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This paper describes the process of developing the software and hardware complex in the programming environment LabVIEW for study and identification of plant operation modes that simulates the real manufacturing process of preparing paper pulp. The specific feature of the developed software complex is its connection with the technological process of the experimental plant by a programming logic controller.

В статье исследованы параметры водородных связей в конденсаторной бумаге на основе сульфатной небеленой сосновой целлюлозы и в чертежной прозрачной бумаге (кальке) на основе хлопковой целлюлозы. Определены плотность, длина и энергия водородной связи в исходных образцах и в образцах после термообработки. Предложена новая методика исследования водородных связей в материалах на основе растительного волокна., The paper presents the results of the study on parameters of the hydrogen bond by IR spectroscopy in the capacitor paper that comes from high-refined sulfate unbleached pulp and the high transparent drawing paper (transparent tracing paper) based on cotton cellulose. Selection of samples for research dictated the conditions of production, ensuring the formation of a highly developed system of hydrogen bonds. A new technique to study the hydrogen bonds in the materials based on plant fibers without destroying them is proposed. The study determined the density, length and the energy of hydrogen bonds in the initial samples and the samples after heat treatment. It is found that the strongest H-bond in both paper samples equal in energy, but differ in the relative density. During heat treatment, the bond density of all energies is decreased.

Пероксидная целлюлоза (получена делигнификацией реакционной смесью «Н2О2–Н2О–АсОН–АсООН–катализатор») и сульфатная целлюлоза из стеблей пшеничной соломы размолоты до 28–30о ШР. Определены морфологические характеристики волокон (длина, ширина, число изломов, угол излома, длина сегментов, грубость) и прочностные свойства бумажных отливок (разрывная длина, сопротивление продавливанию, жесткость при изгибе). Пероксидная целлюлоза менее разрушается при размоле и не уступает сульфатной целлюлозе по фундаментальным и технологическим свойствам., Peroxide pulp (received by means delignification with reactive mixture «H2О2–H2О–AсОН–АсООН–catalyst») and sulfate pulp from stems of wheat straw are beaten to 28–30о SR. Morphological characteristics of fibers (length, width, number of breaks, a break angle, length of segments, coarseness, shape factor) and strength properties of paper castings (breaking length, flexural rigidity and other) was determinate. Peroxide pulp is less degrade during the beat process and doesn't concede to sulfate pulp along the fundamental and technological properties.

In this paper the equipment to measure the flow fiber suspension. A method of testing submersible vortex flowmeters takes into account both the hydrodynamics in a pipeline running meter and properties of the fiber suspension (concentration, degree of grinding, temperature). The mathematical relationships explaining test equipment. Presents the results of research submersible vortex flowmeter for fiber suspension with different concentrations, the degree of grinding and temperature., В работе исследуется оборудование для измерения расхода волокнистой суспензии. Предложен метод испытания погружных вихревых расходомеров, учитывающий как гидродинамику работающего в трубопроводе расходомера, так и свойства волокнистой суспензии (концентрация, степень помола, температура). Приведены математические соотношения, поясняющие работу испытательного оборудования. Даны результаты исследования работы погружного вихревого расходомера на волокнистой суспензии с различной концентрацией, степенью помола и температурой.

The article provides data on the investigation of the effect of enzymatic catalysis on the technological parameters of apple juice production. Apples are distinguished by the presence of a heterogeneous high-molecular complex of biopolymers, which complicates their processing: it prevents juice output, hinders its clarification, filterability of wine materials and negatively affects the colloidal stability of wines. Enzymatic catalysis based on the action of microbial preparations, contributes in many respects to the successful solution of the problems of intensifying technological processes of fruit and berry raw materials processing and improving the quality of obtained products. Enzyme preparations of complex action, causing deep hydrolysis of high-molecular components of the peel and pulp of fruits, provide a more complete extraction of the liquid fraction, better clarification and filterability of juices. The foothill zone of Adygea has special soil and climatic conditions that affect the formation of physical and chemical characteristics of raw materials. Considering that apple tree occupies the first place in terms of planting area among fruit crops in the Republic of Adygea, an urgent task is to study the effect of enzymatic catalysis on technological properties of juices obtained during the processing of apples grown in these soil and climatic conditions. Enzyme preparations of complex action, recommended for the processing of fruit juices and wine materials, made in France and Germany, have been selected as objects of the research. The results of the studies on the use of enzyme preparations in the processing of apple juices, taking into account their influence on the juice yield and such technological parameters as the speed and quality of clarification, filterability and dynamics of alcoholic fermentation, have been presented. The effect of enzymatic catalysis on the mass concentrations of polysaccharides, starch, total nitrogen and phenolic substances has been studied. A higher hydrolytic activity of the Extrazyme enzyme preparation has been established, when added to the pulp; it contributes to the deep transformation of high-molecular substances and, as a result, to optimize the technological parameters of juice production

Increasing the yield of juice and biologically active components from plant raw materials is an urgent task in the production of functional beverages. For this, fruit, berry and vegetable pulp was treated with enzymatic preparations of pectolytic action and the yield of juice was determined. Samples of pulp of each raw material were treated with enzyme preparations: Fructocyme P6-L, Fructocyme P, Fructocyme MA, in an amount of 0.03% of the pulp mass. Enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out at 50 °C for two hours, after which the amount of obtained juice was compared with the control sample. As a result, when adding Fructocyme MA to the pulp of apples and carrots, the juice yield increases by 8% and 17%, respectively. When Fructocyme P6-L is added to the pulp of kiwi, blueberries, grapes, the juice yield increases by 6%, 12 and 10%, respectively. To determine the effect of enzyme preparations on the yield of biologically active components, the previously selected enzyme preparations were added to all samples in an amount of 0.01; 0.03; 0.05; 0.07% of the pulp mass, and the total content of polyphenols was determined by colorimetry and anthocyanins. As a result of the experiment, it was found that in terms of the amount of polyphenolic substances extracted from the pulp, fruit and berry raw materials can be divided into three groups: raw materials with loose pulp, with pulp of medium density and raw materials with dense pulp. As a result, individual enzyme preparations and optimal modes of application were selected for each type of raw material. The dependence of the content of polyphenolic compounds on the dosage of the addition of enzyme preparations has been established.

Introduction. The processes of structure formation of cement compositions and the development of effective technologies of building materials is an urgent task for building material science. The use of large-scale man-made product of pulp and paper enterprises – osprey as a fibrous filler in organic and mineral compositions is the successful decision of the problem. The paper analyzes the ways of using osprey in the building materials’ production. The aim of the research is to study the osprey influence on the processes of structure formation of cement stone by quantitative x-ray phase analysis.Materials and methods. The organic and mineral compositions were obtained on the basis of portland cement and osprey. The authors studied the compositions’ phase of osprey, portland cement and the processes of cement stone structure formation in organ and mineral compositions by quantitative x-ray phase analysis.Results. The authors determined the compositions’ phase of mineral impurities of osprey, cellulose, cement, cement stone, organic and mineral compositions and two compositions containing 25 and 75% by weight.Discussion and conclusions. The osprey application as a filler in the organic and mineral composition causes inhibition of processes of cement hydration. The presence of osprey in the hardening organic and mineral composition leads to a change in the composition and structure of the cement stone in comparison with the phase composition of the cement stone without additives. The result of these changes is a significant increase in the amount of calcite, waterite and a significant decrease in the amount of portland. The authors establish that the effective joint work of the reinforcing component of the osprey with the cement matrix is possible with a limited amount of osprey in organic and mineral compositions.

В работе рассмотрены структурно-морфологические и бумагообразующие свойства целлюлозы, полученной сульфатным способом из древесины тропических пород – Bambusa blumeana и акация Acacia hybrid, местом произрастания которых является Вьетнам. Выполнено сравнение со свойствами целлюлозы из древесины традиционных северных лиственных (смесь березы и осины 50:50) и хвойных пород. Структурно-морфологические свойства определены на автоматическом анализаторе волокна L&W Fiber Tester. Цифровые микрофотографии получены на микроскопе «ImagerM2m Carl Zeiss». Исследованы образцы до и после размола на мельнице Йокро до степени помола 30 °ШР, для целлюлозы из акации – 20 °ШР. Установлено, что, по сравнению с лиственной целлюлозой, волокна бамбука более длинные (1,8 мм против 1,0 мм), с меньшей шириной (17 мкм против 26 мкм), более изогнутые (фактор формы 87,5 против 92,5) и имеют больше изломов (0,42 против 0,29). Волокна акации более короткие (0,9 мм против 1,0 мм), с меньшей шириной (19 мкм против 26 мкм), более изогнутые (фактор формы 91,6 против 92,5) и имеют больше изломов (0,44 против 0,29). По сравнению с хвойной целлюлозой волокна бамбука и акации более короткие с меньшей шириной, менее изогнутые и имеют больше изломов. Использование небеленой целлюлозы из бамбука и акации в композиции небеленых видов бумаги и картона не приведет к повышению их прочности и жесткости, но может использоваться для повышения эластичности и растяжимости, что должно быть установлено в дальнейших исследованиях., The paper considers the structural-morphological and papermaking properties of kraft pulp from tropical woods – Bambusa blumeana and Acacia hybrid, the place of growth of which is Vietnam. A comparison with the properties of traditional northern hardwood pulp (a mixture of birch and aspen 50:50) and softwood pulp was made. Structural and morphological properties are determined on an automatic fiber analyzer L&W Fiber Tester. Digital micrographs were taken with an ImagerM2m Carl Zeiss microscope. Samples were studied before and after refining at the Yokro mill to 30° SR, for acacia pulp – 20°SR. It was found that, compared with hardwood pulp, bamboo fibers are longer (1.8 mm vs 1.0 mm), with a smaller width (17 μm vs 26 μm), more curved (shape factor 87.5 vs 92.5) and have more kinks (0.42 versus 0.29). Acacia fibers are shorter (0.9 mm vs 1.0 mm), with a smaller width (19 μm vs 26 μm), more curved (shape factor 91.6 vs 92.5) and have more kinks (0.44 vs 0.29). Compared to softwood pulp, bamboo and acacia fibers are shorter with a smaller width, less curved and have more kinks. The use of unbleached pulp from bamboo and acacia in the furnish of unbleached types of paper and cardboard will not lead to an increase in their strength and stiffness, but can be used to increase elasticity and extensibility, which should be established in further studies., Известия СПбЛТА, Выпуск 231 2020

Работа посвящена обзору расходоизмерительного оборудования, применяемого в технологических операциях целлюлознобумажного производства (ЦБП). Представлены основные требования к расходомерам, использующимся в регулировании технологических процессов ЦБП. Рассмотрены конструктивные особенности и принцип действия различных типов расходомеров, а также представлены их достоинства и недостатки. Представлена технологическая схема производства газетной бумаги и бумаги для гофрирования с указанием расположения расходомеров, фиксирующих объем волокнистых масс с заданной концентрацией и степенью помола. Рассмотрены скорости волокнистых суспензий, циркулирующих по внутрицеховым трубопроводам в зависимости от концентрации и диаметра трубопровода. Проведенный анализ данных с учетом основных требований, предъявляемых к расходомерам, показал, что весьма перспективным типом расходомеров являются вихревые приборы. Рассмотрены принцип действиях и основные типы таких приборов: с прецессией вихря и телом обтекания. Представлены математические соотношения процесса измерения расхода вихревыми приборами. На рисунках представлена картина обтекания цилиндра потоком жидкости и метод повышения устойчивости вихреобразования с помощью канала обратной связи. Показан метод преобразования расхода в полезный сигнал в вихревых расходомерах с помощью специальных устройств, которые называют приемникомпреобразователем вихревых колебаний (ППВК), которые в свою очередь разделяются на группы. В качестве примера рассмотрен один из ППВК, называемый контактнокондуктометрическим. Рассмотрена конструкция и принцип действия перспективных типов среди вихревых расходомеров, называемых погружными. Сделаны выводы о перспективности применения погружных вихревых расходомеров в технологических процессах ЦБП., The work is devoted to the review of the flow measurement equipment used in pulp and paper production (pulp and paper) operations (pulp and paper). The main requirements for flowmeters used in the regulation of technological processes of pulp and paper are presented. The design features and operating principle of various types of flowmeters are considered, and their advantages and disadvantages are also presented. The technological scheme of production of newsprint and corrugating paper with the indication of the arrangement of flow meters fixing the volume of fibrous masses with a given concentration and degree of grinding is presented. The speeds of fibrous suspensions circulating through internal pipe lines are considered depending on the concentration and diameter of the pipeline. The analysis of the data, taking into account the basic requirements for flowmeters, has shown that vortex devices are a very promising type of flowmeters. The principle of actions and the main types of such devices are considered: with the precession of the vortex and the body of flow. The mathematical relationships of the process of flow measurement by vortex devices are presented. Figures show the flow pattern of a cylinder by a liquid flow and the method of increasing the stability of a vortex formation by means of a feedback channel. The method is shown to convert flow into a useful signal in vortex flowmeters by means of special devices which are called receiverpreobrazatorom vortex oscillations (CPVC), which in turn are divided into groups. As an example, one of the TSTCs called contactconductometric is considered. The design and operation principle of promising types among vortex flowmeters called submersible flowmeters is considered. Conclusions are drawn about the prospects of using submerged vortex flowmeters in pulp and paper manufacturing processes., №227 (2019)

Existing technological schemes of lime-carbon dioxide purification of diffusion juice include lime treatment (defecation) and two-stage treatment with carbon dioxide (saturation) with sediment separation. Improving cleaning methods aimed at increasing its efficiency is an urgent task. Lime-carbon dioxide purification of the concentrated sugar-containing solution before boiling allows to improve the quality of sugar, reducing the syrup color and increasing its natural alkalinity. The proposed purification scheme, which includes overcarbonation to low syrup pH values (8 and below), its mixing with carbonated syrup and adding activated suspension of II saturation sediment, makes it possible to obtain a purified solution with an increased effect of adsorption purification, with a significantly low content of high-molecular compounds and their calcium salts. The results of the study of various schemes for the purification of syrups in a laboratory setup have been presented. A method for purification of concentrated sugar-containing solutions, protected by a patent of the Russian Federation for the invention, has been developed, which provides for the reduction in the consumption of calcium hydroxide by 0,10–0,12% of CaO by weight of the product or by 0,04% by weight of beet.

Introduction. Soy pulp, or okara, is a soy milk by-product. It contains a complex of valuable macro- and micronutrients, including fat-soluble vitamins. Recently, there has been a growing interest in replacing synthetic antioxidants with a mix of natural tocopherols. Soy beans and their by-products contain vitamin E and therefore can be used in food production, cosmetic, etc. Study objects and methods. The present research featured soy pulp. The content of tocopherols in the soy product was determined by high performance liquid chromatography using Sigma Aldrich standards and corresponding calibration dependencies. The research also involved spectrophotometry for determining tocopherols in standard solutions followed by chromatographic separation using fluorimetric detection. Results and discussion. To determine tocopherols in the okara, the test samples were treated with hexane. The filtered solution was exposed to low temperatures, after which the phases formed by centrifugation were separated. The samples were tested for all forms of tocopherols with the exception of β- and γ-forms. The chromatographic separation of the peaks of these forms was difficult due to the fact that their structural formulas were similar and differed only in the arrangement of methyl groups, i.e. the ortho- and paraposition. As a result, it was decided to determine the sum of the β- and γ-forms, which did not affect the objectivity of the analysis, since, according to published data, the content of β-tocopherol in soy products stays within 5%. Conclusion. The proposed method for sample preparation made it possible to improve the separation of the lipid fraction, which had a positive effect on the results of the analysis. The method also determined not only the quantitative, but also the qualitative content of tocopherols in the product. This reduced the risk of malfunctioning chromatographic equipment: the method proved more economical in terms of labor and reagent use. The obtained results corresponded to the existing scientific data on the content of tocopherols in soy products. The content of tocopherols in soy okara was 109 mg%.

Представлен обзор зарубежных научных исследований по получению ванилина, олигосахаридов, липидов и ферментов из свекловичного жома. Наличие в составе свекловичного жома лигнина, состоящего в основном из феруловой кислоты, делает его перспективным источником для получения ванилина; по данным иранских исследователей его выход составляет 1439,3 мг/100 г свекловичного жома. В работах польских и нидерландских исследователей отмечено, что с применением различных ферментов можно достичь 95%-й степени гидролиза пищевых волокон свекловичного жома до олигосахаридов. При микробиологической обработке свекловичного жома для получения липидов их выработка составляет 0,12 г/г сухих веществ при длине цепи 16–18 атомов углерода, что аналогично длинам цепей липидов растительных масел. Микробиологический синтез ферментов из свекловичного жома также показал свою перспективность. Так, при жидкофазном ферментировании свекловичного жома с содержанием сухих веществ 2% выработка β-амилазы с применением P. chitinolyticus составила 2,237 ед./мл. При твердофазном синтезе β-глюкооксидазы с применением T. aurantiacus выработка составила 70 ед./г сухих веществ, а A. pullulans – 13 ед./г сухих веществ. При твердофазном синтезе α-галактозидазы плесенями A. niger выработка составила 230,159 ед./г сухих веществ, A. spinosa – 117,8 ед./г сухих веществ, F. moniliforme – 207,33 ед./г сухих веществ. Отмечено, что получаемые путем микробиологической обработки свекловичного жома ферменты обладают высокой активностью, а также устойчивостью к изменению температуры и реакции среды. Полученные различными исследователями данные показывают перспективность применения свекловичного жома для получения пищевых ингредиентов и биологически активных веществ., The article provides a review of foreign scientific research on the production of vanillin, oligosaccharides, lipids and enzymes from sugar beet pulp. The presence of lignin in beet pulp, mainly consisting of ferulic acid, makes it a promising source for vanillin obtaining – according to Iranian researchers, its yield is 1439,3 mg/100 g of sugar beet pulp. In the works of Polish and Dutch researchers, it was noted that using various enzymes it is possible to achieve a 95% degree sugar beet pulp dietary fiber hydrolysis to oligosaccharides. In the microbiological treatment of sugar beet pulp to produce lipids, their production is 0,12 g/g of dry substances with a chain length of 16–18 carbon atoms, which is similar to the vegetable oils lipid chains length. Microbiological synthesis of enzymes from beet pulp has also shown its prospects. So, with liquid-phase fermentation of sugar beet pulp with a dry substances content of 2%, the production of β-amylase using P. chitinolyticus was 2,237 units/ml. During solid-phase synthesis of β-glucooxidase using T. aurantiacus, it was 70 units/g of dry substances, and A. pullulans – 13 units/g of dry substances. During solid-phase synthesis of α-galactosidase by A. niger molds, production amounted to 230,159 units/g of dry substances, A. spinosa – 117,8 units/g of dry substances and F. moniliforme – 207,33 units/g of dry substances. It is noteworthy that the enzymes obtained by microbiological treatment of sugar beet pulp have high activity, as well as resistance to changes in temperature and the medium reaction. The data obtained by various researchers show the prospects of using beet pulp for the food ingredients and biologically active substances production., Известия вузов. Пищевая технология, Выпуск 2-3 (380-381) 2021

Проведено исследование фракционного состава и физико-механических свойств беленой химико-термомеханической массы (БХТММ) из древесины тополя и её влияния на механические показатели бумаги в композиции с вторичным волокном, полученным из макулатуры марки МС-5Б. Новизной и особенностью рассматриваемой БХТММ является ее получение по экструзивной технологии, принципиально отличающейся от классической операции предварительной обработки древесины в виде щепы и превращения ее в волокноподобную костру для последующих ступеней размола. Исследованная БХТММ из древесины тополя при степени помола не ниже 40 оШР имеет физико- механические показатели, сравнимые с вторичным волокном, полученным из макулатуры марки МС-5Б. Ее добавки в волокнистую композицию бумаги для гофрирования и картона-лайнера для плоских слоев гофрированного картона целесообразны в интервале 30–50%. Небеленая ХТММ, получаемая по экструзивной технологии, в качестве первичного высококачественного целлюлозного волокнистого полуфабриката может эффективно использоваться в производстве гофрированной тары. Экструзивная технология является перспективной для переработки неликвидной древесины и отходов лесопромышленных предприятий и рекомендуется для использования в России., In this paper, the study of the fractional composition and physico-mechanical properties of bleached chemical-thermomechanical pulp (BCTMM) from poplar wood and the effect on the mechanic properties of paper from composites with recycled fiber from MS-5B paper was conducted. The novelty and feature of BCTMM is its production using extrusion technology, which is fundamentally different from the classical operations of pretreatment of wood in the form of chips and turning it into a fiber-like scutch for subsequent grinding steps. The studied BCTMM from wood of poplar with a degree of grinding not lower than 40 оSR has physical and mechanical properties comparable to the secondary fiber of MS-5B waste paper. Its additives to the fibrous composition of paper for corrugation and cardboard-liner for flat layers of corrugated cardboard are expedient in the range of 30–50%. Unbleached CTMM obtained by extrusion technology, as a primary high-quality cellulosic fiber semi- finished product can be effectively used in the manufacture of corrugated packaging. Extrusive technology is promising for the processing of illiquid wood and waste of timber industry enterprises and is recommended for use in Russia., №226 (2019)

The paper presents the results of experiments to improve the performance of insulating paper as a component of high-voltage paper-impregnated insulation by introducing the modifying additive into the paper mass. Environmentally safe and economically feasible method of obtaining modifying additives of the chitin-glucan complex of Aspergillus niger (A.n.) which is a large-tonnage waste production of citric acid is proposed. The modifying additive was introduced into the paper mass in an amount of 5–10% to the mass of absolutely dry fiber of sulfate insulating cellulose. The paper samples were subjected to accelerated thermal aging at 140°C for 250 hours. The values of the short – term electrical strength of the samples with the modifying additive, both in the initial and in the aged state, exceeded the similar characteristic of the paper sample without additives. for the paper made of 100% cellulose after 250 hours of accelerated thermal aging the maximal mechanical tensile strength decreased by 2.1 times; for paper containing 5% HGC A.n. – by 1.5 times and for the insulating paper, which was introduced into 10% of the modifying additive, the specified parameter during the test has not changed. Comparative evaluation of the sorption activity of the cellulose component was carried out by determining the light transmission coefficient of transformer oil relative to the standard at the process of thermal aging. It was found that the modification of insulating paper by biopolymer also increases its sorption activity in relation to the products of destruction of paper-impregnated insulation components under the catalytic effect of copper., В работе представлены результаты экспериментов по улучшению эксплуатационных характеристик электроизоляционной бумаги, как компонента высоковольтной бумажно-пропитанной изоляции, за счет введения в бумажную массу модифицирующей добавки. Предложен экологически безопасный и экономически целесообразный способ получения модифицирующей добавки из хитин-глюканового комплекса Aspergillus niger (ХГК A.n.) – многотоннажного отхода производства лимонной кислоты. Модифицирующую добавку вводили в бумажную массу в количестве 5–10% к массе абсолютно сухого волокна сульфатной электроизоляционной целлюлозы. Образцы бумаги подвергали ускоренному термическому старению при температуре 140°С в течение 250 ч. Значения кратковременной электрической прочности образцов бумаги с модифицирующей добавкой как в исходном, так и в состаренном состоянии превосходили аналогичную характеристику образца бумаги без добавок. Введение в состав целлюлозной основы модифицирующей добавки способствовало повышению нагревостойкости бумаги, сохраняя показатель механической прочности на высоком уровне в процессе длительного термического старения: у бумаги из 100% целлюлозы после 250 ч ускоренного термического старения предел механической прочности на разрыв снизился в 2.1 раза; у бумаги, содержащей 5% ХГК А.n. – в 1.5 раза, а у бумаги, в состав которой было введено 10% модифицирующей добавки, указанный показатель за время испытаний не изменился. Сравнительная оценка сорбционной активности целлюлозного компонента проводилась путем определения коэффициента светопропускания трансформаторного масла относительно эталона в процессе термического старения. Установлено, что модификация электроизоляционной бумаги биополимером также повышает ее сорбционную активность по отношению к продуктам деструкции компонентов бумажно-пропитанной изоляции в условиях каталитического влияния меди.

В статье рассмотрены различные подходы к пониманию природы связей в целлюлозно-волокнистых системах. Анализ результатов многочисленных исследований показывает, что при изготовлении высокотехнологичных целлюлозно-бумажных изделий необходимо учитывать специфику процессов структурообразования в дисперсных системах, дисперсионной средой в которых является вода или её растворы, на каждом этапе в многоступенчатых системах химической переработки растительного сырья. В статье освещаются особенности диалектики развития прикладной науки (отрицание отрицания) и её влияние на решение проблем отечественной научной школы текстильной и целлюлозно-бумажной промышленности. Выделение физикохимии растворов высокомолекулярных соединений из коллоидной химии в отдельную науку явилось причиной создания теоретических основ технологии искусственных волокон и целлюлозно-бумажного производства. Игнорирование научных положений о структурообразовании дисперсных систем с точки зрения фазового взаимодействия их компонентов и релаксационного состояния является причиной сдерживания прогресса в совершенствовании технологических процессов целлюлозно-бумажного производства. Разработанные теоретические основы получения дисперсных структур с заданными механическими свойствами не были доведены до создания моделей технологических процессов, необходимых для изготовления отечественного технологического оборудования. Таким образом, исключение представлений коллоидной химии и её раздела – физико-химической механики из повседневной практики целлюлозно- бумажного производства препятствуют целенаправленному решению проблем при получении высокотехнологичных материалов., The article deals with different approaches to understanding the nature of bonds in cellulose-fibrous systems. Analysis of the results of numerous studies shows that in the manufacture of high-tech pulp and paper products it is necessary to take into account the specifics of the processes of structure formation in dispersed systems, the dispersion medium in which is water or its solutions, at each stage in multi-stage systems of chemical processing of vegetable raw materials. The article highlights the features of dialectics of applied science (denial of negation) and its impact on solving the problems of the domestic scientific school of textile and pulp and paper industry. The separation of physical chemistry of solutions of high-molecular compounds from colloidal chemistry into a separate science was the reason for the creation of the theoretical foundations of the technology of artificial fibers and pulp and paper production. Ignoring the scientific provisions on the structure formation of dispersed systems from the point of view of the phase interaction of their components and the relaxation state is the reason for holding back progress in improving the technological processes of pulp and paper production. The developed theoretical basis for obtaining dispersed structures with specified mechanical properties were not brought to the creation of models of technological processes necessary for the manufacture of domestic technological equipment. Thus, the exclusion of colloidal chemistry, and its section – physical and chemical mechanics, from the daily practice of pulp and paper production prevents the purposeful solution of problems in the production of high-tech materials., №225 (2018)

One of the most common methods of preserving apple pomace in order to further obtain products with a high content of biologically active substances is drying. For the experiment, a method of drying with superheated steam of reduced pressure in a pulsed vibro boiling layer was chosen, since it allows improving the quality of the finished product by lowering the temperature of the drying agent, thereby retaining a significant amount of nutrients in the original product. To study the kinetic and hydrodynamic dependences of the drying process, an experimental setup has been developed and created, which allows to obtain the most accurate and reproducible results. According to the results of the experiments done, the drying curves, the drying rate curves and the heating curves were constructed. The technological modes of operation of the drying unit are determined, ensuring a minimum of the specific energy consumption of the drying process and the maximum moisture stress of the drying chamber. In addition to the experiment on drying apple pomace, a study was also conducted on the content of pectic substances in dried pomace. To determine the amount of pectin and protopectin, the calcium-pectate method was used. During the experiment, it was found that with the proposed method of drying, the yield of pectin substances is increased compared with traditional methods. Histograms of the content of pectin and protopectin were constructed depending on the method of drying. A comparative analysis of the content of pectin and protopectin was carried out depending on the drying mode for apple pomace and sugar beet pulp. The conclusion is made about the increased thermolability of protopectin in apple pomace compared to sugar beet pulp.

During the research conducted at the All-Russian Research Institute for Starch Products there has been developed a technological mode of using cellulolytic enzymes to reduce the viscosity of grain pulp obtained by grinding naked oat grains soaked in a sodium metabisulphite solution. As the experimental data had been processed, the optimum technological parameters of the process were determined: the consumption of the enzyme preparation Viscoferm was 200 g/t of grain and the dura-tion of fermentation by constant stirring for 2.5 hours at pH 4.6 and temperature 50°C. Under laboratory conditions there has been studied the possibility of starch processing of naked oat grain samples Vyatka, Percheron, 857h05, 766 h05 varieties grown in the Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East named N.V. Rudnitsky. Technological assessment based on grain processing in the laboratory using the “plant on the table” method has shown that the yield of coarse-grained starch A in the processing of naked oat using cellulolytic enzymes is 51.4-53.9%, i.e. higher than that of filmy oats, rye Falenskaya 4 and Vyatka 2, wheat and triticale. Low starch content in fiber (7.7-8.7% dry substances DS of fiber) was found in comparison with the results obtained from the processing of filmy oats, Falenskaya and Vyatka 2 rye varieties, wheat and triticale (11.2 - 13.9% DS of fiber). Fiber output by the processing of naked oats is 7.3 - 8.8% DS of grain, by the processing of other types of grain 10.3 - 17.5% DS of grain. The yield of small-grain starch B in the processing of the studied varieties of naked oat is 19.2 - 20.8% DS of grain, that is higher than this value obtained by processing of filmy oats and wheat, but lower than by pro-cessing of rye and triticale. Isolated carbohydrate-protein concentrate, including starch B and proteins, is recommended for use with the extract and fiber as a component for the production of feed.

The assessment of the suitability of cables of 6–110 kV with XLPE insulation in comparison with cables of the same voltage but possessing paper-oil insulation has been fulfilled on the basis of the criterion of reduced costs. Thus, the comparison was undertaken between cables of various design and material of insulation: three-core paper insulated ones vs. three-core XLPE insulated ones; three-core paper-insulated ones vs. solid wires with XLPE insulation; single-core oil-filled cables of 110 kV with paper insulation vs. solid wires of 110 kV with XLPE insulation. The increase in long-term permissible current loads for cables with XLPE insulation because of the larger permissible temperature of heating in comparison with cables with paper-oil insulation complies with as would increase in the cross-sectional area of cable cores (equal to 0.61 from the original) and therefore reduces the cost of the cable by reducing the cost of manufacture of conductors. The reduced costs of the construction and operation of cable lines with XLPE insulation (accounting the increase in the cost of a cable 1.2 and 2 times as compared with the cost of a cable with three-core insulation), despite the decline in the cost of manufacture of conductors and the reduced annual operating costs (9 % and 17 % respectively of cable lines of voltage of up to 35 kV and 110 kV), occurred to be more than the reduced costs of the construction and operation of cable lines with paper insulation. Currently the cost of one meter of cable with XLPE insulation is less than the cost of cables of AAB, CASB, AASv types of a voltage of 10 kV with aluminium cores, that ensures their undeniable efficacy.

Рассмотрены процесс сублимации сухого льда и распределение температур внутри гранулы диоксида углерода при нестационарном режиме теплопередачи в пористом материале, в качестве которого использовали мятку подсолнечника температурой 19C и массой 30 г. Основой исследования был ряд экспериментов, позволяющих сформировать зависимости изменения массы гранул СО2 во времени с учетом влияния заданных внешних факторов на процесс сублимации. Для минимизации погрешностей при оценке времени сублимации в эксперименте отбирали пеллеты диоксида углерода длиной 20 мм и массой 2 г. Эксперимент проводили в двух вариантах, меняя воздействие окружающей среды на процесс сублимации: теплопередача посредством конвективного теплообмена в среде покоящегося воздуха и теплопередача в засыпке гранулы пористым материалом. Обработка результатов экспериментальных исследований проведена методами математического моделирования с использованием вычислительного пакета Mathcad. Показана возможность формирования достоверной модели с заменой параболического уравнения уравнением пробной функции, определяемой уравнением теплопроводности Фурье для одномерного тела, дальнейшее решение которого осуществлено полуаналитическим методом Галеркина. Доказано соответствие полученных регрессионных уравнений экспериментальным исследованиям. В результате исследования математической модели получены данные о динамике перемещения границы раздела фаз для пеллет цилиндрической формы. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы для расчетов режимов современного прессового оборудования., The process of sublimation of dry ice and the temperature distribution inside the carbon dioxide granules at a nonstationary heat transfer mode in a porous material, which was used as a sunflower mint at a temperature of 19C and a mass of 30 g, are considered. Experiments allowing to form dependences of changes in the mass of CO2 granules in time taking into account the influence of specified external factors on the sublimation process were the basis of the study. To minimize errors in the estimation of sublimation time, carbon dioxide pellets with a length of 20 mm and a mass of 2 g were selected in the experiment. The experiment was carried out in two versions, changing the effect of the environment on the sublimation process: heat transfer by means of convective heat transfer in a medium of resting air and heat transfer in the filling of the granule with a porous material. Processing of the results of experimental studies carried out by methods of mathematical modeling using a computational package Mathcad. The possibility of forming a reliable model with the replacement of the parabolic equation by the equation of the trial function determined by the Fourier heat equation for a onedimensional body, the further solution of which is carried out by the semianalytical Galerkin method, is shown. The correspondence of the obtained regression equations to experimental studies is proved. As a result of the study of the mathematical model, data on the dynamics of the phase boundary movement for cylindrical pellets are obtained. The results of the study can be used to calculate the modes of modern press equipment., №4(370) (2019)

The emerging spin-offs have become a way to further spread of nanotechnology in the 2000s. One of them (nanophotonics), which promises a wide range of technological outputs, is considered in this article. Relaying on bibliometric analysis, the most active world players in the field as well as the main domestic institutions participating in the research were identified, their contribution was estimated, and positioning was shown. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of the research funding structure, the possible linking of scientific input and output. In particular, there were shown: the internationalization of such funding as an element of the globalization of research, a comparative degree of prioritization of nanophotonics on the agenda of a number of science foundations, an example of identifying the most influential grants by combining bibliometric data with information from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. The source of information was the polythematic database Science Citation Index Expanded, as well as data obtained through the web portals of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the US National Science Foundation.