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Introduction. New innovative technologies make food industry more effective. The present paper introduces a new method of hopped wort production based on novel mash filters. Study objects and methods. The research featured two new designs of mash filters. The study of the mashing process involved malt, hops, drinking water, and beer wort. The research included generally accepted methods of physicochemical and sensory research. Results and discussion. Both models differed from the traditional design. Mash filter I had a cylindrical filtration vat at its bottom with filters in the lower and upper parts of the vat. A pump was installed on the outer side of the steam jacket to produce forced circulation of the liquid medium flow through the vat. The steam jacket was covered with Corundum Classic superfine liquid thermal insulation. Mash filter II had a filtration bottom made of perforated sheet and provided intensive liquid circulation. It also had a regulated mixer that moved the mash, which significantly improved the mashing process. After the mashing, the mash passed through the filtration bottom, separating the liquid phase from the solid phase. The crushed material was discharged through a hatch in bottom. The physicochemical and sensory profiles of the obtained beer wort and beer samples complied with State Standard 30060-93 “Beer. Methods for determination of organoleptic indices and product’s volume”. Mash filter II produced beer wort of higher quality and improved the sensory properties of the finished product. This model proved more effective in extracting proteins and digestible sugars during amylolysis due to a better mixing and circulation of liquid medium flow during the wort preparation. Conclusion. The new modified mash filter made it possible to reduce the brewing time by 28.6%. Not only was it more user friendly, but it also was less heat and electricity consuming. In addition, it reduced the production area as it combined the stages of mashing and filtering.

Изучен роспуск отходов бумаги, покрытой полиуретановой дисперсией с поперечной сшивкой полиазиридином. Влагопрочность бумаги – 49–51%. Макулатуру измельчали до размера частиц 5–8 мм в мельнице сухого помола иобрабатывали раствором персульфата и гидроксида натрия при температуре 70°С и гидромодуле 6. Продолжительность варки варьировали от 1 до 5 ч, расход персульфата натрия – от 2 до 12%, гидроксида натрия – от 0.5 до 3% от массы абсолютно сухой макулатуры. Вторичное волокно получали роспуском пульпы в гидроразбивателе (дезинтеграторе). Зависимости степени роспуска, потерь целлюлозы и рН щелока от переменных факторов варки аппроксимировали уравнениями регрессии второго порядка, которые использовали для графического представления результатов. При наибольших значениях всех переменных факторов варки закончились в кислой среде с рН 3 при практически полном израсходовании персульфата и гидроксида натрия, достигнута степень роспуска более 80%, потери волокна при всех режимах оставались в диапазоне 12.6–14.6%. Необходимые операции роспуска: измельчение сухой макулатуры; варка измельченной макулатуры с водным раствором персульфата и гидроксида натрия; роспуск макулатуры в гидроразбивателе; промывка волокнистой массы водой; гидродинамический массный размол., Breaking-up of waste-paper with polyurethan and polyaziridin was studied. Paper moisture-stability is 49–51%. The waste paper reduced to the degree size of the particles 5–8 mm in the dry grind mill and chemical processing under higher temperature (to 70°C) by sodium persulfate and hydroxide solution; duty of water 6. Cooking duration varied from 1 to 5 hours, solution strength of persulfate sodium – from 2 to 12%, hydroxide sodium – from 0.5 to 3% from the mass of bone-dry waste-paper. The secondary fiber received by breaking-up of the pulp in the hydropulper. The dependency degree of breaking-up, losses of the cellulose and liquor pH from the cooking variable factors approximated by the regression equations of the second order, which used for graphic presentation results. At the most importance of the all variable factors the cooks ended in the acid medium with pH 3 under practically full persulfate and hydroxide sodium consumption; at that the degree of the breaking-up more than 80% was reached, losses of the cellulose under the all conditions remained within the range of 12.6–14.6%. The necessary operations of the breaking-up: crush the dry waste-paper; the cooking of the waste-paper with sodium persulfate and hydrate; breaking-ap of the waste-paper in the hydropulper; washing the stringy mass by water; the hydrodynamic milling.

Introduction. The actual form of packaging licorice roots for water extraction are filter paper sachets. New forms of licorice root processing provide the proper technological properties of raw materials for filter paper sachets.Aim. A comparative assessment of the of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) content in licorice roots (LR), produced in the Russian Federation and in licorice raw materials of various processing methods by HPLC-UV.Materials and methods. The objects of research were crushed LR, packaged in packs of industrial production and laboratory-industrial samples of coarse powder (CP), cut-pressed granules (CPG) and compositions proposed for packaging in filter paper sachets. The determination of GA content was carried out on an Agilent 1200 high performance liquid chromatography system equipped with a photodiode array detector (Agilent Technologies, USA). The stationary phase is column Phenomenex Luna® C18 (2) 250×4.6 mm. The composition of the mobile phase – 5% orthophosphoric acid water solution: acetonitrile (60:40). A flow rate – 1.0 ml/min, isocratic elution mode. The temperature of the column – 30 °C. The sample injected volume – 10 µl. Detection was performed at a wavelength of 254 nm; run time – 15 minutes.Results and discussion. The GA content in CP, CPG and the composition of CP and CPG –was determined in the ratio of 80:20 (composition). It was established that the GA content varies in the LR in the range – 7.08–9.17%, CP – 3.87–3.90%, CPG – 6.88–7.08%, and the composition – 4.44–4.88%.Conclusion. The use of HPLC-UV method for the standardization of licorice roots of domestic production and the roots of various forms of processing is very promising. The technique can be recommended for inclusion in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation of a subsequent edition, which will allow harmonizing the quality requirements of domestic licorice raw materials with the requirements of foreign pharmacopoeias.

В статье приводится материал по исследованию химико-термомеханической массы (ХТММ) из древесины тополя, производства китайской фирмы WeifangderuibioloDgical TECHNOLODGY CO., LTD. В результате исследования установлено: ХТММ из древесины тополя имеет свойство легко размалываться со значительным повышением (на 30–80%) физико-механических показателей. Интервал возможной степени помола, в которой масса может использоваться снаибольшей эффективностью, рекомендуется 30-50 0ШР. ХТММ в небеленом виде представляет собой высококачественный первичный волокнистый полуфабрикат, который может эффективно применяться в композиции с макулатурным волокном для производства бумаги для гофрирования и картона для плоских слоев гофрированного картона (тест-лайнера). Добавки массы в композицию целесообразны в пределах 20–50%. ХТММ в беленом виде является высококачественным первичным волокном для производства бумаги-основы различного санитарно-гигиенического назначения. Высокой эффективностью в придании свойств бумаге будут отличаться композиции с беленой целлюлозой, в которых целлюлозу следует добавлять в пределах 15–20%. При использовании хвойной заболонной древесины (сосны, лиственницы), характерным крупнотоннажным отходом российских предприятий, ожидается повышение механических свойств массы на 20–30%. Такая масса будет существенным фактором в развитии производства тарного картона, санитарно-гигиенических, а также других видов бумаг и картона. Технология ХТММ, предлагаемая китайской фирмой WeifangderuibioloDgical TECHNOLODGY CO., LTD, рекомендуется российским лесопромышленникам для использования. По своей значимости технология способна решать задачи по развитию производства целлюлозы, бумаги и картона, предусмотренные в «Стратегии развития лесного комплекса России до 2030 г»., The article provides material on the study of chemical-thermomechanical pulp (CTMM) from poplar wood, produced by the Chinese company WeifangderuibioloDgical TECHNOLODGY CO., LTD. As a result of the research, it was established that CTMP of poplar wood has the ability to be easily milled with a significant increase (by 30–80%) of physical and mechanical properties. The interval of the possible degree of grinding, in which the mass can be used with the greatest efficiency, is recommended 30–50°SR. CTMM in unbleached form is a high-quality primary semi-finished fibrous material that can be effectively used in combination with waste fiber for the production of corrugated paper and cardboard for flat layers of corrugated cardboard (test liner). Adding weight to the composition is appropriate in the range of 20–50%. CTMM in bleached form is a high-quality primary fiber for the production of base paper for various sanitary purposes. Compositions with bleached cellulose, in which cellulose should be added within 15–20%, will differ in high efficiency in imparting properties to paper. When using coniferous sapwood (pine, larch), a characteristic large-tonnage waste of Russian enterprises, an increase in the mechanical properties of the mass is expected by 20–30%. Such a mass will be a significant factor in the development of the production of containerboard, sanitary and hygienic, as well as other types of paper and cardboard. The CTMM technology offered by the Chinese company WeifangderuibioloDgical TECHNOLODGY CO., LTD is recommended for use by Russian timber merchants. In terms of its importance, the technology is capable of solving the tasks of developing the production of pulp, paper and cardboard, provided for in the Strategy for the Development of the Forest Complex of Russia until 2030.

One of the most common methods of preserving apple pomace in order to further obtain products with a high content of biologically active substances is drying. For the experiment, a method of drying with superheated steam of reduced pressure in a pulsed vibro boiling layer was chosen, since it allows improving the quality of the finished product by lowering the temperature of the drying agent, thereby retaining a significant amount of nutrients in the original product. To study the kinetic and hydrodynamic dependences of the drying process, an experimental setup has been developed and created, which allows to obtain the most accurate and reproducible results. According to the results of the experiments done, the drying curves, the drying rate curves and the heating curves were constructed. The technological modes of operation of the drying unit are determined, ensuring a minimum of the specific energy consumption of the drying process and the maximum moisture stress of the drying chamber. In addition to the experiment on drying apple pomace, a study was also conducted on the content of pectic substances in dried pomace. To determine the amount of pectin and protopectin, the calcium-pectate method was used. During the experiment, it was found that with the proposed method of drying, the yield of pectin substances is increased compared with traditional methods. Histograms of the content of pectin and protopectin were constructed depending on the method of drying. A comparative analysis of the content of pectin and protopectin was carried out depending on the drying mode for apple pomace and sugar beet pulp. The conclusion is made about the increased thermolability of protopectin in apple pomace compared to sugar beet pulp.

Introduction. Soy pulp, or okara, is a soy milk by-product. It contains a complex of valuable macro- and micronutrients, including fat-soluble vitamins. Recently, there has been a growing interest in replacing synthetic antioxidants with a mix of natural tocopherols. Soy beans and their by-products contain vitamin E and therefore can be used in food production, cosmetic, etc. Study objects and methods. The present research featured soy pulp. The content of tocopherols in the soy product was determined by high performance liquid chromatography using Sigma Aldrich standards and corresponding calibration dependencies. The research also involved spectrophotometry for determining tocopherols in standard solutions followed by chromatographic separation using fluorimetric detection. Results and discussion. To determine tocopherols in the okara, the test samples were treated with hexane. The filtered solution was exposed to low temperatures, after which the phases formed by centrifugation were separated. The samples were tested for all forms of tocopherols with the exception of β- and γ-forms. The chromatographic separation of the peaks of these forms was difficult due to the fact that their structural formulas were similar and differed only in the arrangement of methyl groups, i.e. the ortho- and paraposition. As a result, it was decided to determine the sum of the β- and γ-forms, which did not affect the objectivity of the analysis, since, according to published data, the content of β-tocopherol in soy products stays within 5%. Conclusion. The proposed method for sample preparation made it possible to improve the separation of the lipid fraction, which had a positive effect on the results of the analysis. The method also determined not only the quantitative, but also the qualitative content of tocopherols in the product. This reduced the risk of malfunctioning chromatographic equipment: the method proved more economical in terms of labor and reagent use. The obtained results corresponded to the existing scientific data on the content of tocopherols in soy products. The content of tocopherols in soy okara was 109 mg%.

В настоящее время большое внимание ряда исследователей уделяется олиго- и полисахаридам. Это связано свысоким их содержанием в растительном сырье и выполнением особой роли в развитии живых организмов, что имеет огромное значение при получении фруктозы, сахарозы и инулина. Кыргызстан располагает огромными запасами еще малоизученных, экологически чистых лекарственных и других видов растений. В статье рассмотрены вопросы изучения химического состава углеводного комплекса в растениях рода Cousinia angreni Jus. Проведены экспериментальные исследования по выделению и установлению структур водорастворимых полисахаридов и спирторастворимых олигосахаридов. Из корней Cousinia angreni Jus выделен глюкофруктан, строение отдельных фракций изучено методами метилирования, периодатного окисления, бумажной хроматографии, тонкослойной хроматографии и ГЖХ, ИК- и 13С-ЯМР- спектроскопии. В гидролизатах методом тонкослойной хроматографии при сравнении со свидетелями обнаружены 2,3,4,6-тетра-О-Ме-D-глюкоза, 1,3,4,6-тетра-О-Ме-D-фруктоза, 3,4,6-три-О-Ме-D-фруктоза (основной продукт) и следовые количества 1,3,4-три-О-Ме-D-фруктозы. Присутствие основного продукта 3,4,6-три-О-Ме-D-фруктоза указывает напреобладание связей типа β-(2→1). Таким образом, установлено, что глюкофруктаны кузинии ангренской (C. angreni Jus) состоят из фруктофуранозных остатков, связанных между собой β-(2→1) связями типа инулина., Currently, a lot of attention is paid to a number of researchers oligo – and polysaccharides. This is due to their high content in plant materials and the fulfillment of a special role in the development of living organisms, which is of great importance in the production of fructose, sucrose and inulin. Kyrgyzstan has huge reserves of still little-studied, environmentally friendly medicinal and other plant species. The article deals with the study of the chemical composition of the carbohydrate complex in plants of the genus Cousinia angreni Jus. Experimental studies have been carried out to isolate and establish structures of water-soluble polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble oligosaccharides. Glucofructan was isolated from the roots of Cousinia angreni Jus, the structure of individual fractions was studied by methylation, periodic oxidation, paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography and GLC, IR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. When compared with witnesses, 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-Me-D-glucose, 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-Me-D-fructose, 3,4,6-tri-O-Me-D-fructose (main product) and trace amounts of 1,3,4-tri-O-Me-D-fructose. The presence of the main product 3,4,6-tri-O-Me-D-fructose indicates the predominance of β-(2→1) bonds. Thus, it was found that glucofructans of the Angren cousin (C. angreni Jus) consist of fructofuranose residues linked by β-(2→1) inulin type bonds.

Polychloroprene is widely used as a special-purpose rubber in such industries as automotive, construction, textile industry. Chloroprene rubber takes a significant share in the market of elastomers due to its properties. In recent years, a gradual increase in demand for chloroprene rubbers is expected. This trend is most clearly seen in regions with a developed automotive industry. World leaders in the production of chloroprene rubbers and latex demonstrate their interest in increasing production capacity. In Russia, chloroprene rubber is not produced, the demand is completely met by import. In this paper, the main industrial methods for the production of chloroprene monomer, based on various feedstocks: acetylene and butadiene-1,3, exist in the world practice. Advantages and disadvantages of each of the above methods for producing chloroprene monomer are given. Technical solutions for the improvement of the chloroprene-monomer preparation technology for the steps of chlorination of butadiene-1,3 and dehydrochlorination of 3,4-dichlorobutene-1 in a column apparatus are proposed. An improved process for the preparation of chloroprene rubber from butadiene-1,3 is described. The development of a modern technology for the production of chloroprene rubber based on domestic raw materials will make it possible to obtain a high-quality target product, which will lead to the exclusion of its imports.

The solution of the problem of import substitution by creating domestic medications similar to foreign pharmacological efficacy and safety, especially given the availability of raw materials and high profitability of the target product, represents the current trend in the development of pharmacy. This fully applies to drugs based on betaine, the isolation of which was first proposed from the post-alcohol corn bard - a multitonous and cheap secondary raw material, obtained in production conditions using traditional alcohol technologies. A method for isolating betaine hydrochloride from a bard, including the original (separation into liquid and solid phases, removal of carbohydrates from the liquid phase, neutralization thereof) and known (separation from the liquid phase of betaine hydrochloride, liberated from glutamic acid, humic acids, metal chlorides) greater by 2-4 times the technological yield (0.4%). The task of establishing analytical indicators of the target product was carried out in comparison with the standard sample obtained from the tablets Acidin-Pepsin, imported to Russia from the Republic of Belarus. Both test samples (the target product and the standard sample) are characterized by their identical physical and chemical characteristics (description, solubility in water and alcohol, pH 1% of aqueous solutions), positive results of authenticity reactions (thermal decomposition, precipitating with copper (II) ions and silver nitrate), quantitative content (respectively 99.2 and 99.9%). The high technological yield of betaine hydrochloride isolated from the post-alcohol corn bard, identical to the standard sample for the most important analytical indicators, creates the prospect of solving the problem of import substitution of the drug "Acidin-pepsin", which requires the need for in-depth preclinical testing.

Flax processing waste, flax shive is of great importance for producing sorbents from non-wooden materials in Russia. There are more than 700 thousand hectares of linseed flax crops in the country. Linseed flax shive had been burned everywhere until recently as there was no technology of its processing. The waste disposal problem in the linseed flax cultivation regions could be solved by introducing new flax waste recycling and linen producing technologies developed by scientists of the Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops. In 2015-2018 some studies were carried out in research laboratories and on the experi-mental plant of the center as well as on flax-sowing farms of the Udmurt Republic, Rostov region and Krasnodar territory. The research has shown that linseed shive contains 49-51% of cellulose and 23-27% of lignin, on which the sorption capacity of the material depends. The values of flax waste sorbent sorption capacity by the effective sorption of ions in relation to heavy metals are 85-91 %, to oil products - from 3.9 to 17.3 mg/g, to iodine and methylene blue - 222 and 220 mg/g, respectively. These values don’t concede the sorbents from wood and can replace the use of the latter. The developed technology of obtaining sorbent from flax allows to organize the production directly on flax-sowing farms and flax factories applying raw materials ready to use.

The research results of the influence of preliminary mechanochemical activation of heavy oil feedstock (oil-fuel, tar) on the output of their coking products are presented. Raw materials were activated by creating a cavitation effect when a hydrocarbon stream passes through a diffuser under a pressure. The pressure gradient on the diffuser ranged from 10 to 50 MPa, and the number of cycles of passage through the diffuser - from 1 to 5. It is shown that hydrodynamic cavitation processing results in a change in the physicochemical characteristics of heavy oil feedstock. The presented values of the raw material density and its fractional composition before and after processing suggest that the cavitation effect results in cracking reactions in the raw material. Changes in the characteristics of the raw material affect the change in the output of its coking products. It is established that as the pressure gradient and the number of impact acts increase, the yield of liquid coking products increases, and the yield of coke decreases. No relationship between the feedstock characteristics and the increase in the yield of distillate fractions as a result of prior cavitation effects has been established. At the same time, the preliminary mechanochemical activation of the raw materials leads to a decrease in the density and refractive index of the liquid coking products, a decrease in the temperature of their initial boiling point, and an increase in the content of hydrocarbons in the gasoline and kerosene fractions in them. The increase in the density and refractive index of the light fractions of the liquid coking products suggests that the aromatization process proceeds as a result of mechanochemical activation.

The integrated use of aspen biomass can ensure the effective development of forestry and timber processing industries, reduce the share of waste. From the bark of aspen we obtained aqueous and water-alcohol extracts containing a complex of extractive substances possessing biological activity and representing practically all classes of organic compounds found in plants (vitamins, enzymes, proteins, fats, essential oils, etc.). As a raw material, a crushed aspen bark with a moisture content of 5% and an equivalent particle diameter of 2 mm was used. Extractants – water distilled and water-alcoholic solution 1:1. Extraction conditions: hydromodule– 10 g/g, temperature – 40°C, ultrasound frequency – 44 kHz. The effect of water-alcohol extracts on the fermentation of sucrose by beer yeast S-33 was studied. The expediency of using water-alcohol extract of aspen cortex at a dosage of 1% of the nutrient medium is shown. At the same time ferment activity of yeast increases, sugar consumption decreases by the side processes of fermentation, the economic coefficient showing the yield of ethanol from a unit of substrate is increased by 5,5% in comparison with the control. The kinetic characteristics of the fermentation process are calculated. The maximum specific growth rates of yeast and sugar consumption are observed when using water-alcohol extract of bark of aspen at a dosage of 1% and are 0,0052 h-1 and 0,049 g/(g-h), respectively. On the basis of the conducted studies, it can be concluded that the water-alcohol extract of the aspen bark should be used at a dosage of 1% of the nutrient medium. At the same time ferment activity of yeast increases, sugar consumption decreases by the side processes of fermentation, the economic coefficient showing the yield of ethanol from a unit of substrate is increased by 5,5% in comparison with the control. Industrial use of this extract in the production of beer will shorten the duration of the main fermentation for 1 day, increase the capacity of the fermentation unit and reduce the specific rates of energy consumption.

The article deals with the problems of perishable goods handling process at Russian airports on delivery in international supply chains (ISC). The investigation was carried out on the basis of operational analysis. The initial stage of the study, which was performed applying statistical analysis, revealed that the major category of perishable goods which establish air transportation demand into Russia is the fresh exotic fruits. The investigation was performed taking the mango supply chain as an example, due to its non-standard thermal and storage requirements. The second stage resulted in the perishable goods airport handling quality criteria set formation: the number of mandatory cargo while handling operations, the required time for these operations, the amount of paper work, the number of multi-temperature chambers at the airport and their area, ULD temperature storage system availability. The study revealed that about 90% of perishable goods, which are imported to Russia, are handled at the airports of Moscow aviation hub because other airports in Russia lack the temperature storage facilities infrastructure. This restriction raises the price of perishable goods logistics on the territory of the country considerably as well as reduces their quality. Four international airports of strategic importance outside the boarders of the central federal district which have the potential of forming central hubs for perishable goods handling as well as processing of transit and transfer flows were chosen in the context of this study. Among them are the airports of Novosibirsk, Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg and Krasnoyarsk. The airports of Moscow aviation hub were offered specialization on the subject of perishable goods export-import flow handling. The materials received from airlines, major cargo terminals at Russian airports, transport companies, specialized international air transport enterprises and logistics associations were exploited as the data for this study. The research registered that the deterrence to the speed of supply chain operation is the time of cargo ground service at Russian airports which considerably exceeds the cargo ground service time in the exporting country. The delays are connected with the poor development of perishable goods handling cargo terminals and also with loads of paper work because the system of electronic workflow and automated checking of markings doesn’t exist. The model of electronic workflow in the International Supply Chain which utilizes pre-flight and pre-loading preliminary information about the cargo was offered. Block Chain system for checking the correct presentation of documents at all stages of the supply chain was introduced which reduces the total time of cargo ground handling process.

The paper deals with determining a temperature field of an isotropic solid with inclusion represented as a spherical layer that absorbing penetrating radiation. A hierarchy of simplified analogues of the basic model of the heat transfer process in the system under study was developed, including a “refined model of concentrated capacity”, a “concentrated capacity” model, and a “truncated model of concentrated capacity”. Each of the mathematical models of the hierarchy is a mixed problem for a second-order partial differential equation of the parabolic type with a specific boundary condition that actually takes into account the spherical layer available in the system under study.The use of the Laplace integral transform and the well-known theorems of operational calculus in analytically closed form enabled us to find solutions to the corresponding problems of unsteady heat conduction. The “concentrated capacitance” model was in detail analysed with the object under study subjected to the radiation flux of constant density. This model is associated with a thermally thin absorbing inclusion in the form of a spherical layer. It is shown that it allows us to submit the problem solution of unsteady heat conduction in the analytical form, which is the most convenient in terms of both its practical implementation and a theoretical assessment of the influence, the spherical layer width has on the temperature field of the object under study.Sufficient conditions are determined under which the temperature field of the analysed system can be identified with a given accuracy through the simplified analogues of the basic mathematical model. For simplified analogues of the basic model, the paper presents theoretical estimates of the maximum possible error when determining the radiated temperature field.

Introduction. The paper devotes to the features of hydration and hardening of polymineral composite binders. The authors carry out the complex research of the phase composition, hydration and structure formation processes of hardened composite binders with active mineral additives by X-ray phase analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and electron microscopy. The study using a Tescan MIRA 3 scanning electron microscope reveals differences in the microstructure of hardened binders and the authors confirm the results by microprobe studies. The authors study the hydration of the composite binder prepared on the basis of Portland cement and mineral components. Moreover, the paper demonstrates the dynamics of the system’s heat dissipation from the moment of mixing with water and hardening up to 24 hours and up to 72 hours by the expressed bond of dQ / dt = f (t) using a differential calorimeter.Methods and materials. The authors carried out experimental studies at Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov, at the Department of Building Materials, Products and Structures, at the High Technology Center and “BelGTASM-Certificate” Test Center. Therefore, the authors used the existing basic research methods, including modern physicochemical methods of analysis: X-ray phase, scanning electron microscopy, etc. The paper determined the main characteristics of raw materials, composite binders and foam concrete using standard methods and regulatory requirements.Results. The authors obtained the results that testified the peculiarities of hydration and hardening processes of polymineral composite binders on the basis of Portland cement and mineral additives: opoka marl and fly ash.Conclusion. The research establishes the hydration and hardening processes of polymineral composite binders. As a result, the authors demonstrate that the opoka marl introduced into the cement leads to the increased hydration in the induction and accelerated periods and also increases the hydration completeness of the main clinker minerals due to the manifestation of the pozzolanic reaction and the active binding of blocking Portlandite, as well as to the higher concentration of accumulated neoplasms, second generation calcium hydrosilicates.Financial transparency: the authors have no financial interest in the presented materials or methods. There is no conflict of interest.

In order to expand the range of balanced, high-quality, and safe dairy products, constant work is required to create new technologies, control the quality, as well as to develop new methods for the identification of plant additives. The paper presents some results of the development and quality assessment of cottage cheese mousse with pumpkin puree using physicochemical methods and molecular genetic analysis. An analysis of organoleptic and physicochemical methods revealed that the quality and safety of Adagio pumpkin (S. rero.) corresponds with the State Standard 7975-2013 and Sanitary Regulations 2.3.2.1078-01. The authors introduce a new method for pumpkin puree production. An experiment demonstrated that pumpkin puree meets organoleptic and physico-chemical indicators stated in the requirements of State Standard 32742-2014. The composition of biologically active nutrients was determined as follows: the content of pectin substances was 2.27 g/100 g, fiber – 1.5 g/100 g, and β-carotene – 2.97 mg/100 g. The paper describes a scientifically-based formula and a new technology for the production of a high nutritional value product, i.e. curd mousse with pumpkin puree. The research also included a quality and safety assessment of the developed mousse. A molecular genetic analysis was used to identify pumpkin in the semi-finished product and dairy product. Based on the GenBank NCBI database, the matK chloroplast genome gene was chosen as the target gene. With the help of various software packages based on the matK gene, universal primers were developed and designed. Optimal parameters for amplifying fragments of species-specific pumpkin DNA were defined experimentally. Electrophoregrams were made to visualize the presence of pumpkin in the puree and cottage cheese mousse. As a result, the classical polimerase chaim reaction (PCR) method was recommended to identify pumpkin in food products with the determination of amplification products in agarose gel using primers developed on the basis of the matK gene of the chloroplast genome.

Introduction. One of the classes of modern radio engineering systems are systems with spatial diversity of transmitting, receiving or transceiving elements. In such systems, an increase of the information content is achieved by signal coprocessing ensuring synchronization in time and phase of the carrier oscillation. Currently, the researchers do not pay enough attention to the requirements for the accuracy of synchronization of distributed systems of different applications, as well as simple and affordable ways to synchronize them.Objective. The paper main objective is the search for technical solutions for clock and phase synchronization without atomic frequency standards and external sources of coordinate-time information.Methods and materials. The paper considers a distributed radio engineering system with non-rigid structure. Each element of the system has reference signal from its own crystal oscillator. The oscillators are not physically aligned. The phases of their oscillations are periodically compared by the method of two-way transmission of synchronizing signals (from one element to another and vice versa). The synchronization technique (software algorithmic approach) is reduced to the coprocessing signal correction according to estimated frequency (phase) drifts. The testing of the proposed technical solution is presented on a hardware model consisting of ten receiving and transmitting modules.Results. The experiment showed that RMS of synchronization errors does not exceeded 12 degrees by phase (for VHF), or 0.2 ns by time. These results are acquired for spatial diversity up to several hundred meters, mutual speed of the modules up to several meters per second and may be extended for higher frequencies (in particular, UHF).Conclusion. The paper proposes a method of multilateral propagation to synchronize distributed radioengineering systems. Combined with software algorithmic technique this method enables to obtain synchronization accuracy in real-time sufficient for coherent diversity technique.

A new method based on direct frequency conversion is developed for measuring complex reflection coefficient of microwave two-poles. The method is based on the use of quadrature synchronous detection of the signal branched by omnidirectional probe with subsequent quadrature processing of the detected signal components. Such approach makes it possible to solve measuring task by simultaneously analyzing both amplitude and phase distribution of the field in transmission line which leads to redundancy. In addition, the use of direct frequency conversion provides the detection linearity in considerably higher dynamic range of the levels of the signal forwarded from the transmission line. So, both of these factors can improve the measurement accuracy. The method is performed by excitation of probing harmonic microwave oscillation in transmission line and formation of reference microwave oscillation with the same frequency. The reference signal and the signal branched from the transmission line by omnidirectional mobile probe are fed to the inputs the quadrature synchronous detector. At its outputs, I and Q components of the detected signal are formed. By means of these components, the amplitude and phase field distribution in the trans-mission line is obtained. It is followed by calculation of module and phase estimations using the expressions presented in the paper. The measurement result is obtained as arithmetic average of these estimations. A mathematical model of the proposed method is developed. The relations for the module and phase of the complex reflection coefficient are derived based on the analysis of both the amplitude and phase distribution of electromagnetic field in the transmission line. The paper describes the experimental unit in the form of vector measuring line that implements the quadrature method of measurement. The experimental analysis of the amplitude and phase distribution of the field in microwave path is carried out for standard loads with different parameters. Based on the analysis results, the estimations of measured parameters are calculated and measurement errors are defined. It is shown that highprecision measuring instruments can be designed using the proposed method.

At present the theory and calculation of single-stage high-pulse transformer (PT) are well developed. Their characteristics are determined depending on the type and load parameters. However, the method of calculation of PT executed in cascade is not fully developed. The main advantage of the cascade scheme is the transfer of the insulation from the inside to the outside. Due to this electric field intensity can be reduced at the inner insulation number of times, the number of PT components in cascade. The paper presents the results of comparative experimental studies of the characteristics of single-stage and two-stage PT included in the resistive load and recharge mode capacitive storage through to PT exacerbates capacity. There are considered two types of PT with the same ratios, the number of turns of the windings and the section of magnetic cores, but different magnetic properties of the cores. The methodology of comparative research is to determine the forming properties of one- and two-stage PT schemes in the storage capacitor discharge on resistive and capacitive load across PT with following oscilloscope current and voltage at the load. Comparative studies have defined the scope of the cascade of PT schemes. The paper shows that the multi-stage schemes of PT are highly ineffective in the pulse shaping circuits on resistive load as the inductive elements of the equivalent circuits cascade PT form an inductive voltage divider. It has been shown that the cascade circuit is effective in PT overcharge mode sharpened on capacitive storage capacity in the matching mode, while the efficiency of such schemes is close to 100 %, and those positive properties possessed by the cascade circuits are realized.

This paper proposes a method to calculate the splitting of natural frequency of the shell of hemispherical resonator gyro. (HRG). The paper considers splitting that arises from the small defect of the middle surface, which makes the resonator different from the rotary shell. The presented method is a combination of the perturbation method and the finite element method. The method allows us to find the frequency splitting caused by defects in shape, arbitrary distributed in the circumferential direction. This is achieved by calculating the perturbations of multiple natural frequencies of the second and higher orders. The proposed method allows us to calculate the splitting of multiple frequencies for the shell with the meridian of arbitrary shape.A developed finite element is an annular element of the shell and has two nodes. Projections of movements are used on the axis of the global cylindrical system of coordinates, as the unknown. To approximate the movements are used polynomials of the second degree. Within the finite element the geometric characteristics are arranged in a series according to the small parameter of perturbations of the middle surface geometry.Movements on the final element are arranged in series according to the small parameter, and in a series according to circumferential angle. With computer used to implement the method, three-dimensional arrays are used to store the perturbed quantities. This allows the use of regular expressions for the mass and stiffness matrices, when building the finite element, instead of analytic dependencies for each perturbation of these matrices of the required order with desirable mathematical operations redefined in accordance with the perturbation method.As a test task, is calculated frequency splitting of non-circular cylindrical resonator with Navier boundary conditions. The discrepancy between the results and semi-analytic solution to this problem is less than 1%. For a cylindrical shell is made a comparison of results with solution in ANSYS commercial complex - a difference is less than 1%. For a hemispherical shell was found the frequency splitting. The comparison has shown that a discrepancy between the results and ANSYS solution is less than 1%. The solution of this problem allows us to estimate further a mutual influence of defects of different nature (shape, thickness, density, modulus of elasticity, etc.) on splitting the frequency of the HRG. This is an urgent problem in terms of balancing the HRG resonators.

During operation, concrete and reinforced concrete structures are exposed to the aggressive environment of carbon dioxide. During the reconstruction and overhaul of the berthing facilities in the coastal zone of the seas of the Far East, a weak bond strength of the “old” carbonated and “new” repair concrete has been established in the paper. The reason that prevents reliable adhesion of concrete is the formation of fragile corrosion products in the pores and on the surface of “old” concrete. Accelerated tests of concrete carbonization from exposure to carbon dioxide have been carried out in the course of the study. The structure of the carbonized cement stone has been examined using a scanning electron microscope. The research results have made it possible to assess the structure of a “healthy” cement stone and affected by carbonization. The performed analysis of concrete carbonization process, including micrographs of the samples, has shown that under the action of carbon dioxide, the surface layer with a thickness of 4 mm and more undergoes structural restructuring. Fibrous formations are destroyed, and the carbonized volume is a heap of loosely bound loose new formations and films blocking the entrances to the capillary system of concrete. They are not a reliable basis for adhesion of “new” and “old” concrete and prevent the penetration of liquid containing cement dissolution products from “new” concrete into the capillaries of the healthy structure of the “old” concrete for their reliable connection.

The purpose of this research is to assess the level of thermal damage by determining the content of acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP) in perennial cereal forage grasses Bromus inermis, Festuca pratensis, Phleum, depending on the phase of their vegetation (at the beginning of shooting, during the earing and flowering phases), as well as in silage and haylage prepared from them during the same phases. Samples for analyzes were dried at the temperature of 60-65 °C. Nitrogen of ADICP was determined in the residue of ADF (acid detergent fiber) obtained by filtering a solution of acid detergent through a paper filter. With the growth of grasses, an increase in the content of ADF in them was observed, followed by an increase in ADICP in Phleum and especially in Festuca pratensis which was characterized by higher rates of ADF accumulation. In Bromus inermis, the increase in ADF did not lead to an increase in the concentration of ADICP in the grass due to a decrease of its portion in ADF. The content of ADICP in green grass ranged from 0.85 to 1.58 % in dry matter, ADF ‒ from 27.0 to 45.8 %, no correlation was found between them. Conservation of grasses in all phases of their growth caused an increase in the content of ADF compared to the original grass, but the mass fraction of ADICP in the dry matter of silage and haylage was not higher than in the original grass, due to a lower mass fraction of ADICP in the ADF compared to grasses. In this regard, it is noted that if the technology of harvesting silage and haylage is observed, there is no increase in the level of thermal damage to these feeds. In this regard, it is noted, that when the preparation of silage and haylage is carried out according to the required technology, there is no increase in the level of thermal damage to these feeds. There is close correlation between the percentage of ADICP in CP (crude protein) and the contents of CP. The correlation coefficients were -0.83; -0.88 and -0.92 for grasses, silage and haylage, respectively. The lowest percentage of ADICP in CP was observed in the early phases of grass growth. In this regard, there is a need to harvest them in earlier growth phases, since the content of CP decreases with growth and the proportion of indigestible protein in it increases. If there are organoleptic signs of thermal damage to feeds given in the article, it is recommended to make an amendment to CP content on the basis of the result of the analysis for the content of ADICP.

Introduction. Healthy nutrition is one of the global problems that humanity is facing today, of which food safety and food allergies are the most relevant issues. A lot of chemicals used as food raw materials possess allergenic properties. Food producers are only beginning to realize the scale of this problem. As a result, hypoallergenic products and methods of food allergy prevention are at an early stage of development. Study objects and methods. The paper is a review of twenty years of research on food allergy. Results and discussion. The article describes the main sources of food allergens and allergenic proteins of plant and animal origin. It also gives various classifications of food allergens in terms of their stability and ability to maintain antigenic properties after processing, as well as provides methods for allergenicity reduction and hypoallergenic food production. Conclusion. Thermal and enzymatic processing are currently the most popular methods of reducing allergenicity of food raw materials. New approaches are based on enzymatic activity of microorganisms, the chemical modification of allergenic proteins, and the removal of allergenic proteins by binding them into complexes. The combination of enzymatic processing with high hydrostatic pressure or high-intensity ultrasound is the most promising direction in the production of hypoallergenic raw materials. Other promising methods are based on the enzymatic activity of microorganisms, chemical modification of allergenic proteins, and complexation with polyphenols, anthocyanins, etc. The future lies with genetic modification, which, however, still remains too complex, time-consuming, and understudied. Most novel methods need clinical trials to confirm the possibility of their use for commercial hypoallergenic food production.

The article discusses the features of the radiation of ultrafast point clusters of charged particles moving uniformly near a gyrotropic medium interface. It is shown that some types of electromagnetic radiation – transient and/or Cherenkov radiation – have the characteristics of superchiral fields. Therefore, they can be effectively used to study chiral structures (for example, to detect circular dichroism, the frequency characteristics of refractive indices), various materials, including biomaterials. Ultrafast (relativistic) particles can serve as a «tool» not only for studying the structure of various materials. They can also be used as «generators» of quasiparticles that determine the «dynamic» properties of the materials under study, as well as the features of their interaction with radiation of various nature and response to external influences. In this paper, some types of circularly polarized EM waves propagating in optically active (magnetoactive, naturally active, gyrotropic, and chiral) media are considered. Using the generalized reciprocity theorem for media characterized by the Hermitian permittivity tensor, we consider the transient and Cherenkov radiation excited by a uniformly moving bunch of charged particles when it crosses (or moves along) the interface of media, one of which is an optically active gyrotropic medium. It is shown that the superchiral electromagnetic fields of the transition and Cherenkov radiation of dipoles can serve as a source of chiral collective excitations in magnetoactive and naturally active media. The investigated mechanisms of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with chiral materials (structures and media) are one of the possible physical approaches to solving the problem of the chiral purity of the biosphere and to elucidate the factor of deracemization of the organic primeval environment. A new hypothesis is presented, suggesting that ultra-high-speed clumps of charged particles of cosmic origin can cause deracemization of the prebiosphere.

Introduction. As is known, the selection of optimal conditions for the analysis of extracts from medicinal plant raw materials (MPМ), as well as medicinal herbal preparations and pharmaceutical substances of plant origin, characterized by a complex variable composition of biologically active substances (BAS) by TLC, presents certain difficulties. For the design of mobile phases for the separation of mixtures of BAS of plant origin, in a thin layer of sorbent, the following approaches are used: literary sources; standard mobile phases; spot elution method; the scheme proposed by the firm Camag (Switzerland); model "PRISMA"; variocameras and others. In foreign literature, there are publications on the generalization of the available experimental data on the determination of various natural groups of BAS in objects of plant origin. However, such reviews did not reveal the regularities of the chromatographic behavior of individual BAS in a thin layer, as well as the influence of various factors on the reproducibility of Rf values. The study of the possibility of a theoretical approach to the choice of optimal conditions for chromatography of groups of BAS of different polarity, allowing them to separate, identify and quantify by TLC is a relevant and poorly developed area of chromatography in general.Aim. The aim of this work was to develop a theoretical approach to the choice of optimal conditions for the chromatographic separation of various groups of BAS of plant origin in a thin layer of sorbent.Materials and methods. To study the regularities of chromatographic behavior in a thin layer of representatives of the main classes of BAS present in MPМ (amino acids, flavonoids, tannins, simple sugars, ascorbic acid, fat-soluble vitamins), the value of the main factor affecting the parameters of the efficiency of the chromatographic process, the polarity of the eluent, was studied. As objects of research, we used ready-made chopped raw material of nettle leaves, produced by a domestic manufacturer, that meets the requirements of regulatory documents, as well as sea buckthorn fruits collected on the territory of the Voronezh region, according to the rules for harvesting MPМ of various morphological groups in fresh and dried form.Results and discussion. The regularities of elution and mathematical models describing the chromatographic behavior of plant BAS in a thin layer of sorbent have been established. Based on the totality of the results obtained, from the standpoint of the efficiency of the chromatographic process, the optimal conditions for their TLC analysis were selected and theoretically substantiated. To study the qualitative composition of BAS and to achieve a clear separation of zones on chromatograms, TLC methods were developed and tested on the studied MPМ using simple, frontal or two-dimensional chromatography.Conclusion. It is shown that the determination and separation in a thin layer of the sorbent of hydrophilic and lipophilic BAS of MPМ in the presence of a joint requires different approaches and techniques. The paper proposes an algorithm for the selection of the mobile phase and methods of chromatography of BAS of medicinal products. The revealed mathematical models describing the chromatographic behavior of BAS will make it possible to select the conditions under which it is possible to determine the individual components of multicomponent mixtures without preliminary separation. The developed methods for the determination of BAS can also be used for standardization and quality assessment of other types of MPМ, phytopreparations and pharmaceutical substances of plant origin.

Objectives. The paper is devoted to the crystal structure characterization of 5-methyl-2-phenyl4H-pyrazol-3-one (compound I) and 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-4H-pyrazol-3-one (compound II).Methods. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies and theoretical calculations: Density functional theory and quantum theory of atoms in molecules.Results. In the solid state, the crystal structure of compound I is characterized by the alternation of OH and NH tautomers connected via O–H---O and N–H---N hydrogen bonds. For compound II, the existence of chains built from the NH monomers via hydrogen bonding can be explained by the peculiarities of cooperative effects. In the framework of quantum theory of atoms in molecules, the following topological characteristics are calculated for all dimers: electron density, Laplacian of electron density, density of kinetic, potential, and total energy in the critical point of the intermolecular hydrogen bond. It is concluded that the hydrogen bond in dimers 1–4, 7 (compound I), and 8–11 (compound II) can be assigned to the intermediate (between covalent and dispersion types) interaction owing to hydrogen bond formation with the participation of electronegative oxygen- (and/or nitrogen-) atoms, whereas H-bond in dimers 5 and 6 (compound I) can be attributed to the dispersion one (no hydrogen bond formation or weak H-bond formation), and it represents the weak interaction, being in agreement with length for intermolecular hydrogen bond in dimers. The electron density and total energy density values demonstrate that the strongest intermolecular H-bonds take place in dimers 1 (OH---O), 4 (OH---O), 7 (OH---N), 8 (OH---O), 9 (NH---N), and 11 (OH---N). The results obtained for compounds I and II are compared with data for antipyrine (1,2-dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one; compound III)Conclusions. An important role of intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the crystal packing, molecule association and self-organization via dimer- or more extended species formation has been demonstrated.

This paper is devoted to construction of reference walking trajectories for developing pedestrian navigation algorithms for smartphones. Such trajectories can be used both for verification of classical algorithms of navigation or for application of machine learning technics. Reconstruction of closed trajectories based on data from foot-mounted inertial measurement units (IMU) is investigated. The advantages of the approach are the use of inexpensive sensors and the simplicity of the presented method. We propose algorithms for reconstruction of smooth 2D pedestrian trajectories based on measurements from a single IMU as well as on combined measurements from two IMU’s. Introduced algorithms are based on application of modified Kalman filter with an assumption of IMU having zero velocity when foot contacts the ground. In case of two measurement units, it is additionally assumed that the positions of the sensors cannot differ significantly from each other. The algorithms were tested on trajectories lasting from 1 to 10 minutes, passing indoors on horizontal surfaces. Obtained results were compared with high precision trajectories acquired with GNSS RTK receivers. Additionally, the process of inter-device time synchronization is investigated and detailed description of the experiments and used equipment is given. The dataset used for verification of proposed algorithms is freely available at: http://gartseev.ru/projects/rtj2021.

Stability testing gives necessary data on the effect of such factors as temperature, light, humidity, etc. on the medicinal product quality. The results of these studies help to select suitable primary and secondary packaging and to determine storage conditions and shelf life for the product. The aim of this study was to compare current requirements for stability testing of medicinal products in the Russian Federation and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The study covered stability testing of small-molecule medicines. The paper describes evolution of approaches to stability testing in the Russian Federation. It summarises the main differences in basic requirements for stability testing as stipulated in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation (Ph. Rus.) XIII edition, Ph. Rus. XIV edition, and EAEU regulations. The study demonstrated that the Russian Federation lacks regulations containing specific requirements for stability testing performed to support variations to marketing authorisation documentation. The Ph. Rus. XIV edition does not specify the extent of stability testing to be performed after switching to another manufacturer of the active ingredient or introduction into operation of a new manufacturing site where the medicinal product will be produced. At the same time, the EAEU regulatory documents contain requirements for stability testing for each type of the most frequent variations to marketing authorisation documentation. The study demonstrated the continuing relevance of bringing the Russian regulations on stability testing in line with those of the EAEU.

Introduction. Brewery mash, or brewer’s spent grain (BSG), is a by-product of brewing industry. It is known to contain valuable biologically active substances. However, their extraction is complicated by the presence of various polymers. The research featured various physicochemical methods for obtaining valuable biological compounds from brewery waste. The new method modified complex non-starch polysaccharides, lignin, arabinoxylans, and other high-molecular compounds associated with phenolic compounds. The research objective was to solve the problem of recycling industrial by-products that accumulate in large quantities and require expensive processing or disposal. The paper introduces new technological approaches for deep processing of BSG as a source of secondary raw materials in order to obtain extracts fortified with polyphenolic compounds. Study objects and methods. The research featured BSG from malt subjected to treatment with ECA-activated water (catholyte with pH 9.6 ± 0.1), followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulolytic enzyme preparations and extraction with a polar solvent of the resulting free polyphenolic substances. The experiments were based on standard methods for assessing the content of various biologically active substances. Results and discussion. A 70% water-ethanol solution proved to be optimal at the BSG:extractant ratio of 2:1, process temperature = 50 ± 2°C, and extraction time = 60 ± 5 min. Under the same conditions, 70 %vol. of beer distillate made it possible to extract phenolic acids, flavonoid rutin, irreplaceable and nonessential amino acids, and non-starch polysaccharide β-glucan from the BSG matrix. The BSG treatment with 1M NaOH solution delivered viscous hydrolysates fortified with flavonoids rutin and quercetin, which did not happen when acid hydrolysis was used. The combined use of ECA-treated water (catholyte with pH 9.6 ± 0.1) for 24 ± 0.05 h, combined with biocatalysis with the enzyme preparation Viskoflo MG for 2 ± 0.05 h, made it possible to obtain BSG extracts with a high content of phenolic acids and aldehydes, as well as flavonoid rutin. Conclusion. The study revealed the mechanism of hydrolytic decomposition of BSG non-starch polysaccharides, considering the compounds contained in the extracts. The BSG hydrolysates fortified with various phenolic compounds can be used in various food technologies, e.g., in fermented drinks.

Introduction. The national economy is currently developing a system for monitoring the quality and safety of goods. Food products, ingredients, and additives possess various pro- and antibiotic properties. Therefore, available express methods of quantitative assessment of microbiological contamination are a relevant aspect of domestic food industry. Study objects and methods. The study featured ten essential oils of plant origin that can be used as functional additives to various food products. Results and its discussion. The research introduced a new biotesting technique for repetitive recording of changes in the intensity of elastic light dispersion. The technique made it possible to measure pH and electrical conductivity of a liquid nutrient medium incubated in the presence and absence of viable test microorganisms and test samples. The paper describes the results of this technique applied to a comparative analysis of antibiotic activity of various essential oils in different concentrations. As the concentrations of the test extracts decreased, their antibiotic activity monotonically also went down, while the probiotic activity increased. The shortterm biological activity of test samples appeared to be significantly higher than their long-term activity. The medium-term biological activity of the test samples was mostly intermediate in value. Only rarely did it exceed both the long- and short-term biological activity of the same TE. The essential oils obtained from the leaves of Thuja occidentalis, Eucalyptus globulus, and Cupressus sempervirens exhibited the most active and long antibiotic properties. Conclusion. The biological activity of food products, including various plant extracts, depends not only on the raw material and the extraction method, but also on the concentration of the extract in the product. As a rule, the exact nature of these dependencies can only be established empirically and requires a set of various tests. The present article introduces a new highly objective and informative express methodology that simplifies this process. The technique is less labor-, time-, and material-consuming than standard visual microbiological methods. It can be used to assess the effect of test samples on the vital activity of microorganisms in various foods, ingredients, and additives.

The paper presents the results of studies of the spectral properties of a photosensitizer based on indotricarbocyanine dye when accumulating in tissues of experimental animals. Using laser fluorescence spectroscopy, the in vivo and ex vivo fluorescence spectra of tissue-localized indotricarbocyanine dye were obtained for different time counts after intravenous administration. The profile of the pharmacokinetics of its accumulation and withdrawal was determined from the change in the intensity of fluorescence in the tumor and healthy muscle tissues of the photosensitizer. A monotonic deformation of its fluorescence spectrum was revealed in the tissues of tumor nodes and muscles of the thigh when registered through the skin over time after intravenous administration. The achievement of the maximum accumulation of the photosensitizer in the tumor correlates with the stabilization of the shape of its in vivo fluorescence spectrum. Thus, the maximum shift can be used as a diagnostic indicator of the maximum accumulation of indotricarbocyanine photosensitizer in the tumor tissues. The results were confirmed for two groups of animals: the first one – black mice of the C57Bl/6 line with an inoculated tumor of Clone M3 melanoma, the second – white mice of the ICR line with an inoculated tumor of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. The analysis of the shape of the fluorescence spectrum of the photosensitizer during registration through the skin for animals with different colors has been carried out.

Depression associated with somatic diseases ranks high among other depressive disorders and has a number of specifi c clinical features as compared to classic depression.The aim of the study was to analyse specifi c features of comorbid depression clinical course, its diagnosis, and methodology for the selection of psychopharmacotherapy—using a clinical case as an example.Results: the authors carried out a detailed retrospective clinical analysis of medical records of long-term (over three years) dynamic monitoring of a patient with comorbid vascular depression. They explored the tactics of selecting pharmacotherapy for anxiety-depressive disorder given the underlying chronic cerebral ischemia, atherosclerosis of brachiocephalic arteries, аrterial hypertension, and atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis. The primary focus was on specifi c aspects of vascular depression pharmacotherapy that were governed by a diverse clinical picture of comorbid personality disorders, dynamic transformation of somatic, neurological, and psychic symptoms and syndromes in a patient. The paper highlights the need for alignment of scientifi c and methodological approaches to assessment of potential risks associated with the use of psychotropic medicines.Conclusions: the choice of rational psychopharmacotherapy for vascular depression should be governed by the data on the drug effi cacy for the prevailing clinical symptoms, by the age and gender characteristics of the patient, by compensation status of organs and systems, as well as by genetic, personal, and social characteristics that aff ect the disease progression. The use of a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and treatment of comorbid personality disorders, as well as implementation of personalised medicine methodology in clinical practice in order to assess the patient’s condition as infl uenced by changes in his/her somatic, neurological, psychic status and the results of psychological testing, will increase the effi cacy and safety of treatment.

The paper presents one of the approaches for identifying fatty acids using gas chromatography, which significantly reduces the analysis time, and is equally effective when compared with the traditional method of studying the fatty acid composition. The determination of the composition of fatty acids today is a guarantee of quality in identifying various conformations and modifications of milk fat, the bioactive properties of individual acids of the omega-3 and omega-6 families, etc. Moreover, this method is time-consuming, therefore, the goal of this work is to optimize the parameters of this methodology for quick and regular analysis of fatty acid composition in laboratories and dairy enterprises. The analysis of the fatty acid composition was carried out using two columns with different stationary phases. A comparative evaluation of the analytical characteristics was carried out on two capillary chromatographic columns: SP-2560 100 ? 0.25 mm ID, 0.2 ?m with a stationary phase FFAP (traditional) and a gas chromatographic column BPX-70: stationary phase 70% cyanopropylphenyl dimethylpolysiloxane, 10 m ? 0.1 m ? 0.20 ?m. Detection was carried out using a flame ionization detector. A mixture of Supelco® 37 FAME Mix fatty acid methyl esters and Sigma-Aldrich methyl decanoate analytical standard was used as the standard. For data processing, the NetChrom software was used, the composition of fatty acid methyl esters was calculated by the internal normalization method. The analysis time of the first column was 49.07 minutes, for the second 8.44, respectively. The use of a stationary phase column of cyanopropylphenyl dimethylpolysiloxane significantly reduced the analysis time when eluting a complex composition of fatty acids. The studies were carried out using modern analytical techniques and arbitration methods of analysis in the laboratory of technochemical control of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of the Dairy Industry. This adapted analysis method will be of interest to specialists in the field of laboratory research and processing enterprises.

In this paper, we studied the effect of heat treatment on the texture characteristics of Co-Mo/Al2O3, a catalyst for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). It has been experimentally proved that the heat treatment conditions at the stage of obtaining the metal oxide catalyst have a significant effect not only on its morphology, but also on its activity in the process of synthesis of CNTs. It was found that the implementation of the heat treatment of the starting components in one stage (decomposition) allows to obtain a catalytic system with a specific surface of ~ 14 ? 26 m2/g and a specific yield of ? ~ 5.2 ? 9.4 gС/gcat, and in two stages (decomposition / calcination) - Scat ~ 30 ? 147 m2/g and ? ~ 18.6 ? 30.0 gС/gcat. The smallest degree of defectiveness (ID / G ~ 0.53 ? 0.72) includes CNTs synthesized on a catalyst formed as a result of thermal changes for 10 min at 350 ° C and calcination at 500 °C, the diameter of the nanotubes is 15 ? 19 nm. The use of a metal oxide catalyst during the synthesis of CNTs, which has been calcined at higher temperatures (700 °C and above), leads to an increase in the speed and degree of defectiveness of the resulting nanostructures. Thus, the introduction of an additional heat treatment stage — calcination in the process of obtaining the Co-Mo/ Al2O3 catalyst — makes it possible to flexibly control the quality parameters of not only the formed metal oxide systems, but also the CNTs synthesized on them.

Introduction. A hardware basis of modern Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) consists of millimeterrange radars, characterized by a relatively short range (meters – tens of meters). At the same time, improving of traffic safety requires to increase the range at least to several hundred meters. The one way to achieve such values is to increase wavelength of a probing signal, to use the centimeter range of wavelengths, for example. The paper represents a detailed description of main steps of signal processing algorithm in the model of the ADAS low-power centimeter range radar, which provides fast-moving objects speed and range definition.Aim. Development of an algorithm for estimating the range and the speed of targets by an autocorrelation radar with a wide-band continuous linear frequency modulation (linear FM) signal in order to increase the rate of the ADAS system estimates formation.Materials and methods. The proposed algorithm is based on the methods of primary and secondary digital processing of radar signals. The model of a centimeter-range autocorrelation radar with a broadband continuous linear FM probing signal was used for practical researches. MATLAB software was used to process the received signal samples.Results. The algorithm has been developed to determine the speed and the range of fast-moving objects in conditions when their movement during the evaluation interval significantly exceeds the radar range resolution. The use of simplified Kalman filtering for inter-period secondary signal processing allowed to increase significantly the stability of the algorithm. In a full-scale experiment using the low-power radar model with continuous radiation of the centimeter range, it was shown that a stable assessment of a real car speed and range was provided at a distance of at least about one kilometer.Conclusion. The results of the field experiment make it possible to draw conclusions that the proposed algorithm is highly robust even in the absence of inter-period secondary processing. Its usage allows one to improve the stability of the algorithm without considerable additional computational costs. It is possible because near-linear dynamics of the observation object and of the radar carrier makes it sufficient to use a simplified implementation of Kalman filter in the form α-β-algorithm.

Introduction. The introduction of modern management methods in food enterprises is a response to the challenges of time and an institutionalized requirement. Statistical methods and information technologies can improve control in food safety management systems. Their combination provides maximum opportunities for leading food industry organizations. Study objects and methods. The research featured the market of ready-made high-tech solutions in process automation and existing management systems, including those based on the principles of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP). The study revealed a need for a software product for HACCP in food production. Results and discussion. The paper describes a case of a meat processing plant and how the management controls the HACCP. The authors developed a universal software product that allows operators to enter information about violations and downtimes into the system. Using this product, team leaders and department heads can easily identify and eliminate the causes of hazards while controlling technological processes and receiving timely reports. Conclusion. The software was tested in a production workshop to identify the time specialists need respond to comments and solve problems. The obtained data showed a decrease in loss of time resources by 6.77% for operators and 2.4% for line managers. The highly adaptable program can be used by specialists who work with management systems for food enterprises of Kuzbass. The IBM PC-compatible software product (2.2 MB) makes it possible to work in various Microsoft Windows operating systems and use Microsoft SQL Server 2012 to store data. The computer program was successfully registered with the Federal Service for Intellectual Property (State Registration Certificate No. 2018665743 of 12/10/2018).

This work is a continuation of research on the use of X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) for identification of medicines that exhibit polymorphism.The aim of the paper was to perform comparative XRD analysis of linezolid samples produced by different manufacturers.Materials and methods: the measurements were performed using an Empyrean X-ray powder diffraction system (PANalytical, Netherlands) with an X’Celerator linear solid-state detector using Ni-filtered CuKa radiation. The results were recorded at 1.5406 and 1.5444 А with the intensity ratio in the doublet of 2:1. The two-phase Rietveld refinement of the obtained diffractograms was used for the quantitative analysis.Results: the authors compared diffractograms of three commercial samples of linezolid. The revealed differences were analysed taking into consideration available literature on the polymorphic forms of linezolid. It was demonstrated that only forms II and IV should be considered as different polymorphs of linezolid.Conclusions: the study demonstrated that linezolid samples produced by different manufacturers could represent different polymorphs or mixtures thereof. The evaluation of linezolid quality by X-ray diffraction analysis requires the comparison of the obtained results with the diffractogram of the form IV reference standard. Relevant information should be provided by manufacturers in the product specification file.

Nowadays there is a need to develop new recipes and technologies that allow the production of chopped semi-finished products with a relatively low cost, original taste and long shelf life. Various curing mixtures, marinades, acid-containing products, seasonings and spices are used to improve the organoleptic characteristics of chopped semi-finished products. They include beer, red wine, lemon juice, marinade (laurel leaves, salt, black peppers, onions, lemon juice or vinegar).Today marinades are a new and little studied raw material for the production of semi-finished products. They give the meat a delicate texture, a pleasant aroma and can eliminate or weaken the undesirable odor, which is achieved by various spices and seasonings adding. The problem of chopped semi-finished products assortment expanding was considered in this paper. The recipe for chopped semi-finished products “Nur” based on several types of marinades with the application of fresh pomegranate seeds was developed to obtain an “original” and unusual new-generation food product. Fresh pomegranate seeds, which give the cutlets an unusual sweet and sour taste, were used in the recipe for all types of cutlets. The composition of the seeds of this fruit includes 15 amino acids and a large amount of fatty acids. Pomegranate is rich in carbohydrates, important B vitamins and vitamin C, minerals (calcium, magnesium, iron). Four types of chopped "Nur" cutlets with pomegranate and Lingonberry, Basil, Picantillo marinades and without adding marinade were made for research. The developed assortment of chopped semi-finished products has high nutritional and biological value, good organoleptic characteristics with a pronounced taste. According to the organoleptic indicators, the best is the chopped Nur cutlet with pomegranate and the addition of Picantillo marinade. Analyzing the data of studies on storage capacity, it should be noted that, subject to the established regime, changes in organoleptic indicators during storage are insignificant. When developing chopped "Nur" cutlets with pomegranate, the Lingonberry, Basil, Picantillo marinades, produced under the Cetrina trademark, cope successfully with the task of flavoring improving.

Objectives.Over the last few years, medicinal chemistry research has been focusing on the creation of molecules that can target particular body systems, organs and tissues, thus abating systemic toxicity and side effects, and, most of all, boosting therapeutic potential. This goal can be achieved through the specific interaction of such drugs with active sites of cellular receptors. For example, glycoprotein receptors that can be found on cellular surfaces in neural tissues and liver parenchyma, selectively bind various glycoproteins and glycosides, facilitating their penetration into cells. This review describes how certain parameters of ligand structure (the nature and length of the spacer between carbohydrate and non-carbohydrate fragments of the molecule, number of carbohydrate residues per molecule, etc.) influence the penetration efficiency of synthetic glycoconjugates into liver cells.Methods.This review article summarizes 75 research papers and discusses data from in vitro and in vivo experiments showing which structures of synthetic carbohydrate derivatives are optimal for targeted drug delivery into liver cells.Results.The surface of liver cells (hepatocytes) contains a significant number of asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGP-R) that are almost never found elsewhere. This makes ASGP-R an ideal target for the directed treatment of liver diseases, including such difficult, socially important conditions as hepatocellular carcinoma and Hepatitis C. A number of various ligands and targeted (to ASGP-R) delivery systems have been designed. Such molecules always contain derivatives of mono- and disaccharides, most commonly D-glucose, D-galactose, D-lactose and N-acetylglucosamines. This review contains the chemical structures of carbohydrate-based ligands.Conclusions.Glycolipids based on D-carbohydrates, when in liposomes, facilitate penetration into liver cells by a receptor-mediated, clathrin-dependent endocytosis mechanism that is activated upon contact of the carbohydrate-containing ligand fragment with the active site of ASGP-R. It can be addressed by the use of monovalent derivatives of carbohydrates as well as polyvalent glycoconjugates. Alterations in the ligand structure and the number of liposomal modifications can boost the therapeutic effect. The distance between the liposomal surface and the carbohydrate residue (spacer length), as well as the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the ligand molecule, have a great effect on the affinity and cellular response.

Local vegetable raw materials have good prospects in developing new balanced foods with high nutrition value. As a rule, local vegetable raw materials are environmentally friendly and contain a wide range of biologically and physiologically active agents. Fruit liqueurs possess a balanced chemical composition and a high nutrition and physiological value. They produce a recreational or preventive effect on human organism. However, the level of consumption of fresh fruit and berries remains low because of their seasonality. Moreover, the range of fruit and berry products is usually very poor, and very few of them are beneficial for human health and can prevent diseases. The research featured the formulations and production technology for new multicomponent fruit liqueurs of high nutrition value. The liqueurs were made from Dagestan garden and wild fruit and berries with a high content of macro- and micronutrients. The nutrition value and quality of the liqueurs were estimated according to the mass concentration of sugars, titrable acids, vitamins C and P, β-carotene, mineral elements, and phenolic and pectinaceous substances. The sensory properties were measured according to a 10-score system. The paper introduces formulations and technologies for three types of liqueur (Zhivitel’naya, Garmoniya, and Uslada). They involved alcoholized and fermentation-alcoholized juices of grapes, fruit and berry fruit drinks and extracts that mutually complemented each other according to valuable components. The new liqueurs have a high nutrition since 100 cm3 of the liqueur per day partially satisfies the daily requirements for some nutrients: phenolic substances – for 37.5–55.0%; pectinaceous substances – 17.5–32.5%; in vitamin C – 13.7–38.7%, β-carotene – 17.6–43.0%, and a microelement iron – for 14.0–26.0%. The multicomponent fruit liqueurs possess a wide range of biologically and physiologically active agents. As a result, they improve physical activity and increase resistance to bad ecological environment.

A generalized algorithm for the verification of functional models and the rules for the verification of diagrams related by levels of detail were developed in this paper. The algorithm is based on the analysis of a tree which describes the decompose relations in functional diagrams. At each step of the algorithm, a pair consisting of a parent diagram and a functional diagram is selected, and the correlation of the arrows and their roles is checked for both. The formalization of the verification rules was based on the set-theoretic representation of functional diagrams in the form of labeled oriented graphs. The rules make it possible to map the position and roles of the arrows associated with the detailed function block of the parent diagram to the arrows of the child diagram. The following rules for each of the possible arrow roles were established: “input”, “output”, “control”, “mechanism”. The use of the logic programming language PROLOG was proposed for the implementation of the algorithm. A knowledge base structure comprised of 3 interrelated predicates to describe the tree of diagrams, nodes and edges of the graphs was suggested. A query to check the verification rules was formed, and methods of binding variables and fixing roles were considered. The analysis and verification of a fragment of a functional model for the production of vinyl acetate from ethylene was conducted as an example. The functional diagrams for the processes “Condensate separation” and “Vinyl acetate isolation” connected by a decompose relation were developed, their set-theoretic models were constructed, and the use of rules for the verification of each type of arrow were considered.

This paper presents the results of the identification procedure certification and subsequent quantitative determination of the active ingredients of two-component injectable medicines (active ingredient and solvent) using Raman spectroscopy. The main objective of the research was to select approaches for estimating the metrological characteristics of the measurement procedure, which include consideration of the methodological parameters and provide the metrological traceability of measurement results to SI units. According to this purpose, the GVET 176‑1‑2010 State Secondary Measurement Standard for units of mass fraction, mass (molar) concentration of components in solid and liquid substances and materials based on volumetric titration was used. The following substances were chosen as the research objects for estimating the metrological characteristics of the measurement procedure: ascorbic acid, novocaine and sodium thiosulphate. The authors of the work have demonstrated the measurement-procedure certification results, whose accurate determination was confirmed by the results of interlaboratory comparisons. The obtained results confirmed the accuracy of the identification procedure and subsequent quantitative determination, which proves its applicability for the determination of the active ingredients in two-component injectable medicines. In addition, the possibility of developing reference materials based on the medicines under study is indicated. Further development of this study may be directed at the development of an identification procedure and its certification, with subsequent quantitative determination of the active ingredients of injectable medicines having three components as well as those having a more complex composition.

The purpose of the study is to monitor the efficiency of wheat resistance genes to the causative agent of brown rust (Lr-genes) in the Rostov region. Brown rust is the most widely spread and harmful wheat disease which annually occurs on the crops from poor development to epiphytoties. Soft wheat varieties grown in the region are variously resistant to this pathogen. To breed the brown rust resistant varieties, it is necessary to expand genetic basis of the varieties grown in the region and to attract new Lr-gene donors. Due to it the study of the monitoring of pathogen populations and the effectiveness of the known Lr-genes to the Rostov pathogen population is of great importance nowadays. For this purpose, the isogenic lines of the variety “Thatcher” with Lr-genes are annually studied in the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” on the infectious plots and in the laboratory conditions in the sprouting phase. This paper presents the monitoring results of the populations in the period of 2015–2017. The variety “Tarasovskaya 29” served as a universally susceptible variety. In this work, there were used generally accepted methods of working with brown rust pathogen in the “sprouting” and “grown-up” periods. It has been established that in the “grown-up” period, 10 lines showed a high resistance to the disease (0% of damage), 6 lines did not exceed 10%, and 11 lines had moderate susceptibility (30–40% of damage) to the pathogen. The remaining lines were susceptible to the pathogen population. The virulence analysis of the plants in the sprouting phase showed high efficiency of the Lr9, Lr19, Lr24, Lr28, Lr29, Lr41, Lr42, Lr45, Lr47, Lr50, Lr51, and Lr53 genes. The phenotypic (racial) composition of the Rostov fungus population was identified using 20 TcLr-lines. In 2016–2017 in the Rostov population there were identified 6 phenotypes. RNTH, RNTKG and TNTTH were common phenotypes in both years of research. The identified effective Lr-genes can be used to develop resistant wheat varieties, taking into account the plants’ ontogenesis.

The article describes the process of developing a technology for producing nanoparticles based on a copolymer of lactic and glycolic acids (PLGA) containing dipropoxybacteriopurpurinimide (DPBPI) for photodynamic therapy of malignant tumors of various origins. Technological parameters for optimizing the method in order to obtain nanoparticles with specified characteristics are presented in this paper. As a result, the nanoparticles sample with an average particle diameter of 222.6±2.8 nm; ξ-potential 26.3±4.61 mV; polydispersity index 0.144; the total content of DPBPI in PLGA-DPBPI nanoparticles 13.6% were obtained. In accordance with the developed technique, the batch of PLGA-DPBPI nanoparticles was developed for further biological studies. In vitro experiments on A549 human non-small cell lung carcinoma for DPBPI, delivered as a part of PLGA-DPBPI nanoparticles, and an EL cremophor-based emulsion (CrEL-DPBPI) showed a similar intracellular distribution (concentrated in vesicular cell structures and diffusely distributed in cytoplasm), as well as high photo induced activity and the absence of dark cytotoxicity in case of PLGA-DPBPI nanoparticles. The study of the PLGA-DPBPI nanoparticles specific activity in vivo on the S37 mouse soft tissue sarcoma model showed the selective accumulation of DPBPI in tumor tissue and the almost complete elimination of DPBPI from the body within 48 hours, as well as significant antitumor efficacy in PDT.

The aim of the study is computer-aided decision-making support system (DSS) based on statistical data processing for the diagnosis of diseases. The modern pace of life leaves little time for a person to be able to see a doctor, sometimes even when a person falls ill. With regard to medical services, the introduction and dissemination of information technologies are becoming more and more relevant and relevant. A visit to the doctor takes a lot of time. To obtain any information, not to mention the actual examination with the need to communicate with the doctor, in some medical institutions it takes a lot of time, nerves and energy. Today, modern man cannot afford to waste time. With the emergence of various ailments in the human user there is a need for rapid diagnosis of the state of health. The problem here is to recognize the disease in time, prescribe the correct treatment and still force the user to see a doctor, a specialist for examination with the help of special medical technologies, continued diagnosis and subsequent treatment. This paper presents a mathematical model using fuzzy logic, which became the basis for the development of an application program designed to conduct a primary diagnosis of a possible disease. The program issues a recommendation for further treatment to a specialist. Baseline data, on the basis of which the development of the model was carried out, are related to eye diseases. Any discomfort causes inconvenience to the person. Eye disease is considered as a defeat of the organic and physical abilities of a person, sharpness and clarity of vision deteriorate. A person loses the ability to visually analyze the surrounding reality. A huge amount of statistics has been accumulated confirming the negative impact of adverse factors on the human visual organs. The studied statistics are related to the field of medicine, namely eye diseases. This area of research was the basis for consideration. The analysis of the collected data showed that their character is quite diverse and almost all of them have only a linguistic description. Therefore, for their processing it was necessary to choose a mathematical apparatus that would allow for their description, structuring and systematization. To do this, you can use a model based on fuzzy logic. Thus, the subject of research is the analysis of statistical data conducted using elements of fuzzy sets, which will allow to develop a mathematical model for determining the class of the disease. And then, with the help of a direct chain of reasoning, establish a presumptive diagnosis, as a recommendation of a decision support system. This approach to developing a decision support system for diagnosing diseases has not yet been applied. The objectives of the study is to study the diagnosis of diseases as an information process, the analysis of statistical data, description, structuring and systematization of data using elements of fuzzy sets and the development of a mathematical model using the inference rules. The result of the study is information on the determination of the belonging of the ailments (symptoms) to the class of diseases.

The first part of the article presents the history of creating quantitative NMR analyzers of oil content and humidity of oil crop seeds and their by-products. The developed NMR analyzers differ from similar devices in the availability of metrological support (reference materials (RMs) of approved type) and an extended range of moisture measurement (5–20)%. The main metrological characteristics of the developed NMR analyzer are given. The second part of the article deals with problems solved in the process of carrying out the scientific research work on the development of metrological support for quantitative NMR analyzers. Based on the tasks set, the most optimal substances imitating oil and water components contained in the oil crops and their by-products were selected. The imitation substances in question provide long-term stability of the developed RMs, erewhile being chemically inert to each other, environmentally safe? and allowing an imitation of oil and water in oil crops and their by-products. Organosilicon fluids with (35–40) ms and (95–130) spin-spin relaxation times of protons ms are proposed as an oil imitator. To imitate water, a one-component self-vulcanizing organosilicon compound, which is applied to paper strips with a thin coat, is used in the developed type-approved RMs. In conclusion, the article presents perspective directions of developing RMs of mass fraction imitators of typical fatty acids in the oil of oil crops (sunflower, linseed, and rapeseed).

This paper describes the method for obtaining a new derivative of the closo-decaborate anion with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) as a pendant group attached to the boron cluster through an alkoxyl spacer chain. This derivative is formed by the interaction of 1,4-dioxane derivative of the anion [B10H10]2- with DTPA potassium salt in an aqueous medium. As a result of the reaction, an exo-polyhedral cyclic substituent is opened, and then the addition of a polyfunctional group through an oxygen atom occurs. The synthesized compound is in fact an effective polydentate ligand capable of coordinating to the complexing agent both due to the donor atoms of the attached DTPA fragment and through the formation of three-center two-electron bonds. The obtained compound interacts with gadolinium(III) carbonate forming a complex of the composition [Gd2B10H9O2C4H8(dtpa)]·3H2O. The synthesized substances were studied by IR spectroscopy, polynuclear (11B, 13C and 1H) NMR spectroscopy, ESI mass spectrometry, elemental and thermographic analysis. closo-Decaborate with the pendant DTPA group is of interest in 10B neutron capture therapy of malignant tumors due to the high content of boron atoms and a convenient way of their transport to the affected cells. The obtained boron-containing derivatives of gadolinium(III) can act as drugs of combined action, because they can perform, in addition to the above described therapeutic function, the diagnostic function due to the presence of gadolinium atoms int hem.

Satellite radar altimeters play a key role in numerous space missions for the remote Earth sensing. The data they provide are used in solving various fundamental and applied problems of geophysics, oceanography, meteorology, etc. In many modern measuring systems the altimeter data is processed in several stages. One of them is the ground-based retracking of the information streamed from the spacecraft. The goal of this work is to study altimeter parameter estimators in the course of the satellite altimeter data retracking by ground-based complex. The main task of delay-lock loop onboard a satellite carrier is a reliable keeping of received echo-signal within the tracking window. More accurate estimates of information parameters are worked out by the ground segment where data from the satellite is delivered via telemetry. Retracking can be performed either without using any physical echo model, or relying on some mechanism under generation of response of an illuminated surface to the probing signal. In the latter case, the measuring results become more trustworthy. The paper deliberations are based on the model close to the classical Brown’s one, they include algorithms of its parameters statistical fitting to the observation and computer simulation of fitting according to the maximal likelihood (ML) and the least squares (LS) methods. The results obtained are compared to the potential attainable and show that while LS fitting yields noticeably to the potential, experimental accuracy of ML-fitting practically coincides with the potential one.

In our national practice, the screw action curves are traditionally used either for positive values of the screw speed n and the vessel's velocity v, or when one of these characteristics of the movement is negative. Consequently, the used curves of the screw action do not allow to create computer simulators for testing specific maneuvering tasks with reversible moves. The purpose of the work is to study the opportunities of mathematical modelling of the vessel's reverse movements, when the propeller advance of the fixed pitch screw is constantly changing. In foreign sources, really universal Lammeren's curves of screw action can be found. The specificity of these curves is that the introduction to them is performed not due to the pitch ratio itself, but due to the angle  of the direction incident to the propeller blade. This angle is determined by using tangent tg() = v/(0.7 πnD), and it is sensitive to the change of sign of both the ship's velocity v and the revolution speed n. Therefore, these curves are presented as functions of the angle  in the range of angles 0–360. These curves are obtained and described by Lammeren as the results of processing experimental data concerning the thrust and the screw torque and are approximated by Fourier series, in which 20 terms are kept. These curves can be used as universal ones. This allows to integrate a system of two equations: the motion of the vessel and the rotation of the screw with arbitrary signs of these movements' direction by means of MathCad. By setting the law regulating the speed of the ship engine, it is possible to simulate arbitrary maneuvers of the vessel with any change of direction. The considered approach to modeling has been tested in the paper and implemented in the interface control for vessel maneuvering within the computer simulator.

The consideration of the structure of financial flows in the shadow economy is now becoming ever more relevant due to its growing impact on the Russian financial market which can manifest itself in different ways under changing conditions of business both inside and outside of the national economy. The subject of the study is the peculiarities of the formation of financial flows of the shadow business in the context of new economic realities. The purpose of the work is to clarify the conceptual apparatus and substantiate approaches to investigating the structure and size of financial flows in the shadow economy as well as to improve methods for assessing the financial flows of the shadow business in order to avoid a possible error in evaluating the financial flows of the shadow market due to the combination of existing statistical methods, sociological survey, analog modeling and parametric methods. The paper presents proposals to improve methods for estimating the volume of the shadow economy and the structure of financial flows of the shadow business in certain sectors of the national economy. It is shown that the development of calculation methods to reduce the possible error in estimating the financial flows of the shadow market is associated with combination of existing statistical methods, sociological survey, analog modeling and parametric methods. The proposals to improve the methods for estimating the volume of the shadow economy and the structure of financial flows of the shadow business in certain sectors of the national economy are presented in view to increase the accuracy and objectivity of the assessment of negative processes both at the level of the national economy and individual enterprises and organizations.