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Introduction Vegetarianism is an eating pattern centred on plant-based food. It encompasses many diets that differ in terms of whether they contain goods originating from animals, like milk and eggs. Nowadays, vegetarianism is increasing in popularity in developed nations, particularly in Europe. Individuals choose vegetarian diets for reasons related to health, ethics, or ecology. The rising popularity of vegetarian diets is not limited to adults but is also increasing among children. Aim of the study Vegetarian diets are generally considered to be beneficial for health. However, there are concerns over the ability to meet the dietary requirements necessary during infancy, youth, and adolescence on a vegetarian diet. Therefore, the primary aim of this systematic review is to answer questions about the efficacy of a plant-based diet in meeting the nutritional requirements of children and how to avoid the risk of nutritional deficiencies among vegetarian children. Material and methods Article provides an overview of the current literature about the vegetarian diet in children. The information has been collected from a comprehensive search of electronic databases, scientific journals, and statement papers published by nutrition and paediatric organisations. Results Following a vegetarian diet can be a beneficial decision for all children, assuming that it is properly organised and well balanced. The majority of paediatric and nutrition organisations do not recommend more strict diets for children, such as a vegan diet, which fully excludes not only meat but all animal products.

Introduction: In the last few years, obesity has become a central issue with more than 2.6 billion people worldwide being overweight or obese. While the risks associated with this condition and its rising significance are widely known, the effect of this attention on screening and treatment remains unsatisfying. This paper explores multiple treatment strategies and evaluates their effectiveness in preventing obesity-related complications. Review methods: We conducted our study as a literature review, with data being gathered via PubMed and Embase. The state of knowledge: Physical activity, behavioral therapy, and proper nutrition remain the foundation for obesity therapy. However, in many cases these approaches are insufficient. Recently, there has been a dynamic development of bariatric surgery, which in comparison to lifestyle modification, results in better long-term effects and improved quality of life. New surgery procedures, such as sleeve gastrectomy and adjustable gastric banding, have shown to be one of the most effective, but they carry a risk of complications. Conclusions: Growing treatment options allow doctors to choose more targeted strategies, based on the patient’s risk factors, overall health status, and compliance. Improvements in surgery, especially laparoscopic techniques have opened new possibilities for patients with morbid obesity.

Introduction Ashwagandha, a traditional Indian plant, is gaining increasive attention from scientists worldwide due to its potential health benefits, especially in the context of its antibacterial and anticancer properties. Aim of the study The aim of this review was to discuss recent findings regarding the impact of Withania Somnifera on antibacterial effect and its potential applications in anticancer therapy. Materials and methods: The paper was created based on the Pubmed and Google Scholar database. The literature was reviewed using the keywards: ,,Ashwagandha”, ,,Withania Somnifera”, ,,antibacterial ”, ,,anticancer”, ,,side effects”, ,,breats cancer”. Results Studies have confirmed Withania Somnifera, exhibits significant anticacterial and anticancer effects. It inhibits the growth of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Futhermore, it demonstrates anticancer activity, especially in breast cancer, by stimulating apoptosis, induction of cytotoxic effects on cancerous cells and increasing cell sensitivity to radiation. Conclusion Despite promising results, futher research on the benefits of Ashwagandha, particulary in the long term, is essential. There is growing need of more research of the potencial benefits of Ashwagandha in the treatment of various disorders including cancer and bacterial infections and to develop more effective therapeutic strategies. The need for large randomized studies comparing long term clinical effectiveness is emphasized

Introduction and purpose: Citrus bergamia, commonly known as bergamot, is a unique plant native to the Calabria region in Italy, prized for its fragrant fruits and versatile applications. Historically utilized for extracting essential oil, bergamot has garnered attention for its therapeutic properties, particularly its Bergamot-derived Polyphenolic Fraction (BPF), which exhibits lipid-lowering, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive summary of existing research on the therapeutic potential of BPF in humans. Brief description of the state of knowledge: BPF has shown promise in supporting wound healing, alleviating neuropathic pain, and exhibiting antimicrobial properties. Research highlights BPF's role in modulating lipid metabolism, particularly in reducing LDL cholesterol and triglycerides while increasing HDL cholesterol levels. Additionally, BPF demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects, accelerating the recovery process in conditions such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and potentially influencing pathways involved in cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis. Further studies explore BPF's impact on bone metabolism, erectile dysfunction, and its potential in dermatological applications, particularly in counteracting photoaging. Conclusions: While existing studies underscore the promising therapeutic effects of BPF in various medical domains, further research is warranted to establish its efficacy and safety for broader clinical use. Continued investigation on a larger scale holds the potential to develop BPF as a valuable physiotherapeutic strategy across diverse medical fields.

Introduction The rising prevalence of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has prompted concerns regarding its potential health implications. While much attention has focused on respiratory and cardiovascular effects, injuries, oral trauma, and bone fractures linked to e-cigarette use have received less scrutiny. This paper aims to comprehensively review the landscape of injuries, oral trauma, and bone fractures induced by e-cigarettes, shedding light on this underexplored facet of e-cigarette-related harm. Material and Methods This literature review has analyzed 16 papers. Inclusion criteria: researches and case reports published after 2015. PubMed and Google Scholar has been searched to identify the papers. Analysis of the Literature Existing literature suggests a growing incidence of injuries, oral trauma, and bone fractures associated with e-cigarette use, albeit with limited systematic investigation. Mechanisms underlying these injuries range from device malfunctions to inadvertent impacts during use. Case reports highlight a spectrum of injuries, including oral burns, dental trauma, and skeletal fractures, often involving the face and mouth regions. Conclusions Despite the lack of comprehensive epidemiological data emerging evidence underscores the need for heightened awareness and preventive measures to mitigate e-cigarette-related injuries. Enhanced education, regulation of e-cigarette devices, and promotion of safer usage practices are crucial steps towards reducing the burden of e-cigarette-related harm on oral and skeletal health.

Introduction and purpose: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disease in the female reproductive age. As treatment guidelines include lifestyle changes, various diet types are being evaluated in terms of efficacy among them ketogenic diet (KD) which was also assessed in terms of its influence on another ovarian related disease - ovarian cancer. The aim of this paper is an analysis of the available scientific data in respect of the role of the KD as a part of the therapy of ovarian related disorders. The search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholarship databases. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Ketogenic diet demonstrates favorable effects in the hormonal profile of PCOS-affected women. It was also noticed that its administration results in the reduction of BMI and the improvement in glycemic parameters. Most of the research was conducted by linking the ketogenic diet with the caloric restriction. In the matter of ovarian cancer the results are unclear; some of the research states the improvement of the quality of life of the participants, but there is some alarming data of the possible role of KD in enhancing the tumor growth. Conclusions: Ketogenic diet merits further research as a possible factor in the treatment of PCOS as foregoing results are pointing to its efficacy. Nevertheless, still more data is needed to determine its role as studies were conducted within a short period of time with relatively small research groups. There are also other limitations such as the lack of comparison with other dietary patterns with the caloric deficit which makes it difficult to deduce the main profitable factor. When it comes to ovarian cancer the results of the current data are also unclear and unambiguous with the possible negative effects.

Introduction: Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. There are two forms of bladder cancer: non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and muscle invasive bladder cancer. A common treatment method for non- muscle invasive bladder cancer is intravesical BCG (Mycobaterium bovis) therapy after radical tumor resection. It is estimated that half of patients will have an insufficient response to BCG treatment. Patients using this type of therapy also report side effects more and more often. Aim of the study: The aim of this article is to discuss the latest discoveries in the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer when BCG therapy is insufficient. Material and Methods: The paper was created based on the PubMed and Scholar database. The literature was reviewed using the key words: „bladder cancer”; „BCG”; „treatment”; „side effects”; „novel therapies”. Results: The research shows that novel therapies are effective and safe compared to the use of BCG. In such patients, atezolizumab, metformin or intravesical magnesium sulfate infusions may be used as an alternative. An innovative solution is the use of HIVEC - heated chemotherapy administered intravesically. There are also drugs that potentiate the action of BCG, making the therapy more effective. These include: sasanlimab and rapamycin. Due to the side effects experienced by patients, the use of intravesical BCG is often replaced with intravesical infusions of chemotherapy drugs. Conclusion: The research shows that novel therapies are effective compared to the use of BCG. Unfortunately, more research is needed to standardize the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.

Finger flexor pulley injuries are the most common overuse injuries sustained by climbers. These injuries are caused by forceful gripping techniques specific to climbing, making them uncommon in non-climbing activities. With the growing popularity of climbing, there is a rising need for accurate diagnosis and improved treatment methods. This paper explores current diagnostic techniques, including physical examination, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. It also discusses treatment options, which range from conservative rehabilitation to surgery, depending on the severity of the injury. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of injury prevention through proper warm-up and avoiding excessive strain.

Introduction and purpose: Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), also known as Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, is a rare and complex vascular disorder characterized by abnormal blood vessel formation. It can present significant challenges in diagnosis and management, as it is currently estimated up to 90% of those affected are never diagnosed. Despite its rarity, HHT can carry substantial implications for patients and their families, at times requiring comprehensive medical care and support. This paper aims to provide an in-depth exploration of HHT, encompassing its epidemiology, genetics, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and current management strategies. Moreover, we hope to point out possible areas in need of future research. Description of the state knowledge: HHT is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that affects 1 in 5-10,000 people. Its most prominent symptoms include telangiectasia of skin and mucous membranes, recurrent epistaxis, gastrointestinal bleeding and arteriovenous malformations in vital organs. In the vast majority of cases, it is caused by a mutation in one of the following genes: ENG, ACVRL1, SMAD4; however, mutations in other genes have been described to cause a similar or much the same constellation of symptoms. Treatment options are focused on managing symptoms and improving quality of life, but possible new treatment options are being researched that could change the landscape of HHT management. Summary: HHT is a severely underdiagnosed disease that has seen a surge of researchers’ interest in recent years. We firmly believe that, combined with plummeting costs of genetic testing and possible new treatment options, means that HHT will become increasingly important in physicians’ everyday practice.

The subject of the research in the paper is academic ethics in the professional relationships of university teachers. The final results are presented on the basis of in-depth interviews with representatives of the academic staff of Russian universities (N=35). The purpose of the paper is to show how academic ethics as a value-normative phenomenon supports the professional relationships of academic staff at the university and forms certain values that ensure the effectiveness of the scientific and educational process. In this interpretation, the emphasis is placed on identifying the creative potential of academic ethics, its impact on the scientific and educational process at the university in terms of professional interaction of its main subjects. An assessment of the structure and content of academic ethics is given. It is established that academic ethics, being an element of academism in the higher education system, influences the formation of value-normative attitudes of respect and recognition. In addition, the importance of this phenomenon for the strategic development of the university and at the same time the preservation of academic traditions is revealed. The article also summarizes the assessments of the state of academic ethics at universities formulated by informants. In such assessments, value-semantic reflection prevails, which makes it possible to identify academic ethics as a factor of effective professional interaction between subjects of the educational process in order to achieve joint goals for the formation of their value world and professional knowledge and skills.

The problem of forming and developing soft skills has not lost its relevance for many years. It is believed that possession of these skills ensures the subject’s competitiveness in the labor market. A special role is played by the formation of flexible skills in entrepreneurs, who allow them to be more adaptive to changes, interact effectively with the internal and external environment, find non-standard solutions in difficult situations, thereby increasing the efficiency and competitiveness of their own business.The purpose of our research is to compile a rating of soft skills in the assessment of existing entrepreneurs and to identify the degree of participation of higher education institutions in their formation. The data are obtained empirically from a study of 360 entrepreneurs. They show the undeniable importance for entrepreneurs of developing soft skills and, in most cases, their underdevelopment at the proper level. The paper presents the results of a survey demonstrating the proportion of entrepreneurs who have developed a particular skill in the process of self-education (19-38%), as well as the proportion of entrepreneurs who received an education at a university (0-22%) or in additional education programs in other organizations ( 1-13%). The study found that between 33 and 73% of entrepreneurs surveyed had not received soft skills training. Entrepreneurs ranked communication management (opinion of 76% of respondents) and decision making (73%) as the most important skills for their activities; the most developed were decision making (30%) and customer focus (28%). The work provides recommendations to universities in terms of increasing their presence in the market of additional education in order to develop soft skills among entrepreneurs as a factor in increasing their competitiveness.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the concept and model of parental involvement in the research on students’ educational achievement. The concept of parental involvement arose in the field of educational policies of the English-speaking countries and market-oriented education systems. Research has shown that different forms of parental involvement have significant effects on school learning outcomes. The Coleman Report in the US and the policy of “educational parentocracy” in the UK significantly stimulated research in this area. The review of the relevant literature confirms the multidimensionalityof the concept of parental involvement which includes parental support for school learning at home and at school, as well as structural and relational aspects. The paper presents two most prominent models of parental involvement in children’s education – the model of overlapping spheres of influence and the so-called DNA or dual navigation model. In the concluding section of the paper, the authors state that the existing conceptualizations and models of parental involvement include different types of parental activities, which is important for the creation and evaluation of school programs of parental involvement. As a consequence of the dominance of the Anglo-American conceptual and research framework, on the one hand, an interdisciplinary approach in the field of research on parental involvement in children’s education is highlighted. On the other hand, an authentic pedagogical view of the goals and effects of parental involvement in education as a subject of study of autonomous science in the tradition of continental Europe has been neglected. It is expected that future research will reaffirm those aspects of education that make it precisely “educational”. Relying on pedagogical principles and goals of education in building family-school relationships is a missing link in the existing agenda of global education policy.

The main goal of this paper is to contribute to an overall understanding of the phenomenon of globalisation of higher education. Given that in our country the globalisation of higher education has been approached without attempting to provide a more comprehensive definition of the phenomenon, in the first part of the paper, the basic elements and domains that provide the basis for a more complete definition of the globalisation of higher education will be listed and a difference will be made in relation to similar phenomena, such as internationalisation and Europeanisation. Apart from a more comprehensive understanding of globalisation by pointing out its epistemological foundations in the papers from the end of the 20th century, which the domestic scientific public did not pay enough attention to, the paper also provides an overview of approaches to the study of the impact of globalisation on higher education, both the initial ones, which were developed by international organisations, and the academic ones, which enabled a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon of globalisation of higher education. By contributing to a more comprehensive definition of the observed phenomenon, in this paper we intend to contribute to a broader understanding of the phenomenon of globalisation relative to the current view in which globalisation is understood as a modern phenomenon and its impact on higher education is observed after a certain period in which it supposedly arises. The paper affirms the claim that globalisation is just a new name for a phenomenon that has existed in modern civilisation for much longer than the end of the 20th century, and the expansion of higher education contributed to its genesis.

The paper investigates the ways in which schools can contribute to the prevention of bullying, by gaining insight into a multi-layered structure of school activities that contributes to the positive effects of educational work on the development of students’ personality and by pointing to the three levels of preventive action that can be carried out on an individual basis (universal, selective, and indicated prevention). Special emphasis is placed on universal prevention, given that science has proved that some school subjects (mother tongue and/or foreign language and literature, history, civic education, religious instruction, art and music lessons) and the extra-curricular activities related to them provide opportunities for this kind of bullying prevention. Focusing on literature instruction, we first look at its pedagogical role, linking the issue of bullying to humanistic and moral education. Literary texts that thematise this issue are very convenient for developing students’ socio-emotional competencies, the competencies that are (also) directly linked to attitudes towards bullying and other forms of violence. “Deca” (Children), a short story by Ivo Andrić, stands out among such works represented in the literature curriculum for primary school. By applaying the emphatic-ethical model of reading, we investigate the pedagogical potential of this literary text, trying to point out the key “action” segments in the text which are activated only by a teacher’s adequate methodological guidance of students during its collective interpretation.

The goal of this paper is to determine the degree and direction of the correlation between the self-evaluation of the fifth-grade elementary school students and their success in the classroom. The paper presents the results of the research on students’ self-evaluation and their success in the classroom obtained on a sample of 208 fifth-grade elementary school students from the territory of the city of Banja Luka. An assessment scale was used for the purposes of the research and knowledge tests for the school subjects Serbian Language and Science and Social Studies were prepared. In line with the character of the research, the method of theoretical analysis and synthesis, the survey research method, and the analytical-descriptive method were applied. The results obtained using the Pearson Correlation Coefficient confirmed that students’ self-evaluation is significantly related to their general success at the end of the first term of the fifth grade of elementary school, their success at the end of the first semester in the subjects Serbian Language and Science and Social Studies, and achievements on the knowledge tests for the same school subjects. The obtained results indicate the importance of introducing student self-evaluation in the educational process in the field of achieving better results at school. However, the fact that self-evaluation is not sufficiently represented in our schools is a downside of this research, indicating a need for additional study and research of student self-evaluation, followed by its systematic introduction into educational practice.

Everyday, artificial intelligence (AI) is being increasingly integrated into the teaching and learning process at Russian universities. The high level of quality of feedback from AI tools leads to the spread of AI plagiarism – unauthorized borrowing of generative AI materials – among students. The purpose of this study is to: a) highlight aspects that determine students’ understanding of the issues of compliance with author’s ethics and the problem of plagiarism when interacting with generative AI; b) develop a questionnaire to determine students’ understanding of the issues of compliance with author’s ethics and the problem of AI plagiarism; c) conduct an online survey of university students, analyze and discuss the results obtained. The paper highlights five aspects that determine students’ understanding of the issues of compliance with author’s ethics and the problem of AI plagiarism when completing educational assignments and preparing research texts: a) students’ general understanding of the issues of compliance with author’s ethics and the problem of plagiarism in an academic environment; b) students’ experience of AI tools for educational purposes; c) students’ understanding of the problem of AI plagiarism and attitude towards borrowing materials from generative AI; d) teachers’ actions to prevent AI plagiarism among students; e) the policy of educational organizations regarding student compliance with ethics and AI plagiarism. An online questionnaire was developed to determine the degree to which students understand the issues of compliance with copyright ethics and the problem of AI plagiarism. 1,599 students from 29 universities of the Russian Federation took part in the survey. The results showed that in general, in the Russian student community, plagiarism is a widespread social phenomenon, many types of which are perceived by young people as a norm of academic behavior. Despite the relatively high awareness of students in the field of AI technologies, the extremely rare use by teachers of specialized subject disciplines of AI tools in the educational process I’d the reason for the current low level of spread of AI plagiarism in the academic environment. At the same time, it is necessary to state that students lack a systematic understanding of exactly how they can “legally” use generative AI materials and what exactly will be considered AI plagiarism. According to students, the importance of understanding the issues of compliance with author ethics and the problem of AI plagiarism will depend, on the one hand, on the actions of teachers to explain to students the rules for using generative AI materials, and on the other hand, the presence in universities of a regulatory framework regulating the field and the extent to which students use AI in the educational process.

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way learning is organized around the world. Russian universities have also been faced with the need to quickly transfer all teaching to an online format. The importance of student satisfaction with the education quality in online learning is increasing, since it is an important condition for motivation. The paper shows that based on the analysis of students’ messages in the social network, it is possible to observe and analyze the overall dynamics and trends in student community satisfaction with the quality of the learning / the efficiency of universities and conduct a comparative analysis of the identified characteristic data groups with their totality. It is shown that the data on the reaction of students of a particular university may have significant deviations from the totality of data, which reflects the characteristics of the reaction of students of a particular university to events occurring at the same time. This may indicate the internal differences of the university, which form an appropriate response to external events.To understand the satisfaction of students in the transition to a new implementation format of the learning. The digital traces of students from the social network VKontakte were analyzed using individual Big Data tools on the PolyAnalyst software platform. This made it possible to trace changes in the mood of students and, on the example of a single university, to identify and explain deviations in the attitude of students to the implementation of the learning, as well as to verify the methodology. The methodology developed by authors makes it possible to detect problematic issues in the university, including the moment of their occurrence, relevance, degree of concern of students. Such content analysis can be used not only to assess students’ satisfaction with the quality of the learning, but also to monitor the emergence of any problems that cause concern and strong reactions on the part of the student community, as well as other communities and individual groups.

Introduction. The authors highlight the main problems of the formation and development of the communication training of mentors within the multicultural specifics of the regional education spaces. The paper proposes an analysis of some aspects for improving the methodology of forming the readiness of an experienced teacher to transfer his/her experience for productive interaction with their colleagues. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the model for the formation of communication competence of mentors for teaching foreign languages within the multicultural specifics of the regional education spaces. Materials and Methods. The methodology focuses on the framework of a lingua-didactic approach based on a historical approach, which assumes both the analysis of Scientific Scholarship, and pedagogical experience in terms of a search experiment on the formation of a mentor’s readiness for socially significant and culturally creative communication to develop optimal conditions for the implementation of mentoring within the regional communicative educational spaces. Results. The authors highlight the necessity and possibilities of mentoring in different spheres of professional activities, the significance of communicative competence and readiness of a mentor to share his/her experience with others, and to monitor the post-effects of professional knowledge and skills. The results of the survey will be of use for those who investigate the likely problem areas of current education. Discussion and Conclusion. The results obtained contribute to the development of a mentoring for different areas of professional activity, because it is communicative readiness that facilitates the process of communication, exchange of experience and control of professional activities between a mentor and his mentee. The materials of the article will be useful to heads of educational organizations, representatives (employees) of institutions for advanced training and additional education of teachers.

Introduction. Professional competencies developed by the education system do not provide the high degree of integration with the real economy at the Russian labor market. The sociocognitive approach to social institutions as information processing systems suggests that this may be partly due to different languages used by employers and educational structures for describing competencies. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis of this mismatch drawing on the example of the applied sociology sector. Materials and Methods. The case study method was applied to the material of the archive of correspondence on personnel issues of a company from the field of applied sociology, which worked in 2012–2019 (46 papers). The hypothesis that employers and educational system use a different language for describing competencies was tested. Content analysis method was applied to the largest Russian job portals: hh.ru, superjob.ru and Avito.Rabota. The hypothesis of non-use of educational standards for describing competencies in the labor market was tested. Results. Both hypotheses were confirmed. Based on the results of the correspondence archive analysis, it was proved that employers use a language different from that of the education system when describing requirements to employees (including their competencies). The results of content analysis revealed the phenomenon of almost complete isolation of the labor market from the formal standards of higher education (educational standards for describing the competencies of sociologists were not used in a single vacancy or a resumé out of more than 32 thousand found on the portals). Discussion and Conclusion. To overcome the lack of demand for graduates in the labor market, it is necessary to overcome the existing language gap between the education system and employers. To this end, the system of validation of competencies should be changed. The source of their description should not be the education system itself, the texts and ideas that are born in it, but the requirements of employers, verbalized by them in the description of vacancies. Descriptions of competencies that do not meet the widely accepted requirements of employers should be automatically excluded from professional education standards as invalid. The results contribute to searching critical problems in the educational system and adapting it to the current needs of the labor market.

Introduction. With the development of the Internet, the popularity of online novels, especially in China, prompts the declining interest in reading paper books. The potential impact of online novels on adolescents has become a matter of public concern. Most studies examine the role of online novels in students’ learning process, as well as the impact on young people’s communication and social interaction. However, so far, the impact of online novels on adolescents’ values and psychology has been understudied despite their critical importance in shaping young peopleʼs identity. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the influence of online novels on the values and psychology of Chinese secondary school learners. Materials and Methods. To address this challenge, a survey was conducted among students attending Yifu Educational Institution in Nanning, China. Questionnaires developed through the Question Star app were distributed through relevant user groups on social media platforms including WeChat and Tencent QQ. Results. As a result, positive (increased general knowledge and literacy, the opportunity to spend free time productively) and negative (impact on learning and physical health, decreased literary abilities, promotion of tendencies harmful for society) characteristics of the influence of online novels on adolescents were identified. Practical recommendations were formulated aimed at counteracting negative impact of online novels on adolescents such as the need to strengthen the ideological and moral education of students, the necessity to develop national cultural superiority and pride of modern youth, as well as to introduce young people to useful bibliography. Discussion and Conclusion. The results obtained will make a significant contribution to such fields as psychology, sociology and education. Also, the results of the study will serve as a basis for the development of new approaches to combat the negative impact of Internet novels on the values of adolescents. The results of the study may be useful for specialists of educational institutions and all those who care about the upbringing of the younger generation.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe and heterogeneous psychiatric disorder known to begin at a young age, often in adolescence. It is associated with suicidal behaviour and self-harm. Up to 10 per cent of BPD patients die by suicide, so it is very important to find effective methods to alleviate the symptoms of this disorder [1]. A combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy seems reasonable. An obstacle to widespread access to psychotherapy is the relatively high costs associated with the salaries of highly qualified psychotherapists. Another impediment is the long time required for effective psychotherapy and the frequent phenomenon of patients with unstable emotions discontinuing therapy prematurely. On the other hand, pharmacotherapy is necessary during periods of aggravation of the disorder, such as increased emotional lability, dysphoric states associated with aggression, impulsive behaviour and the presence of pseudopsychotic symptoms. This paper is a compilation of available treatments for borderline disorder. In the context of considering effective therapies for BPD, an important aspect is the need to increase the length of therapy and the availability of professional help for patients. In addition, research points to the benefits of combining psychotherapy with pharmacotherapy to more effectively alleviate the symptoms of this heterogeneous disorder. It is noteworthy that the relatively high cost of psychotherapy and the need to decrease.

Introduction Curcumin, the active ingredient in turmeric, is gaining increasing attention due to its potential health benefits, especially in the context of its immunomodulatory and anticancer properties. Aim of the study The aim of this review was to discuss recent findings regarding the impact of curcumin on the immune system and its potential applications in anticancer therapy. Materials and methods The paper was created based on the Pubmed and Scholar database. The literature was reviewed using the keywords: „curcumin”, „immunomodulatory effects”, „cytokines”, „anticancer”, „apoptosis”, „cell proliferation”, „radiosensitizing”. Results Studies have confirmed that curcumin, especially in the form of nanocurcumin, exhibits significant immunomodulatory effects. It reduces the number of Th17 cells, increases Treg cells, and regulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which is crucial in controlling autoimmune reactions. Furthermore, it demonstrates anticancer activity by inhibiting the growth of cancer cells, stimulating apoptosis, and enhancing the effectiveness of anticancer therapy. Conclusions Despite promising results, further research on the safety of curcumin therapy, particularly in the long term, is essential. Limitations associated with bioavailability and pharmacokinetics suggest the need for the development of formulations with increased bioavailability to maximize the potential benefits of curcumin in the treatment of various disorders.

Introduction and purpose: Palliative care is designed to ensure proper comfort in living and dying, primarily by alleviating suffering in patients for whom medical interventions have proved ineffective. In situations where suffering is unbearable, palliative care offers "last resort" treatment, namely palliative sedation. This involves the intentional administration of sedative drugs to the patient to reduce the level of consciousness, even inducing sleep, in order to control suffering caused by conditions that are resistant to other treatments. The aim of this article is to present various perspectives on palliative sedation. Description of the state knowledge: Topics discussed include: cessation of hydration and nutrition, loss of patient control over decision-making in treatment progression after the induction of pharmacological coma, the principle of double effect, complications arising from the use of indiscriminate polypharmacy, and views on life shortening through palliative sedation or its comparison to euthanasia. The distinction between palliative sedation and euthanasia is explored, with arguments on both sides contributing to ongoing debates. The paper concludes by advocating for comprehensive guidelines and interdisciplinary assessments to ensure ethical and patient-centered decision-making in the application of palliative sedation in terminally ill patients. Summary: A discussion is necessary on the creation of acceptable and appropriate procedures that would not arouse the controversies currently associated with the use of palliative sedation.

Context: Angular gyrus is an anatomical structure of the brain located in the parietal lobe, taking part in writing and reading, language-use, memory and attention and spatial recognition. It is supplied by the angular gyrus artery, which is one of the caudal branches of the middle cerebral artery. One of the clinical pathologies of the angular gyrus artery is the ischemic stroke of the angular gyrus in the dominant hemisphere, responsible for the presence of Gerstmann Syndrome: left-right disorientation, agraphia, alexia, acalculia and finger agnosia. This systematic review aims to present the variety of anomalies of the main cerebral artery and the angular gyrus artery. Objective: Preparing a systematic review of papers describing the course anomalies of the angular gyrus artery. Materials and methods: PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases was searched for phrases: ‘Angular gyrus artery’, ‘Artery of angular gyrus’, ‘Middle cerebral artery branches’, ‘Branches of middle cerebral artery’, ‘Gerstmann Syndrome’ published between years 2015 and 2023. Also 3 papers published before 2000 were used. From the selected 30 papers, 6 were used to prepare this analysis. Results: The middle cerebral artery, from which arises the angular gyrus artery, is marked by a significant variety of its division, mainly the number of the dividing trunks of the artery. Depending on the type of the division, the angular gyrus artery can arise from the upper, middle or lower trunk and vary in sizes. It can also appear as a singular or two separate branches. Instances of the anomaly of both the angular gyrus artery and posterior parietal artery are rare, but reported. Conclusions: The angular gyrus artery is characterised by a number of anomalies in its course, separation from the middle cerebral artery, diameter and branching.

Introduction: Recent research are focused on natural compounds for preventing cardiovascular diseases, with emphasis on tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol in olive oil. Cardiovascular diseases are linked to risk factors, and adopting a Mediterranean diet rich in these compounds is recognized for reducing risks. Understanding these compounds' actions may inform new strategies for preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases. Aim: The aim of this paper is a systematic review of articles and research regarding the Role of tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol in Cardioprotection Review methods: An systematic review of scientific literature was conducted using the following keywords: Tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, cardioprotection, cardiovascular diseases, olive oil cardioprotective role. Thirty-four articles published until 2023 were searched and analyzed. Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge: Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, prominent in olive oil, are studied for their potential cardioprotective properties. Linked to a Mediterranean diet, these compounds show promise in reducing cardiovascular disease risk. They counter oxidative stress, improve lipid profiles, and modulate inflammatory processes. Clinical studies suggest their positive impact, with tyrosol also explored as a potential anticoagulant. Ongoing research aims to uncover optimal doses and mechanisms, highlighting their significance in cardiovascular health. Conclusions: Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, found in olive oil, show promise in cardioprotection by combating oxidative stress, improving lipid profiles, and modulating inflammation. Clinical studies suggest their positive impact on cardiovascular health. Tyrosol has potential as a anticoagulant and exhibits antioxidant effects. These compounds present a compelling avenue for future therapeutic interventions, with emphasis on understanding mechanisms and optimizing supplementation.

Introduction: Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is a glycoprotein produced by liver, belonging to the serine protease inhibitor family. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is very common autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by point mutation in SERPINA1 gene. Mutations in the alpha-1 antitrypsin gene lead to production of misfolded AAT resulting in impaired release into the blood. This disorder leads to destruction of connecting tissue especially in lungs and to accumulation of retarded protein in the liver. Purpose: Most studies addressing AAT deficiency focus on presenting symptoms related to the lungs and liver. We want to take a broader look at this issue, so we have closely examined scientific reports on the presentation of the disease in organs other than the lungs and liver. The goal is to gather holistic knowledge about the disease to enhance awareness and treatment. Material and methods: In our paper, we endeavored to address the issue of AAT deficiency comprehensively. We explored symptoms with an emphasis on organs beyond the liver and lungs. We also delved into the etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of this disease. Discussion: The clinical symptoms of alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency extending beyond the liver and lungs remain inadequately described. We know that AAT deficiency can lead to excessive destruction of connective tissue in any organ, not just the lungs and liver. Unfortunately, this condition continues to go undiagnosed, and the number of scientific publications on symptoms from other organs is too limited. This affects the insufficient attention given by doctors to tissue destruction in organs other than the lungs and liver.

Introduction and purpose: In our work, we focused on presenting the role of collagen supplementation and its impact on skin and joint health. We considered studies discussing the differences in the effects of collagen from various plant and animal sources. We also examined the influence of the degree of hydrolysis on the absorbability of the supplement. The aim of the paper is to comprehensively summarize knowledge on collagen supplementation, differentiating between its sources and forms. Material and methods: In our paper, we endeavored to address the subject of oral collagen supplementation comprehensively. We explored studies about various forms and sources of collagen. We also delved into the collagen supplementation impact on skin and joints health and impact of additives in enhancing the positive effect of collagen . State of knowledge: Oral collagen supplementation can be beneficial for skin and joints health. It promote collagen synthesis in human body increasing strength of skin and joints. The higher the degree of collagen hydrolysis, the more easily it is absorbed by the body. Additives in the form of vitamin C and A can enhance collagen synthesis. Results and conclusions: This review article indicates a growing interest in oral collagen supplementation and its impact on health. Although there are encouraging findings regarding positive effects, further research is necessary to better understand and determine the optimal conditions for achieving maximum supplementation benefits. This information may be crucial for clinical decisions made by physicians regarding joint reinforcement and anti-aging effects on the skin.

Introduction and purpose: The purpose of this scientific paper is to review the current knowledge of the effects of red wine on human health, particularly with regard to cardiovascular disease. State of Knowledge: Since the 1990s, red wine has gained its status as a health-promoting alcohol through the French Paradox - when drunk in moderate amounts, it protects against cardiovascular disease. The authors have collected scientific papers on the health effects of alcohol, red wine and resveratrol-a polyphenol that is the main component with health-promoting effects of wine. On their basis, they analyzed the assumptions of the positive effects of wine reaching inconclusive conclusions. Summary: Despite the fact that both ethanol and resveratrol have a positive effect in in vitro studies, in population studies their effect is much less significant, either because the negative behavioral-health effects in the case of ethanol are omitted or the actual effective doses of resveratrol are omitted.

Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), first described by Stein and Leventhal in 1935, is one of the most prevalent endocrine system conditions affecting women of reproductive age. It affects between 6% and 13% of women and the majority of cases are identified between the ages of 20 and 30. Unfortunately, the disease is usually diagnosed only when bothersome symptoms such as hair loss, alopecia, acne, and infertility-related problems occur. Based on the Rotterdam criteria, four phenotypes of PCOS are distinguished. Aim of the study This review aims to present the current state of knowledge about possible treatment approaches, both non-pharmacological and pharmacological. Materials and methods The paper was created based on the Pubmed database. The literature was reviewed using the keywords: ”PCOS”, ”PCOS treatment” and “ PCOS medications “. The current state of knowledge Treatments for PCOS must be tailored to the specific needs of each patient. In the management of PCOS, special attention is paid to diet, physical activity, and restoration of the Gut Microbiome. Medications used in therapy are oral contraceptives and anti-androgens, insulin sensitizers, ovulation inducers, calcium and vitamin D supplements, statins, Glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists, inositols and interleukin 22 (IL-22) therapy. Summary Treatment options for menstrual irregularities and hirsutism are based on the clinical goals and preferences of the patient. The ideal would be causal treatment, but due to the ongoing lack of full understanding of the pathogenesis of the syndrome, is not entirely feasible. The ideal would be causal treatment, but due to the ongoing lack of full understanding of the pathogenesis of the syndrome, is not entirely feasible. The most important is a multimodal approach to treat comorbid conditions such as diabetes mellitus type 2, obesity, hyperlipidemia, depression, and infertility.

Introduction and purpose Non-specific and specific lower back pain syndrome is one of the leading causes of musculoskeletal disability and affects more than half of the population worldwide. The aim of this paper is to confront the problem of lumbar pain, possible diagnostic options, conservative and surgical opportunities with long term satisfactory rate. State of knowledge The paper reviews literature on lower back pain syndrome, sciatica, radiculopathy and lumbar disc herniation in regards to detection of the problem, classifying it and possible methods of resolvement. The WHO defines lower back pain as one of the leading causes of musculoskeletal dysfunction and it focuses on reducing the occurrence by programs like WHO Rehabilitation 2030 Initiative, UN Decade of Healthy Ageing and others. The paper also focuses on non surgical options of treatment. Material and method A review of the literature available in the “PubMed” and Google Schoolar was conducted. We focused on differential diagnosis depending on clinical presentation and possible treatment methods depending on symptoms, pathogenesis of the disorder and available procedures. Summary Our review managed to present the current state of development, possible differential diagnosis, prevalence of neural compressions, sciatica and radiculopathy in different diagnostic options. By receiving multiple studies we confront varied opinions of specialists regarding the approach to lower back pain syndrome and favorable forms of care. Additionally we came to the conclusion that the difference of patients' long term satisfactory rate in regards to nonoperative and operative treatment is not significant, and flattens over the years.

Effective body posture entails the correct alignment of body parts in relation to each other and is crucial for preserving balance, stability, and the efficient operation of muscles and joints. The major types of posture abnormalities such as lordosis, kyphosis and scoliosis can lead to alterations in various areas of the body, such as stomatognatic system. The potential correlation between malocclusion and body posture remains a subject of controversy. The aim of this review is to investigate and evaluate the association between posture defects and malocclusion on the basis of literature. This literature review has analyzed 18 studies. Inclusion criteria: clinical researches published after 2010, regarding children and adults. PubMed and Google Scholar has been searched to identify the papers. In 18 analyzed studies, 2133 patients were enrolled (including 979 children aged 4-18). A positive correlation between scoliosis and different types of malocclusion has been proven by six papers. There are also other noteworthy dependencies, such as overjet and pelvic torsion, kyphosis and sagittal position of mandible, skeletal Class III and torticollis, cross bite and scapula plane. Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis significantly affects the stomatognathic system, leading to issues like crossbite, crowding, increased overjet, overbite, partial open bite, and midline deviation. Orthopedists should collaborate with orthodontists for comprehensive treatment, particularly during developmental stages.

Introduction In contemporary medicine, increasing attention is being devoted to alternative forms of therapy. Immersing oneself in cold water, cryotherapy, or cold showers are practices that have long sparked interest due to their potential health benefits. Aim of the study The aim of this comprehensive review is to analyze the impact of cold exposure on the human body, with particular emphasis on its effects on the nervous system. Through the synthesis of available research, the paper seeks to identify health benefits and areas requiring further investigation in the context of various cold application practices. Materials and methods An analysis of scientific articles available in the Pubmed and Google Scholar databases was conducted. Publications from recent years that most relevantly addressed the discussed topic were utilized for this study. The search process involved the use of the following keywords: “cold,” “cold showering,” “cold water,” “cryotherapy.” Results The results of the literature review unequivocally indicate a positive, multifaceted impact of cold on the human body, particularly with an emphasis on the nervous system. Significant therapeutic effects observed in various fields suggest that the application of cold may be a promising alternative in promoting health and treating numerous medical conditions. Summary The focused literature review on the impact of cold on the human body, especially the nervous system, presents various therapies such as cryotherapy or cold water immersion, emphasizing their beneficial effects on the nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine, lymphatic, musculoskeletal, and joint systems. However, despite the observed benefits, further research is needed to gain a more detailed understanding of the mechanisms of action and to ensure the safety of these practices.

Gilbert’s syndrome is the most common inherited jaundice worldwide. It affects 5-10% of the population. It is caused by a mutation of the UGT1A1 gene, which results in impaired bilirubin metabolism. It is a benign disease and does not affect the life expectancy of patients. Patients with Gilbert’s syndrome should be alert to factors that exacerbate the course of the disease, interactions with medications taken and possible comorbidities such as hemolytic anemia, cholelithiasis or schizophrenia. However, it is the responsibility of physicians with such patients under their care to properly educate patients. Gilbert’s syndrome carries not only the consequences associated with the mutation, but also has many benefits that patients may not be fully aware of. Mildly elevated bilirubin levels have an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect, which prevents the development of lifestyle diseases and cancer. Ongoing clinical trials suggest that this could be a great step toward new treatments for diseases affecting the entire human population. PURPOSE OF THE WORK: This review paper aims to show Gilbert’s syndrome as a multifaceted disease and to sensitize doctors' attention to patients with the described mutation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An analysis of papers available in PubMed and Google Scholar was performed using the following key words: Gilbert’s syndrome, bilirubin, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, Gilbert’s syndrome harmful and protective aspects, iatrogenic Gilbert’s syndrome RESULTS: The result of the work is to present Gilbert’s syndrome as a disease that carries medical problems directly related to the mutation, but also, in some cases, has a protective effect on affected individuals. The work highlights the complexity of the problem.

Introduction and purpose: The joyous occasion of childbirth is often overshadowed by the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD), a complex mental health condition affecting mothers globally. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on PPD, exploring its frequency, risk factors, pathogenesis, symptoms, and impact on maternal and child health. Description of the State of Knowledge: Recent studies indicate an alarming increase in PPD rates, with notable racial and socioeconomic disparities. Symptoms of PPD, ranging from mild to severe include mood disturbances, cognitive impairments, and self-harm ideation. The repercussions extend beyond the postpartum period, affecting long-term child development, breastfeeding practices, and the mother-infant bond. Advancements in screening tools, particularly the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), have facilitated early detection. However, creating an environment conducive to open communication about mental health remains a significant challenge. Interventions for PPD include psychotherapeutic approaches, pharmacological interventions, and complementary therapies. Brexanolone, the first FDA-approved drug for PPD, represents a significant breakthrough. Community-based and peer support programs, alongside a multidisciplinary approach involving healthcare professionals and support networks, have shown promise in alleviating PPD symptoms. Summary: In conclusion, PPD remains a substantial public health concern. Increased awareness of its multifaceted nature has led to improved screening, diagnosis, and intervention strategies. Ongoing dialogue, supportive environments, and refined treatments are essential for enhancing the well-being of both mothers and their infants in the postpartum period.

Introduction and objective: The purpose of this paper is a systematic review of articles and research in the context of the relationship between genetic determinants of migraine and thyroid dysfunction. Materials and methods: A non-systematic review of the scientific literature was carried out according to the following keywords: PubMed was searched and 76 articles published up to 2023 were analyzed. Description of the state of knowledge: Epidemiological studies confirm the co-occurrence of migraine and thyroid dysfunction, especially hypothyroidism, which are considered to be diseases with a strong genetic background. Thyroid function parameters such as TSH and fT4 are susceptible to genetic influences. However, there is a lack of consistent interpretation of the observational results, which highlights the need for further research. Analysis of gene overlaps and links between headache and thyroid function, based on GWAS data, could shed light on the complex genetic interactions underlying this association. Summary: The genetic associations revealed in the study enhance our comprehension of the intricate relationship between migraine and thyroid dysfunction. These findings not only offer the prospect of developing biomarkers for identifying migraine patients who might benefit from thyroid hormone therapy but also underscore the promising potential of future genetic studies in providing biological insights to advance clinical decision-making in understanding and addressing these interconnected phenomena.

Introduction Intermittent fasting (IF) is most simply defined as periods of eating alternating with periods of not eating. It has become one of the most popular weight-loss diets in recent years. One reason for the rapid growth in popularity of intermittent fasting may be its simplicity, as this dietary regimen does not require a change in a person's current eating patterns, nor a change in foods. Aim of the study This review aims to present the current state of knowledge about intermittent fasting and answer the question of what effect this form of diet has on the human body and sports results and its benefits to health. Materials and methods The paper was created based on the Pubmed database. The literature was reviewed using the keywords: ”intermittent fasting”, ”16/8 fasting” and ”diet standards”. The current state of knowledge It has been shown that intermittent fasting can be helpful in controlling body weight and reducing metabolic diseases as a result of better glucose regulation and reduced inflammation. Weight reduction can also result in improved athletic performance. In addition, IF has positive effects on the cardiovascular system, specifically improving blood pressure, lowering heart rate, and regulating the body's lipid metabolism indicators. Summary Although there is evidence of the beneficial effects of intermittent fasting, more research needs to be conducted to evaluate the mechanisms, efficacy in humans, target populations, and safety of intermittent fasting. Undoubtedly, a certain group of people may benefit greatly from this type of diet, as it does not require a change in current eating habits due to the simplicity of this diet.

Introduction Obesity is one of the major health problems of today’s population and is defined as a body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2. It is known that obesity may cause many complications such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, obstructive sleep, apnoea, and several cancers. The only effective treatment of obesity can be pharmacological or surgical, especially when a years-long attempt to change habits has had no effects. Aim of the study This review aims to present the current state of knowledge about non-pharmacological and pharmacological obesity treatment methods. Materials and methods The paper was created based on the Pubmed database. The literature was reviewed using the keywords: ”obesity”, ”obesity treatment”, “ obesity lifestyle changes”, “obesity medications” and ”obesity surgery”. The current state of knowledge The treatment of obesity requires a multimodal approach to treatment, including the addition of anti-obesity medications or bariatric surgery, or both, to assist people in reaching and sustaining sufficient weight loss to meet treatment goals. The 3 principal components of a comprehensive lifestyle intervention are diet, physical activity, and behavioral therapy. Among available anti-obesity medications include orlistat, phentermine, topiramate, naltrexone, bupropion, liraglutide, and semaglutide. Summary The key challenge in the treatment of obesity is to maintain the effects obtained with multimodal therapy. Without proper motivation of patients and changes in eating and behavioral habits, it is impossible to achieve optimal results, therefore, in addition to medical interventions, more and more attention should be paid to psychological interventions.

Introduction and purpose: Diabetes has emerged as a global lifestyle disease, with an alarming rise in cases, particularly of type 2 diabetes. In Poland, over 3 million people are diagnosed, and an estimated 4 million cases are expected by 2030. Effective treatment involves a multifaceted approach, including dietary intervention, physical activity, and pharmacological options. Incretins, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), play a pivotal role in carbohydrate metabolism regulation, and GLP-1 analogs have become essential in managing type 2 diabetes. This paper explores the development and mechanisms of GLP-1 analogs, detailing their impact on insulin secretion, gastric emptying, and weight reduction. Description of the state knowledge: Various GLP-1 receptor agonists, including exenatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, semaglutide, and the novel tirzepatide, are discussed. These drugs exhibit diverse pharmacokinetics, modes of administration, and effects on glucose metabolism and weight. Despite their efficacy, there is a concerning trend of off-label use, particularly for obesity treatment, leading to shortages for patients with valid prescriptions. This misuse is fueled by para-advertising on social media platforms, contributing to a surge in prescriptions and reimbursement costs. To address this, guidelines for GLP-1 analog use in obesity treatment are proposed, emphasizing the need for a stable drug supply and normalizing drug availability. Summary: In 2023, concerns intensified with reports of counterfeit GLP-1 analogs, prompting regulatory interventions. The paper concludes by underscoring the critical role GLP-1 analogs play in diabetes and obesity treatment, while emphasizing the importance of responsible prescription practices, guidelines adherence, and regulatory vigilance to ensure patient safety and mitigate the risks associated with misuse and counterfeit drugs.

Introduction: This review paper aims to discuss the effects of insulin resistance, and its association with various metabolic diseases. Insulin resistance (IR), characterized by diminished tissue responsiveness to physiological insulin levels, is a key component in various metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disorders (CVDs), obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). State of knowledge The consequences of IR are profound; in type 2 diabetes, it hinders glucose utilization by muscle cells, leading to hyperglycemia, muscle damage, and loss of mass and strength. IR also plays a central role in NAFLD, promoting lipid accumulation, hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, and cell death. Materials and methods: A review of chosen literature in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases was conducted, using the following key words: „Insulin resistane”, „Insulin resistance in obesity”, „Obesity”, „Insulin resistance NAFLD”, „Diebetes”, „Insulin resistance CVD” Summary: The consequences of insulin resistance are far-reaching. In the context of type 2 diabetes, it impedes glucose utilization by muscle cells, resulting in hyperglycemia and subsequent muscle cell damage, contributing to loss of mass and strength. Insulin resistance is also a central player in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), fostering lipid accumulation, hepatic inflammation, and, ultimately, fibrosis and cell death. Conclusions: In conclusion, understanding insulin resistance is paramount in addressing the rising prevalence of metabolic diseases globally Controlling insulin resistance emerges as a crucial aspect of managing these metabolic disorders and their complications. Further research into the mechanisms of IR formation and effective intervention strategies is imperative for improving public health outcomes.

Introduction and purpose The term "probiotic" rooted in Latin, signifies 'for life,' reflecting the historical use of fermented products for therapeutic purposes. While browsing many websites devoted to healthy eating or popular science topics, we often came across the topic of probiotic food without any confirmation by scientific research. The aim of this paper is to confirm or exclude the presence of probiotics in popular foods. State of knowledge The paper reviews literature on the health benefits of various food that is traditionally considered probiotic, focusing on how they impact on varied health conditions. Defined by the WHO as living microorganisms conferring health benefits when consumed adequately, probiotics, mainly bacteria from Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera, play a vital role in maintaining gut microbiota balance, regulating digestion, supporting the immune system and influencing mental and cardiovascular health. In addition, the paper also searches for scientific basis for their action. Material and methods A review of the literature available in the “PubMed” and Google Schoolar was conducted. We focused on checking whether the microorganisms contained in pickled food meet the WHO criteria for probiotics. Summary Our review managed to prove the probiotic effect of almost all presented food, except for miso. By reviewing many articles, we shed a lot of uncertainty on the repeated myth about the lack of probiotic effect of cucumbers preserved in vinegar and what is more, we found scientific assumptions about the probiotic effect of vinegar itself. Fermented food contains numerous strains of bacteria that are resistant to acid, bile and temperature in the human digestive tract and can be effectively used as a source of probiotics. Additionally, compared to probiotics from the pharmacy, fermented products provide not only probiotics, but also nutritional value, valuable fiber and vitamins, benefiting to our health.

The average incidence of epilepsy worldwide is estimated at 7.60 cases per 1,000 inhabitants, with an average annual incidence of 67.77 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases. However, it is not a disease entity, but a set of symptoms that may occur against the background of various morphological and metabolic changes in the brain. Symptoms of epilepsy include epileptic seizures, i.e. temporary disturbances in the bioelectric activity of brain nerve cells. Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by a persistent predisposition to trigger seizures, and the condition has neurobiological, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences. Effective treatment of epilepsy may require the use of various methods. In this paper, we would like to present a case report on the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy using a vagus nerve stimulator (VNS). The described case may prove the effectiveness of treatment of focal drug-resistant epilepsy using vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Choosing an appropriate, effective method of treating children with drug-resistant epilepsy is crucial; it is especially worth thinking about innovative methods such as VNS.

Introduction and purpose. Preserving fertility is crucial for cancer patients, aligning with advancements in oncology. As survival rates improve, addressing treatment-related late effects gains importance. Many young patients, aware of therapy toxicity, consider future conception chances, impacting treatment decisions. With a trend toward delayed childbirth and a growing population facing unplanned family planning disruptions, the demand for fertility preservation is expected to rise. This paper provides a brief review of available methods for preserving fertility in cancer patients. State of knowledge. Freezing semen in liquid nitrogen vapor is a standard method for preserving reproductive potential in male cancer patients. Shielding during total-body radiation limits testicular volume reduction, indicating less damage to the germinal epithelium. Hormone suppression treatments are not protective in male cancer patients. Oocyte and embryo cryopreservation are considered secure methods before anticancer treatments, with oocyte cryopreservation being preferred for post-pubertal women. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation remains an alternative method without preliminary treatment, suitable when time is insufficient for ovarian stimulation. Ovarian transposition beyond the intended radiation area, performed laparoscopically, can retain ovarian function. GnRH agonist administration before and during chemotherapy aims to minimize the likelihood of premature ovarian insufficiency. Summary. Advancements in fertility preservation for cancer patients, ranging from traditional cryopreservation to innovative methods like ovarian tissue preservation, highlight a commitment to empowering individuals facing cancer diagnoses. Ongoing research expands possibilities, ensuring a diverse range of strategies that offer tangible and hopeful prospects at the intersection of cancer and reproductive health.

Introduction and purpose The term "probiotic" rooted in Latin, signifies 'for life,' reflecting the historical use of fermented products for therapeutic purposes. Defined by the WHO as living microorganisms conferring health benefits when consumed adequately, probiotics, mainly bacteria from Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera, play a vital role in maintaining gut microbiota balance, regulating digestion, supporting the immune system and influencing mental and cardiovascular health. While browsing many websites devoted to healthy eating or popular science topics, we often came across the topic of probiotic food without any confirmation by scientific research. The aim of this paper is to confirm or exclude the presence of probiotics in popular foods. Material and method In our work, we will look at individual products with an emphasis on verifying whether the microorganisms they contain meet the WHO criteria of probiotics. Results Our review managed to prove the probiotic effect of almost all presented food, except for miso. By reviewing many articles, we shed a lot of uncertainty on the repeated myth about the lack of probiotic effect of cucumbers preserved in vinegar and what is more, we found scientific assumptions about the probiotic effect of vinegar itself. Conclusion Fermented food contains numerous strains of bacteria that are resistant to acid, bile and temperature in the human digestive tract and can be effectively used as a source of probiotics. What is more, compared with probiotics from the pharmacy, pickles provide not only probiotics, but also nutritional values, valuable fiber and vitamins. They seem to be a versatile supplement for our health.

Energy drinks are carbonated or non-carbonated beverages containing stimulants designed to improve energy and concentration. These drinks are gaining popularity, specifically among teenagers and young adults. However, despite their easy availability on store shelves, there is growing concern about the safety and health effects of consuming energy drinks in particular. Energy drinks appear to have the greatest impact on the cardiovascular system, leading to increased blood pressure and increased heart rate, and on the mental state of consumers, in the long term causing increased levels of anxiety. The paper also addresses the effects of energy drinks on the nervous and gastrointestinal systems. Despite many studies, the health effects of energy drinks have still not been fully investigated, so there is a need for further research on the subject and for age-appropriate regulation of consumers and their education.

This scientific paper focuses on the treatment of breast cancer, one of the most common cancers among women. Despite increased awareness and the popularity of screening tests, statistics indicate a significant rise in incidence. The paper presents breast-conserving treatment methods, including brachytherapy, as a modern technique with promising outcomes. It describes the physical properties of ionizing radiation used in brachytherapy, discussing the photoelectric effect, Compton effect, and the phenomenon of pair production. The paper then delves into the biological effects of ionizing radiation, emphasizing the dependence on the cell cycle phase. It highlights lethal, sublethal, and potentially lethal cellular damage, categorizing the effects of radiation interaction into early and late responses. The discussion transitions to the application of brachytherapy in breast cancer treatment, focusing on various techniques such as LDR, PDR, and HDR. The paper provides a detailed description of brachytherapy's use in breast-conserving treatment, considering contraindications, treatment planning, and Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation (APBI) techniques. The radioisotopes used in brachytherapy are also presented, with special attention to Iridium-192. The physical and practical aspects related to this isotope are discussed, along with other commonly used radioisotopes such as Cesium-137, Cobalt-60, and Strontium-90. The paper concludes with a summary, emphasizing the significance of brachytherapy in breast cancer treatment and outlining its prospects for development. The authors highlight precision and shortened therapy duration.

Introduction: Anorexia Nervosa (AN) stands as a severe mental disorder characterized by the highest mortality rate within the realm of psychiatric conditions. Its etiology encompasses genetic, neurobiological, environmental, and developmental factors. Recent investigations have shed light on the potential impact of the gut microbiota on the genesis and progression of AN. Aim of the Study: The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the existing findings on relationship between gut dysbiosis and AN. The intention is to present new perspectives that contribute to a more detailed understanding of the multifaceted nature of this serious disorder. Description of the State of Knowledge: The gut microbiota takes a central role in modulating various physiological processes. Dysbiosis, which refers to an imbalance in gut microbiota composition, has recently drawn attention because of its association with several mental disorders. In the context of AN, studies have shown reduced microbial diversity and notable changes in specific bacterial populations. The influence of the gut microbiota on AN includes disturbances in the digestive system, changes in eating behaviours, and associations with related conditions such as anxiety and depression. Mechanisms such as the gut-brain axis, hormonal regulation and molecular mimicry contribute to these associations. Conclusions: Recognition of the pivotal role played by the gut microbiota in AN opens up avenues for potential therapeutic interventions. Pro- and prebiotics, along with fecal transplantation, emerge as promising modalities in the treatment of AN. Ongoing research is essential to further elucidate this evolving field, ultimately facilitating the development of targeted interventions for individuals with AN.

Chronic migraine is a disease that significantly reduces the quality of life of patients. It affects millions of people around the world, and is common particularly among young women. Family physicians often encounter the problem of migraine headaches in their daily practice. The diagnostic problem results from absence of tests or imaging studies that can clearly indicate the cause of the headache. In order to establish a diagnosis and exclude secondary sources of pain, doctors focus on a detailed medical history and analysis of symptoms presented over time. Preventive treatment of migraine requires appropriate drug selection after weighing the benefits and risks for each patient. This review paper presents and briefly discusses selected pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods used in migraine prevention. They were selected by searching the PubMed Internet database. The presented non-pharmacological methods include the use of nutraceutics, acupuncture and behavioral therapy. The discussed pharmacological methods include treatment with beta-blockers, topimarate, flunarizine or one of the latest methods - the use of monoclonal antibodies against CGRP. In addition, the use of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of chronic migraine has also been demonstrated. It should be remembered that the type of therapy chosen should be individualized: according to the patient's preferences, treatment effectiveness, possible side effects or accompanying diseases. Proper management of chronic migraine prophylaxis can significantly improve the quality of life of patients and reduce the frequency of headache attacks.

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Introduction and aim Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic condition that affects an increasing number of people each year[1]. Healing the ulceration requires cooperation between patients, specialists and scientists in order to achieve satisfactory results. Treating this type of wound is not only a therapeutic challenge[1,2,3,4,5,6], but also an economic one, which is why so much scientific research has already been made on this phenomenon[2,3]. Still scientists continue their quest for new cost-effective alternatives to current therapeutic options that would be consistent with contemporary knowledge and available engineering capabilities in pursuance of creating techniques and new dressings that will accelerate the healing of DFUs[2,3,7,8]. Factors such as stress, obesity, certain medications, and chronic diseases appear to negatively affect the process of repair [1,9,10,4,6,11]. Studies prove that aloe vera gel due to its healing properties, can be considered as a potential dressing that will expedite the mending process of diabetic foot ulceration[12,13,14]. In this paper, we performed a literature review of the applicability of aloe vera in the healing process of DFUs. Materials and methods Searching the available literature, including randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews, we drew on databases focusing on the effects of treatment for diabetic foot ulceration using Aloe vera. Conclusion: The current scientific research on the use of Aloe vera gel in diabetic foot ulcer treatment indicates that this method is safe, effective and inexpensive[2,3]. However the difficulty of treatment and the increasing prevalence of this type of wound pose a challenge to finding new solutions and exploring mechanisms in which aloe vera can have a possible role in the wound healing process. Nevertheless, this paper presents a promising impact of Aloe vera gel applicability in the healing process of diabetic foot ulcer.

Hair loss is a problem that affects many people around the world. Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is the most common cause of hair loss affecting up to 50% of men and 40% of women over the age of 50. This type of hair loss is mediated by androgens, the strongest of which is dihydrotestosterone (DHT). This hormone influences the weakening hair follicles. The problem of excess DHT and the associated androgenic hair loss may concern people practicing sports, especially aerobic disciplines of moderate and high intensity. In the recent decades, many topical and oral therapies have been introduced to delay and stop hair loss. However, commonly used medications have only a partial and temporary effect, therefore alternative treatment methods are needed. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is known, among other things, for its use in orthopedics. The use of PRP may benefit athletes in the treatment of injuries to tendons, ligaments, muscles and cartilage. Many publications indicate good results with the use of PRP in the treatment of hair loss. The aim of this study is to summarise the published reports on the effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on hair loss prevention in people with androgenic alopecia (AGA) and to analyse the papers discussing androgen levels in physically active people.