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The present paper proposes a methodological approach of the questionnaires of the Romanian Language Museum, studying the way that the indirect linguistic survey was improved in this framework. The introduction of the popular language into the Dictionary of Romanian Language was an important desideratum expressed by B. P. Hasdeu (1884), who collected data using the indirect linguistic survey method, based on a questionnaire that included 206 questions. In order to enrich the lexicographic material for the elaboration of The Romanian Language Dictionary and to obtain preliminary information for the Romanian Linguistic Atlas, Sextil Pușcariu has also fully assumed the indirect linguistic survey method. As he pointed out, it was necessary to collect the facts of the Romanian language before the progress of a unitary civilization would erase the traces of the region specific language. In this respect, the Romanian Language Museum laid the foundations for a systematic strategy of collecting data from spoken language. Having a good knowledge of the results of the indirect linguistic investigation carried out by B. P. Hasdeu in the Romanian cultural space, and taking into account aspects of the previous investigations carried out in Germany and Switzerland, Sextil Pușcariu improved this research method, in order to limit its disadvantages and to maximize its benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social Psychology / Psihologie Socială is the property of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bucharest University Annals - Law Series is the property of CH Beck Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Română de Drept al Afacerilor is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of the present paper is to reconstruct and analyze phenomena connected to the history of migration and mentalities, and also to the history of the Romanian language starting from the analysis of geographic diffusion of the Romanian family names having the suffix -escu in Germany, based on the telephone books from 2005 and on a special program on computer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the dynamic 1960s-1970s the world experienced a new phase in the East-West conflict: the Cold War gradually turned into Détente, the confrontation into antagonistic cooperation. The Federal Republic of Germany developed, next to the Détente-concepts of the two superpowers (USA and SU) and the multilateral Détente-concept of the CSCE, two specific forms of Détente: the Ostpolitik and the Deutschlandpolitik. The following paper aims to provide an overview of the two concepts, their practical implementation, their successes and limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is dedicated to the place that the Christian democracy occupies in the political life of the countries from the Central and Eastern Europe today. While in the Western Europe a considerable number of Christian democrat parties continue to play important roles in the political infrastructure, the Christian democrat parties from the postcommunist countries became, almost without exception, political actors of second order. The author of this paper considers as being very interesting to look back in time at the contribution of the Christian democracy to the German process of rebuilding after the Second World War and, also, at its contribution to the political modernization process in the Central and Eastern Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to discuss if there is any similarity between two distant events like the end of the Napoleonic era and the creation of a new Concert of Power, in 1815, and the fall of the Berlin Wall, in November 1989. Even if at first sight, no direct connection can be found, the fact that both can be analysed as performing important functions in the creation of a new European security order and a new architecture of power allows us to pursue this comparative analysis. From the international relations theory point of view, one can say that both followed hegemonic wars which resulted in the redrawing of European political map and in the creation of a new continental order. The complexity of the long series of events which were triggered off by these important landmarks requires, nevertheless, a deeper analysis of the implications and consequences of both episodes in European history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the efforts of the Romanian authorities in the late nineteenth century to improve the quality of training the Romanian officer corps by creating an official framework of relations with the allies -- within the Triple Alliance -- Germany and Austria-Hungary. The negotiations conducted by the Liberal government led by Dimitrie A. Sturdza ended in 1898, with a conclusion of an agreement. According to this document, German and Austro-Hungarian armies agreed to accept a number of Romanian officers in both schools and in different military units and headquarters in order to train them. The Convention was in force for ten years. About 200 Romanian officers attended schools, courses and internships in German and Austro-Hungarian armies during this period. Though these officers contributed on some level to the improvement of the state of preparedness of the Romanian army, it continued to have shortcomings. These came out during the Second Balkan War (1913) and especially during the Autumn Campaign in 1916. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present the company Gericom, which was a market leader in Germany before 2004 when marketing only laptops. After changing the price-quality relationship, the company had to deal with a lot of problems. The year 2008 brought not only a new look, but also a new vision and mission into the company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is aiming at analyzing the artistic life of the Germans from the city of Brasov in the years 1949 and 1950, as it is mirrored in the newspaper "Neuer Weg". Before WW II the Germans constituted a group of their own and practiced mainly a kind of expressionism. As most of the artist contributed works to exhibitions in Nazi Germany, after the end of the war they became vulnerable. Therefore they had to accept the collaboration with the communist regime and adopt the doctrine of socialist realism, a paradigm which was legally enforced in the soviet controlled countries from 1949 to 1956. Some artists were committed to the new doctrine, while others were more cautious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Global Economics / Revista de Economie Mondială is the property of Institute for World Economy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We consider this subject welcome and necessary in order to understand the system of patenting and trademarking as an essential part of the economic security of the producers and consumers. The system of patenting is meant to protect (completely or partially) copyrights from being copied and misused but can, also, lead to abuse, although some companies may respect the copyright, patents and trademarks, according to the domestic and international laws. The paper is about the foundation and activity of the German Patent Office and some aspects regarding the German patent registration in Romania. Short after the unification of Germany, the imperial authorities considered founding a patent office. This happened in 1877 and a prodigious work started. Until 1945 this office built up an immense data base which was confiscated by the Allies at the end of the war and provided to the public all over the world. This was an important hit on the German economy, respectively on the German industry and finance. Germans were interested in registering their patents also in Romania. This was a matter of private law and generated relations between private persons in Germany and Romania. It also created the possibility for some Romanian lawyers to collaborate with the German Patent Office. WWII ended Romanian-German relations on this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of World War I, Germany was neither politically, nor culturally "attendable", for most of the European countries. In this context, one of the main cultural aims of the Weimar Republic will be the resumption of the cultural and academic relations with other countries. The foreign students were invested with a major role in this respect. The Weimar Republic has taken institutional and financial steps in order to intensify the student migration and to repopulate its universities with foreign students, measures that have paid off in the mid 20s. In 1925, the percentage of foreign students in Germany reached again the pre-war level. The groups of foreign students best represented in the German universities were the Romanians, the Bulgarians and the Polish. The paper also takes a look at the evolution of the foreign students in Germany during 1918-1933, focusing on their country of origin, the preferred institutions of higher education and fields of study, as well as on the presence of female students from foreign countries in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the subject of head of state immunity in comparative and international law before domestic courts. Starting from the landmark -- element of a domestic court being the forum involved, the analysis follows the immunity of head of state in comparative law, focusing on the major European continental legal systems (France, Belgium, Spain, Germany, Italy) and the most important commonal law ones (United Kingdom and the United States). The study underlines, as well, the manner in which these courts have applied international law dispositions in cases of foreign heads of states. First of all, the French system is examined, starting from the 1958 Constitution and its dispositions on head of state liability and immunity until the modifications from 2007. Besides the legal text analysis, the trial against the than sitting president Chirac is examined, this being the first trial against a head of state in France, since the trial against Pétain. The significance of the Chirac trial is underlined, as this was the major factor behind the 2007 modification of the French Constitution. From the perspective of international law, the case law of the French courts is presented in the cases of Gaddafi and Kabila. In the next section, following the above mentioned pattern, the constitutional provisions dealing with head of state immunity in monarchies are presented, namely, Belgium and Spain. Besides the legal text analysis, relevant aspects of the application and interpretation of international law aspects in the case law of Belgian and Spanish courts are underlined. The study continues with another exponential system from the European continental law system, Germany. The relevant legal provisions from the German Constitution are in-depth analysed, through a permanent connection with cases from the jurisprudence of the German constitutional courts, namely, the Honecker and Krenz trials. From the perspective of the foreign head of state immunity in the case law of the German courts, the focus is on the Honecker, Saddam Hussein, Videla and Jiang Zemin cases. Eventually, the last European continental law system presented is the Italian one. After the study of the provisions of article 90 from the Italian Constitution, the existence and scope of the substantive law immunity and of the controversial procedural immunity are determined. In the end, it is scrutinized the modality through which the Italian jurisprudence has applied the so-called „constitutional fair-play“, as proposed by the doctrine. In the follow up, the analysis moves on to some of the most important common law systems, Great Britain and the United States of America. After an overview of the particularities of the common law system versus the continental one in general and, more specifically with regard to head of state immunity, the statute of the sovereign on the domestic level in Great Britain is presented. The controversial aspects surrounding the Burell case are underlined in order to reach some conclusion regarding the immunity of the Queen. In the context of the American system, the analysis primarily focuses on the case law of the Supreme Court and its conclusions in the Johnson, Nixon and Clinton cases. A detail research is dedicated to the impeachment procedure, as well as to the impeachable crimes and the connection between the constitutional procedure and the usual one. In the end, due to the numerous cases involving foreign head of state immunity in international law before American courts, a special section is dedicated strictly to the study of this delicate issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2007, based on identification of the overstruck coins from the Poděbrady find, the authors tried to classify the chronological sequence of the oldest varieties of the deniers of the later Bavarian-Swabian type and the deniers of the broad hand type (Numismatický sborník 22, 2007, pp. 39-90). In 2008 and 2009, they studied one part of the Bohemian section of the find of deniers from Silesian Gębice [Karlsdorf] in the collection of the Staatliche Museen in Berlin in order to test their chronological construction. The find was buried some time after 985 and discovered in 1939 - some 616 complete coins were preserved and described, plus over one hundred coin fragments and fragments of silver jewels. Via detailed research, traces of overstriking were found in case of eight deniers. Coins of the first group represented by four deniers of the broad hand/chapel type (Cach no. 29) - one unknown variety of this type inclusive - were struck on various types of deniers: an unspecified cross/chapel type (possibly a Bavarian one); types registered by Cach under nos. 26 and 32; an unknown Bohemian variety of the cross/chapel type. Coins of the second group represented also by four deniers of the later Bavarian-Swabian type (Cach no. 32) were exclusively overstruck on different specimens of the same type. Results of the analysis confirmed the existing chronological construction and enlarged it with additional types of the Bohemian deniers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]