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This paper presents a contribution to the field of numerical solutions for contact problems, which pose significant challenges in engineering and simulations. Specifically, we address the intricate task of connecting bodies that have been discretized using non-conforming and non-overlapping meshes. Our primary focus lies in investigating the efficacy of the mortar method with a segment-to-segment approach. In this context, we provide a concise overview of the underlying theoretical framework and present our implementation in the MATLAB programming environment. To ascertain the reliability and accuracy of our proposed methodology, we conduct a rigorous validation study by comparing the outcomes obtained from our implementation with those derived from the widely adopted commercial software, ANSYS. To enable a comprehensive evaluation, we select specific benchmark problems that involve the interaction of two elastic bodies. Through a meticulous analysis and comparison of results, we demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of our approach. The findings of this study contribute substantively to the advancement of numerical techniques for solving contact problems. The validated methodology not only establishes a solid foundation for future research endeavors but also offers a reliable framework for conducting simulations in this domain. Furthermore, the insights gained from this study can potentially facilitate the development of more efficient and accurate computational algorithms for addressing contact problems encountered in various engineering applications.

The aim of the paper was to analyze risky behaviors in the mining industry on the example of the indicator analysis of the statistics on accidents at work. Selected criteria of generic analysis (structure index – causes of accidents) and indicator analysis (intensity index – frequency indicator of accidents) were used in the research. The source of data for the analysis of accident rate were the publications of the Statistics Poland entitled “Accidents at work” in Poland for 2010-2021. The study aimed at human causes, which included the following five groups: lack or improper handling of a material factor by the employee, failure to use protective equipment by the employee, improper willful behavior of the employee, improper mental and physical state of the employee, improper behavior of the employee. For the analysis of risky behaviors, the proposition of the frequency indicator of accidents at work was used in the form of the probability indicator of accidents caused by risky behaviors per 1,000 working people. Based on the indicator analysis of risky behaviors, a comparative analysis of statistics on accidents at work in the period 2010-2021 according to the criterion of human causes was developed for Poland and mining. The research is based on the data of the Statistics Poland (GUS), but can be extended with other data, e.g. industry data according to the State Mining Authority (WUG). The results of the research can be used for a comparative analysis of the statistics on accidents at work in relation to other sectors and sections of economic activity of the NACE (PKD). The publication contains the original results of the indicator analysis of the statistics on accidents at work according to the criterion of human causes in the mining industry, and they can be addressed to persons managing of mining plants and managers of mining supervision authorities.

The objective of this paper is to explore a multidisciplinary problem-solving team investigating a customer-reported failure using an Ishikawa diagram with a spreadsheet for prioritizing and tracking investigation actions in a manufacturing organization. A case study methodology is used with the actions taken to investigate a customer-reported failure explained. The highest priority failure hypothesis was found to be unrelated to the failure. Two medium-rated hypotheses were found to be causing the problem; leakage was occurring at the connection between two components due to a diameter deviation of one of the components. Identifying and prioritizing hypotheses from the Ishikawa diagram provided structure to the investigation and gave the investigation team leader a tool for tracking the investigation actions. This approach is suitable for all types of failure investigations in which an Ishikawa diagram is used to list hypotheses.

The paper deals with the implementation of key performance indicators (KPI) for the evaluation of the efficiency of production processes. A key performance indicator is a measurable indicator that expresses how effectively the company achieves key goals in both production and non-production areas. As part of the research, various process key performance indicators characterizing product quality were identified. The indicator of the number of faulty products in relation to the volume of production (EXTppm) was chosen for the research. The monthly development of EXTppm in the course of 2022 and the long-term development in the years 2012-2022 were evaluated. The research was also devoted to the analysis of the reasons for not achieving the KPI target values, and measures were proposed to eliminate poor quality, respectively reduction of the number of complained products.

The urban environment is one of the most complicated man made systems, which condition and status are hard to define, but it is essential for the survival of humans. Among the methods of the urban environment condition evaluation bioindication is one of the most simple and able to provide valuable dose-response information for efficient management of environmental safety. Being such a useful method, the bioindication has a range of disadvantages, due to dependence on single species response, which can lie within the acceptable amplitude of living fluctuations or is conditioned by factors other than human activity. Most of the researches of such type stick to one single species and attempt to build clear impact-response dependencies for specific conditions. The paper considers the possibility to combine bioindicators from different taxonomic groups in one study to receive more reliable vision of the environment status. The typical combination offered in the study is phytoindication and lichen indication, which relies on measuring plants morphological parameters and lichen diversity and distribution. The research was conducted in the city of Kherson, previously considered relatively unpolluted. The territory of the city was analyzed to define the most affecting sources of environment pollution. The background area was chosen to verify the changes in the parameters of bioindicators. The results showed that the level of anthropogenic pressure within the urban territory is considerable and demands mitigation actions, aimed at improvement of air pollution control, waste management, traffic organization and implementation of remediation activities at decommissioned facilities. The deviations between the results of lichen indication and phytoindication gave possibility to infer the possible sources and composition of pollution, thus providing basis for efficient environment protection solutions to be implemented. The paper also presents the recommendations on the combination of bioindicators to be used in various studies, depending on the purpose and type of the ecosystem under investigation. The sequence of the data processing must include the comparative analysis of the information obtained to use the differences between the results provided by different organisms for clarification of the human impacts parameters.

The paper describes the experience of restoration of the lands disturbed by the mining industry by applying proper water management of worked-out quarries reclamation. The necessity of works on regular maintenance of the anthropogenic techno-ecosystem and artificial reservoirs is highlighted. Water quality is considered to be one of the most important characteristics of water resources that determine the possibility of their rational use. Most artificial lakes are characterized by high water content of sulfate ions. Oxygen is one of the most important dissolved in water gases. The dynamics of its content is determined by physicochemical and biological processes, and the uneven vertical distribution of oxygen in the lake is accompanied by the formation of products of anaerobic decomposition of organic matter such as hydrogen sulfide, methane, and ammonia.The use of aeration systems in the world allows considering aeration as an effective tool in conditions that are critical for hydroecosystems. Aeration methods can enrich water with oxygen and improve the ecological condition of the artificial lake. The paper shows the environmental advantages of using wind energy compared to the energy generated by burning different types of fuel. In the course of research calculations were made for the operation of a water pulverizing aerator designed by Podsyadlovsky in the location of Yavoriv artificial lake (Western Ukraine). The location of the lake is favourable for tourism development as it can provide various types of recreation for both local and transit holidaymakers.The environmental advantages of the wind drive of the water pulverizing aerator designed by S. Podsiadlowski for reclamation of Yavoriv artificial lake are mathematically determined and analyzed. The environmental effect is related to the benefits of replacing the energy obtained by burning fossil fuels at a power plant with wind energy. The environmental effect, which is determined in the process of mathematical calculations and on the basis of regression equations, complements modern knowledge in the field of bottom water aeration with the use of a water pulverizing aerator based on the Podsiadlowskis concept.

Background: The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of body development and composition on the depression level, and to determine which of the morphological and body composition parameters have higher impact on the manifestation of depression in women aged 19 to 30 years.Methods: The study was conducted on the sample of 50 voluntarily selected test subjects. From 83 women presented at the fitness center “Fitnes Center Mall” in the city of Gjakova for the purposes of this study are voluntarily involved 50 women aged 19 to 30 years with an average age of 23.2 years. For the purpose of this paper were applied 11 body composition variables and one test for measuring depression levels.Results: The obtained results show that the multiple correlation coefficient between the predictor and the criterion system is quite high R = 0.962. This relation shows that the common variability between the two systems is 93% (R Square = 0.926). Predictive variables that has the influence in the manifestation of depression level are: Height of the body body (HEIG) t=2.784; pBody mass index (BMI) t=2.908; pConclusions: The research results show that Height of the body, Body weight, and Body mass index affect in the rate of depression level. Research shows that although mental and physical health are two separate concepts, yet they are still in a strong relationship, physical condition affects in mental state.

The paper deals with the broad concept of strangeness in the literary work of Anna Mitgutsch, a contemporary Austrian writer. The topic of strangeness is a keynote in her rich literary output. Mitgutsch’s experience of being abroad (travelling to the Middle East and south-east Asia, living and working in Israel, England, Korea and The USA) is refl ected in such novels as Das andere Gesicht, In fremden Städten or Abschied von Jerusalem. Her characters are nomads, people looking for identity and homeland, trying to escape alienation. The feeling of being a stranger is also present in their relations with the loved ones. The paper provides an analysis of the images of strangeness in Die Züchtigung (1985) and Die Annäherung (2016).

The paper tackles the problem of the most important Polish geopolitical concept - “Intermarium” (“Międzymorze”). The attention was paid to the historical roots, the evolution in the mid-war period and after WWII. It also discusses the current state of this conception and its links with a project “Three seas’ initiative”, actively run by Polish authorities since 2016. The paper consists of four main chapters. It starts with presenting scientific roots of the “Intermarium”, that was developed at the beginning of the XX century by a famous geographer Eugeniusz Romer and included in Polish political discourse in the mid-war period. The “Inermarium” was planned to be an alliance of Central European countries to oppose the influences of stronger neighboring countries - the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. Then the paper discusses the concept of “ULB”, that in the period of “cold war” to some extend revived the concept of Intermarium”. Authors of the “ULB” Jerzy Giedroyc and Juliusz Mieroszewski paid particular attention to the reconciliation and mutual understanding among nations of Central and Eastern Europe. Consecutively, the paper discusses the current state of “Intermarium”. Under the national-conservative government of the Law and Justice Party, since 2016 this concept is for the first time in its history implemented as an official part of Poland’s foreign policy. However, there are significant changes in the concept, starting with its name - “Three seas initiative”, that refers to Baltic, Black and Adriatic Seas. Within the concept, Poland is strengthening relations with other countries of Central Europe. Therefore, it can be understood as a new “North-South” geopolitical axis, that, to some extent should replace an “East-West” geopolitical axis, that for ages has played a crucial role in Polish foreign policy. The final conclusion of the paper is that currently Poland’s geopolitical interests are evolving into the North-South axis and the Eastern direction is losing its previous importance. Nevertheless, the future success or failure of the implementation of the concept will depend on the involvement of other Central European countries as well as of the interests of external political actors (USA, Russia).

This paper aims to analyse The Legend of the Great Inquisitor from a perspective of genre used by an author – Ivan Karamazov. The Legend can be referred to as fantasy (an anti-utopia). Taking into consideration the ideal of Inquisitor and the particular pieces of the text, one may state that the poem constitutes the prototype of anti-utopian narration. Having employed the notions of agent and patiens, we endeavour to sketch out the general scheme of such narration. The second part of the paper focuses on a few anti-utopias (Brave New World by A. Huxley, Matrix by the Wachowski Brothers, Futu.re by D. Glukhovsky) and aims to identify there the elements which correspond to the particular schemes.

Paper deals with investigation of deconstructive concept of quasi-transcendental in the context of general thematization of transcendental philosophy framework of which deconstruction is thought as a representational version. It was established that quasi-transcendental thinking amounts to such a re-interpretation of theoretical foundation of transcendental discourse in the frame of which moments of critique and hyperbolizing are united. Author brings to light and explores main topics of transcendental thought primarily and foremost subjected to the quasi-transcendental reflection: namely, the problem of relationship between transcendental and empirical and the problem of conditions of possibility. In the first case, an ambivalence of “transcendental-empirical” relation, inherent to transcendental discourse turns out to be sharpened. This relation combines in itself characteristics of opposition and juxtaposition, up to reciprocal conditioning. Transcendental becomes such only with regard to empirical and vise versa. In the second case, questioning on conditions of possibility is reshaped in discourse on conditions of impossibility, which proves to be both critical restriction and hyperbolic extension of the former. Paper shows that development of idea of quasi-transcendental in deconstructive philosophy is an outcome of mutual work of Derrida himself and his eminent commentators. The function and basic senses of concept “quasi”, which it obtains within the scope of deconstructive version of transcendentalism, are determined. In particular, an affinity of Derridian “quasi” with Kantian als ob is ascertained, as well as its connection with both critical attitude and discursive realm of fiction. A peculiarity of concept of ultra-transcendental as variation of notion “quasi-transcendental” is found out. Author explores the relation of quasi-transcendental discourse to empirism and gives reasons for priority of transcendental realm over empirical in Derridian thought. Paper lays bare the relationship of quasi-transcendental thinking with discourse of other, as a fundamental theme of deconstructive philosophy. In sum author claims that (1) importance of the theme of (quasi)transcendental in deconstructive discourse and (2) personal Derrida’s self-identification as quasi-transcendental philosopher serve as crucial reasons for investigation of deconstructive philosophy as a prominent version of transcendental thinking.

The provision of an enterprise with production stocks and their rational structure and efficient use determine the continuity of the production process at the enterprise, contribute to the manufacture of the required volume of products, and save money on working capital investment. Therefore, the analysis of availability and efficiency of production stocks is relevant at all stages of production. The study identifies the problems that arise in the course of stock management, which, in particular, include the following: the accurate calculation of cost per unit of products; the high-quality inspection of the actual condition of the stocks stored at warehouses; the selection of an optimal portfolio of contractual obligations for the supply of the stocks; and the selection of economically justified balances at the warehouse. This paper considers the organizational aspects of the analysis of stocks of economic entities and offers the improved flow chart for the organization of an analytical process of stocks that can be used in the stock management process at the enterprise. The model proposed in this paper can be described using the following stages: the forecast of future sales; the calculation of the required quantity of stocks to meet the needs of the forecast demand for manufactured products; the determination of the reserve stock amount and forecast of the volume of purchases of stocks in view of the above mentioned values; the compilation of an order portfolio and analysis of performance of the generated model. In order to improve stock management, the stock-need model is developed at the enterprise, which allows determining the basic need for raw and consumable materials required for the manufacture of a certain type of products to meet the sales needs.

In connection with the implementation of budget accounting and public procurement according to international standards, the importance of management accounting in the public sector is enhanced. This especially affects the efficiency of the use of public finance in procurement. The article considers public procurement as a complex object of accounting, which consists of interrelated objects: the subject and the procurement procedure, consisting of elements. The paper focuses on each element, highlights the features of their use in public procurement in accordance with current legislation and suggests the ways to improve the operation of electronic systems in terms of determining the subject of procurement. The analysis of the use of procurement procedures for each element of the subject of procurement is carried out and the need to consider these objects as a whole in order to make management decisions on the use of budgetary funds is proved. The paper highlights the stages of public procurement and proves the importance of a comprehensive public procurement facility at each stage of the tendering process in order to monitor, control and ensure the efficient use of public finances.

Introduction: Patients with maxillofacial and intraoral defects require orthognathic surgery to improve the appearance of the face and correct the occlusion. The number of orthognathic surgeries has been increasing in recent years. The motivation to undergo these surgeries is the possibility for patients to improve stomatognathic system functions i.e. chewing, swallowing and pronunciation, as well as aesthetic and psychosocial factors. Aim: The aim of the paper was to assess the occurrence of late postoperative complications and dysfunction of the stomatognathic system in patients after orthognathic surgeries such as Maxillary Lefort 1 Osteotomy and Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy (BIMAX). Additionally, the paper emphasizes the necessity of quick activation of the stomatognathic system structures in patients after orthognathic surgeries in order to reduce the incidence of complications.Material and methods: The research was conducted with the help of the users of internet groups: "Progenia, mandibular prognathism, photos BEFORE and AFTER the operation :)" (in Polish: „Progenia, wysunięta szczęka, zdjęcia PRZED i PO operacji :)”) and "Suffering from progenia" („Progenicy”) as well as users of the Jawsurgeryforums.com online forum who have given their informed consent to participate in the survey. The analysis was carried out on a group of 92 people who underwent orthognathic surgery of Maxillary Lefort 1 Osteotomy and Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy (BIMAX) type in the years 2004-2019. To assess the opinions of patients, a diagnostic questionnaire method was used, based on a proprietary electronic questionnaire, which consisted of three parts. The first part is metric, i.e.: age, gender and questions concerning the number of orthognathic surgeries performed, time of wearing intermaxillary traction wiring or splints, postoperative rehabilitation. The second part of the questionnaire consisted of 15 close-ended questions assessing the occurrence of symptoms of SS system disorders and functioning. The third part of the questionnaire consists of 20 questions concerning postoperative complications after 3 and 6 months from surgery and functioning of the dental system after surgery. The fourth part of the questionnaire consists of 5 close-ended questions concerning the evaluation of the overall impression after surgery and the most important effects of it. The test results were statistically analyzed using the correlation coefficient and Pearson's chi-squared test (p ≤ 0.05).Results: 92 people, of which 86 women (93.5%) and 6 men (6.5%), participated in the study. The most common ailments before the surgery—affecting more than half of the patients—were chewing impairment, speech defect, breathing problems and headaches. 3 months after the operation, facial neurosensory disturbances and facial swelling were the most frequent of the ailments reported by the patients (more than 70% of the respondents), limited jaw mobility, joint pains and chewing impairment were also frequent (more than 40%). 6 months after the surgery, the most frequent persisting ailments were facial neurosensory disturbances (> 60%), facial swelling and acoustic problems (> 30%), as well as pains of masticatory and mandibular muscles, headaches and limited joint mobility (> 20%). More than half of the patients (n=48) were satisfied with the surgery, the second largest group were patients delighted with the result (n=25). 4 people were dissatisfied and 3 very dissatisfied. 12 patients had difficulties in determining their satisfaction with the results of the surgery. 19 people (20.7%) did not report disturbances of somatosensory system in any of the facial areas, and among the patients experiencing ailments, 40 people (43.5%) reported problems in two areas, 27 people (29.3%) in one, 5 people (5.4%) in four and 1 person (1.1%) in three areas. In the 3rd month after the surgery it was observed that people who did not use physiotherapeutic treatment were 11.5% more likely to suffer from bone inflammation [X2(1)=4.359; p=0.037]. Two statistical tendencies were observed, suggesting that people using physiotherapy slightly less often showed limitations in mandibular mobility [by 17.6%; X2(1)=3.599; p=0.065] and by 4.7% less often experienced bone inflammation [X2(1)=1.238; p=0.076]. Conclusions: The most common postoperative complication is somatosensory system disturbance of the lower facial muscles. Orthognathic surgery contributes to the reduction of stomatognathic system ailments. Persons using physiotherapy suffer less frequently from bone inflammation and enjoy greater mobility of the temporomandibular joint.

Introduction and purpose: the Terminology Guidelines of the American Hippotherapy Association defines Equine Assisted Activities or Therapies (EAA/T) as a collection of different forms of contact between man and horse. EAA/T have become increasingly common interventions in the last decade, demonstrating therapeutic benefits in various areas of mental health. The aim of this report is to identify the forms and programmes of EAA/T that are used and to summarise and assess the latest available evidences of their clinical effectiveness in the treatment of symptoms of mental ilness and disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, post-traumatic stress syndrome or schizophrenia. In order to achieve the above mentioned objectives, a literature review has been conducted to summarise existing evidence relating to the subject matter of the study in a descriptive manner. Description of the state of knowledge: 13 findings were found in autism spectrum disorders (1 review paper and 5 research papers), post-traumatic stress syndrome (1 review paper and 4 research papers), schizophrenia (1 review paper), and children whose parents were addicted (1 research paper). Summary: the results of the research indicate that Equine Assisted Activities and Therapies (EAA/T), including horse riding, may be beneficial for people with mental illnesses and disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders, post-traumatic stress syndrome, schizophrenia, and for people whose parents were addicted.

The aim of the paper hereto is to conduct analysis regarding the influence of the margin of appreciation doctrine on the solution of the collision between the freedom of expression and the freedom of religion within the Strasbourg system of human rights protection. The main research question focuses on the issue whether the margin of discretion equally affects both considered freedoms and how it impacts their conflict. The paper will rely on dogmatic analysis of the provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights and selected judgments of the European Court of Human Rights in relation to the collision of the aforesaid freedoms. In this article, the author will also implement the historic method. The main thesis of the article is the primacy of the freedom of religion which causes illegitimate limitation of the freedom of expression due to lack of uniform European consensus regarding the qualification of the blasphemous speeches which constitutes a threat for legal certainty.

The paper is devoted to the issues of the study of the nature of financial intermediaries in terms of their role in financial markets and their types existing in different regions of the world. The place of financial intermediaries among other participants of the financial market is considered, it is described what positive effect they allow to achieve to other entities who use their services. The types of services they provide are outlined, as well as the new types of services of financial intermediaries beginning to be in demand. The American, European and Ukrainian models of classification of financial intermediaries are analyzed and logical connections between the variety of types and types of financial intermediaries, which are represented in the financial market of a certain region and the level of its development, are found. It is found out how classifications can be changed as a result of the development of certain types of financial intermediaries on the example of changing classifications in American economics. The key differences in the American and European classifications are highlighted and their reasons are substantiated. The paper analyzes the financial intermediaries, which are insufficiently developed in Ukraine in comparison with the American and European markets. The other classifications are also provided that may be useful in the process of analyzing the activities of financial intermediaries. The results of this study can be used as a basis for further study of the nature of financial intermediaries in the development of state policies to regulate the financial market of Ukraine and in the development of bills that determine the legal status of financial intermediaries in Ukraine.

The paper discloses the accounting treatment for cash flow hedge of exposure to risks arising from the changes in cash flows of financial instruments, in which interest rate swaps are used as hedging instruments. The author considers the economic meaning of hedge relationship as an instrument of reducing financial risks being inherent to financial assets and financial liabilities of the bank. The paper represents the purpose of the cash flow hedge as well as the mechanics of the interest rate swap as the most efficient instrument of the cash flow hedge relationship. The author analyzes the statements of IFRS 9 on the cash flow hedge accounting: recognizing the cash flow hedge reserve, assessing the portion of gain or loss on the swap that is either effective or ineffective hedge. The paper explains the procedures of the cash flow hedge accounting to reduce interest rate risks that arises from the changes in the cash flows of floating-rate financial liabilities. In particular, the paper covers the procedures of the fair value measurement of a hedging instrument as the present value of the difference between cash inflows and outflows discounted at spot rates for each period. The author discloses the accounting for the cash flow hedge: the accrual of interests on the financial liability, the change in the fair value of swap, the net settlement of the interest on swap, the reclassification of the interest on swap and settlement of interests on the financial liability. The article suggests the accounting procedures comply with the requirements of IFRS 9 on the cash flow hedge accounting and recommends the implementation to Ukrainian banks.

The paper substantiates the separation of the limits of the preliminary state audit of such subspecies as: preliminary audit of the draft main financial and planning document of the country – the State Budget of the country; preliminary audit of actual transactions in public funds and other state-owned property (and in some cases – public funds). To build the theoretical basis of the mechanism of preliminary state audit, its terminological components are formed, such as: budget debt, budget financial debt, future illegitimate debt, actual illegitimate debt, followed by their interpretation. In order to optimize the work on the preliminary audit of actual transactions, it is proposed to identify the following areas: preliminary audit of the use of public funds within the execution of the State budget (expenditures of the State budget); preliminary audit of the use of public funds within the implementation of the budget and plans for the use of budget funds (expenditures of budget managers and recipients of budget funds); preliminary audit of other state-owned property. It is justified that the preliminary audit of the use of public funds within the State Budget (State Budget expenditures) is most appropriate to actually carry out at the stage of cooperation between the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, as the organizer of the State Budget Execution Management, and the State Treasury Service of Ukraine. Within the specified direction the paper forms the mechanism of actions on check at the following stages: opening the allocations from the general fund of the state budget; opening the allocations at the expense of other receipts of the special fund of the state budget; implementation of certain state budget expenditures; implementation of costs for repayment and servicing the debt and guarantee obligations of the state; carrying out credit operations at the expense of the state budget. Preliminary audit of the use of public funds within the budget estimates and plans (expenditures of budget managers and recipients of budget funds) is logical, according to the general procedure of the budget process, to carry out at the stage of interaction of budget managers or budget recipients, on the one hand, and Treasury bodies – on the other hand. The established procedure includes the appropriate actions for inspection by the specialists of the Accounting Chamber at the stage of the expenditure procedure. The preliminary audit of other state-owned property is proposed to be carried out at the stage of its write-off from the balance sheet with the establishment of the relevant value limits of the property and in accordance with the proposed procedure.

This paper mainly discusses the distribution and rhetorical functions of personal pronouns in English and Chinese legal news reports. Through the comparative analysis of some English and Chinese legal news texts, this paper finds the following points: English and Chinese legal news generally have two narrative types: objective narrative and semi-dialogic narrative. The differences in narrative type directly affect the distribution of personal pronouns. In objective narrative, the use of third person pronouns accounts for an absolute proportion, and the frequency of using first person and second person pronouns is close to zero. In semi-dialogic narrative, the use of third person pronouns is still the highest, but only slightly higher than the use of first person and second person pronouns, accounting for only a small number. After analysis, this paper holds that there are three reasons for the uneven distribution: first, the differences between the dialogic style and the narrative style; second, the legal narrative being a story narrative; third, the specific restrictions on the use of legal rhetoric.

Several are the European Directives dedicated to e-commerce, focussing on consumer rights, the distance marketing of consumer financial services and the protection of consumers in distance contracts. In contract law, the terms “termination”, “withdrawal” and “cancellation” have peculiar and distinct meaning. Nonetheless, they tend to be misused and applied interchangeably. This article will shed light on these relevant terms in the light of EU Directives on the protection of consumer rights in off-premises and distance contracts. To do so, it will first present instances in which the meaning and use of these terms is either clear-cut or somehow blurred. By analysing word usage and meaning in context, it will explore how EU Directives, and EU drafters in general, made (un)ambiguous distinctions. Then, it will investigate whether English-speaking drafters (such as those of the pre-Brexit UK, Ireland and Malta) made a consistent use of such terms. Finally, this paper will explore whether online conditions of sale written in English by non-English speaking sellers or traders (such as Italian and Polish) also make a consistent use of the terms. The paper findings highlight that the use and legal purpose of these terms in European Directives have not been particularly consistent over the years. Furthermore, Member States’ system-specificity has weighed on the meaning, application and scope of the terms. On the other hand, at EU level the absence of a unique legal system of reference and the challenges of harmonization may have created false equivalences.

Language and Linguistics According to Krystyna Pisarkowa (1932–2010) Krystyna Pisarkowa’s rich output is characterised by a variety of forms and a wide range of topics, as well as an innovative interpretation of linguistic phenomena. The following paper can be described as biographical and substantive. The text contains certain facts from Pisarkowa’s life that are connected with certain spheres of her scientific activity in which she succeeded, references to people who played a significant role in her life, as well as development of her research interests. The publications which are mentioned in the paper have been selected according to Pisarkowa’s attitude to language, its essence, pragmatic-functional-stylistic variety, as well as potential context and purpose which lies beyond its typical usage. Moreover, an attempt has been made at reconstructing Pisarkowa’s views on the range, shape and place of linguistics among humanistic disciplines.

This paper deals with the word-formation of Mayakovsky’s neologisms, the principles of their composition and also the objects subjected to neologization. Attention is also paid to the Nachleben of these neologisms in contemporary Russian, based on the research into the Russian National Corpus. The paper is a result of the analysis of all Mayakovsky’s neologisms listed in A. Humesky’s book Majakovskij and His Neologisms (1964), except for those originated by the simple connection of two words or word components. The results were compared with the most recent work dealing with Mayakovsky’s neologisms, V. N. Valavin’s dictionary (Word-formation of Mayakovsky. An Attempt at a Dictionary of Occasiоnalisms). It is argued that the main word-formation principle is that of composition (substantives and adjectives) and suffixation (verbs), that even today many neologisms show surprising vitality, and also that not all of the neologisms ascribed to Mayakovsky are indeed his authorial creations.

In the modern world, energy poverty is the most bigger problem than financial poverty, because there are a lot of things, which could not be bought for money. At the same time anybody, who has enough energy can not be poor. We can buy and sell energy, i.e. energy can be used as a means of exchange, not for further use in production but a further exchange. Therefore, energy is a more universal asset. Moreover, energy is a philosophy, economic, technical, etc. category that could be considered from many and many perspectives. We do not say about electricity or physical energy. We consider it as the prime matter, the basis of everything. Modern major military and other conflicts, also wars are initiated mostly because of energy souses, not capital. How long modern monetary system will exist? In this research, we study the essence of money through the prism of energy. The purpose of the paper is to discuss the interconnection between money and energy based on trust, money function, and monetary theories. In this study, we did not seek to propose specific mechanisms for using energy instead of money, using it for example as a calculating tool. Our goal was to collect existing research results on energy and interpret them to answer the question of whether energy can be used as a universal equivalent in economic relations in the condition of the absence of a double coincidence of desires. However, significant research work will be required to empirically confirm the possibility of using energy as a currency. It is necessary to investigate the stability of the cost of energy and its volatility in order to answer the question of whether energy can be used as a store of value in the context of its volatility in comparison with fiat money. Technological implementation of payments and accounting for transactions with the energy currency are also very important issues to confirm the money's function in the energy currency system. Each from this area needs a separate study, experiment, and empirical confirmation. The very reason of this paper is to let the idea of the energy philosophy in circulation money out for a wide and deep-going public debate. The results of the work allow considering closer the energy and money in interconnection

Introduction and aims of the study: The aim of this study is to present recent reports on the treatment and therapy of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (ChAD). The current treatment of patients affected by these diseases is difficult and unsatisfactory, therefore it is necessary to find new therapeutic options that will improve the effectiveness of treatment For the purpose of this study, scientific papers were reviewed using the Google Scholar search engine covering studies from 2016 to 2021. A dozen papers covering the scope of the publication were selected. Results: In the treatment of schizophrenia, the use of cannabinoids is of greatest interest due to the action of the preparations on the endocannabinoid system. In the treatment of ChaD, promising reports have been published on the therapy with aripiprazole and the need to improve its use in the treatment of both akathisia and agitation. Furthermore, from the fact that abnormalities of calcium signalling are considered a possible pathophysiological process in ChAD, it has been suggested that calcium channel L antagonists may be potential therapeutic agents in bipolar affective disorder. One study also demonstrated the potential use of vortioxetine in the treatment of patients with a depressive episode. Conclusions: The results of recent studies on the treatment of schizophrenia and ChAD cited in this paper offer the prospect of creating treatment regimens that are more effective and targeted in the aforementioned diseases. However, further randomised trials are needed to confirm the effective use of the cited drugs in the treatment of these diseases.

The physiotherapy process in children is specific and requires much more patience and understanding than in adults. Working with a child is not only related to the physiotherapy of a small patient, but also in a very good cooperation between the parent-physiotherapist. The paper presents selected issues of children's therapy in the light of research papers published in renowned scientific journals dealing with medical issues.

Introduction: Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. There are two forms of bladder cancer: non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and muscle invasive bladder cancer. A common treatment method for non- muscle invasive bladder cancer is intravesical BCG (Mycobaterium bovis) therapy after radical tumor resection. It is estimated that half of patients will have an insufficient response to BCG treatment. Patients using this type of therapy also report side effects more and more often. Aim of the study: The aim of this article is to discuss the latest discoveries in the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer when BCG therapy is insufficient. Material and Methods: The paper was created based on the PubMed and Scholar database. The literature was reviewed using the key words: „bladder cancer”; „BCG”; „treatment”; „side effects”; „novel therapies”. Results: The research shows that novel therapies are effective and safe compared to the use of BCG. In such patients, atezolizumab, metformin or intravesical magnesium sulfate infusions may be used as an alternative. An innovative solution is the use of HIVEC - heated chemotherapy administered intravesically. There are also drugs that potentiate the action of BCG, making the therapy more effective. These include: sasanlimab and rapamycin. Due to the side effects experienced by patients, the use of intravesical BCG is often replaced with intravesical infusions of chemotherapy drugs. Conclusion: The research shows that novel therapies are effective compared to the use of BCG. Unfortunately, more research is needed to standardize the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.

Introduction Ashwagandha, a traditional Indian plant, is gaining increasive attention from scientists worldwide due to its potential health benefits, especially in the context of its antibacterial and anticancer properties. Aim of the study The aim of this review was to discuss recent findings regarding the impact of Withania Somnifera on antibacterial effect and its potential applications in anticancer therapy. Materials and methods: The paper was created based on the Pubmed and Google Scholar database. The literature was reviewed using the keywards: ,,Ashwagandha”, ,,Withania Somnifera”, ,,antibacterial ”, ,,anticancer”, ,,side effects”, ,,breats cancer”. Results Studies have confirmed Withania Somnifera, exhibits significant anticacterial and anticancer effects. It inhibits the growth of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Futhermore, it demonstrates anticancer activity, especially in breast cancer, by stimulating apoptosis, induction of cytotoxic effects on cancerous cells and increasing cell sensitivity to radiation. Conclusion Despite promising results, futher research on the benefits of Ashwagandha, particulary in the long term, is essential. There is growing need of more research of the potencial benefits of Ashwagandha in the treatment of various disorders including cancer and bacterial infections and to develop more effective therapeutic strategies. The need for large randomized studies comparing long term clinical effectiveness is emphasized

Introduction: In the last few years, obesity has become a central issue with more than 2.6 billion people worldwide being overweight or obese. While the risks associated with this condition and its rising significance are widely known, the effect of this attention on screening and treatment remains unsatisfying. This paper explores multiple treatment strategies and evaluates their effectiveness in preventing obesity-related complications. Review methods: We conducted our study as a literature review, with data being gathered via PubMed and Embase. The state of knowledge: Physical activity, behavioral therapy, and proper nutrition remain the foundation for obesity therapy. However, in many cases these approaches are insufficient. Recently, there has been a dynamic development of bariatric surgery, which in comparison to lifestyle modification, results in better long-term effects and improved quality of life. New surgery procedures, such as sleeve gastrectomy and adjustable gastric banding, have shown to be one of the most effective, but they carry a risk of complications. Conclusions: Growing treatment options allow doctors to choose more targeted strategies, based on the patient’s risk factors, overall health status, and compliance. Improvements in surgery, especially laparoscopic techniques have opened new possibilities for patients with morbid obesity.

Introduction and purpose: Citrus bergamia, commonly known as bergamot, is a unique plant native to the Calabria region in Italy, prized for its fragrant fruits and versatile applications. Historically utilized for extracting essential oil, bergamot has garnered attention for its therapeutic properties, particularly its Bergamot-derived Polyphenolic Fraction (BPF), which exhibits lipid-lowering, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive summary of existing research on the therapeutic potential of BPF in humans. Brief description of the state of knowledge: BPF has shown promise in supporting wound healing, alleviating neuropathic pain, and exhibiting antimicrobial properties. Research highlights BPF's role in modulating lipid metabolism, particularly in reducing LDL cholesterol and triglycerides while increasing HDL cholesterol levels. Additionally, BPF demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects, accelerating the recovery process in conditions such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and potentially influencing pathways involved in cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis. Further studies explore BPF's impact on bone metabolism, erectile dysfunction, and its potential in dermatological applications, particularly in counteracting photoaging. Conclusions: While existing studies underscore the promising therapeutic effects of BPF in various medical domains, further research is warranted to establish its efficacy and safety for broader clinical use. Continued investigation on a larger scale holds the potential to develop BPF as a valuable physiotherapeutic strategy across diverse medical fields.

Finger flexor pulley injuries are the most common overuse injuries sustained by climbers. These injuries are caused by forceful gripping techniques specific to climbing, making them uncommon in non-climbing activities. With the growing popularity of climbing, there is a rising need for accurate diagnosis and improved treatment methods. This paper explores current diagnostic techniques, including physical examination, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. It also discusses treatment options, which range from conservative rehabilitation to surgery, depending on the severity of the injury. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of injury prevention through proper warm-up and avoiding excessive strain.

Introduction and purpose: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disease in the female reproductive age. As treatment guidelines include lifestyle changes, various diet types are being evaluated in terms of efficacy among them ketogenic diet (KD) which was also assessed in terms of its influence on another ovarian related disease - ovarian cancer. The aim of this paper is an analysis of the available scientific data in respect of the role of the KD as a part of the therapy of ovarian related disorders. The search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholarship databases. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Ketogenic diet demonstrates favorable effects in the hormonal profile of PCOS-affected women. It was also noticed that its administration results in the reduction of BMI and the improvement in glycemic parameters. Most of the research was conducted by linking the ketogenic diet with the caloric restriction. In the matter of ovarian cancer the results are unclear; some of the research states the improvement of the quality of life of the participants, but there is some alarming data of the possible role of KD in enhancing the tumor growth. Conclusions: Ketogenic diet merits further research as a possible factor in the treatment of PCOS as foregoing results are pointing to its efficacy. Nevertheless, still more data is needed to determine its role as studies were conducted within a short period of time with relatively small research groups. There are also other limitations such as the lack of comparison with other dietary patterns with the caloric deficit which makes it difficult to deduce the main profitable factor. When it comes to ovarian cancer the results of the current data are also unclear and unambiguous with the possible negative effects.

Introduction and purpose: Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), also known as Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, is a rare and complex vascular disorder characterized by abnormal blood vessel formation. It can present significant challenges in diagnosis and management, as it is currently estimated up to 90% of those affected are never diagnosed. Despite its rarity, HHT can carry substantial implications for patients and their families, at times requiring comprehensive medical care and support. This paper aims to provide an in-depth exploration of HHT, encompassing its epidemiology, genetics, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and current management strategies. Moreover, we hope to point out possible areas in need of future research. Description of the state knowledge: HHT is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that affects 1 in 5-10,000 people. Its most prominent symptoms include telangiectasia of skin and mucous membranes, recurrent epistaxis, gastrointestinal bleeding and arteriovenous malformations in vital organs. In the vast majority of cases, it is caused by a mutation in one of the following genes: ENG, ACVRL1, SMAD4; however, mutations in other genes have been described to cause a similar or much the same constellation of symptoms. Treatment options are focused on managing symptoms and improving quality of life, but possible new treatment options are being researched that could change the landscape of HHT management. Summary: HHT is a severely underdiagnosed disease that has seen a surge of researchers’ interest in recent years. We firmly believe that, combined with plummeting costs of genetic testing and possible new treatment options, means that HHT will become increasingly important in physicians’ everyday practice.

Introduction Vegetarianism is an eating pattern centred on plant-based food. It encompasses many diets that differ in terms of whether they contain goods originating from animals, like milk and eggs. Nowadays, vegetarianism is increasing in popularity in developed nations, particularly in Europe. Individuals choose vegetarian diets for reasons related to health, ethics, or ecology. The rising popularity of vegetarian diets is not limited to adults but is also increasing among children. Aim of the study Vegetarian diets are generally considered to be beneficial for health. However, there are concerns over the ability to meet the dietary requirements necessary during infancy, youth, and adolescence on a vegetarian diet. Therefore, the primary aim of this systematic review is to answer questions about the efficacy of a plant-based diet in meeting the nutritional requirements of children and how to avoid the risk of nutritional deficiencies among vegetarian children. Material and methods Article provides an overview of the current literature about the vegetarian diet in children. The information has been collected from a comprehensive search of electronic databases, scientific journals, and statement papers published by nutrition and paediatric organisations. Results Following a vegetarian diet can be a beneficial decision for all children, assuming that it is properly organised and well balanced. The majority of paediatric and nutrition organisations do not recommend more strict diets for children, such as a vegan diet, which fully excludes not only meat but all animal products.

The present paper focuses on one of the less known Czechoslovak tourist organisations. The Czechoslovak Tourist Society was formed relatively late in comparison with the other tourist organisations active in Czechoslovakia, namely in the year 1925. Its membership consisted mainly of members of the middle and lower walks of life of the nation. Accordingly, its primary objective was to offer the less well-off classes cheap participation in group tours, visits to natural beauties of Czechoslovakia or recreational stays in spas, all at minimal membership fees. The membership base of the Czechoslovak Tourist Society had gradually grown, reaching as many as 30 thousandmembers in the period under review. Its members were involved in resistance activities during the Nazi occupation. The Society intended to follow up on its approach to occupiers after the end of the war, when they attempted to gain the leading role among Czechoslovak tourist associations, which increasingly discussed the creation of a unified Czechoslovak tourist organisation. The Czechoslovak Tourist Society lost its independence in 1948, when it was – like other Czechoslovak physical education, sports and tourist organisations – incorporated intoSokol by communists.

IntroductionThe nurse provides medical care for the patient, including nursing, administering medicines and performing injections. She assists the doctor in the process of diagnosis and treatment. The definition of this profession changes as a result of the development of science and increasing expectations of health care. The development of this profession is evidenced by developed models of nursing, which will focus on the practical application of the acquired knowledge.Aim The aim of this work was to present the tasks and competences of nursing and the role of this profession in improving the quality of patient care.Material and methodThe paper uses the method of literature analysis. The material used in the paper comes from publications published in a compact form and scientific articles.ResultsThe review of the collected scientific material showed that nurses have a significant impact on the quality of health care and the functioning of the entire facility. Healthcare institutions belong to organizations in which the quality of services translates into the patient's health and life. Care should therefore be a priority for the entire staff, especially for the nurses who first meet the patient and spend a lot of time with him. Patients expect medical knowledge from nurses first and foremost, but also safety, trust and proper communication.ConclusionsIn recent years, nursing has been constantly changing, which means that people in this profession have to take various actions for their development. Patient expectations are also changing. Their opinion and satisfaction is important for success. A satisfied patient will surely use the services of the facility again.

Austria has quite an experience in vocational CLIL. It has been implemented on a compulsory level, and now it is a method of teaching in about one hundred Austrian schools and this number is rising. In the last few years about three hundred Austrian vocational teachers have successfully completed a CLIL course at Pädagogische Hochschule Wien. The project “CLIL-VET – Implementing the CLIL-VET model in vocational schools” with partners from Poland, Romania and Spain offered a possibility to take a step back and view CLIL in Austria through another perspective. Especially the differences in vocational teaching and language proficiencies of teachers and students in other countries gave us a chance to explore the needs of Austrian vocational CLIL. This paper is a strong call for content in vocational CLIL. The need for improvement roots in different factors, some of which are the language proficiencies of vocational CLIL teachers and students and the CLIL subject’s content. This paper describes two methods of pushing vocational content, both using translanguaging.

The paper adopts a reflective approach to EFL teaching and teacher-training in order to shed light at the interplay between CLIL instruction and the VET context. The paper opens with highlighting the main tenets of CLIL and VET training and signals the former’s origins, basic components and instructional guidelines. It then progresses towards reflectivity as a component of pre-service teacher training, which can (or should) resurface as a token of the reflective teacher-practitioner. The next section (Method and instrument) constitutes, together with the tool in the Appendix, the principal contribution of the paper in that it introduces an approach which may become a blueprint for conducting a reflective analysis of one’s CLIL/VET teaching. In doing so, the section accrues dimensions of reflective (self-)observation and includes: language (and language learning strategies in the context of lexical update; also the ARC division of types of language), content (and the relation between content and different types of language: BICS vs. CALP). The aim of the paper is not only to introduce the instrument but at the same time to bring together notions well-established in mainstream EFL/CLIL instruction and seek their application in the VET context.

With the current massive coverage of Internet technologies and ongoing spread as well as progressively growing influence of social media platforms, it is natural that diplomacy as a sphere could not refrain from this phenomenon. Moreover, not only did it nor abstain, it has harnessed the new opportunities instead. This paper contributes to the debate on the phenomenon of digital diplomacy which has entered the scientific environment relatively recently and has not yet been comprehensively conceptualized into a single and globally recognized theory. In this paper we study how digital diplomacy is organized and implemented in the Czech Republic. The paper focuses on the approach of the Czech Republic to digital diplomacy, the country’s implementation of its tools and digital diplomacy is embedded within the foreign policy of the state. The author provides an overview of the legal framework underlying development of digital diplomacy in the Czech Republic. The paper also outlines the institutional system operating in the sphere and how its elements contribute to the attainment of the goals typically set up by digital diplomacy. Finally, the author defines the projects created by the Czech governmental and non-governmental bodies aiming at strengthening the image of the country and promoting its brand for the foreign audiences using online tools and solutions. The paper also offers the analysis of efficiency of the primary digital diplomacy tools applied by the Czech Republic in its foreign policy and provides recommendations and conclusions based on the data included for the research.

On the basis of legal, environmental, social, and economic factors, reverse logistics and closed-loop supply chain issues have attracted attention among both academia and practitioners. A growing number of publications is an expression of reverse logistics trend in the literature which has been lasted for around 40 years. Hence, a comprehensive literature review of recent and state-of-the-art papers is vessential to draw a framework of the past, and to support researchers in their works by indicating journals or adequate references. The aim of this paper was to prepare appropriate literature review procedure and following it to review all papers whose main topis was reverse logistics. The papers were analyzed and categorized to construct a useful foundation of past research with respect to the scale of number of research on reverse logistics, considering stages of reverse logistics development, targeted journals, main research centres and leading countries. Moreover there were reccommended the most valuable papers as references.

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) holds the potential to transform Pakistan along with its turbulent regional environment. In the short run, the multiple networks of infrastructure that the project provides will eventually improve Pakistan-European Union (EU) trade. Moreover, while the CPEC is unlikely to bring an immediate strategic shift in the bilateral dialogue, which is particularly lacking in political dynamics, its long-run promises can help to foster such dynamics. The project, if successful, can help Pakistan to establish a peaceful domestic environment and subsequently promote the country’s fresh image to reverse its softpower losses in Europe and beyond. This paper investigates contemporary Pakistan-EU relations, which have so far attracted little attention from international relations scholars. It presents the bilateral dynamics in the context of the CPEC, which is an unprecedented investment by China in Pakistan. The paper concludes by shedding light on the differences between China’s and the EU’s strategies vis-à-vis Pakistan. Despite the fact that the study focuses on one particular South Asian state, it can serve as a case study for the comparative analysis of China’s and the EU’s presence in third countries, especially those that, like Pakistan, have joined the Belt and Road Initiative.

In this paper we offer structural draft of poetic style which is based on three descriptive parametars. These are lyrical subject, poetic text and metaphore. Lyrical subject is viewed in the relation to the author and like a derivation of poetic text. Poetic text is based on unity of content and style and metaphore is based on Jakobsonian paradigma like micro-and macrometaphore. These descriptive parametars are distributed in many organisational and projective parametars so that the structural style concept would be analythicaly functional and operational effective in pedagocial and academic study of lyric. Theoretical and methodological frames of this paper are based on linguostylistics, text stylistics, stylistics of the literal media and stylistics of discourse.

It is generally assumed that a good knowledge of the legal field is a prerequisite to deliver legal translations. This paper will challenge this assumption by presenting a case study with third-year bachelor's students who participated in a translation project. The students, enrolled in a course in translation practice, were trained in corpus consultation at the beginning of the academic year. Nearly at the end, they translated an extract of a supply contract without being trained in the legal field. They consulted a pre-compiled offline corpus and online bilingual dictionaries. The paper findings highlight that knowledge of the legal field would have certainly helped the students make more informed decisions and avoid some mistranslations. However, the major shortcomings were actually due to ineffective corpus or dictionary consultation. In particular, formulaic expressions and collocations were neglected. In light of the paper findings, it can be speculated that in translation training, effective corpus consultation may help users deliver high-quality legal translations. It also seemed that thorough knowledge of the legal field is not a prerequisite, at least as far as short texts are concerned.

Feature film as an educational tool in developing multicultural communication skills: The issue of the Turkish minority in Germany The goal of this paper is to stress the increasing importance of multicultural aspects in language education. Acquisition and development of multicultural competence must be a natural component of language teaching. This paper focuses on multiculturalism in German‑speaking countries, especially on the Turkish minority in Germany. It aims at finding an answer to the question how the plot of a feature movie may be used not only as language training material, but also as a source of culture specific information about a multicultural community.

Romanticism, Realism and Translator’s Dilemmas in the World of Phantasy and Horror The paper presents an analysis of several translations of two classic short stories from the Romantic era: The Golden Pot (Der goldne Topf) by E.T.A Hoffmann and The Viy (Vij) by Nicolai Gogol. The stories display many similarities as to their motifs and formal features: both main heroes, young students, encounter mysterious women equipped with magical powers; both have to struggle against mystic, daemonic creatures; furthermore, both of them balance on the verge of reality and a fantastic world populated by magic creatures. The coexistence of a realistic and an imaginary level in Gogol’s and Hoffmann’s texts poses a challenge for translators. One of them is the choice of equivalents of words and phrases referring to geographically, temporally and culturally specific objects anchored in the reality of Germany and Ukraine in the 19th century; furthermore, a careful translation strategy is needed in order to render the magic atmosphere of the supernatural world created by the author’s imagination, but inspired by local mythology. The paper analyzes and compares strategies and techniques employed in translations of the German novella into Russian, the Russian one into German, and in Polish and English versions of both stories.

The objective of this paper is to show how the solutions suitable for traditional scholarly editing may work in the digital environment. The central issue of the article is to present the ways of adjusting the annotations (the footnotes in particular) to the rules of scholarly digital editing, and especially to the TEI technical standard. The paper aims to answer the following questions:– how to make use of the possibilities offered by TEI elements and attributes?– can the descriptions associated with TEI elements replace traditional foot- or endnotes?– why do traditional footnotes, once incorporated into digital editing, require further reworking, sometimes both editorial and factual?

The transport structure of a region is a necessary condition for its development, so, its significance increases along with the reinforcement of globalization and integration processes. The study is relevant because the growth of the numerous cargo companies highlights the necessity of transport and logistics systems creation, which are able to function as a transport complex. This complex should not only perceive and use new market technologies in its activity, but also generate them, taking into consideration their internal needs in real time. The purpose of the research paper is to rationalize the necessity of the complex development of a region, considering the optimal choice of strategic priorities for regional transport and logistics systems aimed at optimization of material flows. The paper also contributes to the development of a logistics strategy of a region along with the creation of a balance set of policies and a developed logistics infrastructure of a region that would allow to ensure the higher level of regional logistics system development. The author has developed the algorithm of the logistic system product distribution (LSPD) that functions in two directions. The first one functions along with the creation of the system, when goals and necessary resources are being studied, so, the development and selection of the LSPD functioning options take place. The second direction occurs when the LSPD has been already developed, so, its main purpose becomes the permanent monitoring of its state and providing necessary adjustments. The complex of qualitative and quantitative parameters, that reflect the efficiency of supply chains are also developed by the author. They allow to diagnose the development of the logistic system product distribution. The author concludes that analyzing the dynamics and the structure of material flows, such factors as the character of regional specifics, the features of logistic and consumer goods, the degree of the region involvement in the interregional exchange and foreign economic activity, and the level of transport and communication system development should be taken into consideration. The main reasons for cargo limitations of the Black Sea region have been revealed. The beneficial geographical location of the Black Sea node, that caused its significant role in overall Ukrainian transport system, is highlighted. As a result of the research, the author concludes that along with the creation of the regional model of transport and logistics complexes such principles as synergy, integrity, complexity, innovation development and diversification should be taken into account. They would provide clear coherence of the regional economy stakeholders in order to achieve the common goal that is to implement the strategic plan of regional development and to increase standard of living of the region.

The article aims to outline the role of literary periodicals in the social system of literature from a perspective of processes that take part in the accumulation of both cultural capital and social capital. In this sense, the paper is an attempt to incorporate a sociological perspective into the theory of literature in order to provide a more informed view on social and cultural processes that are mediated by literary periodicals of diversified kind. By referring to the notions of embodied and institutional cultural capital (Pierre Bourdieu) as well as social capital (Robert D. Putnam, Francis Fukuyama), the paper examines the dialectic of system reproduction and morphogenetic change in terms of processes that organize the functioning of literature conceived of a specific kind of social system.

Already in 17th century, Ph. Couplet (1623–1693) used Ciceronian terminology to interprete the texts of Confucian philosophy, including that of Mencius (372–289 BCE), an important philosopher especially in terms of understanding Chinese ethics and morals. This paper attempts to read Mencius’ political term “empire” in the context of political philosophy. The paper observes Mencius’s political idea with help of that of Cicero. For this, it demostrates how and why Mencius introduces the ren as a principle of Kingship and the building of Empire. According to him, the ren is a core principle in operating the empire that was formulated with the tianxia (“all-under-heaven”). However, the ren is an ambivalent concept. On one side, the ren is a universal value that stands fundamentally against violence. On the other side, historically to see, the ren was an imperial ideology, because as a part of the “all-under-heaven” policy represented by Mencius was de facto nothing but a regional hegemon.

Athletic operates on the basis of a particular system of knowledge that has in its contentthe theoretical and methodological foundations of sport training (Rashiti N, Nika F, Bekolli L, Heta G.) 2017. Athletic is one of the types of sports, with complex and applicable character, consisting of large groups, which include different athletic types, with similar characteristics among them; our treatment is athletic decathlon.(Dibra F.)2006. The decathlon is a complexcombined event in athletic consisting of ten track and field events.Olympic men’s decathlons are divided into a two-day competition. The evaluation is done by points.Men’s decathlonconsists of:100m,Long jump,Shot put,High jump, 400m (Day 1); 110m hurdles,Discus throw,Pole vault,Javelin throw,1500m(Day 2).The main purpose of this paper was to verify that from the disciplines of the Decathlon:Long jump,Shot put,High jump, Discus throw,Pole vault,Javelin throw and1500m,as predictor (independent) variables will have an impact on the performance of specific motor tasks, respectively the execution of disciplines pertaining to short-distance running:100m, 110m hurdles and 400mas well as to determine the impact of these short-distance running to the final result of the decathlon knowing that these disciplines in athletics are largely genetically determined.(Misja B.) 2012The sample for the purposes of this paper will include 10 first contestants of decathlons World Championship: September 27 and October 6, 2019 in Doha, Qatar.In this research, after obtaining a statistically significant multiple correlation (R = 0.936) it is necessary to search for the coefficient in the (Beta) column as well as the (t-test) value indicating the influence of each predictor variable (independent) in the dependent or criterion variable 400m.We can emphasize that the test (F-test) is always more valuable if the multiplex correlation is greater, in this case it is significant (Sig = 0.000), because the value of the F-test is 15,347.A statistically significant multiple correlation was obtained (R = 0.958); it is necessary to search for the coefficient in the (Beta) column as well as the (t-test) value indicating the influence of each predictor (independent) variable in the dependent variable or criterion 110 m.In this research, after obtaining a statistically significant multiple correlation (R = 0.958), it is necessary to search for the coefficient in the (Beta) column as well as the (t-test) value indicating the influence of each predictor variable (independent) in the dependent or criterion variable) 100 m.