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Introduction and purpose: The purpose of this scientific paper is to review the current knowledge of the effects of red wine on human health, particularly with regard to cardiovascular disease. State of Knowledge: Since the 1990s, red wine has gained its status as a health-promoting alcohol through the French Paradox - when drunk in moderate amounts, it protects against cardiovascular disease. The authors have collected scientific papers on the health effects of alcohol, red wine and resveratrol-a polyphenol that is the main component with health-promoting effects of wine. On their basis, they analyzed the assumptions of the positive effects of wine reaching inconclusive conclusions. Summary: Despite the fact that both ethanol and resveratrol have a positive effect in in vitro studies, in population studies their effect is much less significant, either because the negative behavioral-health effects in the case of ethanol are omitted or the actual effective doses of resveratrol are omitted.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the main changes in alcohol consumption during the spread of coronavirus infection in Russia. The work is based on the results of an online survey of the urban working-age population aged 18–60+ (May-August 2020), as well as several waves of previous online studies (2009–2019) conducted by the Department of the Sociology of Deviant Behavior of the Federal Scientific Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The online surveys were accompanied by a secondary analysis of the available statistical and sociological data on the issues under study (Rosstat, Ministry of Health, VCIOM, the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS-HSE)), reflecting the indicators of alcohol consumption in various population groups. The paper examines what changes have occurred in patterns of drinking and everyday alcohol practices at the beginning of the pandemic (frequency and nature of alcohol consumption and intoxication, motives for consumption, attitudes towards alcohol) in different age and gender groups. It is shown that, despite the trend of the last ten years to reduce alcohol consumption, by the time of the pandemic, the alcohol situation in Russia remained tense. It was found that, although the pandemic did not lead to a widespread significant increase in alcohol consumption among the urban population, there were risk groups that increased alcohol consumption during the pandemic more than others. A number of social risk factors have been identified that have led to an increase in alcohol consumption in some populations. A number of social risk factors that have been catalysts for an increase in alcohol consumption in some population groups have been identified: 1) stress, 2) changes in social and material status, and 3) a high level of habitual alcohol consumption (the degree of alcoholization of an individual). The empirical data allows to make the following conclusions: although the pandemic has not led to a widespread significant increase in alcohol consumption among the urban population, there were risk groups that increased alcohol consumption during the pandemic more than others. The pandemic has intensified the negative trends of alcoholization of the urban population observed in the pre-pandemic period.

Within the framework of this paper, the author examines individual drinking "strategies" and their relationship with the social context. To accomplish this task, the author turns to the concept of ‘modes of engagement’ by Laurent Th?venot. On the base of an in-depth interview, the author identifies three stages of alcohol consumption that the informant went through: 1) adolescence, which can be described as a "game", the essence of which boils down to hiding the fact of drinking alcohol from the parents; 2) the student period (life in a dormitory), when the strategy of consumption can be described as the ‘discovery mode’ according to Th?venot, a distinctive feature of which is the search for something new; 3) the present (living alone), which is characterized by a non-reflective routine use of alcohol. Such a strategy is brought in accordance with Th?venot’s "mode of intimacy", which is characterized by an increase in the importance of an object (in this case, alcohol); however, at the same time, the actor loses the opportunity to reflect on his relationship with the object, due to the fact that it becomes a part of his “unquestioned” everyday life. The article also examines the models of conceptualization of alcohol and alcoholism, used by the informant herself.

Introduction: Alcohol is one of the most widely-used stimulants. It’s easily accessible, most socially accepted and usually not associated with potential harm it can do. Except for its addictive effect, it has a strong influence on humane systems. In this analysis the influence of alcohol on the cardiovascular system will be examined. As it is not obvious whether alcohol usage should be only associated with harmful impact on cardiac activity, different types of alcoholic beverages should be examined. In this work three different sub-groups will be analyzed. They were selected and divided by the beverage type and percentage as follows: beer, wine, high percentage liquors. As the majority of studies show, it’s important to underline the significance of not only the alcohol percentage implied, but mostly of the alcohol type. In favor of alcoholic beverages are only studies analyzing beverages containing low levels of alcohol, but abundant in other organic substances like resveratrol (in wine). Other studies considering other beverages, nonetheless of alcohol levels, diminishing effect on the cardiovascular (and other) systems is observed. Material and methods: An analysis of scientific papers from Pubmed Google Scholar was performed, wchoch most accurately described the issue of diffrent type of alcohol bevereage on human health. The following keywords were used in search: alcohol, cardiovascular, wine, beer, spirits. Purpose of the work: Aim of the following analysis is to systematize the knowledge based on latest research and findings about the impact of different alcohol beverages on cardiovascular system.

Objective: to identify and assess the share of counterfeit products in the total volume of alcohol and tobacco products in the consumer market of Tatarstan Republic, which will allow the inspection bodies to deal more effectively to prevent the spreading of counterfeit products.Methods: the research proposed in this paper used methods of probability theory and mathematical statistics and the method of sampling, analysis of certificates for products, in accordance with applicable laws and regulations of Rosstandart.Results: basing on a sampling of certificates for products directly from retail outlets, analysis of the state alcohol and tobacco consumer mar- ket of Tatarstan was carried out. Improper filling of the form of the certificate for products was identified, violating all existing norms and laws, which are strictly prescribed in technical regulations. On the basis of these violations, the validity of certificates for products was assessed and the conclusion was made about the products quality. The share of counterfeit alcohol and tobacco products in the total sales in the consumer market was assessed. The shortcomings of the inspection authorities to detect counterfeit products were identified.129Экономика и управление народным хозяйствомEconomics and economic managementАктуальные проблемы экономики и права. 2015. № 4Actual Problems of Economics and Law. 2015. No. 4Scientific novelty: the consumer market was researched basing on the method of sampling, using probability theory and mathematical sta- tistics, to estimate the share of counterfeit alcohol and tobacco products in the consumer market of Tatarstan. The error sampling for counterfeit products in the consumer market was defined.Practical significance: the obtained results will allow the inspection authorities to better and more accurately identify counterfeit goods and to restrict the access of counterfeit alcohol and tobacco products to the consumer market of Tatarstan. It is necessary to strengthen the role of state regulation of commercial activities in the consumer market of Russia to stop the flow of counterfeit alcohol and tobacco products to the consumer market.

Today is observed the phenomenon of uncontrolled use of drugs including younger and younger age groups. In adolescence and adulthood there is a significant intensification of this phenomenon. This is particularly worrying because of the serious consequences of drug use and abuse of psychoactive substances. In their consequences leading to development of a number of somatic diseases, it contributes to the pathology of many social life. The aim of the study is to present health and social consequences resulting from the use of psychoactive substances. The paper discusses in detail the effects of consuming alcoholic drinks, smoking, drug use.

Pluta Agnieszka, Jaczek–Kierzenkowska Jolanta, Faleńczyk Kamila, Budnik‑Szymoniuk Maria, Basińska-Drozd Halina, Marzec Alicja. Palenie tytoniu i spożywanie alkoholu przez młodzieży ponadgimnazjalną Zespołu Szkół Chemicznych w Bydgoszczy = Smoking and alcohol consumption by high school youth of the School of Chemistry in Bydgoszcz. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(8):21-27. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.59613 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3723 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 02.07.2016. Revised 25.07.2016. Accepted: 28.07.2016. Palenie tytoniu i spożywanie alkoholu przez młodzieży ponadgimnazjalną Zespołu Szkół Chemicznych w Bydgoszczy Smoking and alcohol consumption by high school youth of the School of Chemistry in Bydgoszcz Agnieszka Pluta1, Jolanta Jaczek–Kierzenkowska2, Kamila Faleńczyk1, Maria Budnik‑Szymoniuk1, Halina Basińska-Drozd1, Alicja Marzec1 1Zakład Pielęgniarstwa Społecznego, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy 2WOZ "GRYF-MED" w Bydgoszczy 1Department of Community Nursing Faculty of Health Sciences Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń 2WOZ”GRYF-MED” In Bydgoszcz Słowa kluczowe: palenie tytoniu, spożycie alkoholu, młodzież szkolna, szkoła ponadgimnazjalna. Keywords: tobacco smoking, alcohol, youth, senior high school. Abstract Introduction. Smoking and alcohol consumption are the most common risky behaviors undertaken by young people. These behaviors determine the state of health of the younger generation and also future parents. Material and methods. The study included the number of 100 students in grades matriculation of the School of Chemistry in Bydgoszcz. The work as a research tool used by his own questionnaire. Objective. The aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence of smoking and alcohol use among high school youth, final award of the School of Chemistry in Bydgoszcz. Results. Youth male accounted for most of the study group - 54 persons (54.0%). The vast majority of 66 persons (66%) did not smoke cigarettes. Among smokers the highest percentage of pupils 18 (52.9%) declared burning cigarettes less than a pack a day. Alcohol consumption was declared by 83 students (83%), of which the largest percentage of 42% only occasionally. Conclusions. It was found a high prevalence of smoking and alcohol consumption among adolescents final award of the School of Chemistry in Bydgoszcz. Smoking and alcohol consumption was more prevalent among young males living in rural areas. Streszczenie Wprowadzenie. Palenie tytoniu i spożywanie alkoholu to najczęstsze zachowania ryzykowne podejmowane przez młodzież. Zachowania te warunkują stan zdrowia młodego pokolenia i jednocześnie przyszłych rodziców. Materiał i metoda. Badaniami objęto liczbę 100 uczniów klas maturalnych Zespołu Szkół Chemicznych w Bydgoszczy. W pracy jako narzędzie badawcze wykorzystano kwestionariusz ankiety własnego autorstwa. Cel. Celem pracy była analiza występowania palenia tytoniu i spożywania alkoholu wśród młodzieży ponadgimnazjalnej, maturalnej Zespołu Szkół Chemicznych w Bydgoszczy. Wyniki. Młodzież płci męskiej stanowiła większość w badanej grupie – 54 osoby (54,0%). Zdecydowana większość 66 osoby (66%) nie paliła papierosów. Wśród palących największy odsetek uczniów 18(52,9%) deklarował wypalanie papierosów mniej niż paczki dziennie. Spożywanie alkoholu deklarowało 83 uczniów (83%) z czego największy odsetek 42% tylko okazjonalnie. Wnioski. Stwierdzono wysokie rozpowszechnienie palenia papierosów i spożywania alkoholu wśród młodzieży maturalnej Zespołu Szkół Chemicznych w Bydgoszczy. Palenie papierosów i spożywanie alkoholu częściej rozpowszechnione było wśród młodzieży płci męskiej mieszkającej na wsi.

The paper considers the pathogenesis, clinical picture, and diagnosis of acute intoxications with alcohol and substitutes, and its prehospital medical care. It details an emergency team's tactics in patients with the above conditions.

Objective: to assess the pathological significance of a lipid peroxidation (LPO) process after severe intoxications caused by organophosphorous compounds, alcohol, dichloroethane, the efficiency of its correction with the antioxidants pyrimi-dine and benzimidazole derivatives.Materials and methods. The study was conducted on male rats weighing 160—230 g. Models of intoxications with ethanol, dichloroethane, carbofos, armine, or sodium nitrite in the doses causing 30—50% death were employed. LPO products were studied in the lipid extracts of the brain, myocardium, and liver by various methods. The activity of a number of enzymes (catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, Na+, K+-ATPase) was evaluated in the rats. Serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and acid phosphotase were spectrophotometrically assayed. Quantitative histochemistry was used to determine the activity of succinate dehydrogenase, NAD-diaphorase, and Na+, K+-ATPase. The number of chemical reactions was measured and estimated on a MT-9 TV analyzer microscope. Experimental findings were analyzed by different variation statistical methods using Student’s test.Results. The paper reports the results of comprehensive experimental studies of the efficiency of correction of prooxidative-antioxidative imbalance after severe acute intoxication with chemical prooxidants and some lipophilic xenobiotics. Antioxidants, anti-hypoxants, and actoprotectors, the derivatives of pyrimidine and benzimidazole, were tested.Conclusion. The findings suggest that the immediate sequels of prooxidative-antioxidative imbalance due to experimental intoxications with ethanol, dichloroethane, and organophosphorous compounds are impaired activities of LPO processes, oxidative stress, altered metabolic, bioenergetic processes in organs and tissues. The use hydroxymethyluracil, bemitil, or thietazole largely limits or prevents the above disorders.