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The insulation of an oil-filled transformer is based on materials of organic origin - oil and wood pulp. The state of insulation is a key factor in the reliable operation of a power equipment, and much attention is paid to the insulation state assessment by researchers. To assess the cellulose insulation state, indicators such as the degree of polymerization and paper moisture are deter-mined. The existing methods for determining the moisture content and the degree of polymeriza-tion of a paper insulation have disadvantages, as they require a complex process of sampling the insulation, which is a time-consuming operation. The purpose of the work is to develop new methods for determining the moisture content and the degree of polymerization of the paper in-sulation of a power transformer. This goal is achieved by obtaining the reflection spectra of the paper insulation samples and constructing two correlation lines to determine the degree of polymerization and humidity. The most significant result of the article is the establishment of the dependence of the reflection coefficient of the paper on the concentration of water exceeding 4% and the position of the minimum in the reflection spectrum of paper insulation on the degree of polymerization. The significance of the obtained results lies in the fact that the optical method for determining the moisture content and the degree of polymerization of paper insulation using the constructed correlation lines is highly accurate and does not require the use of additional re-agents and complex calculations.

Nowadays when information, knowledge is a driving force of development, when technical and scientific progress is in a spectacular ascent, a particular attention deserve to be paid to the quality of scientific publications. Strong competition in all the fields, including science and innovation, huge sources of information, challenges of life dictate the rules - prosper the best. It’s a well known fact that the quality of a scientific paper depends on the situation in the area, technical facilities and specialists’ professionalism. In addition to the ability to conduct investigations, to study thoroughly the processes, phenomena, the researcher must have competent skills of written, analysis and synthesis of scientific results. This article is going to facilitate the work of the actors involved in the writing of publication, to clarify the stages and issues related to these activities. Delimitation of steps in writing a scientific paper has a particularly important role in improving writing skills and sequencing activities, in efficient researcher’s time organization, in enhancing the quality of published materials. The practical implementation of these findings will contribute to the effective use of science results, will discipline researchers, experts, analysts, ensure transparency, comparability and reproducibility of the processes

Îndelungata stare de fragmentarism teritorial şi de separatism politic între români a generat o criză a conştiinţelor liderilor din spaţiul românesc, tensiune din care s-a cristalizat ideea „daco-românismului”. Aceasta s-a concretizat prin iniţierea unei lupte naţionale, în special în spaţiul transilvănean, al cărei punct final a fost constituirea unei Românii întregite, rotunda şi adevărata patrie a tuturor românilor, care a reuşit să fixeze, în memoria urmaşilor, fireştile sale contururi geografice la 1 decembrie 1918. Astfel, ideea „daco-românismului” a devenit coşmarul guvernelor maghiare din perioada dualistă, neamul românesc fiind proiectat, potrivit acestei „legi nescrise” de la nivelul mentalului colectiv al elitei româneşti, ca un tot unitar, graniţele artificiale reuşind să despartă persoane, dar nu şi simţămintele sufleteşti fireşti. Esenţială şi necesară pentru transformarea vechii idei a „daco-românismului” în principiu politic-cultural a fost sinteza cultural-naţională a românilor din monarhia austro-ungară şi a celor din Vechiul Regat, care a pregătit conştiinţele pentru actul istoric de la 1 decembrie 1918. „Daco-românismul” a avut marele merit de a fi chemat la reflexie angajată în jurul unor idei majore, precum: „istorie”, „naţiune”, „neam”, „confesiune”, „conştiinţă naţională”, „limbă”, „cultură”, „politică”, ce-şi resemnifică mereu, pentru fiecare dintre vremuri în parte, conţinuturile. Cuvinte-cheie: naţiune, mişcare naţională, drepturi politice, unitate, modernitate, idei politice, intelectualitate.

În articol este abordată problematica educației incluzive la diverse stadii de școlarizare în Republica Moldova, fiind subliniat decalajul dintre prerogativele legii și malpraxisul educațional. Sunt analizate unele inegalități sociale generate de practici non-incluzive din învățământul profesional, care au repercusiuni asupra integrării sociale și profesionale a persoanelor cu nevoi educaționale speciale. De asemenea, după o investigare a legilor de bază și a funcționării acestora în anumite contexte, autorii recomandă o serie de măsuri urgente care trebuie luate, pentru a preveni încălcările drep­turi­lor omului referitoare la învățătură și obținerea unei meserii.INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA: LEGISLATIVE REGULATORY UPDATED BENCHMARKS AND INCREASED INCENTIVESThe article addresses the issue of inclusive education at various stages of schooling in the Republic of Moldova, highlighting the gap between the prerogatives of the law and the poor educational practices. The social inequalities generated by the non-inclusive practice of vocational education are also addressed, which has a repercussion on the social and professional integration of people with special educational needs. Also, after conducting an analysis of the basic laws and their functioning in certain contexts, the authors recommend a series of urgent measures to be taken to prevent human rights violations in order to learn and gain a profession.

The present article is meant to pay homage and gratitude of the memory to the great Teacher, Mentor, Supervisor, Scholar in musicology of the Republic of Moldova, who had been educated and had also conveyed to his followers the distinguished traditions of the Conservatoires from Chisinau and Moscow. The author speaks about his teaching style, scientific and administrative work. He was severe to students, solicitous to post-graduate students, tactful to subordinates, an indefatigable toiler in every field offered by his profession, that was deeply marked by his presence. The influence of his way of working with his disciples, performers or musicologists, teachers or research scientists is also discussed in this article.

În articol sunt scoase în relief principalele repere conceptuale ce se ataşează problematicii cu privire la coraportul biletului de călătorie electronic în transportul auto de călători şi bagaje şi în transportul aerian. Este fundamentată teza, potrivit căreia sistemul de taxare electronic în cadrul prestării serviciilor de transport este deosebit de important şi nece­sar în contextul racordării legislaţiei naţionale la cerinţele Uniunii Europene. De asemenea, se menţionează că reforma în cazul respectiv este oportună şi inevitabilă, deoarece una dintre condiţiile cerute de Uniunea Europeană pentru integrarea Republicii Moldova în acest sistem constă în armonizarea legislaţiei privind transportul la standardele europene. Nu în ultimul rând, este formulată concluzia, potrivit căreia achiziţionarea biletelor de călătorie electronice a devenit mult mai comodă, economă şi accesibilă. LEGAL REGIME OF THE ELECTRONIC TRAVEL TICKET In the article are pointed out major conceptual aspects that are a added to issues on the ticket correlation of road transport of passengers electronic ticket and luggage in air transport. It is fundamental thesis that the electronic toll system in transport services is particularly important and necessary in the context of adjusting the national legislation to the European Union standards. Also in this case, is mentioned that reform is appropriate and inevitable, because one of the conditions required by the EU for Moldova's integration into the system is to harmonize transport legislation with European standards. Finally, as conclusion, electronic travel ticket purchasing has become more convenient, cheap and affordable.

The paper presents the results of the study of a two-stage procedure for selecting a reference object in the current image formed by a correlation-extreme system used for autonomous navigation of unmanned aerial vehicles. The aim of this paper is to theoretically evaluate the probability of selecting low-dimensional low-contrast objects in the segmented current image according to the proposed two-stage procedure. To achieve this goal, the problem of segmentation of images of the sighting surface and subsequent selection of the reference object in the presence of heterogeneous objects differing in brightness and area characteristics is solved. The most significant result is the justification of application of two-stage procedure of selection of the reference object in the current image by brightness and area parameters using the set thresholds. The significance of the obtained results consists in establishing the dependence of the probability of correct selection of the reference object on the noise level of the current images. It is shown that the probability of correct selection of the object in the image is a function of the threshold value and can be maximised by choosing its value. This approach allows to consider the influence of various factors leading to image noise on the quality of images formed by the navigation system. It is shown that when noise distorts more than 31% of the image pixels, the proposed two-stage procedure allows to ensure the selection of the reference object in the image with a probability not lower than 0.9.

The paper deals with a capacity of high-voltage cable line made of three single-core cross-linked polyethylene insulated power cables. We consider three cases. First is a single-point bonded cable system when no magnetic field shielding technique is implemented and the capacity achieves maximum values. Second is a solidly bonded cable system when a thermal effect of induced shield currents causes a capacity reduction. The third case under study is a single-point bonded cable system covered by the passive loop. The passive loop mitigates the cable line magnetic field as well as the solidly bonding does, but also the thermal effect of passive loop currents reduces the capacity. The goal of the paper is to evaluate the relative change of cable line capacity when implementing magnetic field shielding techniques comparably to unshielded case. To achieve the goal we use a standard IEC 60287 when calculating the cable line capacity in the first and the second cases, and a thermal field simulation in the third case. The capacity is evaluated by successive approximations. Iterations are stopped when the conductor reaches the maximum operating temperature. We show that the increase in cable spacing does not guarantee the capacity increase when the solid bonding of cable shields or the passive loop is used. The most significant result is the substantiation of the advantages of passive loop, which provides the greater capacity in comparison with solid bonding at equivalent magnetic field shielding efficiencies. The obtained results can be used when choosing the type of bonding and the technique of cable line magnetic field mitigation.

This paper tries to synthesize the history of economic thinking regarding the correlation between culture and the economic development during the last centuries. The use of culture to explain the economic performance has not been popular among social science researchers in recent decades. Most economic models are based on the idea that people are essentially rational beings and make decisions in their own interest. What people choose to do depends on their beliefs. But culture can give rise to a set of rational beliefs. In economic history, some economists have questioned the classic concept of the „rational economic man” mentioning the increasing role of non-economic behavior in modern economies. These two positions can be reconciled if we reduce the social norms that govern entire societies based on the actions of individuals who look out for their own interests. Regardless of which models of economic thinking a historical retrospective is based on, an important conclusion is that throughout history, social and cultural factors have been among the important catalysts of the economic life. In the paper, it is argued that some factors such as European culture and European political traditions, etc., have an essential contribution to the economic success of those countries that follow them.

Ball brooches make a difficult research theme in Denmark. This is mainly because very few of the hitherto published specimens were found in a context or under circumstances that help to shed light on their chronology. The most recently published study is a very brief paper by Jesper Laursen on the chronology and typology of ball brooches (Laursen 1984). Laursen’s paper was published at a time when hobby metal detecting was only at its early stages in Denmark. Therefore, this hobby had not yet had its impact on the material. Metal detecting favors objects with much metal and since cultivated soil contains a lot of iron waste most hobby detectorists tend to screen for iron. Consequently, objects of bronze, silver and gold will have a tendency to dominate the finds brought in by these people, and especially massive objects.

This paper is devoted to the development of a decentralized control system design method with improved robustness, applicable to distillation columns control problem. The aim is attained by solving the following tasks: selection of representative models of columns; development of an effective transfer function identification algorithm; development of a decentralized controller design algorithm, which takes into account the cross-links impact; verification of the developed method for the selected models of columns. The most important result is the developed design method, which includes two algorithms. The first algorithm can be used to identify simplified models of the effective transfer functions. The second algorithm makes it possible to design a decentralized control system based on the ratio between the diagonals of the original model and effective transfer functions. Modified PI controller is used. The achievement of the distillation column control system robustness to the synchronous technologically conditioned deviation of the model parameters by up to three hundred percent of the nominal value is the paper signifi-cant result. The digital implementation of the designed controllers is simple. The analysis of the literature shows that none of the previously proposed methods for designing decentralized au-tomatic control systems solved such a problem. The efficiency of the developed algorithms is illustrated using the known models of dynamics of distillation columns. The analysis of limita-tions of the method as well as its significant differences to the Biggest Log Tuning and H∞ loop shaping methods is presented.

The paper aim was to study the normal functioning modes of consumers power supply by the distribution network, taking into account the electricity production using wind turbines, as well as to develop recommendations that allow optimizing power consumption modes. The goal was achieved by analyzing the initial information on the network section topology, the technical characteristics of linear and transformer equipment, as well as consumption and generation profiles. The most significant result of the paper was the determination of the fact that the connection of wind turbines according to the “install and forget” principle without prior justification of both connection place and wind turbine capacity often leads to significant change in the operating characteristics and additional technical losses of active power. In this case, the main part of the losses falls on power lines. The significance of the obtained results lies in the fact that the main problems, associated with the coordination of the operating modes of distributed generation facilities and load, were identified and possible technical solutions were proposed to improve the situation. Based on the obtained results it is possible to conclude that when connecting a wind turbine to a distribution network, it is necessary to take into account both the capacity and the installation location of the equipment, which significantly change the values of the operating parameters of electrical networks. It has been shown that use of energy storage devices, as well as the network reconstruction, can make it possible to minimize active power losses and carry out balance of regimes.

The paper presents the results of a series of investigations on the indirect chronovoltametric dosing of alkaline earth metals, carried out in the Laboratory of the Analytical Chemistry at the Institute of Chemistry, currently called the Laboratory of Physicochemical Methods of Research and Analysis, conducted in 1971–1993 by the doctor of chemical sciences Ion Vatamanu. During the elaboration of the presented polarographic methods for determining the ions of alkaline-earth metals, a series of techniques were used to increase the sensitivity and selectivity of the determination. Based on two indirect polarographic methods for measuring alkaline earth metals, developed by Ion Vatamanu and coworkers and analyzed in this paper, two fundamental physicochemical principles were applied: (I) anion-induced adsorption of ligands adsorbed on the electrode surface and (II) thermodynamic determination of the optimal dosing conditions by calculating the conditional constants or the equilibrium chemical composition of complex reactant systems. The developed methods were used in the electrochemical analysis of standard alloy samples based on various metals, in the analysis of semiconductor systems, ferrous metals, nickel electrolytes, copper plating, cadmium plating, chromium plating, aluminum oxidation, wastewater analysis in galvanic baths, clays and limestones from Moldovan deposits, determination of pesticides, tanning extracts, dyes for the textile industry, etc.

The right to freedom of movement and residence is a twin right granted to Nigeria citizens in the Constitution. We are examining this right with Fulani herdsmen as the focus. Fulani herdsmen have recently become a terror group in Nigeria. The hitherto frequent minor clashes between herders and farmers have become escalated and universal in Nigeria. What was limited to the North central has been spread to every State in Nigeria. While Nigerians in the Southern part are complaining about the phenomenon and its implications on food security in Nigeria, the Fulani herdsmen and their umbrella organization Miyetti Allah Cattle Breeders Association of Nigeria and Miyetti Allah Kautal Hore are making provocative statements that they own Nigerian land and that nobody can stop them from grazing their cattle on any land throughout the length and breadth of Nigeria. It is in the light of their assertion that this paper is put together in order to confirm or debunk their assertion that they have an unrestricted or unrestrictable right to graze anywhere in Nigeria. This paper is concluded by stating contrary to their assertion, that the Fulani herdsman and indeed any Nigerian does not have the absolute right to movement or residence in Nigeria. The right to freedom of movement and residence in Nigeria is restricted by the Constitution, Common Law, and other Statues in Nigeria.

This paper aims to present a comprehensive and complete analysis of the separatist movements from the ex-Soviet space, especially in the Republic of Moldova. The paper focuses on presenting both the national and international context immediately after the fall of the USSR, as well as the factors that determined the apparition of the separatist movements. Multiple causes and effects are paired and presented to expose the chronology that followed the unfolding of those historical events. The paper is split into three main topics: the Transnistrian conflict and its consequences, the Georgian conflict, its aftermath, and the ongoing conflicts between Armenia and Azerbaijan. One of the most important aspects discussed is regarding the understanding of Russia’s foreign policy and how it contributed to an accumulation of tensions in the former USSR in the quest to consolidate its position of power in the region. The causes that led to the Transnistrian conflict, as well as the narrative of the situation and the current stalemate are provided.

This article provides an overview of the evolution of competition and competition law, both in the Republic of Moldova and in some European and US countries. Also, the paper crystallizes the conceptual approaches on cartels and offers an analysis of the doctrine of the Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russia, France, Germany, USA, Great Britain regarding cartel agreements. Following the analysis carried out in this paper, it was observed that the contribution of foreign academics in the field of defining and classifying cartel agreements is substantial, and the jurisprudence of the European Commission and the European Court of Justice has served as a source of inspiration and progress for the academic environment, as well as for the development of competition on the market. Although in the Republic of Moldova there is limited research in the field of cartel agreements, it is gratifying that the legislation is harmonized with European directives, and the doctrine is developed starting from the most important international research in the field of protection of competition.

The aim of the paper is to research possibility to use a "hexagon" scheme static frequency converter as controlled intersystem link for two parallel operating power systems with different operating frequencies, or standards for frequency stabilization. The paper aims to study the transformer device operating characteristics that implements the output voltage phase circular rotation principle relative to the input voltage and controlled by power electronics. This goal is achieved through the elaborated "rough" device control strategy, which made it possible to provide controlled AC intersystem link of asynchronous power systems without the use of additional harmonic filters and dampers. Two sectioning modes of adjusting windings were used to apply 24 and 48 position laws of the converter "fine" control. The most significant results are the new technical solution of the frequency converter, as well as the "rough" control strategy. To assess the conversion quality, indicators were used that characterize the degree of stability of the transmitted power and the harmonic distortion of the current. The computational experiments results have shown the effectiveness of the proposed "rough" control strategy. It is proved that 48-position sectioning of the "fine" regulation winding can significantly improve the quality of conversion compare to 24-position. The obtained results significance is that developed technical solution provides acceptable indicators of the frequency conversion quality and transmitted active power stability. In addition, the use of the proposed converter technical solution can significantly reduce the number of windings and control means compare to previously ones studied by the authors.

The paper reflects the experiences of the social movements, civic initiatives and NGOs in St. Petersburg and other cities of Russia as well as in some other post-Soviet countries, aimed at the promotion and raising awareness of local populations about the World Heritage value in their cities. These efforts are needed, because the outstanding universal values of the historic centres of St. Petersburg and other cities are threatened by illegal construction, misguided urban planning, neglect and a lack of public attention; churches and cultural landscapes suffer from poor restoration, development pressure and an unregulated tourism boom. These effects are often possible because the almost most local population has no knowledge about the UNESCO World Heritage status and its implications. As a result, they are not sufficiently able to speak out for the protection of their site and do not know how the status of world cultural heritage can help them. Moreover, the population has little understanding of both the cultural value for their own community and what it means to be a World Heritage in general, leading to an insufficient realization of the potentials in the status of world cultural heritage. In this paper, we try both to show our previous research results and academic materials on the topic, but also reflect on our experience of participation in different activities, and especially within the recent project implemented in 2017 and aimed on intervention into the discursive and pragmatic space in the field of promotion and protection of St. Petersburg World Heritage site. However, to understand these experiences and reflections, it is necessary to present a historical context and conditions of the development of both the St. Petersburg World Heritage status and the St. Petersburg social movement for the protection of St. Petersburg world heritage.

This paper presents the results of a study on optimising the feed stream pressure of the Mixed Fluid Cascade natural gas liquefaction cycle. The objective is to optimise the pressure of the feed stream to distribute heat effectively over the cooling stages and reduce the energy cost of the cycle. To achieve the goal, the following tasks have been done: constructing the mathemati-cal model of the cycle, performing the calculation experiment for different values of the feed stream pressure to determine energy characteristic values, and determining the optimal values of feed stream pressure. The flow characteristics of the working substances in the cycle are deter-mined based on the Peng–Robinson–Stryjek–Vera equations of state and Benedict–Webb–Rubin. The mass flow of the working substance is calculated for each cycle's stage heat load, at both constant and different values of the working point temperatures. The distribution of heat load for liquefying 1 kg of natural gas by stages is displayed, and achievable working point tem-peratures of the feed flow are determined. The energy consumed by the compressor units and the amount of compression heat dissipated are calculated. The study's main finding is that the optimal feed pressure in the Mixed Fluid Cascade cycle is higher than the standard pressure. The significance of the obtained results lies in the significant reduction of energy costs of the Mixed Fluid Cascade cycle at a feed stream pressure of 13 MPa.

A significant part of thermal energy is lost precisely during its transportation. By increasing the efficiency of thermal insulation of pipelines, it is possible to reduce significantly heat loss around the world. The purpose of the paper is to develop and validate methods for increasing the efficiency of thermal insulation of pipelines by determining its optimal location. This purpose has been achieved by applying of a modified method for studying the process of heat loss, taking into account the radiation component, to calculate the heat loss and surface temperature of the thermal insulation with different spatial arrangements. For comparison, we analysed three options for the heat loss of pipe with a different spatial arrangement of thermal insulation coated with an aluminium reflective film facing outward, facing inward and in both directions. Comparison of these variants showed that it had been advisable to insulate the pipelines by installing an insulation layer coated with an aluminium reflective film facing in both directions. The main result of paper has been the proposed method for calculating of heat losses, which could be used in the design of thermal insulation of pipelines and the obtained data confirming the correspondence of theoretical calculations to actual values of the surface temperature of thermal insulation taking into account its various spatial arrangements. The importance of the results of the work lies in the possibility of using this technique to assess the effectiveness of thermal insulation of pipelines and determine the best solutions for its spatial location.

The past decade has been characterized by considerable increase of the penetration level of so-lar photovoltaic systems in energy systems throughout the world. At the same time, solar irradi-ance has an intermittent nature. Thus, the efficient management of existing and new solar pho-tovoltaic systems requires an accurate forecasting system of solar irradiance. The purpose of the paper is to develop and validate a long-term forecasting model for solar irradiance. This purpose is achieved by applying of clustering method and standard mathematical statistics. The modeling includes pre-processing of historical data used for forecasting and post-processing of the types of days resulted from the clustering analysis. Historical data include solar irradiance and sky coverage by clouds. Pre-processing supposes bi-normalization of the solar irradiance in time and amplitude, as well as clustering, and post-processing supposes denormalization to get the actual values. Error metrics and confusion matrix indices have been used to assess the accuracy of the proposed forecasting method. Four different model variants have been considered, which differ by pre-processing approach of initial data. The comparison of these model variants shows that for better accuracy it is required to use seasonality aspects of solar irradiance. The main result of paper is the created model, which can be used for the solar irradiance forecast with acceptable accuracy for this type of forecasting and for generating of the types of days for different annual scenarios. The importance of paper results consists in the possibility of using of these scenarios for feasibility assessment of the solar photovoltaic system and identifying of the best solutions for their integration in the energy system.

The issue of ethics — particularly public sector ethics — remains one of the most contentious and also unexplored areas of work in public sector management. In the context of administrative restructurings and reforms of public sector from recent years, ethics need a wider recognition as an important condition for the effective functioning of the state, for ensuring public trust in the government, and creating conditions for good governance. Even though corruption is considered to be at the moment one of the main problem affecting the functioning of the state, there is no consensus regarding the role of ethics infrastructure as a useful tool in preventing corrupt behavior in the public administration. In our paper we provide information on the institutional constraints and the shortcoming related to the enforcement of ethical legislation in Moldova. Resulting from our analysis, although Moldovan legislation on combating corrupt behaviour in the public sector is sufficiently comprehensive, the ethical infrastructure is quite weak and insufficiently developed to drastically change ethical climate within state institutions or to encourage to a large extent civil servants’ conduct. Therefore, the main conclusion of this paper is that although Republic of Moldova has made significant efforts to build and develop an ethics infrastructure, the mechanisms needed for an efficient implementation are lacking or are weakly developed. The ethical legal framework also needs to be re-evaluated in order to provide a better understanding of the role ethics can play in fighting corruption in the public sector of the state. We also emphasize on the idea that the Government needs to develop and inclusive and systematic approach for combating corruption and reforming administrative ethics.

În timpul comunicării interculturale, traducătorii deseori întâlnesc cuvinte şi sintagme cu anumite sugestii şi referințe culturale numite cuvinte realia sau cuvinte realități. Traducerea acestui tip de cuvinte prezintă dificultăți în procesul de redare a coloritului și a particularităților culturale, dificultăți cu care traducătorii și lingviștii s-au tot confruntat încă de la formarea traductologiei ca disciplină științifică.Problema pe care se bazează cercetarea noastră este abordarea pragmatică a cuvintelor realități în procesul de tra­ducere. În acest articol ne propunem să prezentăm o sinteză cu privire la definiția termenului pragmatică, precum și particularitățile traducerii literare, în special a cuvintelor realități. Lucrarea de față reprezintă, de asemenea, un studiu comparativ-contrastiv al strategiilor utilizate pentru traducerea din engleză în română a cuvintelor realități extrase din textele: Bridget Jones’s Diary și Memoirs of a Geisha scrise de H.Fielding și, respectiv, de A.Golden.Această temă a fost aleasă dat fiind faptul că este un aspect important al limbii și are o importanță teoretică și practică, fiind un obiect de studiu pentru mulți traducători, lingviști și specialiști în domeniu.Strategiile principale de traducere a cuvintelor realități analizate în această lucrare au fost: împrumutul, adăugirea, adaptarea, calchierea, generalizarea și omisiunea. THE PRAGMATIC APPROACH TO REALIA WORDS IN TRANSLATION THEORYDuring intercultural communication, translators often encounter words and phrases with certain cultural suggestions and references called realia words. The translation of this type of words presents difficulties in the process of rendering the colouring and cultural peculiarities, difficulties that translators and linguists have faced since the formation of translation studies as a scientific discipline.The issue which our research is based on is the pragmatic approach to the realia words in the translation process. In this article, we intend to present an overview of the definition of pragmatics and peculiarities of literary translation, in particular, the realia words. This paper is also a comparative and contrastive study of the strategies used for the translation of the realia words from English into Romanian taken from the texts: Bridget Jones’s Diary and Memoirs of a Geisha written by H. Fielding and A. Golden, respectively.This topic was chosen due to the fact that it is an important aspect of the language and has a theoretical and practical importance, being an object of study for many translators, linguists and specialists in the field.The main strategies for translating the realia words analysed in this paper were: borrowing, addition, adaptation, calque, generalisation and omission.

The purpose of the paper is to form a method for finding the optimal structure of the power network. For the basic criteria of the required method the maximum simplicity, versatility and objec-tivity are assumed. The properties of existing power grids of various countries and the methods of their analysis and design were analyzed. The research is based on the method of relative comparative assessments. In the paper a set of particular optimization criteria was substantiated, which objectively characterize the power network. These criteria include a complex assessment of the length, an energy assessment, a wires mass assessment and a reliability assessment. A complex length assessment con-sists of total length assessment of power lines and assessment of total lengths ratio of power lines to conventionally low and high voltages. The overall reliability coefficient of the power supply was pro-posed to use as a reliability criterion. This factor conventionally represents the level of duplication of power supply in terms of free power and transmission capacity of the power lines. The algorithm for determining the values of partial criteria was considered. The partial optimization criteria were com-bined using the complex additive criterion. The example of finding the optimal structure of a local dis-tribution power network was given. As variants for the structures of the power network, the schemes of a looped, a trunk passage, a trunk-radial and a trunk with branch were used. In accordance with the method of relative comparative assessments, it was found, that the looped type is optimal.

Society is becoming increasingly dependent on energy. It is a stimulating factor for economic growth and technological change, but also the most significant limiting factor. The analysis of research trends on energy is of great importance because it provides a picture of the development directions of the future. The goal of the paper is to evaluate the performance and tendencies of researches on energy in the World, Eastern Europe region and in the Republic of Moldova. This goal is achieved by using bibliometric methods. Bibliometrics has become standard method for measuring the impact of research, which is accepted as a valid way of ranking scientific performance and tendencies. The novelty of the work consists in the wider geographical and chronological coverage of the study in comparison with similar studies, as well as that the analysis was carried out based on data extracted from two international and one national databases: Scopus Elsevier, Web of Science Core Collection and National Bibliometric Instrument. It was revealed that on global, regional and national levels the number of papers on energy increases quicker than the total number of publications. There is also a growth of the share of publications on energy from total number of documents on global, regional and national levels. The contribution of the Eastern Europe in the global information flow on energy increases slowly but stable. Lower speed of increase of the contribution of the Republic of Moldova in the regional (EE) information flow on energy is detected.

Science can be seen as a process of obtaining new information. This process has a consecutive and collective character: any scientific work is based on a number of previously published ideas. In other words, new scientifi c papers appear as a result of the development or awareness of previous works. In case of the absence of barriers, the speed of growth in the number of scientific publications determines the level of science development and can be used also for prognosis of science and society development. Based on the analysis of the number of scientifi c papers published over the past 30 years, the author concludes that science and society are on the verge of unprecedented changes.

The importance of knowing and researching the transformations of content that arose in the national constitutional law after the historical act of proclaiming the independence of the Republic of Moldova on 27 August 1991 derives from the need to establish with precision whether the process of orienting the political system of the Republic of Moldova towards a liberal democracy as well as the tendencies in the institutional construction of the public authorities and the mechanisms of governance in terms of the functionality of the principle of the separation of powers in the state, can be considered positive that can develop according to the conceptual system of the contemporary constitutional doctrine, and not only. The paper debates with historical and theoretical considerations on the functionality of the principle of separation of powers in the Republic of Moldova, in order to analyse successively the functional capacity of the government in the Republic of Moldova, as well as the evolution of the central public authorities, and not only. The theoretical-scientific and practical-applicative researches carried out within the nominated project contain conclusions and recommendations, including legislative proposals de lege - ferenda aimed at improving the state’s legislative system, protecting citizens’ rights and freedoms, making central and local government more ecient, promoting integration processes, law enforcement, which in reality become known to a large circle of specialists involved in the examination, support and expertise of these works, the results being capitalized by the state authorities. The paper reflects the approaches of the theoreticians regarding the diff erent stages of development and practical manifestation of the mechanisms of governance in the Republic of Moldova through the separation of powers. Various aspects of the problem proposed in the scientific study have become, and we are sure, will be the subject of discussion for researchers and beyond.

In this paper, the movement of a gas-fluid flow in a plane channel with an oscillating wall was investigated. The aim of the research is to increase the efficiency of separation equipment by imposing the vibration impact on a gas-liquid flow. This purpose was achieved by applying the phenomenon of selective coagulation of a dropping liquid. The novelty of the proposed ap-proach concerns creating the mathematical model for determination of analytical dependences between the efficiency of the hydromechanical process and initial parameters of the separation device. As a result, quantitatively and qualitatively sufficient approximations for the scalar pres-sure and vector velocity fields were obtained with a permissible relative error in comparison with the results of numerical simulation. The presence of biharmonic fluctuation of particles was proved; besides, related dependencies for the calculation of vibration characteristics were ob-tained. Additionally, the paper presents the dependencies for identifying a range of thickness for a near-wall area. The system of dimensionless criteria was proposed for determining flow modes and relative trajectories of liquid droplets in a gas-fluid flow. The numerical simulation approach and related methodology of engineering calculations were proposed on the example of a plane channel of the separation device. Finally, the distance between adjacent zones of the pressure minimum was determined. As a result, it was found that this distance is equal to the wavelength of the vibrating impact to the flow that is an initial justification of further coagulation process of liquid droplets in a gas-liquid flow in a separation device.

The year 1987 represents a key-point in recognizing the universal value of the Frontiers of the Roman Empire, by inscribing Hadrian’s Wall into the UNESCO Heritage List. Followed closely by the Upper German-Raetian Limes (in 2005) and by the Antonine Wall (in 2008), the Frontier today is a single and complex monument of Roman Empire as a world state. The paper discusses the newly published volume – René Ployer, Marinus Polak, Ricarda Schmidt, The Frontiers of the Roman Empire. A Thematic Study and Proposed World Heritage Nomination Strategy (2017) – in the Romanian national context, as the State intends to nominate two segments of the Roman Frontier as UNESCO monuments until 2021. Besides presenting the content of the volume, with the intent of raising awareness upon the subject among different stakeholders, the paper also tries to reach out to the experts involved in the nomination process, by tackling the questions of if and how the study could be used as a tool in communicating nationally with all interested parties.

Museums are not only cultural venues; they also intend to reinforce the identity and image of the communities. This paper examines how the identifying role of the museum ‒ in this case the National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa ‒ has influenced the writing of the explanatory information to The Red Maple (1914), an oil painting by A. Y. Jackson. This explanatory note, whose presence is significant, emphasize the nationalist aspects of the picture, made by a founding member of the future Group of Seven at the beginning of World War I. However, this interpretation seems exaggerated. Even if the Group of Seven was intending to found a distinct Canadian art group and it is admitted that World War I marked for Canada an important phase of emancipation, nevertheless, there is no evidence that Jackson was at that time concerned by the war. Nor does he seem to have been in any way sensitive to the political dimension of Canadian participation in the conflict. It is most likely that the writing of the note has been influenced by the paper given to the Museum as a whole, i.e. a nationalist one, and attributed to the work an overestimated symbolic aspect. This shows how important it is that the discourse on art, when conveyed by a museum, strives to avoid as many intuitive elements as possible in order to concentrate on the work itself.

The album of drawings of an artist can be compared with a diary where personal thoughts and observations are fixed in a visual language. The artist transfigures the empirical experience on paper creating a subjective space and his own artistic universe. In order to perceive this imaginary spacein a more pronounced way, it is important to relate it to the physical space where the artist lives and works. The author has chosen three artists, Leonid Grigorasenco, Emil Childescu and Ion Serbinov for research, who belong to different generations, but have a classical, figurative vision and reflected, in their drawings, on the genius loci of the city Chisinau. In his drawings, L. Grigorasenco fixes architectural objects and details, picturesque and visible places of Chisinau of the 1960s. He builds the shape with the colored pencil, whose hatches stretch with transparent color shades that merge or overlap on the color of the paper. Unlike L. Grigorasenco, E. Childescu seems to be in a hurry and does not stop to analyze, so contemplatively, the form or the texture. He creates a graphic compositional structure and this structure is already subordinated to the state and atmosphere of the drawing. Ion Serbinov defines the finality of his works intuitively; it is reached when the artist decides that he expressed the state of nature concerned to the personal impression and leaves space for the viewer’s interpretations. This artistic method gives the seemingly unfinished works an aspect of lightness, representing an instant dialogue with Chisinau’s ambiance.

The paper presents some historical aspects concerning the adoption of the Declaration of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova dated with 28.02.1996. It is regarding the process of adopting of the official position of the academic community, implicitly, towards the official denomination of the language which is spoken in the Republic of Moldova territory. The paper reveals the contribution of the Moldovan scientist to the establishment, promotion and circulation in this territory of the correct glotonim – Romanian language.

In this paper the author addresses the process of formation of the top echelon of the Moldavian Communist Party apparatus during the establishment and reestablishment of the Soviet power in Bessarabia in 1940-1941/1944. The core of the top party apparatus of the Moldavian SSR during the period under consideration were young Communists who arrived in / from the Moldavian ASSR, quickly established themselves and advanced to key administrative positions. They managed to make a dizzy career in the party after Stalin's repressions. Most secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Moldavia had a low educational level – primary or secondary education and were born in Ukraine or Russia. Among them there was not a single Bessarabian, and only one was from the left bank of the Dniester. And although in 1944 the leadership of the party apparatus of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Moldavia has undergone some changes, but its core remained practically the same. For this paper we used unpublished sources – documents of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Moldavia.

This paper reviews the crystal growth, basic properties, and principle of operation of III-nitride based terahertz devices. We provide a brief history and current status of crystal growth of polar and non-polar GaN-based heterostructures and its properties. The role of spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization in polar III-nitride structures and its impact on performance of terahertz devices is discussed in detail. In this paper we report on the recent progress of the theoretical and experimental studies of GaN-based THz QCLs, RTDs and Gunn diodes. We show that GaN-based semiconductor compounds are promising materials for fabrication terahertz sources operating up to room temperature due to their unique properties such as large bandgap and conduction band offset (CBO) energy, high LO-phonon energy, and high resistant to the high breakdown electric field. Moreover, it was established that the GaN-based terahertz sources can cover the spectral region of 5-12 THz, which is very important for THz imaging and detection of explosive materials, and which could be not covered by conventional GaAs-based terahertz devices. In terms of the reported significant progress in growth of non-polar m-plane GaN-based heterostructures and devices with low density defects, it is open a wide perspective towards design and fabrication of non-polar m-plane GaN-based high power terahertz sources with capabilities of operation at room temperature.

The paper presents some historical aspects concerning the adoption of the Decision of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova nr. 75 dated with 09.09.1994. It is regarding the process of adopting of the official position of the academic community, implicitly, towards the official denomination of the language which is spoken in the Republic of Moldova territory. The paper reveals the contribution of the Moldovan scientists to the establishment, promotion and circulation in this territory of the correct glotonim – Romanian language.

The article explores women autobiographies as a special category of life-writing. The first part is about traditions of women autobiographies. This section aims to understand how women authors construct an authentic identity in life writings. The second part is about explanation of motives in literature and sociology and about the motives in women autobiographies as combination of ontological (sociology, life) and epistemological (literature, presentation of life) aspects. In this paper, women autobiographies are classified in accordance with Jungian hero motives. The paper concentrates on the second type of autobiographies which are common among women authors and coincide with Jungian archetypes of hero in initiation.

Objectives: This paper aims to examine the efficacy, safety, and long term outcomes of amniotic membrane transplantation for corneal surface reconstruction, in cases of limbal stem cell deficiency. Material and methods: A systematic literature search was performed on PubMed, for papers published up to February 2020, using the following combined search terms: "limbal stem cell deficiency", "amniotic membrane", "limbal transplant". Only clinical trials with human subjects were selected for analysis. We collected the data on amniotic membrane properties and mechanisms of action, processing, preservation and transplantation techniques, and clinical outcomes of different treatment methods. Results: The surgical approach for treating limbal stem cell deficiency depends on the extent of the disease. Isolated amniotic membrane transplantation appears to have a limited beneficial effect on limbal stem cells, whereas amniotic membrane transplantation, combined with certain types of limbal stem cell transplantation, provides long-term biological and mechanical support for the donor tissue explants. Combined with simple limbal epithelial transplantation, the amniotic membrane has shown excellent results in the surgical management of limbal stem cell deficiency. Conclusions: Preliminary results of amniotic membrane use in limbal transplantation show quite satisfactory data, but the lack of high-level randomized controlled studies makes it difficult to assess the comparative efficacy of amniotic membrane transplantation in limbal stem cell deficiency surgical management.

Lucrarea urmărește examinarea noțiunii de eponimie prezentând modul în care aceasta este percepută în cadrul termi­no­logiei științifice. Pornind de la etimologie și trasând istoria și evoluția eponimiei, fenomenul este studiat din perspectiva formării termenilor. Sunt aduse exemple din domeniul bioingineriei medicale în limbile engleză și română, fiecare exemplu fiind însoțit de o notă care dovedește că eponimele stabilesc rolul unor personalități remarcabile și al activității acestora în dezvoltarea domeniului de specialitate. EPONYMY IN THE TERMINOLOGY FROM BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING DOMAIN IN ENGLISH AND ROMANIANThis paper aims at examining the notion of eponymy presenting the way in which it is perceived within the scientific terminology. Starting from the etymology and tracing the history and evolution of eponymy, the paper then proceeds to consider the phenomenon from the perspective of the term formation providing examples from the domain of biomedical engineering in English and Romanian, each example being accompanied by a note that proves that eponyms establish the role of prominent figures and their scientific work that lead to the ultimate development of the field.

Lucrarea prezintă studiul literaturii de specialitate în care se iau în atenție sinteza și proprietățile biologice ale unor compuși coordinativi ai metalelor 3d cu liganzii în baza N(4)-aril-tiosemicarbazone. Conform literaturii de specialitate, există doar o tiosemi­carbazonă a 2-acetilpiridinei în baza 4-aminobenzoatului de etil. Compușii coordinativi ai meta­le­lor 3d cu N(4)-aril-tio­semicarbazone posedă un spectru larg de activități biologice, cum ar fi: antibacteriană, antifun­gi­că, antivirală, antimalarială, antitumorală. Compușii coordinativi descriși în prezenta lucrare au o capacitate de inhibiţie sporită la nivel de concentraţii nanomolare (IC50 = 0,01- 0,001 μM) care întrec de zeci şi sute de ori activitatea antitu­mo­rală, spre exemplu, a doxorubicinei. COORDINATION COMPOUNDS WITH SOME BIOMETHALS IN THE BASE OF TIOSEMICARBAZONES CONTAINING 4-ETHYL AMINOBENZOATEThis paper presents the study of the specialized literature on the synthesis and biological properties of the coordinating compounds of some 3d metals based on 4-aryl thiosemicarbazones. According to the specialized literature there are only one thiosemicarbazone of 2-acetylpyridine based on 4-ethyl aminobenzoate. Coordination compounds of 3d metals with 4-aryl thiosemicarbazones possess a wide range of biological activities, such as: antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antimalarial, antitumor. Coordination compounds described in this paper have an increased inhibition capacity at the level of nanomolar concentrations (IC50= 0.01 - 0.001 μM) that exceeds tens and hundreds of times the antitumor activity, for example, of doxorubicin.

The purpose of this work is to determine the heat transfer coefficient of translucent fences, considering the number of storeys of buildings, climatic factors, such as wind velocity and outdoor temperature. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: analysis of heat transfer in translucent enclosures as a quasi-stationary process; analysis of heat transfer processes in translucent barriers, which are a combination of solid transparent plates and air gaps connected by a frame structure; determination of the heat transfer coefficient on the glass surface depending on climatic factors and the radiant component. The most important result is the empirical dependence of the heat transfer coefficient on the outer surface of the window block on the Reynolds criterion, the dependences for determining the heat transfer coefficient of window blocks are improved, considering climatic parameters. The heat transfer coefficient of the window block as a whole is presented in the form of analytical ratios, considering the location of the building and its height, changes in wind velocity and outdoor temperature. This methodology was tested on the example of a civil administrative building, for which the heat transfer coefficients of window structures of non-standard series were evaluated. The significance of the research results lies in the possibility of using the obtained dependencies to assess the thermal characteristics of window structures of non-standard shapes. The dependences of the heat transfer coefficient on wind speed and outside air temperature given in the paper can be used in the energy audit of buildings.

Introduction. Intersectoral collaboration in public health represents a huge potential for optimizing the three fundamental public health actions: disease prevention, health protection, and healthcare awareness. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the engagement of the parties particularly interested in disease prevention and control. Material and methods. A mixed qualitative and quantitative research (in-depth interviews/questionnaire survey) was carried out in this paper. Results. Most of the respondents assessed the intersectoral cooperation as unsatisfactory and consider that the latest reform of the Public Health Service had a negative impact on it. The pandemic alert caused by the COVID-19 infection served as a catalyst to improve cooperation. The main barriers to collaboration are considered the lack of staff and insufficient communication, various viewpoints and lack of public health knowledge, an overlying complex legal framework, and lack of motivation, which often requires central authority involvement. Conclusions. Some barriers to cooperation can be overcome without any systemic changes and centralized involvement, while more easily achievable measures such as joint training are sufficient. Thus, understanding these aspects can greatly improve the interaction between services.

Estonia is often seen as a model student among the post-communist countries. Many renowned think tanks and organizations measuring the quality of democracy (e.g., Freedom House, Varieties of Democracy, Bertelsmann Foundation) often give Estonia the highest scores in the region. However, the seemingly spotless façade hides growing tensions and emergent contradictions. The current paper will focus on the two most worrisome trends that have become evident in recent years, if not even earlier: (1) the limited success in integrating the large Russian-speaking minority and (2) the rise of the populist radical right. The failure to integrate the ethnic minorities would increase frustration and political alienation among Russian speakers, making it more difficult to build a healthy, cohesive democratic community. However, the rise of the populist radical right, namely the remarkable electoral success of EKRE (Estonian Conservative People’s Party), has proven to be a bigger challenge because it demonstrates that many Estonians are deeply dissatisfied with how democracy works in their country. The article discusses whether it would be possible for dissatisfied Estonians and Russians to join forces to challenge the current liberal democratic model in Estonia. The analysis shows that even if the initial attempts have failed, one could not entirely rule out that prospect.

Since its first issue, of January 1, 1936, the „Însemnări ieșene” [„Notes from Jassy”] Magazine (1936-1940) has emphasized the orientation of „a group of intellectuals” that aimed to continue the tradition of the literary, cultural and scientific circles from Moldavia, with a focus on a series of ideas related to „national specificity”, „popular language”, „cultural unification”. For almost five years, the magazine polarized intellectuals from all over Moldavia and had an intense program of dissemination of the Romanian culture through the organization of itinerant conferences in the cities of Jassy, Tighina, Kishinev, Soroca and Balti. The September 1, 1940 issue of the magazine was dedicated to Bessarabia and Bukovina and was remarkable for its spiritual Romanian essence. The present paper dwells on the importance of this special issue of the magazine, which deals with a number of representative topics announced by the article titles such as: „Basarabia până la 1812” [„Bessarabia until 1812”], „Viața românească în Basarabia (1812-1918”) [„Romanian Life in Bessarabia (1812-1918)”], „Mărturii moldovenești la Nistru” [„Moldavian Testimonies on the Dniester River”], „Basarabia – provincie istorică rusească?” [„Bessarabia–Russian Historical Province?”], „Universitatea din Cernăuți” [„The University of Chernivtsi”], „A doua pierdere a Bucovinei și Basarabiei” [„The Second Loss of Bukovina and Bessarabia”], „Iar vremuri de bejanie”, [„New Times of Turmoil”], „Și totuși, nu deznădăjduim!” [„And Yet, We Do Not Despair!”] and many more. This unique issue was illustrated with numerous images from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, as well as with portraits of cultural personalities born in the Romanian land between the Prut and Dniester rivers, all meant to discuss and emphasize the national identity of Romanians through culture.

The paper presents a synthesis of investigations with 30 inbred lines of maize from different germplasm groups (BSSS, Iodent, Lacaune, Lancaster) and different ma-turity groups as parental forms. The research was carried out at the Institute of Crop Science „Porumbeni”, in the pedoclimatic conditions of 2022. As a result of topcross pollinations, hybrids from 6 maturity groups were obtained, which differ in morphologi-cal characters, productivity and the rate of water loss from the grains. Hybrids from the middle maturity group resulted in a higher productivity, compared to the hybrids from the other maturity groups. The rate of grain moisture loss for the hybrids from middle maturity group is more pronounced compared to early hybrids and is at the same level as late maturity group hybrids.

he events of the late 1980s-early 1990s played a key role in the history of Georgia. April 9, 1989, was one of the most important events in this respect. It defined the shared identity and memory for a long time and determined future developments in the country. April 9 proved to be a paradigmatic event in the recent history of Georgia. The narrative of trauma and triumph was formed, being reflected in historical, literary and documentary texts, as well as in different sites of memory. Two years later, at the very place of the tragedy, the restoration of independence of Georgia was declared. The paper deals with the process of the crystallization of April 9 as a paradigmatic event. Cultural patterns that played a crucial role in the establishment of the traumatic-triumphal narrative of April 9, 1989, and in the thirty-year dynamics of the attitudes towards this event are explored. The study presents how April 9 and its resonance influenced the perception of the past, as well as further developments. Theories of collective memory and cultural trauma serve as the theoretical framework for the research, while official documents, memoirs, literary texts and various types of media sources form its empirical basis.

În acest articol sunt analizate particularitățile organizaționale ale activității din industria telecomunicațiilor și influența acestora asupra contabilității. În scopul determinării influenței particularităților de ramură au fost delimitate două direcții principale: particularitățile relațiilor de piață în cadrul ramurii și particularitățile activității entităților în prestarea serviciilor de telecomunicații. Astfel, particularitățile activității din industria telecomunicațiilor caracterizate în articol au permis formularea unor măsuri care ar trebui luate în considerare la organizarea contabilității. ORGANIZATIONAL PARTICULARITIES OF THE ACTIVITY FROM THE TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON ACCOUNTINGThis paper analyses the organizational particularities of the activity in the telecommunications industry and their in­fluence over the accounting treatment. In order to determine the influence of the branch particularities, two main directions have been delimited: the particularities of the market relations within the industry and the particularities of the activity of the entities providing telecommunication services. Thus, the particularities of the activity in the telecommunications industry characterized in the paper allowed the formulation of some measures that should be considered when organizing the accounting.

Lucrarea pune în discuție și urmărește rolul contextului și al interdisciplinarității în politica lingvistică educațională prin contribuțiile a patru autori de ref­erință din spații culturale sau temporale diferite. Totodată, lucrarea prezintă diferite demersuri culturale în procesul constituirii cadrului metodologic al sociolingvisticii. Doi dintre autorii analizați sunt nume notorii din domeniul politicii lingvistice din spațiul anglo-saxon. Einar Haugen reprezentă prima generație de socio­lingviști, iar Robert L. Cooper pe cea de a doua. Ceilalți doi autori sunt nume notorii din spațiul cultural latin: Eugen Coșeriu din domeniul filozofiei limbii și din prima generație de lingviști preocupați de teoretizarea sociolingvisticii, iar Pierre Bourdieu din domeniul sociologiei, reprezentând prima generație de sociologi care și-au extins sfera de cercetare spre lingvistică. THE ROLE OF CONTEXT AND INTERDISCIPLINARITY IN LANGUAGE EDUCATION POLICYThe paper discusses and analyzes the role of context and interdisciplinarity in educational language policy through the contributions of four leading authors from different cultural or temporal spaces. At the same time, the paper presents different cultural approaches in the process of establishing the methodological framework of sociolinguistics. Two of the authors analyzed are notorious names in the field of language policy in the Anglo-Saxon area. Einar Haugen represents the first generation of sociolinguists, and Robert L. Cooper the second. The other two authors are notorious names in the Latin cultural space: Eugen Coșeriu in the field of language philosophy and the first generation of linguists concerned with the theorizing of sociolinguistics, and Pierre Bourdieu in the field of sociology, represents the first generation of sociologists who have extended their field of research to linguistics.

Problema pe care se bazează cercetarea noastră este traducerea cuvintelor realități. Lucrarea de față reprezintă un studiu comparativ-contrastiv al strategiilor de traducere utilizate de către traducătorii Ana Cartianu, R.C. Johnston și A.L. Lloyd pentru traducerea cuvintelor realități geografice din romanul lui Ion Creangă Amintiri din copilărie, acestea fiind clasificate în trei categorii: 1) flora și fauna; 2) geografia fizică; 3) geografia culturală.Această temă a fost aleasă dat fiind faptul că este un aspect important al limbii și are o importanță teoretică și practică, fiind un obiect de studiu pentru mulți traducători, lingviști și specialiști în domeniu.Strategiile principale de traducere a cuvintelor realități geografice analizate în această lucrare au fost: transferul direct și echivalența. THE TRANSLATION OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL REALIA WORDS FROM ION CREANGĂ’S NOVEL CHILDHOOD MEMORIES / RECOLLECTIONS FROM CHILDHOOD FROM ROMANIAN INTO ENGLISHThe issue which our research is based on is the translation of the realia words. This paper is a comparative and contrastive study of the translation strategies used by the translators Ana Cartianu, R.C. Johnston and A.L. Lloyd in order to translate the geographical realia words from Ion Creangă’s novel Childhood Memories / Recollections from Childhood. These realia words were divided into three categories: 1. flora and fauna; 2. physical geography; 3. cultural geography.This topic was chosen due to the fact that it is an important aspect of the language and has a theoretical and practical importance, being an object of study for many translators, linguists and specialists in the field.The main strategies for translating the geographical realia words analyzed in this paper were: direct transfer and equivalence.

The present paper aims at: analysing the data from the literature, the study of the school documents regarding the potential of intercultural education to promote the values of tolerance; offer methodological directions for the teaching of intercultural education focused on the values of tolerance for the beneficiaries of adult learning, namely students.The present paper was elaborated within the doctoral research conducted at the Moldova State University. The doctoral project aims to be a research on intercultural education from the perspective of current approaches and models. Tolerance is approached as a key value in intercultural education as a possible response of education and its outcomes to the tense transformation processes that society is undergoing at the beginning of this millennium. The theoretical part of the project is represented by the presentation of intercultural education from the perspective of current approaches and models, and the concept of tolerance from the perspective of psycho-pedagogy. The applicative part envisions how intercultural education can contribute to tolerance as a key value in a society marked by economic, political, ecological, medical, climatic and ideological transformations that have crossed national and regional borders and where individuals, groups and people who feel, think and act differently interact, by designing and implementing an optional academic course for students who are preparing for the teaching career.The purpose of the doctoral project is to develop a theoretical and practical model for achieving intercultural education focused on promoting tolerant attitudes with applicability in university education and adult education. DIRECȚII METODOLOGICE PENTRU PREDAREA EDUCAȚIEI INTERCULTURALEÎn prezenta lucrare ne propunem sӑ analizӑm datele de cunoaștere provenite din literatura de specialitate, din studiul documentelor școlare referitoare la potenţialul educaţiei interculturale de a promova valorile toleranţei; sӑ oferim direcţii metodologice pentru predarea educaţiei interculturale axate pe valorile toleranţei la beneficiari ai învӑţӑrii adulţi, respectiv studenţi.Prezenta lucrare a fost elaboratӑ în cadrul cercetӑrii doctorale efectuate la Universitatea de Stat din Moldova. Proiec­tul de doctorat se doreşte a fi o cercetare asupra educaţiei interculturale din perspectiva abordӑrilor şi modelelor actuale. Toleranţa este abordatӑ ca valoare-cheie în educaţia interculturală, ca posibil răspuns al educaţiei şi al finali­tăţilor aces­teia la procesele tensionate de transformare la care este supusă societatea la inceputul acestui mileniu. Partea teoretică a proiectului este reprezentată de prezentarea educaţiei interculturale din perspectiva abordărilor şi mo­delelor actuale, a conceptului de toleranţӑ din perspectivă psihopedagogicӑ. Partea aplicativă vizeazӑ modul în care edu­caţia intercultu­rală poate contribui la asumarea toleranţei ca valoare-cheie într-o societate asaltată de transformări economice, politice, ecologice, medicale, climatice și ideologice ce au depășit granițele naționale și regionale şi în care acţionează indivizi, grupuri și popoare care simt, gândesc și acționează în mod diferit prin elaborarea şi implementarea unui curs universitar opţional pentru studenţii care se pregătesc pentru cariera didactică.Scopul proiectului doctoral este de a elabora un model teoretic și acțional de realizare a educației interculturale axat pe promovarea atitudinii tolerante cu aplicabilitate în învățământul universitar şi educaţia adulţilor.

Dans cette intervention, l’auteur a pour objectif de présenter certains aspects spécifiques du manuscrit 109 [p.2r-66r] des Enseignements de Neagoe Basarab, relatifs à la langue et, en particulier, à la coupure de mots conventionnelle et aux modalités de formation d’unités lexicales composées, au cours du temps. La présence aléatoire de signes typographiques divers (. , : =), dans le titre et dans le corps du manuscrit, témoigne du fait qu’il a été rédigé à une étape au cours de laquelle la normalisation n’est pas encore achevée et à un moment où leurs rôles dans la phrase pouvaient être potentiellement différents. Tout au long du fragment choisi, des mots sont scindés ou réunis, avec ou sans trait d’union, ou avec certains des signes typographiques mentionnés supra, ce qui correspond à des hésitations du copiste ou à une évolution dans l’usage de la langue. L’analyse des termes donnera l’occasion de mettre en évidence des tendances récurrentes mais aussi des variations, dans un contexte où de nombreuses formes ne sont pas non plus totalement normalisées et continuent à évoluer dans la période postérieure marquée par le remplacement de l’alphabet cyrillique par l’alphabet naturel, latin, jusqu’à l’époque contemporaine. Des points de vue diachronique et synchronique, cet article aura la volonté de montrer l’actualité et l’importance de l’étude des ouvrages manuscrits et des auteurs anciens, à un moment-clef pour la langue roumaine où elle se réorientait vers la latinité.THE ROMANIAN LANGUAGE THROUGH THE MANUSCRIPT 109 OFNEAGOE BASARAB’S TEACHINGS: CONVENTIONAL WORD BREAKS AND COMPOUND WORDS WITH OR WITHOUT HYPHEN [p. 2r-66r]In this paper, the author aims to present some of specific aspects, registered in the MS 109 [p.2r-66r] of Neagoe Basarab’s teachings, connected with language and, especially, with the conventional word breaks and the way how compound lexical words are constituted, over time. The random presence of variable typographic signs (. , : =), in the title and in the body of the manuscript, reveals that it was redacted at a moment when normalization was not yet done and when their papers in the sentence could potentially be different. All along the chosen fragment, some words are split or reunited, with or without hyphen, or with some typographic signs mentioned above. That corresponds to a hesitation of the copyist or an evolution in the use of language. The analysis of many terms will give the opportunity to underscore some recurrent trends as well as some changes, in a context when numerous forms are not either totally standardized and are still developing during the later period when the natural, latin alphabet replaced the Cyrillic one, till nowadays. From the diachronic and synchronic points of view, this article will intend to show the topicality and the importance of studying manuscripts and ancient authors, at a key time for the Romanian language when it reoriented itself toward Latinity.