Search

Copyright of Slavica Litteraria is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Slavica Litteraria is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper looks at correspondence of Olexander Murashko, a classic of Ukrainian painting, and Olena Prakhova, an artistembroider. We not only introduce new sources to the scientific use, but also comment extensively the epistolary dialogue of artists. Olena Prakhova's letters are a part of the National Art Museum of Ukraine collection, while Murashko's letters are conserved in the «Spiritual treasures of Ukraine» museum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Slavica Litteraria is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Slavica Litteraria is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper deals with the peculiarities of using the name of August in the poetic discourse. The high connotative background of descriptions is set by the positive characteristics of the month (clear, light, lovely, etc.). This nomination has a living inner form, dating back to the name of the Roman Emperor Augustus. Sphere is represented on one of the Emperor Augustus coins as a symbol of power. So it is an apple that is mentioned in some texts about August. Personification is the most popular poetic means. It is built not only on playing around the name, but also on explication of various associative semes - "the month of stars", "the month of fruits", "the month of hunting" and others. August appears first of all as an "evening" or "night" month, when stars are brightly shining in the sky. Sustainability of metaphors based on actualization of the seme "a number of stars" indicates the poetic formula, transforming in different literary systems: stars as rains, stars as nails, and others. Etymological potential of the name August (the Emperor's month) actualizes the semantic group of monarch and power. Specificity of the month's name creates contexts with diffuse meaning. The high degree of frequency of the month's name in the poetic discourse has determined the appearance of sustained metaphors based on the opposition of month names (August - September, August - October and others), including those which are not successive (August - May): Our August looks as if it is September; August is May for you and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of the present study is speech verbs that belong to the basic vocabulary of different languages, because these words are used to designate the act of speaking, an activity peculiar to mankind. The aim of the paper is to compare the semantic, stylistic, and grammatical characteristics of various Russian speech verbs that represent direct speech in Mikhail Bulgakov's novel "The Master and Margarita" and its Estonian translation. The study of the original text and its translation, conducted according to the principles of comparative stylistics, indicates a certain similarity between the usage of speech verbs in literary texts of different languages. In direct speech verbal lexemes of semantically different lexical-semantic groups become functionally equivalent. Expressive verbs of different semantics serve at the same time as a means of characterizing the speech of the novel's characters. The linguistic temporality of verbs representing direct speech is manifested in the predominant use of the past tense, which is preserved in the translation. Translators seek to preserve the denotative semantics and emotionally expressive shades of meaning of the Russian text. However, due to the national specificity of different languages, the discrepancy between the shades of meaning of words, and sometimes due to the preferences of translators, the offered equivalents are at times denotatively inaccurate (but functionally possible) or less expressive, which causes some loss of meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper regards the proper names of football and hockey teams of England, the USA, Russia, and Belarus. The investigation is based on a vast factual material comprising 550 proper names of teams that play on the top levels of the national and supranational league systems. The author aims at describing the main characteristic features of the four systems and bringing out the main tendencies in naming sports teams by contrasting them with each other. The peculiarities of naming sports teams are studied on the levels of structure and semantics. English-language names are multiword in 9 0% of cases, with 100% names of hockey clubs being complex by structure. Simple names of teams are observed in English football clubs (33% of all English FC). The Russian-language names are more diverse. The ratio of simple, compound, and complex names of teams is 76:10:14 in Russian. The non-typical character of the compound names of teams for Russian is reflected in numerous juxtaposed names. Complex names are quite often the result of the influence of North American system of names. They are helpful while differentiating between the team and its affiliate. Semantic characteristics largely depend on the traditions in the process of naming teams in English and Russian. Multiword names of English and American sports teams traditionally include the name of the city or region where the club is based (the motivator) and the differentiator. The former is an indispensable element of the English-language names; the latter is sometimes absent and mostly does not represent real characteristics. The differentiator turns to the words describing different groups of people, fauna, natural phenomena, etc. in the names of hockey teams. The English tend to work out a system of words like City, United, etc. specialized in naming football clubs. In Russian both elements (the motivator and the differentiator) merge, while the name of the region moves out of the proprial part of the name. Proper names of sports societies and cities and common names denoting people, objects and substances motivate Russian names in most cases. Belarusian names are derived from the proper names of towns and enterprises and common names denoting people of certain profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers incomplete utterances as an element of colloquial syntax, widely represented in contemporary media discourse in Belarusian and English. Being an element of colloquial syntax, incomplete utterances are marked in a more neutral environment which makes them typical expressive means performing such pragmatic functions as drawing the reader's attention and encouraging further discussion, provoking certain emotions towards the current state of affairs. The material under examination gives an opportunity to define several structural types of incomplete utterances. The study has shown that the most frequently used type of the utterances in the Belarusian media texts turns out to be those with homogeneous parts of sentence in the final position, whereas in the English feature articles and reports incomplete utterances with the secondary parts of sentence omitted were found more often. It is also pointed out that the authors of the feature articles in both English and Belarusian tend to use incomplete utterances of different types more often because of structural and linguistic peculiarities of the given genre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper focuses on investigating the situation of the olfactory perception (smell perception) on the morphologic, semantic, and syntactical levels in English, Latvian, and Ukrainian. Lexicographic sources and text corpora are the basis for the empirical analyses of olfactory verbs. These verbs can be classified into three semantic groups on the basis of differential semantic features. Semantic groups with the meanings 'to produce some smell' and 'to smell unpleasantly' are inherent in all three languages, third group with the semantics 'to smell pleasantly' is presented in Latvian and Ukrainian, the semantic group 'to be smelled' can be elicited only in Ukrainian. The systemic approach to the predicative lexemes enables to reveal the basic types of constructions with the semantic and syntactical arguments of the olfactory verbs. Experiencer and Stimulus are two obligatory semantic arguments, though the olfactory situation may require such arguments, as Qualifier and Specifier that serve to provide additional characteristics to Stimulus. The realization of these arguments on the syntactical level varies. Latvian and Ukrainian olfactory verbs can enter constructions without subject; this fact becomes the distinctive feature of these languages. Subjectless constructions require an obligatory syntactical argument Locative, that on the semantic level corresponds to Stimulus. The conducted analyses elicited the fact that Latvian and Ukrainian olfactory verbs have more common morphologic, semantic, and syntactical features than each of these languages with English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present paper is to describe and analyse the major peculiarities of the Polish language used by Poles living in Kraslava. The Polish language preserved and spoken by the local community belongs to the Northern-Peripheral Polish (polszcszyzna pólnocnokresowa) that functions on the territory of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Over time the regiolect that due to political and historical events has been parted from the Standard Polish has developed a number of traces that differentiate it from the standard variety of the language. The material has been recorded in the spring of 2012 during structured interviews with twenty-two Poles currently living in Kraslava. The auditory analysis of the recorded material allowed for determining such phonetic traces as: the stress on the ultimate and antepenultimate syllables; the coexistence of the characteristic Standard Polish semi-vowel u and Polish Peripheral dental lateral approximant l; synchronous and asynchronous pronunciation, as well as denasalization of "nasal vowels" i, y. A common phonetic process akanie - the merging of unstressed vowels o, e into a, causes such morphological peculiarities as the change of gender from neuter to feminine or equation of Accusative and Nominative cases in feminine nouns. In morphology interesting is also the use of masculine endings in the past tense plural in combination with masculine and non-masculine nouns or pronouns; the absence of the reflective pronoun si§ in reflexive verbs or addition of the particle si§ to non-reflexive verbs. Innovative is also the use of borrowings and calques. The most frequent recorded syntactic peculiarities are: the use of auxiliary trzeba; the use of construction u + Genitive; the use of argument cases that are not characteristic of the Standard Polish; and changes in the use of prepositions as post-positives. The material gathered during the current research allows determining that the Polish language used in Kraslava today shows historical and current influence of Russian, Belorussian, and Latvian languages. It can be concluded that the Polish language spoken by Poles in Kraslava today is an aggregate of idiolects with many common linguistic peculiarities, and their frequency depends on the generation of the speakers and languages used on everyday basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes modern Russian media and advertising texts. The author proposes a classification of methods of transformation of precedent phenomena based on the analysis of scientific literature (works by Olga Fokina, Eugenya Perfilieva, Kwon Sung Man, Farida Rahimova) and own research. Seven major ways of the above mentioned transformation can be allocated: 1) replacing of a component; 2) widening; 3) truncation; 4) changes of the functional modality; 5) contamination; 6) mixed transformation; 7) the zero transformation (interdiscursive transposition). Some of these methods (distribution, truncation, replacement of components, contamination) correspond to the traditional methods of transformation of phraseological units allocated and relevant to the precedent-related statement. Other (no transformation) are related to the operation of precedent names in different types of discourse. The same logic operation results in different types of transformations with the use of various resources of the language. Thus, the replacement of a component can be carried out on the basis of the formal, semantic or formal-semantic context and different language mechanisms can be used. The author raises questions of linguistic terminology used to describe the methods of transformation of precedent-related phenomena. The paper outlines the prospects of the study of precedent phenomena. Questions of precedent and phraseologization relations, the composition of precedent-related phenomena deserve a special study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies coexistence of different linguistic, cultural and national stereotypes of a bilingual person, languages interaction in colloquial syntax and oral speech of Russian-speaking immigrants in France and Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the specificity of the emotional joy concept verbalization in the Russian language. The name of the concept is in the center of description. The name of the concept - joy - has few synonyms but it is actively involved in pairs of antonyms. The most significant conceptual features of the concept were revealed after analysis of proverbs and primarily of Dostoevsky's individual style. Joy acts as a vital feeling, a desirable condition, it may disappear. Its lack is uncomfortable, it has transcendental nature. It is impossible to define and comprehend. It is brief and associated with youth, health, etc. This feeling is multi-dimensional: on the one hand, it reflects some sort of physical or the state of mind, on the other hand - a state of spiritual joy that comes from the outside. It is the joy of being aware of the existence of God and the harmony of existence. The lost spiritual joy is associated with light and its return requires efforts and opens in suffering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the Russian morpheme -ca shows that everything within a language closely interacts. This morpheme has a wide range of different meanings, which are formed on the basis of an opposition of lexical and grammatical (passive) -cn. In light of intralinguistic interaction, the paper discusses the system and normative restrictions of the formation and usage of imperfect and perfect passive forms with -.... Liberalization causes native speakers to violate the rules of the language for passive forms of both types in everyday speech, on television, and in internet texts (especially in forums). Such violations are primarily characteristic of spontaneous speech as well as wordplay, which is perceived as such only against the background of already established standards. The intralinguistic interaction of lexicon and grammar in the passive is caused by the connection between word forms and their semantic and stylistic components. When the grammatical component comes into conflict with the lexical and stylistic components, the conflict is usually resolved with the normative prohibition of the grammatical form in favor of the lexical-stylistic component. Due to this, in the case of homonymy the passive form is not considered normative, even if it is permissible from the point of view of grammar. Although in general the Russian passive continues to be strengthened as a grammatical phenomenon, the postfix -... is developing its own semantics, because the elimination of the subject in the two-part passive construction helps to emphasize the spontaneity of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On July 5, within the framework of the celebrations dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the restoration of Lithuania's independence, the monument "Freedom Warrior", created by the UkrainianLithuanian team with the support of local authorities, city residents, charitable foundations "Vitys" and "The Crown of the Dukes of Ostroh", was opened in Kaunas. Shortly before that, we met with its authors and those who helped in the implementation of the project, to find out how this grandiose monument was created. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture Circular is the property of Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We talk with the famous Lithuanian historian, Professor of Vilnius University and popular TV host Alfredas Bumblauskas about the "National Expedition" Lithuanian television project, the goal of which is popularizing the common period of history between our two countries, familiarizing with culture, as well as natural and historical monuments of Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Milken Institute Review: A Journal of Economic Policy is the property of Milken Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Цели развития тысячелетия были призваны объединить и сконцентрировать усилия мирового сообщества на вопросах повышения уровня жизни, улучшения доступа к основным видам услуг, снижения распространения заболеваний, защиты окружающей среды. ЦРТ определяют восемь взаимосвязанных целей развития с конкретными сроками, задачами и показателями, с помощью которых можно оценить прогресс по достижению целевых ориентиров. Подписав Декларацию тысячелетия в 2000 году, Узбекистан взял на себя обязательства по достижению ЦРТ. Позже глобальные ЦРТ были адаптированы для Узбекистана с учетом специфики страны: для каждой национальной цели были определены свои индикаторы прогресса и целевые значения на 2015 год. Национальные ЦРТ для Узбекистана были сформулированы в следующем виде: ・ Цель 1. Сокращение малообеспеченности и неполноценного питания. ・ Цель 2. Повышение качества общего среднего и среднего специального образования. ・ Цель 3. Поощрение равенства женщин и мужчин, расширение прав и возможностей женщин. ・Цель 4. Сокращение детской смертности. ・ Цель 5. Улучшение материнского здоровья. ・ Цель 6. Борьба с ВИЧ/СПИДом, туберкулезом и малярией. ・ Цель 7. Обеспечение экологической устойчивости.　・ Цель 8. Узбекистан и глобальное партнерство в целях развития. Далее представлены основные выводы доклада по каждой из целей развития. 1. Достигнуты существенные успехи по НЦРТ 1: при том, что в качестве основной задачи в рамках данной цели определено сокращение малообеспеченности в 2 раза - с 27,5% в 2001 году до 13,7% в 2015 году, за 2001-2013 гг. уровень малообеспеченности в Узбекистане уже был снижен в 1,9 раза - до 14,1%. Показатели малообеспеченности в сельской местности снизились за этот период с 30,5 до 17,3%, в городах - с 22,5 до 10,6%. В перспективе важно уделить внимание дальнейшему сокращению малообеспеченности, особенно в регионах, где показатели выше среднереспубликанского уровня. Ключевыми задачами в этом контексте являются: расширение устойчивой и продуктивной занятости за счет углубления структурных реформ и развития перерабатывающих отраслей промышленности, а также дальнейшее повышение эффективности социальной защиты уязвимых слоев населения. 2. Ключевая задача ЦРТ 2 - сохранение всеобщего доступа и повышение качества среднего образования на всех уровнях. В 2001-2013 гг. охват общим средним образованием имел устойчиво высокие значения на уровне 98-99,8%; в результате перехода к обязательной двухуровневой системе среднего образования охват средним специальным профессиональным образованием увеличился с 31,2% в 2002 г. до 99,6% в 2013 г. Наряду с решением вопроса всеобщего доступа, удалось сохранить высокий уровень грамотности, обеспечить существенный рост успеваемости в среднем образовании: по 16 дисциплинам оценки улучшились со среднего значения 70,8 балла из 100 в 2011 году до 77,8 в 2013 году. Для улучшения качества образования на последующих этапах развития необходимо уделить внимание повышению уровня дошкольной подготовки детей; повышению квалификации педагогического персонала в среднем образовании; обеспечению большей увязки между требованиями рынка труда и системой среднего образования; совершенствованию системы мониторинга качества образования. 3. Задача обеспечения гендерного равенства, являющаяся ключевой для ЦРТ 3, была достигнута в общем среднем образовании; с 2009 года достигнут гендерный паритет в профессиональных колледжах. По данным на 2013 год, женщины составляют 45,7% от общего числа занятых в экономике. За 2001-2013 гг. значительно возросла занятость женщин в сфере малого бизнеса и частного предпринимательства. Возросло участие женщин в процессе принятия политических решений: доля женщин в парламенте увеличилась с 19% в 2005 году до 22% в 2013 году; представленность женщин в органах исполнительной власти увеличилась почти в 5 раз с 3,4% в 2005 году и до 16% в 2013 году. В перспективе ускорение процессов трансформации структуры экономики с фокусом на развитие перерабатывающих отраслей промышленности будет создавать новые возможности для занятости и самореализации женщин, способствовать изменению роли женщин в обществе. Исходя из этого уже на данном этапе важно обеспечить увеличение числа женщин, обучающихся по инженерно-техническим и другим специальностям, готовящим кадры для обрабатывающих отраслей промышленности; усовершенствовать систему профессионального обучения для обеспечения большей увязки с требованиями рынка труда. 4. Главная задача ЦРТ 4 - снижение уровня детской смертности и неполноценного питания. За период 2002-2013 гг. уровень смертности детей в возрасте до 5 лет снизился с 24,3 до 12 на 1000 живорожденых. Доля детей в возрасте до 5 лет с недостаточным весом сократилась с 3,8% в 2001 г. до 1,6% в 2013-м. Учитывая, что основная доля детской смертности приходится на смертность в раннем неонатальном периоде, дальнейшему снижению уровня смертности среди детей до 5 лет будет способствовать улучшение качества медицинской помощи, оказываемой в течение первых дней и недель жизни ребенка; повышение квалификации персонала всех уровней системы охраны материнства и детства; а также повышение осведомленности и навыков родителей о практике ухода за детьми. 5. Задача по снижению материнской смертности на одну треть, которая была определена в качестве ключевой для ЦРТ 5, достигнута: коэффициент материнской смертности сократился с 34,1 на 100 000 в 2001-м до 20,0 в 2013 году. Дальнейшему снижению риска материнской смертности и сокращению региональных различий может способствовать дальнейшее повышение качества оказываемой медицинской помощи за счет улучшения навыков медицинского персонала по уходу за беременными, внедрения стандартов оказания экстренной акушерской помощи во всех учреждениях родовспоможения, внедрения передовых технологий, клинических протоколов (стандартов), основанных на принципах доказательной медицины. Представляется целесообразным продолжение комплексной политики повышения качества услуг в сфере репродуктивного здоровья. 6. В рамках ЦРТ 6, которая направлена на борьбу с ВИЧ /СПИДом, туберкулезом и малярией, удалось обеспечить снижение скорости распространения ВИЧ\СПИДа после пика 2009 г.; существенно снизить уровень заболеваемости и смертности от туберкулеза, по сравнению с пиковым уровнем 2002 года; достигнуть цели по малярии - в 2013 году не было зарегистрировано ни одного нового случая малярии. Для достижения задач ЦРТ 6 по ВИЧ\СПИДу на последующих этапах необходимо обеспечить устойчивость финансирования программ по борьбе с ВИЧ\СПИДом, расширение профилактических мер и дальнейшее развитие межсекторального взаимодействия в этой сфере. Для снижения заболеваемости туберкулезом необходимо обеспечить дальнейшее укрепление потенциала в области диагностики, лечения пациентов и обеспечения их необходимыми лекарственными препаратами, а также принятие эффективных мер инфекционного контроля, в соответствии с международными стандартами. 7. Были достигнуты значительные результаты по ЦРТ 7: совершенствование управления водными и земельными ресурсами способствовало снижению потерь воды и улучшению качества земельных ресурсов; охраняемые природные территории обеспечивают комплексную защиту биологических ресурсов и экосистем и их устойчивое использование; в результате развития энергетической инфраструктуры и реализации мер по повышению энергоэффективности улучшилось энергоснабжение и снизилась энергоемкость экономики. Тем не менее, в перспективе с ускорением трансформационных процессов в экономике, спрос на земельно-водные, энергетические и другие ресурсы будет возрастать. В этих условиях для достижения устойчивого развития представляется целесообразным обеспечить переход к ресурсоэффективной модели роста. 8. Главной задачей в рамках национальной ЦРТ 8 является эффективное использование возможностей партнерства с зарубежными странами для достижения устойчивого развития и выполнения задач ЦРТ 1-7. Основным каналом, через который глобальное партнерство может способствовать достижению целей развития Узбекистана, является расширение доступа к финансовым ресурсам, технологиям и рынкам зарубежных стран. В этом контексте за 2001-2013 годы достигнуты важные результаты: объем привлеченных грантов и льготных кредитов существенно увеличился, возрос внешнеторговый оборот, обеспечена диверсификация товарной и географической структуры внешней торговли. Для того, чтобы глобальное сотрудничество стало эффективным инструментом достижения целей развития и на период после 2015 года, целесообразно принять меры по дальнейшему повышению эффективности мобилизации и использования финансовых ресурсов для развития; расширению доступа к рынкам; совершенствованию деловой среды с целью увеличения притока инвестиций; расширению доступа к знаниям, технологиям, информации, опыту. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]