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Studies have been made on the molecular weight and amino acid composition of albumin from the blood serum and liver, as well as on its content in liver extracts and in the blood serum of male rabbits at the age of 1, 30, 180, and 720 days. During postnatal life, quantitative changes in the amino acid composition of the proteins investigated take place, which are more significant in liver albumin than in serum albumin. Albumin content of the blood serum and liver extracts decreases at later ontogenetic stages (in 180- and 720-day animals), which is presumably associated with the decrease in synthesis of this protein by the liver. The molecular weight of the albumin remains constant in all age groups being typical for serum albumin of vertebrates.

An experimental alcohol intoxication was accompanied by an increase in content of total phospholipids and phosphatide acid in rat brain with simultaneous decrease in content of free ethanolamine. The phenomenon demonstrate the activation of phosphatidogenesis. In the liver tissue an opposite alterations were observed; the lipolytic reactions were activated.

Reduced insulin sensitivity plays an important role in the pathogenesis of type II diabetes. Est-radiol increases sensitivity to insulin. Effect of estradiol may be due to the influence on gene expression, level of proteins or activity of insulin signaling pathway components and insulin target proteins. Effect of estradiol also may be due to the influence on GLUT4 translocation in the cell membrane. Effects of estradiol on insulin receptor substrate, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, protein kinase B, glucose transporter type 4, glucose-6-phosphatase most often examined. In this paper, data on the influence of estradiol on insulin sensitivity in liver, adipose and muscle tissues systematized in order to identify promising areas of research and new targets for pharmacological correction of insulin resistance.

Multiple biliary hamartomas are a benign incidental finding in the liver. They are not easily detected if one has never seen them, and if appropriate imaging tests are unavailable, and also can be challenging to differentiate from other liver lesions based on imaging alone. Thus, this study aimed to expand the radiologist’s digital image library, enabling a quick and precise differential diagnosis. This paper also highlights the importance of thorough radiological assessment and need for a multidisciplinary approach, involving radiologists, hepatologists, and pathologists, to ensure a precise diagnosis. The patient presented at the hospital for a computed tomography scan and an abdominal magnetic resonance imaging recommended by his general practitioner to assess the biliary tree (magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography), owing to persistent abdominal pain. The patient had never undergone an abdominal magnetic resonance imaging previously; hence, the discovery of hepatic lesions was incidental and unexpected. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple benign lesions in both the hepatic lobes comparable to the Von Meyenburg complex. These lesions are multiple hamartomas and behave differently in all magnetic resonance imaging sequences. Images acquired with different magnetic resonance imaging sequences were carefully examined. Multiple lesions were found scattered throughout the liver; however, the lesions were benign and consistent with the diagnosis of multiple biliary hamartomas. Medical practitioners should examine the presence of multiple biliary hamartomas and consider them in the differential diagnosis when patients present with hepatic abnormalities. This can prevent unnecessary interventions and guide appropriate patient management.

The mammalian isoprenoid synthesis pathway (also known as the mevalonate pathway) is fundamental to the metabolism and health of organisms, with products such as cholesterol (sterol isoprenoid), ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) and dolichol (non-sterol isoprenoids) having great importance to mammalian biology and physiology. Targeting the isoprenoid pathway results in novel therapeutic options for a diverse range of conditions. Plant polyprenols are biologically active molecules that affect the isoprenoid pathway - toxic side effects have never been observed during treatment with our pharmaceuti- cal-grade polyprenols (Ropren*). Statins and bisphosphonates also act on this pathway but have the disadvantage of causing numerous side effects. Our unique ability to produce Ropren' containing not less than 95% pure polyprenols has enabled their clinical use in Russia for around eight years and has also enabled researchers to conduct trials into other therapeutic uses. Although polyprenols can treat conditions such as viral, bacterial and fungal infections, inflammation and other immune conditions, this paper focuses on the new pre-clinical and clinical effects of polyprenols in hepatic and neurological conditions. Recent pre-clinical studies have shown treatment with polyprenols from conifers had a range of neurological and cognitive effects, including improved cognitive performance in a rat model relevant to Alzheimer's disease and healthy levels of myelination in mice with an experimental model of multiple sclerosis. Early clinical data has shown Ropren' treatment improved antioxidant levels in people with diabetes and improved liver function in patients on chemotherapy treatment. Ropren' also had positive effects on electroencephalograms of people with alcohol-induced cirrhosis and Alzheimer's disease and significantly decreased symptoms in people with depression. These results pave the way for larger clinical trials and show how Ropren' is a valuable clinical tool to treat a wide range of liver and neurological conditions.

In this paper, the biological effects of diethylnitrosamine have been studied under controlled conditions of its metabolism in mice of different ages. The data presented indicate that diethylnitrosamine in a non-metabolized form exerts general toxic and hepatocarcinogenic effects while alkylating agents of this compound produce toxic liver injury. To our knowledge, the data presented impel to revise the general notion of an exceptional role of mutagenic activation in the carcinogenic effect of chemicals.

This paper reports the experimental data on the conservability of zolpidem and zalepion in the samples of the cadaveric liver tissue stored under different conditions. The authors describe the method that includes isolation of the substances of interest from the hepatic tissue by means of acetone extraction, their solvent and chromatographic purification, and subsequent identification with the help of the spectrophotometric technique. It is shown that zolpidem and zaleplon remain in the cadaveric hepatic tissue within 6 months after intoxication regardless of temperature which makes possible their detection, isolation, and identification by the proposed method.

Storage diseases (thesaurismoses, storage reticuloses) are the common name of a large group of hyperplastic non-leukemic diseases characterized by congenital or acquired metabolic disturbances and abnormal accumulation of metabolic products in blood and/or cells of different organs and by hyperplasia of mononuclear phagocyte elements in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and other organs, which makes the diseases systemic. Among the imaging techniques for diffuse liver diseases, ultrasonography and X-ray computed tomography are most commonly used for their diagnosis and follow-up. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the highest sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing liver diseases. The paper considers the current MRI procedures that are used to diagnose storage diseases and to quantify found changes. For Gaucher's disease, the potentials of novel techniques, such as MR spectroscopy, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and chemical shift imaging (Dickson's method) for the estimation of revealed changes, are described. For hemochromatosis, the contribution of T2 WI to the quantification of iron overload in the liver parenchyma is depicted, which is an alternative invasive procedure in its determination. Incorporation of MRI into the examination algorithm for patients with storage diseases will be able to improve the detection of these rare diseases and to monitor the efficiency of performed therapy.

The paper gives information on current approaches to diagnosing and treating intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHC), its microscopic and macroscopic varieties. It details the specific features of images of IHC by ultrasonography, X-ray computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including those by diffusion-weighted MRI. Dynamic intravenous contrast enhancement and analysis of tumor hemodynamic features are emphasized to play a crucial role in different examination (arterial, venous, and delayed) phases. Diffuse heterogeneous enhancement of the whole volume of the tumor in the arterial phase with pronounced peripheral and progressing centripetal enhancement in ensuing phases is considered to be the most common type of an IHC image, which can recognize with confidence this comparatively rare neoplasm.

The paper includes the statistics of liver abscesses, etiology and related features of the diseases. The most common methods of conservative and surgical treatment of liver abscesses, currently used in surgical clinics of the Russian Federation, are presented. A small historical excursus about the existed methods of treatment is given in the paper. A comparative analysis of the currently used methods, their advantages and disadvantages is carried out. Some possible criteria for a certain method of treatment of liver abscesses are listed as well.

The paper presents an update on the mechanisms for enhanced hepatic vascular resistance to the portal circulation underlying the pathogenesis of portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis. In addition to gross hepatic structural disorders related to diffuse fibrosis and formation of regenerative nodules, the morphofunctional rearrangement of the hepatic vasculature is shown to play an important role in this process. It is characterized by endothelial dysfunction and impaired paracrine interaction between activated stellate hepatocytes and sinusoidal endotheliocytes, sinusoidal remodeling and capillarization, as well as intrahepatic angiogenesis.

This paper contains the results of examining and treating 64 patients with hepatic echinococcosis, treated at the Surgery Unit of the Samarkand Medical Institute Clinic. Forty-five healthy donors of a blood transfusion station formed a control group. There were a total of 109 examined persons. The liver functional status depended on segmental liver involvement by an echinococcal cyst. The cysts were most frequently located in the 7th-8th segments of the liver (32.31%). The number and sizes of cysts also affected the functional status of the cyst-affected liver. The sizes of hepatic cysts varied from 4 to 2 cm. Hepatoprotective agents should be used in different forms of hydatid disease of the liver to correct its function that is changed in multiple and complicated echinococcosis and giant hepatic cysts. They normalize liver function and enzyme activity in the hepatocytes, reduce energy expenditure in the liver, promote hepatocyte regeneration, and convert neutral fats and cholesterol into easily metabolizing forms.

At the present time there is a growth in the number of children suffering from chronic viral hepatitis (CVH). The most difficult group consists of patients with mixed-hepatitis, which is associated with a more rapid progression of the disease and the formation of cirrhosis of the liver. The paper presents the data of long-term monitoring of children with chronic hepatitis B+C (CH B+C); it demonstrates the features of a clinical course, the nature of the biochemical, immunologic, and morphologic changes in the natural course of the disease.

The present work had the objective to evaluate the existing classifications of damages to the liver associated with a blunt abdominal injury. An original forensic medical classification of hepatic lesions has been developed taking into consideration both localization and mechanisms of blunt abdominal injuries. It is proposed that such injuries should be categorized into three groups: local primary injuries developing as a result of abdominal wall deformation at the site of the application of the traumatic force; local secondary injuries developing in conjunction with the primary ones at the site of the application of the traumatic impact from the fractured costal fragments resulting from chest deformation; late post-traumatic injuries developing simultaneously with the local ones both in the direction of the traumatic force and far away from its application site as a result of the general deformation, displacement, and concussion of the organ. The scope of classifications overviewed in this paper provide a basis for the transition to the next stage of systematization, namely the estimation of morphological features of hepatic injuries depending on the form of blunt abdominal injuries, i.e. blow, compression, etc.

Using high-performance liquid chromatography were qualitatively and quantitatively identified high fatty acids contained in grape seed oil and compare its biological activity as 1,0% and 2,5% food-additive an fatty acids composition contained in lipids of mice livers. Investigation were carried out on 90 inbred mice 5,0 g weight. Using high-performance liquid chromatography methods in grape seed oil is identified linoleic (65,0%), linolenic (1,5%), oleic (17,0%), palmitic (8,0%), stearic (4,4%) and arachidonic (0,6%) acids. After 15 days fatty acids are carried out from mouse liver and individual identified. In paper is showed that 1,0% and 2,5% grape seed oil food-additive have a different biological activity. The investigation demonstrated that after 15 days the grape seed oil takes marked part in lipid metabolism of biological necessary components.

The paper is devoted to differential diagnostics of portal hypertension (PH) in view of frequent diagnostic mistakes (10-15%) associated with this pathology. PH syndrome is usually interpreted by practitioners as a clinical manifestation of liver cirrhosis even if it is not necessarily related to the involvement of this organ. In patients with hepatic pathology, PH is likely to develop not only in case of fibrotic transformation and false lobule formation but also in case of disturbed blood flow in the portal vein, e.g. when granulomatous lesion of parenchyma takes place. Pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical peculiarities of intra-, sub-, suprahepatic and mixed forms of this condition are discussed. Etiological factors leading to the development of PH syndrome are considered. An original observation is presented of a patient with generalized sarcoidosis and histologically confirmed thoracic lymph nodes, spleen, lungs, liver; moderate granulomatous hepatitis, septal fibrosis (Knodel histology activity index 1-1-3-3- (8 scores)), PH, grade 1 oesophageal varicosis, splenomegaly, splenorenal anastomoses. The involvement of liver in the pathological process did not exceed 20%. Clinical, laboratory and instrumental studies rarely reveal manifestations of these changes. The diagnosis is verified histologically (discovery of granulomas formed by epithelial and giant multinuclear cells without signs of caseous necrosis. The reported case is distinctive for the development of PH in association of multiple giant heatic granulomas preventing the normal blood flow.

Our paper presents the results of preclinical evaluation of the mitigating effect of Metrop GP on the acute toxicity and hepatotoxicity induced by paclitaxel and doxorubicin treatment using functional samples and biochemical and morphological techniques.

Results of the analysis of primary and metastatic liver carcinoma, by using autopsied specimens in Rostov-on Don over 20 years are presented. The frequency of hepatocellular carcinoma was 0.4% among the deceased and 3.8% among all malignancies. There was a 1.8-fold rise in the frequency of hepatocellular carcinoma. The increase in the frequency of liver cancer correlated with that of liver cirrhosis on the autopsy specimens. 51.7% of cases of primary liver carcinomas developed in the presence of hepatic cirrhosis of various, including viral, etiology, 14.3% did in the presence of viral hepatitis. The paper presents the results of an immunohistochemical study and characterizes the markers that permit differentiation of primary and metastatic hepatic legions.

In the past 5-7 years, there has been an increase in the incidence of visceral leishmaniasis. In the available literature we have found no information on the use of ultrasound study (USS) in visceral leishmaniasis. This paper characterizes the state of parenchymatous organs by USS in patients with visceral leishmaniasis before and after a complete course of specific treatment and at convalescence that is 10-12 months according to the data of our follow-up.

The paper provides evidence for that as compared with the well-known drug carsil, the new Russian phytohepatoprotective agent maxar has a therapeutic efficiency in patients with mild and moderate chronic hepatitis (CH) of viral and alcoholic etiology. Maxar has been found to produce a more pronounced hepatoprotective effect, to a greater extent, in CH of alcoholic etiology.

Data on the influence of a new antitumor preparation chlofiden on the general contents of rat liver ribosomes and sarcoma 45 and their division on free and membrane of membrane bound and decrease of free ribosomes during tumor growth supposed synthesis of specific proteins bound are given in the paper. It was shown that in the liver of tumor bearing rats total and membrane bound ribosomes decreased and the level of free ribosomes increased. High contents of free ribosomes in sarcoma 45 may testify increase of intracellular protein synthesis including processes of cell growth and division as well as the tendency for increase. Chlofiden normalized total contents, increased free and decreased liver membrane bound ribosomes contents, during tumor growth supposed synthesis of specific proteins. Increase of free ribosomes and decrease of their specific radioactivity in sarcoma 45 testified membrane damage by chlofiden and inhibition of intracellular protein synthesis which are essential in cell division.

The paper reviews both the data available in the literature and the authors' own results of long-term experimental and clinical investigations of the involvement of hepatic monooxygenases (HMO) in the biological activity of antitumor drugs. It reports data of evaluation of HMO activity in pediatric and adult cancer patients, which has shown a decrease in HMO activity in one third of patients without clinical signs of hepatopathy and two thirds of those with toxic hepatic damages after prior chemotherapy. Decreased HMO activity has been found to be stimulated with the enzyme inductor zyxorin. Altered biochemical parameters, such as total bilirubin, ALT and AST, can be corrected with HNO, even if they show a 10-fold deviation from the normal physiological level. The efficacy of zyxorin was tested in patients with advanced cancer and concomitant toxic or viral hepatic disorders (grades II-IV by the WHO classification). Stimulation of inhibited HMO activity allows both decrease and prevention of the manifestations of hepatic toxicity due to anticancer chemotherapy providing a beneficial effect, the dose of cytostatics being not reduced. The authors concluded that the findings provide strong evidence for their assumption that the efficiency of antitumor chemotherapy can be enhanced in patients with concurrent hepatic abnormality by stimulating monooxygenases whose activity is diminished in the majority of these patients.

The paper deals with the study of the preventive effect of the plant drug Korrda-K on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in the liver of the rat exposed to acetone inhalation. The agent was found to have hepatic and membranous protective effects. On exposure to acetone, Korrda-K promotes the normalization of blood glucose levels and other biochemical parameters. The magnitude of changes in the composition of lipids and fatty acids suggests that the preventive use of the agent favours the preservation of the membrane structure of hepatocytes changed by acetone.