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One of the most important voivodal institutions of Transylvania, with an uninterrupted continuity in the period of the Principate, was the army (Exercitus Transylvanie). This evolution meant important changes: the men power development - its expansion in numbers, in their training and their war strategy - determined its involvement in many fighting campaigns throughout Central and South-East Europe for eight centuries. This paper addresses a large military law terminology - through the analysis and interpretation of an edict (regulations) unknown by Romanian historiography, made by Transylvanian prince Mihail Apafi, in 1671 - contributing in completing historical and juridical information regarding the way the army and all military personnel were not only disciplined, but also how was its Christian morale towards internal and international war campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Quality of Life (1018-0389) / Calitatea Vietii is the property of Romanian Academy Publishing House / Editura Academiei Romane and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The massive expansion of the North Atlantic Organization and the European Union to the former communist countries of Central and Southeastern Europe, but also the Baltic States, have made the geopolitical dynamics of the continent change extensively in the past 20 years. Therefore, integration experience of these countries confronted with the manner of acting of countries such as Norway reveals the changes that occur in the international arena. This article attempts to identify and emphasize through comparative analysis the specificity of Norwegian security and defense systems, correlating this with Norway`s behavior in the international arena. The first part of the paper contains a brief overview of the similarities and differences between the East and the North, both peripheral regions of Europe in the 90s, attached to the European Project by northern and eastern dimensions. The second part of the paper describes the current geopolitical context in the neighboring regions of Norway and Oslo`s foreign and security opportunities. This part includes comparative studies of Oslo`s areas of actions and its state capacity and tools to preserve and create new regions, and thus regional objectives. And finally, the last part is a Norwegian defense policy analysis with perspectives over the cultural environment and social background generated by, in the context of these particular northern policies dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present a few aspect of the frontier ideology in the Late Antiquity a period with deep and radical transformations which inscribed the history of the European continent on a new path. What was the ideology of the roman frontier and how many coordinates has this term (military, ideologic, economic, and spiritual) and which are the geopolitical implications of the term are a few aspects of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political confrontations have had always implied a struggle between different value systems. This phanomenon takes place at international level, but also at national and local level. Therefore, it would be useful to know which are the opinions of citizens in relation to some values around which disputes are worn for over a hundred years. The purpose of this paper is to identify the attachment of Iasi citizens to some fundamental values in a democracy and a market economy. It was considered that a value is an image of objects, events, and processes considered righteous, moral and desirable. It have been taken into account five values considered, by the literature, important for the functioning of a democratic and capitalist system: participation, conflict, economic equality, government intervention in economy, and orientation towards local or central. The information has been collected in a survey conducted in the city of Iasi, from a representative sample of 738 people. The values were measured using a scale applied to a series of statements. The results seem to indicate that, at more than two and a half decades after the totalitarian regime collapsed, people from Iasi share a contradictory system of values, and these values are associated in a fairly small degree with a democratic regime or with a market economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While authorities with jurisdiction in the management of European funds exercise control and investigative activities they issue documents which, although they enjoy the presumption of legality like any administrative act, may give rise to litigations. Based on the special normative acts relevant for the management of European funds and on Fiscal Procedure Code, this paper analyses documents issued by such authorities, their legal nature, as well as the procedure for contesting such documents, as a guarantee of the principle of free access to justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is meant to clarify the content and the meaning of legal norms devoted to the protection of databases. The author presents and subjects to analysis the points of view of prestigious authors and his own relative to the legal nature of the rights arising from the creation of databases. This paper examines the elements of the legal relationship arising from the database creation: the subjects, the object and the content of the relationship, emphasizing the particularities and the specificity that shape its identity. However, the topic discussed is connected to the European case-law in the matter, precisely to highlight the manner in which it is raised the question of the relationship between the protection of databases in the area of copyright and through the sui-generis right of the creators of these intellectual creations. The author analyses databases in order to underline the fact that they are man-made creations, with an important role in the economic and social life and are more and more frequently exposed to unfair competition. Moreover, the article also offers starting points for specialists called to study thoroughly less known aspects of the legal protection of databases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper puts forward a multifaceted critique (from economic, social and politcal standpoints) of government and public administration shortcomings, such as the lack of a price system or the counter-productive incentives generated by internal regulations, assuming the flaws within the fundamental concepts of administrative law. The paper reiterates the classical liberal perspective, the limits and powers of public administration with an emphasis on efficiency and respect for the fellow taxpayer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Infectio.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Civil Engineering / Revista Română de Inginerie Civilă is the property of Matrix Rom and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Quality Assurance Review is the property of Romanian Agency for Quality Assurance in Higher Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The trans-Atlantic alliance must confront a number of fundamental strategic questions about its future. Unpredictability becomes the very essence of security. Political transitions in MENA, cyber security threats and America's increasing focus on Asia, these are collective prooves that NATO has entered a new age. This Paper addresses future threats to NATO, challenges confronting the alliance in addressing them, and a path for moving forward. Conclusion is that the allies must acknowledge that their long-term security will be in jeopardy unless they make difficult decissions about priorities settled at the Chicago Summit. Smart Defense is a new constructive mind-set that could nevertheless become a vulnerable initiative, since the allies will be under considerable pressure to demonstrate concrete deliverables in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the impact of the Western assistance for democracy in the Balkans (Eastern Europe), as civil society development programs. The analysis of the situation in the Balkans leads to the conclusion that the main consequence of this Western assistance has not been the export of democracy, but the increased capacity of the receptors (NGOs) to implement such programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Medic.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper analyzes the European legislative act establishing the conditions of compensation to victims of violent crimes committed in another Member State than that of the victims residence. The research has led to the identification of some provisions which will cause some difficulties both in practice and in enunciation of scientifically critical observations. The study is useful for theorists and practitioners and also for the European legislator. The scientific contribution of this research is given by the critical remarks and future law proposals made in order to improve the complex activity to compensate the victims of all kinds of crimes, not just of violent crimes, as required by the legislative act in question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biblioteca: Revista de Bibliologie şi Știinţa Informării is the property of Biblioteca Nationala a Romaniei and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Iurisprudentia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Reflection in the Media of the European Construction Process. The paper explores how the model of European society is shaped and promoted through mass media. In analyzing the current context of the evolution of European construction and the institutional space of the media, I focused on two issues - (i) an analysis on three levels, namely national, transnational - within EU, and the EU's external relations as an entity, and (ii) within the aforementioned analysis, the study of four comprehensive and significant elements for the reflection in the media of the European construction: - At the national level, the functioning of UBB Radio that has as main goal to promote the core values of the EU and to make public the construction processes of the Union. - At the transnational level - within the European Union, the reflection in the media of an important event in the life of the EU - the second referendum for the adoption of the Lisbon Treaty in Ireland, as presented by five important TV news channels: BBC World News, France 24, Deutsche Welle TV Europe, Euronews and CNN International Europe. - At the European Union level, the promotion of the Union, of the European values, through a Franco-German TV station with a special media profile and a particular role, namely channel Arte. - At the EU's external relations level, the way the EU outlines itself as a global economic player, as a landmark of culture and civilization, and as a geopolitical, military and international security actor, as illustrated in the news bulletins of five important TV news stations, namely CNN International Europe, Al Jazeera English, CCTV News, Russia Today and Euronews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper brings into the light the French word maisnie, currently used in the Social Sciences by researchers dedicated to the study of households units, especially from the South-East European area. In 1974, the French anthropologist Paul Henri Stahl was the first one to introduce this XIth Century. French word into the social sciences. His choice came as a response to a translation dilemma he found himself confronted with, while writing his studies regarding the South-East European social units: the inexistence in the currently French language of a word able to designate the „smallest social unit“, as he called the household. Instead of creating a new word (as in the case of the well known zadruga), he proposes one which had actually being used in the different regional French dialects in the Middle Ages - maisnie. This word used to designate a social unit very similar to the Romanian gospodărie, the Bulgarian družina or kupčina, the Serbo-Croatian domačinstvo, the Albanian shtëpi or the Greek mikokiato. Starting by specifying the particular context in which this word made its entrance in the vocabulary of social sciences, the paper continues by focusing on the social reality hidden behind this complex notion. The last part deals with the utterance of a few conclusions, regarding possible approaches between the ancient French maisnie and the other similar social units from the South-Eastern Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the orthophony in the Scandinavian languages. The theoretician of the orthophony was the Dane Rasmus Rask, but Danish is today one of the least orthophonic languages in Europe. The Norwegian Knud Knudsen succeded to apply Rask's views on the Dano-Norwegian Bokmål, actually on the Norwegianized Danish. There will be examined how (far) the orthophony principle could assert itself in the Scandinavian languages, especially in Norwegian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to discuss if there is any similarity between two distant events like the end of the Napoleonic era and the creation of a new Concert of Power, in 1815, and the fall of the Berlin Wall, in November 1989. Even if at first sight, no direct connection can be found, the fact that both can be analysed as performing important functions in the creation of a new European security order and a new architecture of power allows us to pursue this comparative analysis. From the international relations theory point of view, one can say that both followed hegemonic wars which resulted in the redrawing of European political map and in the creation of a new continental order. The complexity of the long series of events which were triggered off by these important landmarks requires, nevertheless, a deeper analysis of the implications and consequences of both episodes in European history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides significant insights into the relative politicization of the Simonist model of religious liberty in modern Europe. Furthermore, the present paper takes initiative in the wish to contribute to understanding the spirituality characterizing this period and this territory. In the preliminary stage, the purpose of the paper is to offer to those who study the problem of institutional relations between Church and State in Europe the possibility to come back to the nineteenth century, suggesting as working hypothesis a new interpretation: analyzing the religious liberty and the regime of cults starting from the political and legal context of the period and the philosophical teachings of Saint-Simon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper "The role of the Christian Churches in Europe according to the preparatory documents of the 3rd European Ecumenical assembly (EEA3) is to present the way in which the mission of Churches in Europe is seen by different theologians, politicians or church leaders who contributed in the EEA3 preparatory process. The presentation has been done by the author in a critical way. As a theologian and hierarch deeply involved in the EEA3 process and preparation, he expresses his personal opinions on this issue, particularly in the conclusions. The first part of this paper contains a short presentation of the EEA3 concept, stages and program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transversal studies on emerging European communication are quite few in number, while the approach to the policies and strategies launched by the European Commission ever since 2005 is still very specific or contingent. Our aim is to conduct a comprehensive study on what are still the early stages of the concept of 'emerging European communication'. The article investigates four programmatic documents of the European Commission, the White Paper on a European Communication Policy, the Action Plan to Improve Communicating Europe, the Plan D for Democracy, Dialogue and Debate, and the Strategy Europe 2020, as well as one resolution of the European Parliament, Journalism and new media - creating a public sphere in Europe, all describing the new European communication policy. The analyzed key-directions relate to the reference point of all these debates and initiatives - the Eurobarometer, an unbiased tool of sociological measurement, which fully confirms the communication breakdown between European citizens and the institutions which represent them - the 'favorable' premise of a communication policy for the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Medica Transilvanica is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Medica Transilvanica is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article provides some relevant insights about the dynamics of the European politics of history and memory against the background of the third wave of European integration, which is the so called “cultural Europeanization.” These dynamics, originated in Western European both cultural turn of the 1970s and memory boom of the 1980s, is inscribed in the complex geopolitical landscape configured after the end of Cold War, within the context of European enlargement and the struggles for recognition of the “new Europe”. The competition of “Europe’s Europes” memorial narratives about the “painful pasts” of West and East, which is also a competition between two mnemonic paradigms (cosmopolitan vs. national(ist)-antagonist), is followed against the background of both the transnational turn in memory studies and memory politics and the re-nationalization of European politics and ideologies, tightly connected to the post–Cold War developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article illustrates that only working together at european and national policy makers, civil society and media can make society stronger, developing the creative potential of people belonging to different environments. Their dynamism strengthens media in Europe and enriching all of us in this process, because European societies are multicultural and diverse. Diversity should be understood as an asset rather than a threat to democracy. The Role of Media in Promoting Anti-Discriminatory Policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Petru Maior, Series Oeconomica is the property of Petru Maior Unversity, Faculty of Economics Law & Administrative Services and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Most european countries' national economies have high levels of automatic stabilization in case of macroeconomical shock. However, there are significant differences depending on the region or country, and this paper attempts to outline the most important aspects related to occupational policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past years, there have been debates in many European countries regarding the lowering of the minimum age required for a person to be able to vote. Austria was the first European country, in 2007, that lowered the active voting age to a minimum of 16 and the passive voting age to 18. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, through the 1826 resolution, has called on its 47 member states to analyze the possibility of lowering the voting age to 16. The wave of debates has not avoided Romania, a number of stakeholders showing an interest in this matter, leading up to a possible change in the Constitution. This paper will present both the current status of the youth voting rights and the main arguments both in favour and against lowering the voting age to 16. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of 'Constantin Brancusi' University of Targu-Jiu. Engineering Series / Analele Universităţii Constantin Brâncuşi din Târgu-Jiu. Seria Inginerie is the property of Universitatea Constantin Brancusi din Targu-Jiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Quality - Access to Success is the property of Romanian Society for Quality Assurance (SRAC) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The paper aims at analysing and comparing the European and Romanian legislation in the field of manufacturing food supplements, in order to identify the correspondence between Romanian norms and the European legal framework. The research has been performed on the texts of applicable European directives and the norms in force in Romania in the field of food supplements, covered by food legislation. The methods of interpretation and the comparative method are being used. The elements of legislation under research are the provisions on the authorisation of the producer, manufacturing process, packaging and labeling of supplements. In regard to the setting up of production units and the manufacturing process it has been ascertained that the directives applicable in the European Union do not have any such provisions. In the Romanian legislation, these rules have been inferred from the legislation on food products. They set the need to authorize / register producers with the Sanitary Veterinary and Food Safety Authority at county level, as well as the obligation to observe the good manufacturing practice rules set by the producers' associations. The provisions regarding packaging and labelling of food supplements, in European and Romanian legislation, are very similar. However, they are set apart mainly by the fact that Directive 2002/46/EC establishes that labelling and presentation must not attribute to food supplements the properties of preventing, treating or curing a human disease, or refer to such properties. In Romanian legislation such provisions exist only with regard to food supplements containing just vitamins and/or minerals. The proposals refer to the harmonising Romanian standards with the European ones, by adopting these provisions also in what regards the food supplements of animal and/or vegetal origin, so as to avoid any confusion between these and medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper makes o short review over the main aspects of drug compensation in EU. There are mentioned the procedures of including medicines in the compensation system according to the European legislation and comparative situations in EU countries in regard to the length of negotiation process to obtain the compensation, the modality and percent of compensation. We may conclude that there isn't a unitary policy of compensation in the EU countries, differences being significant and dictated by every country by itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims at analysing and comparing the European legislation and the Romanian legislation in the field of defining food supplements, in order to identify the components of a legal definition and the correspondence between Romanian norms and the European legal framework. The research has been performed on the texts of applicable European directives and the norms in force in Romania. The method of interpretation and the comparative method are being used. Several definitions of food supplements have been identified, in various categories of normative acts, that include as elements the definition itself and the limits of nutrient concentration. The definition itself includes the composition, form of presentation and purpose of using food supplements. There are similarities between the European and the Romanian definitions in what regards the elements of the definition, and differences in what regards their contents. Qualifying a product as a food supplement has as an impact the obligation of observing the applicable legislation. Although the analysed definitions include the possibility of presenting food supplements in pharmaceutical forms, no definition provides for the possibility of associating it to a therapeutic purpose, something that clearly distinguishes these products from medicines, both at the European level and in Romania. The definitions of food supplements in the Romanian legislation are in line with the European legal framework, and are even more detailed in what regards the composition and form of presentation. The drawbacks of Romanian regulations include the lack of provisions regarding minimum and maximum limits of nutrient concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right to a healthy environment is an indirectly guaranteed right by the European Convention of Human Rights, being considered by some authors as part of the third generation human rights, called solidarity rights, alongside with the right to peace, the right to development etc, but which are not granted by express dedication in the Convention. Given the importance of this right, the European Court of Human Rights has used the „indirect protection‟ technique which allows the extension of the protection of some guaranteed rights by the Convention, to other rights which are not covered by it. Thus, through an extensive interpretation of the domain of application of some rights expressly stipulated by the Convention, the right to a healthy environment was assimilated to the right to privacy, being considered a component of this right. In this way the environmental right is indirectly protected. In this paper we analyze the evolution of this right, both in terms of its establishment in the national and international legal instruments, as well as in the case-law developed by the European Court of Human Rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, Roma people are one of the most underrepresented communities in Europe, facing a rise in negative attitudes towards them. In many societies, it is considered acceptable to discriminate against Roma people by invoking presumed negative traits assumed to be common among all Roma individuals. These traits are often associated with criminality, deviance, and a parasitic lifestyle. The aim of this study is to highlight the theoretical aspects related to anti-Roma sentiment, as well as the factors contributing to this form of discrimination, such as prejudice, nationalism, and ethnic identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biblioteca: Revista de Bibliologie şi Știinţa Informării is the property of Biblioteca Nationala a Romaniei and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biblioteca: Revista de Bibliologie şi Știinţa Informării is the property of Biblioteca Nationala a Romaniei and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Metrologie is the property of Biroul Roman de Metrologic Legala - Institutul National de Metrologie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Strategic Universe Journal / Univers Strategic is the property of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Institute for Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyzes the close relations developed between the Romanian and Spanish Communist parties in the context of the Soviet-led intervention in Czechoslovakia. It explores the similarities and differences between the visions of Nicolae Ceaușescu and Santiago Carrillo on the reform of the world Communist movement and also the new meaning attributed by both to proletarian internationalism. Drawing on transcripts of their conversations in crucial political moments, the article reveals how Eastern and Western Communists found ways to work together in order to undermine Soviet control over world Communism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Română de Drept European is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article tests if the democratization process in Central and Eastern Europe coincides with a decrease in number of invalid votes. Using descriptive statistics, we seek for evidence from 67 elections in ten countries from the regions during the period 1990-2012. By the beginning of the 2000s, ten years after the breakdown of communist regime, the percentages of invalid votes in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe reached levels comparable to those of the Western European democracies. However, significant differences between regions and countries endure. This article adds to the literature by being the first to inquire into the subject of invalid votes in the Central and Eastern Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Public-Private Partnership Law Review is the property of PPP Research Center S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)