophilic microorganisms’ growth.

Yu.E. Dobrokhotova, P.A. Shadrova Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a significant issue of public health due to its devastating effects on female reproductive health and fertility. Despite extensive development of medicine and the emergence of novel groups of antibacterial agents, the risks of antibacterial resistance rapidly grow, thus requiring complex treatment of infectious inflammatory disorders caused by bacterial flora. The modulation of immune response is the heart of recently developed treatment modalities for various diseases (infections, oncology etc.). A detailed understanding of molecular immunology contributes to the rational development of novel types of immunotherapy, which can be successfully introduced into clinical practice. Numerous findings demonstrate the efficacy of inosine pranobex for various diseases, in particular, in immunocompromised patients. This medication has proven itself due to good tolerability and the lack of serious side effects. Inosine pranobex being a safe drug that can be used in many treatment schedules, including complex treatment for chronic PID with antibacterial agents. Keywords: inosine pranobex, pelvic inflammatory disease, salpingo-oophoritis, infertility, immunotherapy, sexually transmitted infections, bacterial vaginosis. For citation: Dobrokhotova Yu.E., Shadrova P.A. Novel treatment modalities for pelvic inflammatory disease using immunomodulating therapy. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2021;4(2):149–154. DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2021-4-2-149-154.

The paper presents results of the Salmonella identifcation, testings of recovered isolates for their susceptibility to antibiotics and their serogroup and serovar distribution. In 2012–2017 13,774 tests of animal products were performed, 105 Salmonella contaminated samples were detected which is 0.76% of the total number of the tested samples. As a result, 31 isolates were recovered. It was established that 22 of them belonged to seven serovars: S. enteritidis, S. infantis, S. nigeria, S. montevideo, S. typhimurium, S. derby, S. meleagridis. S. infantis (38.7%) and S. enteritidis (16.1%) were identifed as the most spread serovars. There was observed a trend of increase in contaminated samples: 1.13% in 2012 upto 2.84% in 2017. The performed tests for antimicrobial resistance demonstrated that all isolates were susceptible to the following antibiotics: carbpenemes (meropenem, imipenem), β-lactams (amoxicillin /clavulanate), aminoglycoside (amikacin, gentamycine), macrolides (azithromycin). Most of the isolates demonstrated susceptibility to β-lactam antibiotics (ceftriaxone, cefotaxime), fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin) and aminoglycosides (kanamycin). Resistance at least to one antibiotic was detected in 12.9% (4/31) of isolates. Resistance to at least three antibiotics was detected in 6.5% (2/31) of isolates. 58.1% (18/31) of isolates demonstrated multiple resistance (to four or more antibiotics).

Ofcial data of RASFF (Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed) database on detection of Salmonella spp. in animal and plant raw materials in 2010–2015 are demonstrated. Total of 2,651 notifcations of Salmonella spp. detection were reported by RASFF member countries. The majority of such notifcations are associated with contamination of poultry meat and poultry products, feed, fruits and vegetables. Salmonella can survive in food for a long time (up to 6 months). The cause of salmonellosis in humans mostly involves consumption of raw or insufciently heat-treated eggs, meat and milk products. Regulation (EU) No. 142/2011 prescribes a requirement, which the heat-treated and processed food products shall comply with, i.e. absence of Salmonella in 25 g of the product. Analysis of RASFF data for 2010–2015 demonstrated annual increase of Salmonella spp. detections. The most frequently occurring is Salmonella enterica. Over the above mentioned period there were notifcations of 154 Salmonella serovars, the overwhelming serovars include S. enterica – 32.4%; Salmonella spp. – 18.8%; S. enteritidis – 6.3%; S. typhimurium – 4.6%, S. Agona – 2.6%; S. Lexington – 1.4%. Salmonella spp. were detected in poultry meat (19.5%), in feed for dogs and cats (5.6%), in pork (3.7%), in fshmeal (5.1%). During the period from 2010 to 2014, the increase of Salmonella notifcations in plant feed was reported. Over 2010–2015, RASFF reported of 42 salmonellosis outbreaks that resulted in 1,586 diseased humans.

Listeria monocytogenes is one of the major food contaminants causing the illness, called Listeriosis. Listeriosis incidence is much less, than the number salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis cases, but the clinical disease is significantly more severe and has a higher mortality. That’s why the development of species-specific PCR techniques to detect L. monocytogenes genome is a topical task. L. monocytogenes bacteria genome detection technique using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was improved. The amplification target was a highly specific and suitable for qualification of all strains iap gen, coding L. monocytogenes р60 surface protein. Optimum magnesium concentration (6 mM) and primer annealing temperature (57 °С) were selected. The sensitivity and specificity of the technique were identified. Detection threshold was 120 target molecules. The results obtained demonstrate that optimized qRT-PCR version, based on iap gen amplification, enables to detect L. monocytogenes in animal product and food samples. Optimized qRT-PCR-based screening tests ensure rapid and reliable results.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus are gram-negative halophilic bacteria found in marine and coastal waters all over the world which cause acute food-borne gastroenteritis in humans. Rarely V. parahaemolyticus cause wound infections, infections of ears or sepsis in individuals with a compromised immune system. More than 80 serotypes were described worldwide based on antigenic properties of the somatic (0) and capsular (K) antigens. V. parahaemolyticus are characterized by two factors of virulence: thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh), a protein which facilitates the invasion of the human body by the bacterium, and aTDH-related hemolysin (trh) which plays the sameas TDH role in the disease pathogenesis. Most V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from the environment or sea products in comparison to clinical strains do not produce any thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) or TDH-related hemolysin (trh). The paper presents V. parahaemolyticus biological properties, pathogenesis peculiarities, their spread and detection techniques.

The paper presents results of Salmonella of studying Salmonella isolate properties by MALDI-TOF method using MALDI Autoflex III mass-spectrometer. Microorganism identification was performed using direct loading method followed by comparison of mass spectra with the database set in the apparatus. Peaks typical of many Enterobacteriaceae representatives and mass to charge ratio (m/z), characterizing Salmonella were determined.

The paper demonstrates evaluation results for productive and selective capacities of domestic and imported chromogenic nutrient media (Bismuth sulphite agar and xylose lysine deoxycholate agar (XLD agar)). The productivity ratio of imported and domestic XLD agar amounted to over 0.58 and selectivity ratio - to less than 2 Ig. The productivity ratio of imported Bismuth sulfate agar was higher than the productivity of the domestic one and amounted to over 0.19. The selective properties of the both media are similar and amount to 5 Ig. Based on the evidence found, imported Bismuth sulfate agar and domestic or imported XLD agar can be recommended for use in the experiments for detection of Salmonella spp in food products.

Analytical review of literature on various factors influencing microbiological spoilage of food products and raw food materials, methods for microbiological spoilage process management and for determination of food product expiry dates and shelf-lives is presented in the paper.

The paper presents the results of testing of RTE dairy products submitted to the FGBI “ARRIAH” Testing Centre in 2016 for Coliform identification. The species diversity of isolated bacteria was identified, properties of common Coliforms were characterized and possible sources of contamination were analyzed. Escherichia, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Raoultella, Klebsiella, Cronobacter were identified. The detection rate of E. coli was 61.3%, which suggests post pasteurization contamination of dairy products from production environment.

The paper demonstrates results of testing food products and raw materials for Listeria monocytogenes in 2011-2016. In 2011, the share of detected positive samples amounted to 0.3% (n=1100), in 2016 the detection level amounted to 7% (n=698). Basic types of products containing Listeria monocytogenes include meat and semi-finished meat products (87.2%; n=34), poultry meat and semi-finished poultry meat products (10.3%; n=4), and pasteurized cream (2.6%; n=1). The test results showed that all Listeria monocytogenes isolates demonstrated resistance to cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and fluroquinolones.

Yu.E. Dobrokhotova, P.A. Shadrova Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation Background: the research is still focused on bacterial vaginosis (BV) in view of its high prevalence among women and potential damaging effects on fertility. The treatment regimens which are presented in the current guidelines and available for obstetricians and gynecologists may cause adverse local and systemic effects. In addition, female patients frequently experience BV recurrences. Aim: to assess the efficacy of taking secnidazole once as a single dose in the treatment of BV based on clinical findings and laboratory-based test results. Patients and Methods: the study included 40 female patients with diagnosed BV. The patients were split into two groups, 20 women in each group. The treatment group patients received secnidazole 2 g once as a single dose, and the control group patients received the standard treatment with metronidazole 500 mg twice daily for 7 days. The evaluation of patients included the vaginal pH value and laboratory-based diagnostic tests, such as microscopy of the vaginal discharge and Florocenosis/Bacterial vaginosis-FRT PCR assay whose prognostic value indicators are comparable with the international clinical and laboratory-based diagnostic criteria. Results: before therapy, the mean leucocyte count in the vaginal smear in the treatment group patients was 12.4±3.0 per field of vision and in the control group patients — 11.3±1.8; after therapy — 9.2±1.2 and 10.1±4.4, respectively. A statistically significant decrease (р Conclusion: сonsidering the comparable clinical and microbiological outcomes of the alternative and standard BV treatment regimens, as well as the convenience of administration associated with single-dose therapy, secnidazole can be used to treat bacterial vaginosis. Keywords: bacterial vaginosis, microbiota, pelvic inflammatory disease, secnidazole, metronidazole. For citation: Dobrokhotova Yu.E., Shadrova P.A. Therapeutic capabilities of secnidazole in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2022;5(4):297–302 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2022-5-4-297-302.

A.M. Savicheva1,2, P.A. Shadrova3 1D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproduction, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation 2St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation 3Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation Inflammatory diseases and dysbiosis provoked by opportunistic microbes currently rank first among lower reproductive tract infections in women. Lactobacilli are predominant in the vaginal microecosystem that is considered the first line of defense against infectious agents. Changes in hormonal profile, the pattern of intimate hygiene and sex life, and other factors impair the vaginal microecosystem. Diseases resulting from the activation of aerobic and anaerobic opportunistic microbes are particularly harmful during pregnancy, since they cause serious reproductive disorders and significantly increase the risks of perinatal complications. Frequent recurrences due to growing antibiotic resistance and the lack of potential antimicrobial treatment in the first trimester of pregnancy force to search for alternative therapeutic tools with good efficacy and safety. Topical agents containing lactic acid decrease vaginal pH and provide unfavorable conditions for the activity o f opportunistic microbes, thereby maintaining the protective functions of Lactobacilli. Lactic acid is a natural chemical for this locus. As a result, agents containing this compound are virtually lacking side effects. They can be used along with antibiotics or as monotherapy. Keywords: bacterial vaginosis, aerobic vaginitis, lactic acid, opportunistic microbes, vaginal microbiota, Lactobacilli, dysbiosis, pregnancy, normal flora. For citation: Savicheva A.M., Shadrova P.A. Potential use of lactic acid in obstetrics and gynecology. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2022;5(2):138–145 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2022-5-2-138-145.