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The specific traits of the methodology of theology as well as the peculiarities of its scientific knowledge inevitably influence the extralinguistic and intralinguistic features of theological scientific works, which is especially reflected in the lexical layer. Tis paper deals with the analysis of the vocabulary of popular scientific theological works of eminent authors in the Serbian language in relation to academic papers as basic representatives of the scientific style of theology. The results obtained by statistical analysis of the vocabulary of the works of the two mentioned substyles enabled their contrastive analysis. In addition, atypical elements were pointed out – the expressive and emotional markers and stylistic figures of popular science theological works.

In the mid 1920s, Virginia Woolf was engaged in a dispute with the American critic Logan Pearsall Smith on “the ethics of writing articles at high rates for fashion papers”. Harper’s Bazaar, a commercial magazine to which Woolf contributed four short stories between 1930 and 1939, was a feminine periodical that exploited modernism’s distinction and high cultural capital to captivate a sophisticated, but essentially middle-class, readership by selling the illusion of upward cultural mobility. Although Woolf referred to her high-quality contributions to Harper’s Bazaar as “pot boiling stories for America” written “to make money”, it seems clear that her own engagement with a middlebrow publishing venue did not in the least affect her reputation as a highbrow intellectual and was indeed typical of the multifaceted, reciprocal relationship between the magazine and high modernism in a context in which mobility also meant redrawing the boundaries between intellectual and popular culture. The publication of modernist content within the glossy pages of Harper’s Bazaar was advantageous to both modernists seeking to maintain their celebrity status and the periodical itself, which attempted to cultivate and sustain a refined audience. Much in line with her work of the 1930s, Woolf’s short stories engaged with social and ethical issues such as the righteousness of penetrating other people’s lives and innermost truths (“In the Looking Glass”), violence and decay (“The Shooting Party”), capitalism and antisemitism (“The Duchess and the Jeweler”), human and non-human worlds (“Lappin and Lapinova”). Though often considered as non-canonical in terms of both their rather prosaic plot as well as characterisation, and the commercial venue in which they appeared, the stories Woolf wrote for Harper’s Bazaar reflect the preoccupations of the last decade of her career and are indicative of the tensions between high and low in modernist culture.

SYSTEMATIC BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PAPERS ON PUBLISHED DIALECT MATERIAL

The specific traits of the methodology of theology as well as the peculiarities of its scientific knowledge inevitably influence the extralinguistic and intralinguistic features of theological scientific works, which is especially reflected in the lexical layer. Tis paper deals with the analysis of the vocabulary of popular scientific theological works of eminent authors in the Serbian language in relation to academic papers as basic representatives of the scientific style of theology. The results obtained by statistical analysis of the vocabulary of the works of the two mentioned substyles enabled their contrastive analysis. In addition, atypical elements were pointed out – the expressive and emotional markers and stylistic figures of popular science theological works.

Traditionally legal discourse has been perceived as an area of human activity where every attempt is made to speak or write precisely, clearly and unambiguously—i.e. no room is left for figurative language. In this context the use of metaphor is naturally unacceptable. With the change in the approach to metaphor as a mental phenome­non, rather than a language phenomenon or a means of embellishing the text, the study of metaphor in various types of discourse has received a new impetus. This ar­ticle addresses the issue of conceptual metaphor translation in the legal discourse of EU White Papers. Metaphorical expressions are categorized into cognitive domains such as dealing with a problem is war, a problem is an enemy, responsibility is a burden, pro­gress is a motion forward, etc. The analysis confirms the hypothesis that if metaphorical expressions exploit the same cognitive domain both in English and Lithuanian, me­taphoricity is fully preserved in translation. Where cognitive domains differ, metap­horicity manifests itself in a different domain or is lost altogether.

Îndelungata stare de fragmentarism teritorial şi de separatism politic între români a generat o criză a conştiinţelor liderilor din spaţiul românesc, tensiune din care s-a cristalizat ideea „daco-românismului”. Aceasta s-a concretizat prin iniţierea unei lupte naţionale, în special în spaţiul transilvănean, al cărei punct final a fost constituirea unei Românii întregite, rotunda şi adevărata patrie a tuturor românilor, care a reuşit să fixeze, în memoria urmaşilor, fireştile sale contururi geografice la 1 decembrie 1918. Astfel, ideea „daco-românismului” a devenit coşmarul guvernelor maghiare din perioada dualistă, neamul românesc fiind proiectat, potrivit acestei „legi nescrise” de la nivelul mentalului colectiv al elitei româneşti, ca un tot unitar, graniţele artificiale reuşind să despartă persoane, dar nu şi simţămintele sufleteşti fireşti. Esenţială şi necesară pentru transformarea vechii idei a „daco-românismului” în principiu politic-cultural a fost sinteza cultural-naţională a românilor din monarhia austro-ungară şi a celor din Vechiul Regat, care a pregătit conştiinţele pentru actul istoric de la 1 decembrie 1918. „Daco-românismul” a avut marele merit de a fi chemat la reflexie angajată în jurul unor idei majore, precum: „istorie”, „naţiune”, „neam”, „confesiune”, „conştiinţă naţională”, „limbă”, „cultură”, „politică”, ce-şi resemnifică mereu, pentru fiecare dintre vremuri în parte, conţinuturile. Cuvinte-cheie: naţiune, mişcare naţională, drepturi politice, unitate, modernitate, idei politice, intelectualitate.

Contemporary school systems are in the process of reform the aim of which is, among other things, the development of inclusive policies and educational practice. The development of inclusive educational practice implies introducing changes in the school structure and organisation, the conception and realisation of teaching and school activities, as well as changes in teachers’ work. The changes in the way teachers work refer, among other things, to a specific number of new assignments and activities that should be carried out in direct cooperation with other key actors in inclusive education. The paper presents an overview of teachers’ activities and assignments that are stated in expert sources as particularly important in working with students with disabilities, students of typical development, fellow teachers, other experts in the school system, and parents of students with disabilities. Based on the overview, the authors point out that the development of the practice of education of students with disabilities in regular schools, as an important component of inclusive education, implies a redefinition of the role of teachers in the teaching process and school work. A separate section in the paper is dedicated to the explanation of the relevance of preparing teachers to act successfully in schools and the importance of teacher training for inclusive education that should also involve the rethinking and changing teachers’ professional attitudes and beliefs.

Казакевич Г.М. Видеть разрешенное: фотография и цензура в Российской империи. Целью исследования является рассмотрение истории становления государственного регулирования оборота фотографических изображений в Российской империи и выявление особенностей его применения на практике. Для описания основных механизмов госу- дарственной политики России в отношении фотографического дела использованы традиционные принципы и методы исторического исследования, такие как историзм, системность, критический анализ источников и т. д. Выяснение влия- ния цензурной политики на повседневные практики фотографов-профессионалов и фотолюбителей осуществляется с помощью подходов микроистории. Новизна исследования объясняется постановкой актуальной проблемы и отсутстви- ем подобных работ в историографии. В статье отмечено, что цензурное ведомство было призвано контролировать созда- ние, тиражирование и распространение фотографий и фоторепродукций с целью ограничения доступа населения к изоб- ражениям, угрожающим, по мнению властей, общественной морали, государственному устройству, интересам православ- ной церкви и правящей династии. Автор приходит к выводу, что, будучи крайне строгой с формальной точки зрения, цензурная политика не способна была решить возложенные на нее государством задачи. На практике, механизм контроля действовал неэффективно и лишь создавал дополнительную бюрократическую волокиту, что и привело, в конечном ито- ге, к его частичной ликвидации.In the late 19th – early 20th cc. the Russian imperial authorities were concerned with the fast expansion of the photography. As a result, the public administra- tion undertook efforts to get the new technology under the censor- ship control. The aim of the article is to reveal the theory and practice of the governmental regulation of photography in the Rus- sian empire. Basing on the wide range of archival sources, the author uses traditional methods of the historical study to describe the photography censorship in Russia and employs the approach of microhistory to find out how the censorship affected the everyday life of professional and amateur photographers. The lack of the studies devoted to the relationship between the public authorities and photography in the Russian empire determines the scientific novelty of the paper. From the early 1860ties, both private persons who owned cameras and commercial photographic studios were placed under surveillance of the inspector of publishing facilities and bookstores. Professional photographers were obliged to put their names on all images they produced and keep an account of all their clients. Any photographic activity outside the studio required a special permis- sion of the local authorities. Only members of the photographic societies were allowed to take pictures everywhere in Russia (with an exception of military objects and borderlands) having no certifi- cate from the local governor’s office. Taking and publishing pic- tures of the ruling dynasty members and their residences required a special permission as well. The censorship controlled sharing of the photographic reproductions of the fine art works. The paintings, which (from the censor’s perspective) either propagated revolution- ary and separatist ideas or threatened the reputation of the monar- chy and Orthodox Church, were prevented from exhibiting. The local authorities used to confiscate the photographic reproductions of such paintings. As far as erotic materials were banned com- pletely, the censors paid special attention to any photographic im- ages depicting nudity. The author comes to conclusion, that despite the regulations were strict, the whole system of the state control over the photography was rather ineffective. Having no single law defining benchmarks for evaluating the pictures or even a list of the images banned throughout an empire, the censors used to act selec- tively. Furthermore, in big cities, such as Kyiv, they were too busy to control dozens of photographic studios and amateur photogra- phers. As a result, both photographers and local civil servants ig- nored most of the regulations.

Bu makalenin konusu Osmanlı Devleti’nde 1845 yılında ihdas edilmiş olan damgalı kâğıt yani evrak-ı sahiha uygulamasıdır. Makale, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda evrak-ı sahiha uygulamasının tedavüldeki resmi evrakların tekelleşmesi şekli olduğunu savunmaktadır. Evrak-ı sahihanın neden ve nasıl ihdas edildiğini arşiv dokümanları ışığında incelemeye çalışacaktır. Bu noktada mali ihtiyacın nasıl kurum ihdasına yol açtığı betimlenecektir. Makale bu kurumun nasıl tekel karakteri kazandığını ve düşük gelirler nedeniyle 1882 yılında lağvedildiğini açıklamaya çabalayacaktır. Tanzimat dönemi bütçe açıkları Osmanlı mali bürokrasisini yeni gelir kaynakları bulmaya sevk etmiştir. Mali bürokrasi bütçe açıklarını kapatmak için tedavüldeki resmi evrakların yayım, satım ve hatta basımını tek elde toplamış, damgalı kâğıt kullanımını tebaa için zorunlu kılmıştır. İlk evrak-ı sahiha nizamnamesinin ilan edildiği 1861 yılından önceki kurumsallaşma sürecinde damgalı kâğıt gelirleri beklenilen seviyenin altında kalmıştır. Düşük seviyedeki gelirleri yükseltmek için 1861 evrak-ı sahiha nizamnamesi ilan edilmiştir. Fakat bu nizamnameden sonra da nakliye vasıtalarının yokluğu dolayısıyla taşrada evrak arzı talebi karşılayamamıştır. Bu durum da evrak-ı sahiha gelirlerinin dramatik bir şekilde düşüşüne neden olmuştur. Nihayetinde, evrak-ı sahiha tekeli 1882 yılında lağvedilmiştir. Sonuçta, bu makale evrak-ı sahiha tekelinin tedavüldeki adi kâğıdın yerine damgalı kağıt ikame etmede başarısız olduğunu ortaya koyacaktır.

Alfabenin değiştirilmesi ile ilgili tartışmalar Tanzimat ile başlamış, İkinci Meşrutiyet ve Cumhuriyet döneminde de devam etmiştir. Cumhuriyetin ilan edilmesinden sonra yapılan inkılâp hareketlerinden biri de 1 Kasım 1928’de “Türk Harflerinin Kabul ve Uygulanması Hakkında Kanun” adıyla Latin harflerinin kabul edilmesidir. Harf İnkılabı’ndan sonra halk, farklı yerlerde açılan yeni harf kurslarıyla Latin harflerini tanımaya başlamıştır. Konya’da Latin Harflerinin öğrenilmesinde ve halkın teşvik edilmesinde Babalık Gazetesi yaptığı yayın ve haberlerle büyük bir çaba sarf etmiştir. 1 Kasım 1928 de Harf İnkılâbının kabul edilmesinden sonra, 1 Ocak 1929’dan itibaren Millet Mekteplerinin açılmasıyla her kesimden halkın yeni harfleri öğrenme faaliyetleri bu açılan mekteplerde sürdürülmüş, Konya şehir merkezinde ilçe ve köylerinde kadın erkek yaşlı, genç açılan A ve B kurslarında yeni harfleri tanıyarak Millet Mektebi diplomaları almışlardır. Latin harflerinin tüm yurtta halka öğretilmesinde ve okuryazarlık oranının artırılmasında katkısı yadsınamayacak Millet Mekteplerinin 1935 yılına gelindiğinde işlerliği oldukça azalmıştır.

Türkiye’de bağımsız denetim faaliyetleri, Türkiye Denetim Standartlarına göre yapılmakta olup, söz konusu bu standartlar Kamu Gözetimi Kurulu tarafından uluslararası standartlarla uyumlu olarak oluşturulmuş ve Resmi Gazete de yayınlanarak yürürlüğe konulmuştur. Kamu Gözetimi Kurumu tarafından yetkilendirilen "Bağımsız Denetim Kuruluşları" ve "Bağımsız Denetçiler" bağımsız denetim faaliyetini gerçekleştirmekte olup, söz konusu bu faaliyetleri sırasında işletmenin iddialarına dayanak oluşturacak birçok kanıt, belge vb. toplamak durumundadırlar. Bu belgeler ve bilgiler denetim kanıtlarıdır. Bağımsız denetçinin topladığı belgeye dayalı denetim kanıtlarının tamamı çalışma kağıtları olarak adlandırılır. Denetim raporuna temel olan çalışma kağıtları, denetçinin görüşünü destekleyen ve denetimin uluslararası denetim standartlarına uygun olarak yapıldığının kanıtını sağlayacak önemli konuların belgelendirmesidir. Bu bağlamda Kamu Gözetimi Kurumu tarafından bağımsız denetimin belgelendirilmesine ilişkin bir tebliğ yayınlanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, denetimde mesleğinde büyük önem taşıyan çalışma kağıtlarını 230 No’lu Uluslararası denetim standardı esas alınarak tanıtmaktır. Çalışmada denetimde belgelendirme kavramına değinilmiş ve çalışma kağıdı örneklerine yer verilmiştir.

The main goal of this paper is to contribute to an overall understanding of the phenomenon of globalisation of higher education. Given that in our country the globalisation of higher education has been approached without attempting to provide a more comprehensive definition of the phenomenon, in the first part of the paper, the basic elements and domains that provide the basis for a more complete definition of the globalisation of higher education will be listed and a difference will be made in relation to similar phenomena, such as internationalisation and Europeanisation. Apart from a more comprehensive understanding of globalisation by pointing out its epistemological foundations in the papers from the end of the 20th century, which the domestic scientific public did not pay enough attention to, the paper also provides an overview of approaches to the study of the impact of globalisation on higher education, both the initial ones, which were developed by international organisations, and the academic ones, which enabled a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon of globalisation of higher education. By contributing to a more comprehensive definition of the observed phenomenon, in this paper we intend to contribute to a broader understanding of the phenomenon of globalisation relative to the current view in which globalisation is understood as a modern phenomenon and its impact on higher education is observed after a certain period in which it supposedly arises. The paper affirms the claim that globalisation is just a new name for a phenomenon that has existed in modern civilisation for much longer than the end of the 20th century, and the expansion of higher education contributed to its genesis.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the concept and model of parental involvement in the research on students’ educational achievement. The concept of parental involvement arose in the field of educational policies of the English-speaking countries and market-oriented education systems. Research has shown that different forms of parental involvement have significant effects on school learning outcomes. The Coleman Report in the US and the policy of “educational parentocracy” in the UK significantly stimulated research in this area. The review of the relevant literature confirms the multidimensionalityof the concept of parental involvement which includes parental support for school learning at home and at school, as well as structural and relational aspects. The paper presents two most prominent models of parental involvement in children’s education – the model of overlapping spheres of influence and the so-called DNA or dual navigation model. In the concluding section of the paper, the authors state that the existing conceptualizations and models of parental involvement include different types of parental activities, which is important for the creation and evaluation of school programs of parental involvement. As a consequence of the dominance of the Anglo-American conceptual and research framework, on the one hand, an interdisciplinary approach in the field of research on parental involvement in children’s education is highlighted. On the other hand, an authentic pedagogical view of the goals and effects of parental involvement in education as a subject of study of autonomous science in the tradition of continental Europe has been neglected. It is expected that future research will reaffirm those aspects of education that make it precisely “educational”. Relying on pedagogical principles and goals of education in building family-school relationships is a missing link in the existing agenda of global education policy.

The goal of this paper is to determine the degree and direction of the correlation between the self-evaluation of the fifth-grade elementary school students and their success in the classroom. The paper presents the results of the research on students’ self-evaluation and their success in the classroom obtained on a sample of 208 fifth-grade elementary school students from the territory of the city of Banja Luka. An assessment scale was used for the purposes of the research and knowledge tests for the school subjects Serbian Language and Science and Social Studies were prepared. In line with the character of the research, the method of theoretical analysis and synthesis, the survey research method, and the analytical-descriptive method were applied. The results obtained using the Pearson Correlation Coefficient confirmed that students’ self-evaluation is significantly related to their general success at the end of the first term of the fifth grade of elementary school, their success at the end of the first semester in the subjects Serbian Language and Science and Social Studies, and achievements on the knowledge tests for the same school subjects. The obtained results indicate the importance of introducing student self-evaluation in the educational process in the field of achieving better results at school. However, the fact that self-evaluation is not sufficiently represented in our schools is a downside of this research, indicating a need for additional study and research of student self-evaluation, followed by its systematic introduction into educational practice.

The article examines the notion of drama as a genre category in European and ancient Indian theatrical theory. The analysis of ancient texts, foremost the treatise of the Nāṭyaśāstra, which can be considered the most authoritative primary source for the study of classical Indian poetics, forms the basis of the research. This paper identifies Sanskrit analogues of such fundamental concepts of Western literary theory as “drama,” “genre,” “performance,” “scenicism,” “literariness,” etc. The closest analogical to European definitions of drama and genre Sanskrit notions are investigated in depth. They are primarely nāṭya and prayoga — two terms used to define various performative aspects of the play. Another notion studied in the paper is rūpa, which originally stood for “scenario” and, later on, for textual and literary format of the staged play. Due to its universality, the same term functioned as the general definition of ten “exemplary” spectacular forms. Finally, the category of vṛtti is discussed, employed in the Nāṭyaśāstra for the characterization of stylistic features of early mysterial performances and, later on, of classical Sanskrit plays. The scope of the paper does not limit itself to bringing to light and discussing these various notions. The ultimate goal is to highlight the differences between Eastern and Western poetological systems and to point out fundamental issues arising from the non-critical use of European terminology when interpreting and investigating ancient Indian aesthetics.

The focus of the paper is on the fate of a special police unit and its members. Before World War II, the civilian response work in the present sense took place within the framework of the police in Hungary. Within the framework of the Budapest Metropolitan Police Commissariat, the task of the Political Police Department was to carry out the prevention work. By the end of the 1930s, it was clear that Germany, an ally on paper, was active in Hungary. Thus, when the Wehrmacht occupied Hungary on March 19, 1944, one of the first steps the invading SS and SD units have taken was to arrest the police officers working against the Germans. At the same time, many police officers have anticipated the continuation of their careers, moreover, a progress in it after the German occupation. The State Security Police, established at that time, served the occupiers and participated in the Holocaust. Typically, they continued to work in 1945 to wrap up an anti-state conspiracy. The mentioned German-arrested police officers were detained for weeks and then deported. In 1945, they were liberated by US troops and then entered the CIC to find the Hungarian war criminals. Finally, the study dealt with the post-war fate and career of the policemen featured in the article.

Yugoslav and German “questions” emerged in the early 1950s as specific issues in international politics marked by the Cold War. Through them, the strengths of the opposing blocs led by the superpowers, the USA and the USSR, were measured in various ways and with different intensities. This paper attempts to reconstruct and analyze the initial phase of the relationship between Yugoslav Communists and German Social Democrats, from the establishment of closer contacts to the change in the foreign policy situation after Stalin’s death. The paper is mainly based on research using unpublished archived materials from domestic sources and relevant domestic and foreign literature.

The paper calls into question the development of the digital competence of future philologists, taking into account the Turkish and Ukrainian experiences. The study of digital competence development is attracting increasing interest due to a growing need for experts capable of processing the enormous streams of continuously transmitted information and experts willing to improve their digital skills for professional growth. The purpose of the study is to broaden the current knowledge about the ways of developing digital competence. In this respect, the paper investigates two systems of future philologists' training in Ukraine and Turkey in the Digital Tools for Translation course. The authors analyze the experience of the Turkish and Ukrainian higher education institutions regarding the use of appropriate ICT tools using theoretical and empirical methods. Fifty-two future philologists from Turkey and Ukraine took part in the research. The study presents the results from observing the training and interviews with Ukrainian and Turkish students. The Shapiro-Wilcoxon method (non-parametric criterion) was used to verify the results. An analysis has highlighted the positive experience of Turkish universities, which can be implemented in future philologists training in Ukrainian universities. The findings of this study support the idea that the insufficient level of digital competence development lengthens and complicates the period of adaptation of graduates to modern working conditions. The authors found that the integration of Ukrainian higher education into the European higher education area occurs in times of globalization and the digitalization of society, which radically changes the nature of many activities. This research has clearly shown that digital competence development is more effective with the implementation of a holistic approach when students enhance digital competence while acquiring all other competencies. Our research suggests that the digitalization of education reduces the gap between graduates' digital competence level and modern society's expectations.

Enrolment exam for music schools is an important moment when a child potentially, in parallel with attending general education, starts attending specialized, music education. In this paper we are questioning the existing concept of evaluating rhythmic abilities within the entrance exam for music schools. This evaluation currently includes duplicating rhythmical patterns, performed through one of two tasks: first one involves clapping the beat while performing the rhythmical patterns vocally, using the neutral syllable and the second one includes duplicating rhythmical patterns only through clapping. Nevertheless, in pedagogical practice the choice between the two tasks is usually arbitrary, since it is assumed that the results on both types of tasks would be similar. Furthermore, the level of difficulty of the given patterns within the test is arbitrary, since the teachers are usually inventing them „in situ“ for each child. All respondents are evaluated in the same way, regardless of their age (which usually varies from 6 to 8). The aim of this paper is to contribute to the potential improvement of the quality and fairness of the enrolment exam for all participants, through investigation of the possible differences in the results of the same participants on two types of tests and comparing the results between the tasks with different level of difficulty, between the three age groups of children and between the two genders. The research was carried out within both – elementary school and preschool facilities in Belgrade and the sample consisted of 278 children. The results revealed that participants were more successful in the first type of task. Statistically significant differences were found between participants of different gender in their achievement in favour of girls and also between participants of different age groups, in favour of the second graders. Pedagogical implications were defined, regarding (1) transformation of traditional testing procedures regarding evaluating children’s rhythmical abilities within enrolment exams in Serbian music schools, as а base for optimal selection of children and indirectly, optimal results of the teaching process in music schools and (2) the content of teaching and activities in elementary schools and preschools in the field of rhythm.

The Curriculum for Music Education in primary and high schools includes Serbian music in the 20th century, both modern and postmodern, as a teaching topic. The opus of the composers such as Ludmila Frajt, Ljubica Marić, and Isidora Žebeljan has left an indelible mark on Serbian music and has become part of the world’s musical heritage. However, their creative work is not adequately represented in the teaching practice of primary and secondary schools, nor in the Curriculum that prescribes and suggests the selection of compositions for singing and listening. A special emphasis is placed on their individual and unique music style, the preservation and interpretation of Serbian folklore heritage and spirituality in their creative work, as well as on the educational and pedagogical potential of their work within the framework of general music education. The representation of the work of these artists in teaching practice, teacher training for practical implementation of these teaching topics, teachers’ attitudes and motivation – all these elements are the subject of the qualitative research presented in this paper. The research was conducted by means of an online survey of seventeen music education teachers, i.e., members of the Association of Music Education Teachers of Serbia, using the digital tool Google Forms. The paper will provide a summative and descriptive presentation of the results of the survey consisting of a total of twenty-one questions. Considering the artistic, educational, and pedagogical significance of the composers’ work, the authors of the paper have articulated paradigmatic methodological guidelines for teaching this topic, within the framework of educational standards and the Curriculum for Music Education, with a focus on the development of competencies and targeted outcomes.

Encouraged by the facts from a segment of an earlier research of music examples according to genre in Music Education textbooks, the authors of the paper decided to analyse the content of the latest editions of textbooks published by different publishers in order to collect the most up-to-date facts and get relevant information about the diversity of music examples according to genre in the process of developing music literacy and multicultural literacy of students in the lower grades of primary school. The research focuses on printed textbook units (N=24) from the latest textbook sets for grades 1-4 of primary school published by six publishing houses (Zavod za udžbenike, Klet, Beogradski izdavačko-grafički zavod, Kreativni centar, Logos, and Vulkan znanje). The research is important not only because of the research instruments used (music genre categorisation and a survey questionnaire ‒ ŽUMK 2022), the obtained results on the usefulness and the level of using music examples according to genre for developing students’ music literacy and multicultural literacy, but also because it was the first time that primary school teachers (N=132) from 10 primary schools in four cities in the territory of South-East Serbia (Novi Pazar, Raška, Sjenica, and Tutin) were included in the research. The results of the combined empirical research: а) аnalysis of printed textbook units of different publishers for the subject Music Education and b) opinions of primary school teachers regarding genre diversity are the same in some segments and different in others. The survey of primary school teachers attitudes was conducted using Google Forms. The aim of the paper is to present, based on the quantitative analysis of the identified music content categorised in terms of genre and the attitudes of the primary school teachers, the facts related to the genre diversity of music examples (rhythmic, melodic, and/or rhythmic-melodic) in the most recent Music Education textbooks which are important not only for developing music literacy by means of activities such as singing/playing an instrument/movement using the method of learning by hearing and/or from music scores, but also for developing students’ multicultural literacy.

The article traces the changes in the aesthetic conventions of Modern art in accordance with the dynamics of literary development in Great Britain. The study focuses on three key areas: the impact of “the ancients and moderns” quarrel on European philosophical and literary thought; the nuances of critical and literary discourse in Enlightenment-era Great Britain; and the reception of the Enlightenment aesthetic values and novelties in Victorian criticism, linking them to the emergence of twentieth-century modernism. The subject involves the evolution of Enlightenment aesthetics and poetics in Great Britain, particularly the departure from classical art and literature models, and the emergence of concepts like imagination, novelty, and the reader’s subjective experience of art. Seminal literary-critical essays of the eighteenth century, including works by Joseph Addison, Henry Home, Richard Hurd, and Leslie Stephen’s monograph ‘History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century”, are analyzed. The paper also examines philosophical texts by Michel de Montaigne, Francis Bacon, René Descartes, and Marquis de Condorcet to understand the oscillatory nature of philosophical thought before and during the Age of Enlightenment. The study contextualizes “the ancients and moderns” debate on models for literary excellence and accentuates its role in shaping the discourse of aesthetics and artistic creativity. Contributions by Enlightenment figures such as Addison, Home, and Hurd are explored, emphasizing how they reshaped the discourse of aesthetics by redefining the nature of beauty, the sublime, and the principles of artistic criticism, thereby influencing the literary and artistic productions of their time and beyond. Particular attention is paid to the critical views of Stephen who wrote about the “fluctuating mode” of the literature of the second half of the eighteenth century, illustrating his peculiar subjectivism as an exponent of the Victorian worldview (Stephen saw Sterne’s novels as a serious moral threat), and simultaneously reflecting the normative aesthetic views of the second half of the nineteenth century. The paper also demonstrates how the antinomianism in aesthetic thinking, which challenged traditional norms and values as seen in “the ancients and moderns” quarrel, was further evolved in the works of Friedrich Schiller and Friedrich Schlegel, the latter articulating the antinomy of “classic versus romantic”. This tradition of antinomian thinking, coupled with the rejection of the idea of linear progression in cultural evolution, a call for a reassessment of values amidst a paradigm shift in culture and the breakdown of traditional ethic and aesthetic systems, finds a notable and unique expression in Friedrich Nietzsche’s works, that significantly influenced the transition from Modernity to Postmodernity. In summary, it is argued that the Modern Age was the time of the emergence of a new aesthetic sensibility, and its aesthetic pluralism and anti-classical literary ideas were pivotal in redefining concepts of progress, novelty, and human consciousness in art and literature. This laid the groundwork for modernist art and literature, characterized by a departure from tradition and a quest for new artistic expressions of human experience.

The paper aims to clarify the biblical image-symbols in Frank Peretti’s mystical thrillers. The problem of the detailed analysis of the lingual representation of the biblical image-symbols and their pragmatic value is solved in the article by applying a complex of methods of linguistic poetics, cognitive linguistics, stylistics and methodological tools of discourse analysis. The paper considers the biblical images-symbols, used in American mystical thrillers written by the protestant author Frank Peretti, as biblical intertexts depicting not only biblical knowledge but also author’s intentions and beliefs in conveying the most profound ideas and principles of the literary texts. Executed in the written works by lexical means, biblical image-symbols become the heart of biblically-marked contexts, which are differentiated according to their addressee orientation into author`s and character`s biblically-marked contexts and their scope – into propositional, composite, and complex biblically-marked contexts. The lingual representation of the biblical image-symbols is differentiated according to their structure into one-component (anthroponyms, toponyms, artifact, animalistic, anthropomorphic) and multicomponent, (two-component, three-component and four-component). The type of semantic transposition in the meaning of the lingual representation and pragmatic value of the biblical image-symbols determined the distinguishing of metaphoric and metonymic linguistic classification of the biblical image-symbols. Metaphoric are classified according to their structure (onecomponent and multi-component), their stylistic characteristics (language and speech metaphoric linguistic representants of the biblical image-symbols), and their denotative meaning (anthropomorphic, naturalmorphic, zoomorphic, and phytomorphic). Metonymic are differentiated according to the kinds of the metonymic transference of meaning into four groups: metonymy of belonging, metonymy of place, metonymy of signs, and metonymy of phenomenon.

In the paper, on the basis of a multimodal critical discourse analysis of political posters and social media posts, the authors outline the complex interplay of multimodal means serving to convey a political leader’s charisma. The paper aims to advance a set of historically conventionalized features typical of the charismatic personality (such as intelligence, self-confidence, persistence, ability to inspire, sociability, dominance, narcissism, and vision), present the updated definition of this notion, and substantiate theoretical and methodological grounds for the study of the interplay of multimodal means portraying a charismatic political leader that assist in conveying a political speaker’s charisma creation through its graphical image, namely political posters and social media posts. The results of the study reveal that charisma is a complex communicative and cognitive phenomenon reflecting person’s beliefs about certain innate, obtained or promoted by media, internal or external subliminal traits of a leader. These beliefs are shaped in the recipients’ consciousness during interactive communication on the basis of the leader’s strategy, techniques, and methods used in oral or written communication, as well as a set of linguistic and extralinguistic means associated with the speaker’s ability to satisfy certain needs of the community. As a study material the authors opted for the images of Boris Johnson, a politician already acknowledged as a charismatic one by international audiences, who has been a prominent political figure for almost a decade and has recently come to the forefront of political and diplomatic support of Ukraine in the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war. The carried out analysis proves the highly informative as well as subliminal potential of multimodal visual pictographic means aimed at creating a charismatic image of a public person. The authors outline a set of verbal (elliptical sentences, catchy slogans in imperative mood, assonance, alliteration, the use of first person plural pronoun “We”, the lexical unit together, etc.) and visual-graphical means (font of the message, symbolic colour scheme, clothes style, body posture, gestures, oculesic features, etc.), whose interaction is aimed at triggering cognitive processes in the recipient’s mind in perceiving a charismatic image of the politician. Boris Johnson’s charisma is confirmed by the survey conducted among British and Ukrainian respondents as well as by his subscribers’ reactions, comments and likes following his posts on social media. The carried out analysis allows summarising the markers of a politician’s charisma portrayed on social media as follows: the number of comments and likes for their posts; informality while addressing the Prime Minister by his first name “Boris” and presence of a “popular name” “BoJo”; high degree of the followers’ messages expressiveness actualised through verbal means (significant amount of exclamatory sentences, interjections, evaluative epithets and idiomatic expressions), as well as graphical-visual means, in particular through the usage of graphic emoticons (emojis), serving to intensify the overall expressiveness of a message. The conclusion is that social media graphical images are aimed at conveying charismatic political leaders’ vision, offering their followers support and promise of a better future, portraying them as approachable, down-to-earth, considerate but at the same time serious leaders, ready to work to endure a better future. The results of the performed study can provide grounds for interdisciplinary research of both oral and written charismatic communication within the cognitive approach framework considering verbal, nonverbal and paralingual means’ (physiological, psychological, social, etc.) interplay that allows the audience to perceive a speaker as a charismatic one.

The article represents an attempt to build and apply a linguosemiotic model of existential conflict research in modern English fictional discourse. The modern tendency of philological and socio-humanistic studies to involve the tools of semiotics, discourse theory, and multimodality in the process of complex analysis of a literary work as an artistic model of reality is highlighted. The research is based on practical blocks of illustrative material, selected discursive fragments from a literary work, which contain an existential conflict. Basically, the key point here is the analysis of intra- and interpersonal conflict based on the theoretical achievements of semiotics and linguosemiotics (Ch. Pierce, Yu. Lotman, U. Eco, G. Pocheptsov) and the theory of discourse and multimodality (G. Kress, K. O’Halloran, C . Forceville, M. Halliday). It makes it possible to provide a detailed research of existential conflict in fictional discourse with the identification of latent, ambivalent meanings and the relevant reconstruction and interpretation of the conflict by the reader. The paper aims at projecting the modern tendency towards the synergy of various aspects of conflict studies across the humanities. Therefore, the goal of the paper is to outline the advantages of an integral approach to the study of conflict in modern linguistic conflictology and to build a linguosemiotic model for the analysis and interpretation of existential conflict in fictional discourse. Thus, the paper`s core objectives involve: 1) to study the achievements of the semiotic and multimodal approach in its application to synthetic level communicative systems containing conflict; 2) to reveal the place, role and potential of the existential conflict in fictional discourse using the above-mentioned methods; 3) to present a linguosemiotic model for the study of existential conflict in modern English fictional discourse. The theoretical and methodological base of the research involves general-scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, deduction as well as the method of linguosemiotic and multimodal analysis to determine the components of semiosis of existential intrapersonal conflict in fictional discourse. The results of the research consist in the creation of an integral semiotic model of the analysis of existential conflict in modern English-language fictional discourse, which assumes the presence of a static and dynamic component in its structure, revealed, in particular, in the process of semiotic reading of the work in three successive stages of mimesis, semiosis, and synthesis. The process of conflict interpretation presupposes a comprehensive approach to semiotic reading activity developed in consecutive steps. The linguosemiotic means of representing the existential conflict at different levels of the literary work, which have a multimodal nature, have been revealed. The temporal, psychological, and sign-symbolic characteristics of the existential conflict, which make up the semiotic space or semiosphere of the literary work, are analyzed and classified. As a result of the identification and unification of the factors that determine the way of development of existential conflict in fictional discourse, the linguosemiotic model of the analysis of this type of intrapersonal conflict was reconstructed. The model covers the study of the semiotic components of the sign-symbolic, psychological and temporal space and the surface and deep levels of the semiotic reading of the literary work, at which the cognitive, behavioral and emotional aspects of the conflict are decoded and reconstructed.

The aim of this paper is to study the main stages of the development and settlement of the territory of Southern Bessarabia by ethnic Romanians, as well as the peculiarities of the formation of Romanian folk culture. In order to achieve this aim, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: to study ethnogenetic and demographic processes in the formation of the folk culture of the Romanians of Southern Bessarabia, to identify the influence of other ethnic groups on Romanian national selfawareness. In this study, a set of research methods is used: genetic and historical method; formal and typological method; functional method. The actuality of the research lies in the fact that for the first time the folk culture of the Romanian population of Bessarabia is considered as a result of the interaction of integration, adaptation and transformation processes that formed the multiethnic community of the Romanian ethnic group. The paper examines the state of two parallel vectors – «Moldovanism» and «Romanism» – which define two identities, and also distinguishes two stages of Moldovan ethnogenesis: the formation of the Eastern Romanian ethnic community and the formation of the Moldovan nation itself. The study shows that the formation of the modern national-regional picture of the Bessarabian region is evidence not only of the long process of formation of the ethnogenesis of the Romanian-speaking population, but also of the life of representatives of other ethnic groups.

Objectives: The aim of this paper is to interpret the issues of internal migration in the EU with a focus on the children affected by the processes of labor migration. The internal migration within the EU, caused by leaving the home country for a certain period of time in search of better income or work, is a phenomenon that is typical for all Eastern European countries, including some of the Danube countries, in the period of democratic changes and social macro-transformation. Regardless of whether the children in the family accompany their parents abroad during the labor migration or they are left in the home country in the care of relatives and friends, these children have their basic rights violated under the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, for example the right of education and healthcare. Prior Work: Theoretical and experimental research of the authors in the field. Approach: Secondary data analysis of existing statistics and authors’ own experimental studies. Results: The labour migration affects almost 20 % of the children from so called transnational families living in the countries from the Danube region. It causes risks for their physical, emotional and cognitive development. The labor migration of the parents of such children is not also in compliance of the basic rights of the children from migrant families: right of healthcare, right of education, etc. Implications: The paper can stimulate a larger discussion in the scientific circles about the necessity of joint research on the protection of the rights of the children from migrant families. Value: The study identifies some risks for the children from migrant families whose mitigation can prevent the violation of children’s rights.

Based on broad empirical research on multilingualism done by members of the Circle U. University Alliance, this paper presents a comparative analysis between the responses of 906 students from Serbia and 976 students from the other eight universities of the Alliance. By completing a comprehensive questionnaire, the students presented their experience, opinions, attitudes, motivation and obstacles related to gaining knowledge and skills in foreign languages. The focus of this paper is on students’ needs related to learning foreign languages on the one hand, and their experience with it through formal education on the other. According to the survey results, despite students’ needs, the practice of foreign language learning, especially at the university level, is not in line with the goal of the EU language policy and European Commission’s recommendations that each citizen should learn at least two foreign languages. Additionally, as the survey shows, students from Serbia are at a disadvantage in comparison to their colleagues from the other universities due to the ever-growing disappearance of multilingualism from their academic circles. A particularly negative trend is visible in the status of languages for specific purposes at Serbian universities. One of the main conclusions of this research is that students’ voices need to be heard and their needs taken into consideration when shaping the future of higher education.

Psychological studies have shown that children begin to think about death at an early age and have encouraged a rethinking of the concept of possible education about death. For this reason, the course entitled “Methodological Approach to the Theme of Death in Poetry for Children and Youth” was launched at the Teacher Education Faculty in Belgrade. A short description of the course is given in the first part of this paper. Тhe paper then elaborates on the research conducted within the course, the goal of which was to describe: 1) students’ motivation for this course and 2) students’ expectations regarding the course content. In addition, given that the target audience is important for the manner in which the content will be presented, we also examined the course participants’: 3) conceptualization of death; 4) their experience related to death; 5) opinions regarding discussions about death with children; 6) knowledge of literary texts that deal with death. The method of verbal and visual associations and a questionnaire were used for data collection. Data analysis has shown that: 1) the course title is what motivates students the most to choose this course; 2) students are interested in children’s attitudes about death, the way death is thematized in children’s literature, as well as understanding the phenomenon of death in general; 3) the elements of metaphysical concept of death are prevalent among students; 4) the largest number of students has experienced the death of a family member, a friend, or a pet; 5) students think that children’s age, experience related to death, interests, and cognitive maturity have to be taken into consideration when talking with children about death; 6) students are more familiar with the prose texts than poetry for children thematizing death.

Self-reflection is viewed as a mental activity in which preschool teachers (educational professionals) have a chance and tendency to develop a level of self-reflection on their own practice, its purpose, obtained results, and development. In the first part of the paper, the author looks at epistemological tenets of other approaches (positivist, anti-positivist, constructivist, post-modernist, and transformational) on which the self-reflection approach is based, and then interprets and analyzes the specificities of the self-reflection approach. The aim of the paper is to elaborate on selfreflection as an epistemological approach using a case study as an example, in order to clarify and understand better the theoretical assumptions underlying this approach. The case study was used as a paradigmatic case in which self-reflection is emphasized as the epistemological approach to the research of pedagogical issues, and an effort has been made to use it for making a valid example. The concluding part of the paper contains conclusions obtained via theoretical analysis and the case study, including the formulation of the aspects of pedagogical actions that could be improved by using this approach – initial theoretical and practical education of educator, professional training and research, as well as the competences of teachers who educate pre-service educator.

The paper examines the principles and methods of commenting Ivan Bunin’s early fiction prose. It is pointed out that research into the type and level of completeness of scholarly commentaries on works of classics of Russian literature has been conducted for almost a century. The structure of the commentary in academic collections of Russian writers’ works is presented. The article offers a methodology of writing a commentary on the early literary prose of Ivan Bunin, while exploring the problems and questions that arise in the commentaries on the writer’s prose written for the future academic Complete Works and Letters by Ivan Bunin, the work on which has already begun. The principles of writing each section of the commentary for this scholarly edition of Bunin’s literary heritage are outlined: textual, historical-literary, and realhistorical ones. The latter section is presented in a more detailed structure of seven paragraphs. For each item, the paper provides several examples of commentary on specific realities from Bunin’s early stories. A separate section is devoted to linguistic commentary, for which several examples of commentary on particular regional words and folk expressions are also given. Thus, the commentary on Bunin’s prose should be comprehensive, combining with the greatest possible completeness all the necessary information about each work.

This paper, within the framework of critical discourse analysis, deals with newspaper articles about the (non)participation of Novak Djokovic at the 2022 Australian Open, published in the electronic editions of the Italian daily newspapers Corriere della Sera and La Repubblica in January 2022. The aim of this paper was to, following Van Dijk (1988a), investigate the schematic organisation of the texts from our corpus, as well as to examine which linguistic units are used in those texts to create a positive and negative image of Novak Djokovic. The results of the research show that a very small number of analysed articles fit into Van Dijk's model of organisation of newspaper texts. The results of the linguistic analysis of the texts indicate that, on the one hand, the discourse strategies of nomination and predication are used to highlight Novak's sporting success, and on the other hand, they serve to portray Novak, who did not receive the vaccine against covid 19, as the culprit for not participating in the Australian Open in 2022 and as a person who behaves recklessly and irresponsibly during the coronavirus pandemic.

The play Top Girls (1982) is certainly one of the most significant, most performed and most studied plays of modern British theatre. Generally, the interpretations of this piece are based on feminist theory and refer to such issues as the conflict between radical and liberal feminism, which is also mentioned and commented on in this paper. However, our focus lies on the interrelations between patriarchy and capitalism, as well as limited options for women within these two oppressive systems. In order to achieve our goal and present the ways in which, in the words of Zillah Eisenstein, the capitalist patriarchy work, apart from her study, we will refer to the works of Linda Gordon, Nancy Chodorow, Heidi Hartmann and Eva Figes. Our purpose is to show that women’s social status and their life standard cannot and should not be identified with the relatively rare success of individual women - such as Marlen who is the protagonist of the play or Margaret Thatcher who is presented as her role model – who had to embrace traditional male and capitalist values of competitiveness and selfishness in order to achieve their suspicious success. In this paper, we wanted to point out that unless women in power show understanding and empathy to other, less privileged, women, their leading positions and their top girls status do not imply female empowerment and cannot be taken as a feminist victory.

This paper examines the image of the First World War that the Spanish writer and journalist Vicente Blasco Ibáñez creates in his works of history and fiction. The paper deals with journalistic texts written by Blasko Ibáñez, collected in a multi-volume history of the First World War (Historia de la Guerra europea de 1914) and the novel The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (Los cuatro jinetes del Apocalipsis). We interpret the representations of the causes of war, with a special reference to the issue of "modern war" and the news it brings, we find parallels, similarities and differences between the representations in the novel and the historical work. The aim is to question the historical and cultural context in which the author pronounces certain judgments about the war, and then about the German people, with an emphasis on how pre-war Germanophilia turns into Germanophobia expressed in the analysed novel and History.

This paper presents an exploration of figurative comparison expressions featuring farm animal zoonyms in the English language and their possible equivalents in Serbian. Farm animal idioms are integral to linguistic discourse, contributing to the richness and diversity of language use. Their complexity often necessitates a deep understanding of cultural and contextual factors for their accurate interpretation, highlighting the potential for cross-cultural comparative studies to enrich our understanding of idiomatic expressions. These expressions transcend mere linguistic curiosities and play a vital role in meaning construction and imagery formation within discourse. The paper provides an overview of expressions divided into five categories according to the type of farm animal used as the source domain: bovines (cows and their male counterparts, bulls and oxen), equi (horses and mules), pigs, sheep and poultry, and attempts to assign an equivalent phrase in Serbian, comparing the usage between the two languages, in order to shed some light on the intricate interplay between language, culture, and cognition in the realm of idiomatic figurative expressions involving farm animals.

Тhis paper aims to reconsider the influences of Western-European drama of the XVII century on the creation of Russian baroque and the first drama writer in Russia Simeon Polotsky. During the initial period, Russian theatre, especially during the XVI and XVII centuries, was under the strong influences of Western theatre culture. This paper reconsiders the influence of German, French, English and Polish theatre plays. Plots of his playwright were popular and well known in Western European literature from the XII century. In this paper, we tried to reconsider those influences on the example of his drama Nebuchadnezzar the Tsar. This drama plot was well-known in Western European theatre, and Simeon Polotsky knew some of them.

Being stylistically neutral, prefix over- is used in different functional styles. Here the focus is on its usage in words appearing in written newspaper texts on COVID-19. The main goal of the paper is to examine the overall frequency of overderivatives in this type of text. The idea is to illustrate the most frequent word class of derivatives, show their meanings and to analyse morphological and colligational patterns in which and with which they occur. Derivational prefixes can change either the meaning of the word they are attached to or the word class. Taking into account the frequency and features derived words with this prefix show, we consider that this paper will give a significant contribution to further research on over-words in different types of texts.

George Eliot wrote under the influence of continental philosophers, especially Ludwig Feuerbach and Auguste Comte. Both philosophers claim that the crucial problem of the individual is egoism, which can be transcended by means of sympathy and contact with others. According to Feuerbach and Comte, loyalty to family and community is the best way to transform initial egoism into altruism. This research is aimed at dealing with the issue of egoism in Eliot’s first novel, Adam Bede. The three main characters are analysed through the prism of the ethical concept of Feuerbach and Comte. The paper argues that at the beginning of the novel Adam Bede, Arthur Donnithorne and Hetty Sorrel symbolise different aspects of egoism. Adam and Arthur succeed to transcend their egoism through deep suffering, which is viewed as an instrument of moral development. Although critics often cite Hetty Sorrel as a typical representative of unredeemed egoism, this paper argues that she matures through suffering. The beginning of her transformation is marked by the confession of her crimes, which is the initial stage of redemption. However, with the exception of a few characters, the society of Hayslope treats her as an outcast, unable to even attempt to understand and forgive her. Still, although the importance of suffering and attachment to family are underlined in Adam Bede, the novel implies that altruism should not be equated with self-sacrifice. The protagonists, Dinah and Adam succeed in attaining personal fulfillment that is not inconsistent with the common good, that is, a certain reconciliation of egoism and altruism is accomplished.

The theme of this paper is the image of Bosnia by Luchino Dal Verme (1838- 1911), a politician, diplomat, geographer and traveller, who in 1903 set off from Italy on a journey across the Adriatic Sea and on to Bosnia. He left a testimony of his experience in the text ‘An Excursion to Bosnia’, published in the Nuova Antologia in 1903. The aim of the paper is to identify odeporic elements in a text of a hybrid nature with elements of geography, history and literature and to show that the perception of this region of the Balkans changed at the beginning of the 20th century. From the wild, primitive and hostile land of the 19th century travellers, the image offered by Luchino Dal Verme changes radically. This affirms the importance of this traveller’s profile, a cultured and informed man. With a considerable cultural background, he observes and accepts the Other and his land, without conditioning.

This paper is a part of a larger study of regional variation of the lexicon within the Serbian standard language. About 100 questionnaires were collected for this research from educated speakers of the Serbian language from different cities. The questionnaire contains questions which uncover the use of doublets characteristic of the western and eastern parts of the Serbian linguistic territory, such as željezo and gvožđe, mahune and boranija, kino and bioskop. The paper proposes the analysis of around 60 questionnaires from the Republic of Srpska, namely from Banja Luka (47), Trebinje (7), as well as from Prijedor, Bjelina and East Sarajevo. First, the paper presents a list of investigated regional doublets (200 lexemes), and gives their typological division (phonetic or morphological variants, lexical doublets). Further, a linguageographic analysis of the first questionnaire is proposed and previously analysed in the other paper, and conclusions about the regional characteristics of the lexicon contained in that questionnaire are presented. For example, it is noted that in Prijedor, unlike Trebinje, words as domaća zadaća, duda, hladetina, hlače, ispričnica, kuhar, kuhati, marelice, neodgojen, propuh, ručnik, tekućina, tržnica, tuka, umjetno gnojivo etc., are used. The main content of the paper deals with the analysis of the second questionnaire. For each lexical pair presented in the questionnaire, the statistics of the use of each word in Banja-Luka and Trebinje are given, and based on this, the lexicon characteristic of one and the other city is distinguished (e.g. dan i noć, trougao in Trebinje and maćuhice, trokut in Banja Luka), as well as a group of doublet pairs whose members are used equally often in the west and in the east of the Republic of Srpska (oprosti – izvini). Words which practically do not vary are also described. Sometimes the same word is used in Banja Luka and Trebinje, and sometimes it is the same as in Serbia (putarina), or it may be different (narandža instead of pomorandža). The main conclusion of the research is that the lexicon of the western and eastern type on the territory of the Republic of Srpska is distributed in the form of waves. This means that the use of lexical doublets in Trebinje is more similar to their use in Serbia, while for Banja Luka and Prijedor a higher concentration of western words than in Trebinje is typical. Further research will be focused on the description of the use of these lexemes in other cities of the Republic of Srpska, as well as their variation on the territory of Serbia.

This paper dicsusses nonconcatenative morphological processes in the modern Serbian language. More precisely, it focuses on derivational capacity of the processes of reduplication, circumfixation, infixation, base modification, and conversion. After representing the difference between concatenative and nonconcatenative morphological processes, each of the mentioned derivational processes is analysed from a crosslinguistic perspective, with special attention paid to the situation in Serbian. Besides the brief overview of the derivational capacity of the nonconcatenative processes, the goal of the paper is to enrich the terminology of the domestic word formation science (and generally of the Serbian grammar tradition).

The present paper functions as an introduction to this special issue of mediAzioni, which brings together selected papers presented at the Translating Europe Workshop entitled "L'intelligenza artificiale per la traduzione verso una nuova progettazione didattica?" (3 December 2021), focusing on the pedagogical implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI), with a particular emphasis on Neural Machine Translation (NMT). The article revolves around three main themes. First, it considers the impact of emerging neural technologies on language services, redefining the traditional role of the translator and creating new responsibilities and tasks. Despite the considerable progress that NMT has made compared to previous models, it still has shortcomings that are almost "invisible" because they often lack clear grammatical or morphosyntactic marking. Such errors require a certain cognitive effort to identify, since they involve problems that are less obvious to the untrained eye, such as textuality or inadequacies at the level of discourse. Secondly, the article looks more closely at professional practices, especially those related to pre-editing, post-editing and proofreading. Particular emphasis is placed on the indispensable role of the human in translation workflows that integrate NMT not only at the level of post-editing and text revision, but also at the level of translation project management. Finally, the paper moves on to the implications of NMT for the training of translators and beyond, discussing key insights from the workshop participants regarding future teaching practices at university level. The article concludes by outlining the structure of this special issue and providing a brief synopsis of the collected papers.

Ad hoc corpora are considered effective to deliver native-like technical (and legal) translation. This paper explores how the translation of a system-specific document such as an Italian procura alle liti (power of attorney to appear in court) can be addressed. Translating this legal document may be problematic due to the fact that it is not recurrent in the common law system, which contemplates other types of special powers of attorney (PoAs). This paper explores whether and to what extent a corpus-based translation is possible when L2 parallel texts are difficult to find in native contexts. To this aim, a translation project with technical translators and lawyers is carried out. The participants compose an ad hoc corpus which they consult as a language reference tool. The paper findings report that the translators' corpus-based translation is mostly a word-by-word rendering of the source text, which may sound unnatural to an expert of the field. The lawyers' translation partly deviates from source words, but addresses the communicative function of the source text. The paper highlights the need for a balance between the two strategies, for example by focusing on textual functionality and/or paraphrasing, although at the cost of a reduced formulaicity.

Forensic Linguistics as a discipline has gone through more than 30 years of development in China, which can be divided into the brewing period, the establishment and development period, and the comprehensive improvement period. Scholars have presented the origin and development of forensic linguistics in the form of papers, monographs, translations, textbooks, seminars, conferences and other forms, which promotes the future development of forensic linguistics. In the past decade, the study of forensic linguistics has mainly focused on the theoretical research of forensic linguistics, the application of legislative and judicial language, the translation and teaching of legal language. This paper will adopt the method of literature research to summarize the origin and development of Chinese forensic linguistics in the past 30 years, and to anticipate the future development direction of forensic linguistics in the light of the current research characteristics and the hotspot of the times, so as to provide references for the theoretical development and application practice of current forensic linguistics, and to better guide future discipline development in China.

During the past three decades, within the main currents of historical thought, world, transnational, and global history gained special importance. Starting from the long tradition of writing world histories, in the context of social and intellectual changes since the 1980s, especially the end of the Cold War and the strengthening of the globalization process, the paper analyzes the origin of these disciplines, their characteristic theoretical and methodological features, the main research topics and their most significant results. These approaches have in common the search for alternative spaces of historical analysis that would not be connected to the traditional framework of the nation-state. As a result, there is an inherent stimulus to overcome methodological nationalism and Eurocentrism in historical research. Therefore, they represent at the same time an attempt to write history not only for contemporary, globally more tightly integrated ’network societies’ but also a type of historiography less marked by nationalism. However, world-, transnational-, and global history also have inherent limitations. Firstly, there is a danger that they will become the ideology of the ongoing process of globalization and, secondly, that people as creators of their history will be suppressed in favor of social and economic structures and processes. Finally, the paper analyzes the opportunities that world-, transnational- and global history provide to smaller national historical cultures. In this sense, it seems that a ’glocal’ approach – which observes the global aspects of phenomena from local, regional and national history and their feedback influence on global currents of history – would be particularly useful. Ultimately, although world-, transnational-, and global history will become neither the only nor the dominant paradigm in historical thought, their insights undoubtedly represent a welcome counterbalance to the (still prevailing) national historical narratives.

The results of the international TIMSS research (2011, 2015, 2019) for Serbia for pupils of the fourth grade of primary school show that their achievement in the field of geometry and measurement is lower than in other areas (such as number). In order to examine the possible causes, we analysed the textbooks for the fourth grade of primary school that were used in schools in Serbia in the year of the research. The aim of the research is to examine two types of knowledge ‒ conceptual and procedural ‒ in mathematics textbooks on the topic of body volume. Based on the research of pupils‘ achievement in different types of knowledge in measuring length, area, and volume (Tan Şişman, 2010), we formed a list of indicators that indicate opportunities for learning in mathematics textbooks and different types of knowledge about body volume that are presented to the fourth-grade primary school pupils. In the paper, a descriptive method was applied to analyse the content of the textbooks and the interactions among different types of knowledge in mathematical tasks. The main results of the research show that the indicators that are oriented towards the recognition of the conceptual understanding show a significantly lower frequency of occurrence compared to the indicators of procedural knowledge. We see the reason for this in the initial formation of the concept of body volume. The conclusions of the paper point to the concern regarding the interaction among different types of knowledge, and open up questions for further research, especially from the perspective of the research and development of mathematics textbooks in mathematics education.

Building on the current scientific and literary-didactic discourse, this paper has as its subject the analysis of the group discussion and the categorization of the so-called functional literary competences which students of German language studies should master. The focus of dealing with literary texts in the eighth semester of the German language studies is, apart from their literary nature, primarily their socio-political impulses and influence on the transfer from the world of the text to the world around us. By comparing the two novels, The Navel of the World by Venko Andonovski and Dobri dani by Marko Dinić, and by means of their productive treatment in the classroom, we will see whether literary texts contribute to the development of the social-critical engagement of the recipients. Along with observing and defining the didactics of literature as an applied science and a part of the literary social system, qualitative scientific methodology was applied in this research. After the semi-structured group discussion procedure, the obtained data were analyzed and categorized. The research questions supported by theoretical postulates important for this paper arose from teaching practice, while methodological examples and research results bring it back to that practice.

The goal of the paper is to present our experience in organizing speaking activities on Padlet as a part of online French phonetics exercises during the summer semester of 2020/21 at the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad. The proposed activities on Padlet (oral presentation on a favorite Francophone song, destination, and film) were primarily aimed at determining possible phonetic-phonological and morpho-phonological students’ mistakes in their oral presentation. The collected audio-corpus was analyzed using the perceptive and descriptive methods, where the teacher, after carefully listening to all the recordings, singled out the most common phonetic-phonological errors, which he/she would then point out to each student individually via electronic correspondence (in the form of a text and, if necessary, audio comments), followed by a unified analysis of the common mistakes and exercises based on the principle of the articulatory method of phonetic correction in synchronous online classes on Zoom. The analysis of the collected audio-corpus and the pedagogical implications of the obtained results are shown on the example of the typology of the most frequently observed mistakes in the production of nasal vowels (/ɑ͂/, /ɛ̃/, /ɔ͂/). Our paper also presents the results of a qualitative research conducted among students on the use of Padlet for the above purposes, in which they spoke positively about this digital tool and gave us useful feedback that will help us in our future work.

In this paper I will discuss the visual category of “reverse perspective”, i.e., the principle of constructing pictorial space in the icon. I will show that in Russia one of the most basic terms in Western art history, i.e., perspective, was thoroughly reworked, even turned on its head as suggested by the terminology, in order to serve a project of modern Orthodoxy. The main proponent of the theory of “reverse perspective” was Florensky, who in his essay of that title, written in 1919, uses several different definitions of the term. In the first section of the paper, I will mention briefly six such definitions, all of which are still current in contemporary scholarship. In the second and third sections, I will suggest a possible theologically-grounded elaboration of one of Florensky’s ideas of what constitutes “reverse perspective”. According to the interpretation proposed here, “reverse perspective” becomes the visual analogue of two basic Christian dogmas – that of a timelessly eternal God and that of “theosis” or “deification”. In the last section, I will give a short background to the relationship between art history and theology, which lies at the heart of my approach.