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Effective body posture entails the correct alignment of body parts in relation to each other and is crucial for preserving balance, stability, and the efficient operation of muscles and joints. The major types of posture abnormalities such as lordosis, kyphosis and scoliosis can lead to alterations in various areas of the body, such as stomatognatic system. The potential correlation between malocclusion and body posture remains a subject of controversy. The aim of this review is to investigate and evaluate the association between posture defects and malocclusion on the basis of literature. This literature review has analyzed 18 studies. Inclusion criteria: clinical researches published after 2010, regarding children and adults. PubMed and Google Scholar has been searched to identify the papers. In 18 analyzed studies, 2133 patients were enrolled (including 979 children aged 4-18). A positive correlation between scoliosis and different types of malocclusion has been proven by six papers. There are also other noteworthy dependencies, such as overjet and pelvic torsion, kyphosis and sagittal position of mandible, skeletal Class III and torticollis, cross bite and scapula plane. Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis significantly affects the stomatognathic system, leading to issues like crossbite, crowding, increased overjet, overbite, partial open bite, and midline deviation. Orthopedists should collaborate with orthodontists for comprehensive treatment, particularly during developmental stages.

In the present paper, we for the first time provide a rationale for the application of a new physical factor, pulsed magnetic stimulation, in pediatric practice. Our observations have demonstrated positive dynanfics of the parameters characterizing the functional state of the neuro-muscular apparatus and equalization of the amplitude of M-response as appears from the results of electromyographic studies. The data obtained by electrocardiography and estimation of the external respiratory function give evidence of favourable dynamics of the cardio-respiratory system. The results of the study have been used to substantiate the application of a new method of pulsed magnetic stimulation in pediatric medicine at the early stages of rehabilitation of the children following surgical treatment of grade Ill-IV scoliosis.

At present, there are no reliable prognostic factors indicating the progressive nature of spondylolisthesis in children and adolescents. Often the main complaint is a pain syndrome, which is well arrested by conservative therapy, while the quality of life of patients without surgery is not significantly impaired. The presented review of the literature shows that it is better to correct scoliotic deformity at a younger age when indications arise. Isth- mic spondylolisthesis and scoliosis should be considered as different pathologies. In the absence of convincing evidence that spondylolisthesis has caused the scoliosis development, indications for surgical treatment should be considered as those for individual pathologies. Isolated correction of scoliotic deformity does not lead to a progression of scoliosis. Papers of Russian and foreign authors from e-Library, Medline and PubMed data- bases were reviewed. The evidence level in majority of papers is III(C), and in part of papers – II(B).

The paper deals with the characteristic features and problems of professional self-determination in adolescents with scoliosis, studied by using computer and project psychological methods. A complex of methods revealed the following psychological characteristics in the adolescents of the study group: emotional-and-motivational direction, adequacy of job choice, mental tension, self-assessment, possible pain symptoms in neurotic disorders.

The main idea of the paper is that any scoliotic deformity of the spine is a deformity primarily occurring in the sagittal plane. This statement is confirmed by anatomical and clinical data, results of the use of imaging techniques, and biomechanical data. The proposed concept significantly affects the solution of strategic and technical problems in the course of both conservative and surgical treatment of patients with scoliosis. It should be realized that scoliotic deformity is a compensatory response within the balance chain to a rotational phenomenon occurring in the frontal plane. The goal of the doctor is to achieve the balance of the patient's body through understanding its three-dimensionality and realizing the importance of taking into account the horizontal plane.

The paper is concerned with a study of the bioelectrical activity of the paravertebral muscles in 2 groups of rabbits with differently expressed degrees of experimental scoliosis and in a control group of intact animals. The results demonstrated an asymmetry in the tonic bioelectric activity in the paravertebral muscles in scoliosis, unlike the reactions of the control group of animals. The character of asymmetry depends upon the degree of deformation: in cases of moderately expressed scoliosis there is a prevalence of the tonic bioelectric activity on the level of the basic arc of distortion on the side of the concavity; in severely expressed scoliosis the tonic bioelectrical activity of the paravertebral muscles on the concave side appears to be less than on the convex side. An asymmetry of the tonic activity takes place on the level of compensatory arcs as well. The authors come to the conclusion on the pathogenetical role of the muscular dysbalance in the genesis of scoliotic deformation.

Objective. To analyze the course of pregnancy and delivery that occurred before and after surgical correction of idiopathic scoliosis with instrumented fixation of the spine. Material and Methods. The paper presents a retrospective randomized study of 100 patients of reproductive age (18–35 years) with Lenke type 2–6 idiopathic scoliosis. The following aspects of pregnancy were analyzed: the possibility of independent conception, the pain severity according to VAS during each of the three trimesters of pregnancy, and the mode of delivery (naturally or by C-section). A comparative analysis of the data of patients operated on for the spine deformity correction before and after pregnancy and delivery was carried out. Data was collected using a questionnaire survey of patients. Detection and analysis of differences between groups were carried out using the χ2 criterion. Results. A statistical relationship was found between the presence of instrumentation installed before delivery (during or before pregnancy) and the need for C-section. It was revealed that the lower the caudal end of instrumentation within the L3–S1 region, the higher the C-section occurrence. Predominantly thoracic scoliosis (Lenke types 2–4) is characterized by higher likelihood of independent conception and lower lumbar pain intensity during pregnancy than predominantly lumbar scoliosis (Lenke types 5–6). There are also certain difficulties in conducting spinal anesthesia in patients with installed instrumentation, which negatively affects the possibility of its use. Conclusion. The issue of the course of pregnancy and delivery in idiopathic scoliosis continues to be very significant for both patients and spine surgeons who supervise them. The solution to this issue is impossible without cooperation with obstetrician gynecologists and anesthetists planning and administering anesthetic management during delivery (which is especially important in case of impossibility or significant restriction of spinal anesthesia use in such patients).

The paper describes a case of successful treatment of a 32-year-old female patient with idiopathic scoliosis combined with giant paravertebral arteriovenous malformation in the lower thoracic region, causing the T11 vertebral body destruction, circular epidural compression, and myelopathy. The treatment was performed using 3D printing technology and hybrid surgery. The follow-up period after the first surgery was 26 months. The case report is accompanied by a literature review that analyzes world experience in the treatment of spinal arteriovenous malformations.

Currently, the use of implants has become an integral part of surgery for various pathologies of the spine. The incidence of infection after spinal instrumentation varies from 0.7 to 20.0 %. The development of this complication may adversely affect the remote results and increase the cost of treatment. The paper presents a review of the literature devoted to surgical site infection after spine surgery with metal implants and related to the factors influencing emergence and progression of the infection, its diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose. The main aim of the paper is analysis connection between hamstrings contracture and fault posture. Methods. Examination covered a group of 40 children aged 4-6 from nonpublic kindergarten “Buziaczek” in Bydgoszcz. The study was divided into two parts. The first part included: evaluation of child’s figure, analysis of specified anthropometric points and identification of posture defects in particular areas of child’s body. The second part of study involved tests: "the end of the toe" and "fingers-floor" and measurement of hip joint’s range of mobility. Results. Executed tests shown that 47,5% from examined group of children have fault posture. Occurrence of hamstrings contracture, which was diagnosed in 40%, disrupts pelvis balance causing oblique position of pelvis. Conclusion. 1. Posture faults are major problem in our population. During examination near half of the group possessed at least one of the fault posture. 2. Hamstrings contracture disrupts pelvis balance causing oblique position of pelvis. Further it leads to increase frequency of fault posture. 3. Proper rehabilitation can prevent hamstring contracture, in advance prevents also occurrence of fault posture. 4. Rehabilitation study, in which analysis of specified anthropometric points and a few functional tests will be a component, can detect and correct diagnose fault posture among children.