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Our paper is proposing a brief look over the main issues representing so-called "roots of divergent perspectives" between major actors within NATO framework. At 2017 summit, under Stoltenberg's mandate as secretary general, we identified what can be analysed as "beginning of two major trends" in thinking defence spending, NATO competences and strategic priorities. As we noticed in this paper, there is a pole of thinking generated by US, that considers NATO to be enforced through increase of spending, rapidly and towards 2% from GDP (with specific destination- "for NATO budget") and another group of thinking (led by Germany and France) supporting the Wales old commitment (progressive increase of spending, with general destination - "for defence").But this is not the only point of divergence within NATO between traditional allies, there are also differences of perspectives about qualifying migrations as matter of national security (US vision) and importing as such on NATO agenda, or as treating it as an ordinary domestic issue, if not as a benefice of globalization (Germany, France vision). 2017 summit is an interesting moment for exploring new evolutions of this structure and make a realistic analysis of the today transatlantic partnership, under conditions of new challenges generated by dynamics of international security environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transatlantic relationship is currently facing several challenges posed by both structural factors and divergent views on the future of security architecture. The new era of great power competition (a concept that symbolizes the strategic rivalry between the U.S.A., China, Russia and, possibly, Europe/EU) has the potential to significantly change the global dynamics, including by re-evaluating traditional alliances and forming others, a framework that imposes the need to analyze the impact on transatlantic relations, in general, and on Romania’s security interests. According to the National Strategy for the Defense of the Country (2020- 2024), Romania assumes an increased role abroad for strengthening the transatlantic partnership and ensuring the coherence of NATO-EU action. In the context, this paper aims to analyze the implications on Romania’s national security, derived from the redefinition of the transatlantic relationship and the adaptation processes that are currently taking place at NATO and EU level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rigorous monitoring of information from open sources in order to maintain national security and safety is an obligation to be assumed by any intelligence service of state. In the paper, we have presented the evolution of the OSINT phenomenon ever since its appearance - during the Second World War - until now. We have also highlighted the places where national safety and relevant information can be identified today. Starting from the classic Google and continuing with „darkweb” and social media, in this paper we listed the forms under which extremely important data for OSINT practitioners can be found. Last but not least, I thought it would be expedient, at the end of the paper, to briefly present a number of tools that can extract - from Facebook - and then analyze a series of important information for any OSINT analyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Strategic Universe Journal / Univers Strategic is the property of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Institute for Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Română de Drept European is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Global Economics / Revista de Economie Mondială is the property of Institute for World Economy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In a world of globalization, characterized mainly by openness, in which internal and external aspects of security are congruent, European leaders believe that the evolution of international environment has inevitably led to an increase of dependence, as well as vulnerabilities such as transports, resources, information between European Union member states and also between non-European Union member states. The competition between the states for power and for natural resources prevents them to cooperate, actually amplifying the insecurity worldwide and the process of development. For strengthening European Union's position as an economic and political actor, and to keep this position in the future, European leaders must adopt a coherent foreign and security policy that will guarantee the Union's borders security on the one hand and its internal cohesion on the other hand. Considering these aspects, The European Union needs such a policy, because only by creating efficient mechanisms and structures, European security can be achieved. Starting for these premises, these paper seek to highlight the EU's vision on international security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each state is responsible for the security of its citizens. The way in which it understands to build this desiderate differs from state to state. A common element between these forms of human organization, as can be seen if we analyze the state structures, is represented by the existence of specialized institutions (e.g. intelligence agencies) in filling in the security needs of these states. The following paper tries to see how the security needs and the constant change in the international environment shaped the Romanian intelligence community by using specific methods and elements used by the USA’s intelligence community. In order to achieve this objective the theoretical framework used will be the neo-institutionalism, specifically the sociological institutionalism through its mimetic isomorphism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to analyze in which way Romania and the United Kingdom have interacted between 1918-1940, at the level of the European security system, in the light of the national security interests. This interaction wasn't carried out in a regular fashion due to the fact that the United Kingdom, as one of the world's greatest powers, had much more complex interests, the East-European space being for London a region where negotiation involving economic and political influence could be carried out with the other top world players. However, during the interbellum period, bilateral relationships have been created, as well as political and economic cooperation projects. Also, the military plan hasn't been neglected, considering that by the end of the 3rd decade; a mutual vision has been reached, about guaranteeing security in the Black Sea Region, through Romanian-English initiatives. Historical research of documents (general papers, archives) shows us a winding collaboration between the intelligence services from general actions, breaching the Soviet and German space, to banning the British secret services on the Romanian territory between 1939 and 1940. This happened because, as World War II started, the British and Romanian strategic interests have begun to falter, Romania's natural resources and especially its oil industry becoming a sore spot in the relationship between the two states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both history and recent events are living proofs that a state must have strong institutions to survive. In this context, military counterintelligence services play an important role because, through their specific activity, they protect state armies from external threats while trying to diminish internal vulnerabilities. Once these objectives have been achieved, the army continues to provide an important part of national security, playing a vital role both in peacetime and especially in wartime, in ensuring stability and in managing critical events. This paper describes how the counterintelligence military services have played an important role in the historical events that have contributed to the achievement of the Romanian state in the form we know today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Informare și Documentare: Activitate științifică și Profesională is the property of Biblioteca Nationala a Romaniei and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Romanian defence planning is under common logic, containing a strategic document emanating from the top of the state (National Security/Defence Strategy), an intermediate document developed at departmental level and undertaken by the Government (Defence White Paper) and a departmental document presented by the military establishment (Military Strategy). As shown in the article, the model is similar to the U.S. model consisting of National Security Strategy (the President's view), National Defence Strategy (a document assumed by the Defense Secretary) and National Military Strategy. In fact, these documents can be found in almost any country of the world. Characteristic of our country is the difficulty of how these documents are issued, which led to a situation where the last Military Strategy dates from 1999 and the last White Paper was issued in 2004. But this year is expected that all these documents to be approved by the authorities and we believe that the new law of the defense planning will streamline the process of development and adoption of strategic documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Security is a complex, multi-dimensional approach context. In broad terms, it represents the ability to protect its citizens. The sole holder of the legitimate right to use intra-state and inter-state force is obliged through the consequence and expression of its sovereignty to protect and guarantee its citizens’ rights and freedoms and ensure the conditions for the exercise of their rights and freedoms. After the dissolution of the communist political and military bloc, security develops as a global concept that tends to include traditional political and military dimensions, new dimensions, such as economic, energy or security, individual rights, and freedoms. This study addresses Romania’s security policy, its evolution after 1990 and until now. The paper aims to highlight Romania’s position as a territory and its role in the regional context regarding security. Its statute as a NATO and E.U. member, and strategic partner of the United States, determined a permanent update of its security policy and proposed objectives, correlated with those of the entities to which it belongs. From the point of view of security policy, Romania has an important geostrategic role and can stand out as a regional leader due to the threats it could be subjected to. The study will highlight that its security policy provides many benefits for the country’s citizens and its institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Information Technology & Automatic Control / Revista Română de Informatică și Automatică is the property of National Institute for Research & Development in Informatics - ICI Bucharest and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Strategic Universe Journal / Univers Strategic is the property of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Institute for Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The trans-Atlantic alliance must confront a number of fundamental strategic questions about its future. Unpredictability becomes the very essence of security. Political transitions in MENA, cyber security threats and America's increasing focus on Asia, these are collective prooves that NATO has entered a new age. This Paper addresses future threats to NATO, challenges confronting the alliance in addressing them, and a path for moving forward. Conclusion is that the allies must acknowledge that their long-term security will be in jeopardy unless they make difficult decissions about priorities settled at the Chicago Summit. Smart Defense is a new constructive mind-set that could nevertheless become a vulnerable initiative, since the allies will be under considerable pressure to demonstrate concrete deliverables in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an era of globalization we are witnessing the migration of foreign policy interests of international actors. Central Asia has become an area where great powers, which include Russian Federation, European Union, United States of America, and China, have common interests. Most times they overlap or intersect, leading to the emergence of dissent diplomatic or economic order. The area is important because of available energy resources, but also because of the trade routes that exist here and unite East and West. What makes the difference between the major interests of these actors is the ability to win the political and economic war in Central Asia being based on their historical presence in those territories. The ultimate objective of this paper is to highlight the objectives of foreign and security policies of great powers that have economic, political and geostrategic interests in Central Asia so that they can reveal the direction of national policies of those countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to its current National Defense Strategy, Romania perceives "destabilizing actions in the Eastern neighborhood" as a threat to its national security. The paper aims to provide a historical analysis of the relations between the Romanian principalities and Russia, as well as of narratives of Russian identity, in order to understand what led to this situation. It begins by offering an overview of the method of historical analysis and presents its advantages and disadvantages. Further, it sketches a brief history of late Romanian-Russian relations during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Finally, it concludes with showing the contemporary effects of historical developments on different and competing narratives of Russian identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Information Technology & Automatic Control / Revista Română de Informatică și Automatică is the property of National Institute for Research & Development in Informatics - ICI Bucharest and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

TODAY'S SECURITY ENVIRONMENT IS INCREASINGLY COMPLEX. THE TIMES WHEN PEACE, CRISIS AND CONFLICT WERE THREE DISTINCT PHASES, WHEN CONFLICTS WERE MOSTLY FOUGHT BY MILITARY MEANS AND WHEN THE ADVERSARIES WERE WELL KNOWN, ARE OVER. TODAY, CYBER ATTACKS HIT NATIONS BEFORE A MILITARY ATTACK. SOCIAL MEDIA CAMPAIGNS CREATE ALTERNATE REALITIES THAT SEEK TO DESTABILIZE POLITICAL COMMUNITIES WITHOUT A SINGLE SOLDIER CROSSING A SINGLE BORDER. AND THE "HYBRID" COMBINATION OF MILITARY AND NON- MILITARY TOOLS CREATES AMBIGUITIES THAT MAKE NATO'S SITUATIONAL AWARENESS AND, CONSEQUENTLY, CONSENSUAL AND RAPID DECISION-MAKING MUCH MORE DIFFICULT. HYBRID THREATS ARE A GROWING CONCERN FOR SOCIAL COHESION AND THE CONTINUITY OF GOVERNMENTS. IN RECENT YEARS, THIS NEW FORM OF THREAT HAS COME TO BE INCREASINGLY PRESENT AMONG THOSE RESPONSIBLE FOR MANAGING CRISIS CELLS AND SECURITY POLICY. THEY CAN THREATEN TO WEAKEN A STATE AND MAJOR STATE INSTITUTIONS OR INDUSTRIES BY EXPLOITING THEIR VULNERABILITIES. THESE THREATS REQUIRE MINIMAL RESOURCES AND REDUCED COSTS THROUGH THE MAJOR INFLUENCE OF TODAY'S SOCIAL MEDIA. FROM CYBER ATTACKS ON CRITICAL SYSTEMS, TO DISINFORMATION THRO UGH SOCIAL MEDIA AND BROADCAST CAMPAIGNS, RECENT EXAMPLES DEMONSTRATE THE POWER OF HYBRID THREATS TO ERODE SOCIAL COHESION, CITIZENS' TRUST IN PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, ELECTORAL PROCESSES AND GOVERNMENT CONTINUITY. THE ROLE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO PRESENT A NEW TYPE OF FINANCING OF TERRORIST GROUPS WITH THE HELP OF A PAYMENT METHOD THAT IS INCREASINGLY DIFFICULT TO TRACE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The military force under the current transformations into regional security environment of the Middle East has gained a multifaceted profile with an interdisciplinary character, having less aggressive traits. The complementarity of military and peaceful means in the resolution of crises and conflicts was highlighted in the Middle East and neighbour countries; however, there were not sustainable results. The events of the early 21st century have triggered a process of deep transformation of the security environment, for long-term and in-depth generating the consequences which affect the stability of international community. In such a tense and complex context, the security of each country, as well as the security of the international community as a whole, is based not only on responsiveness and adaptation, but also on the capacity of anticipation and proactive actions. The knowledge, understanding and assessment of internal processes, the degree of social cohesion, the public outreach is an equally important need for realization of projects on national interest. For all these reasons, the role of the military force is much more nuanced and polyvalent in shaping of the security environment, currently having a trans-disciplinary features and less tense. Only political and diplomatic solutions, supported by less deterrent measures by military means or the actual use of the power tool, allow the achievement of the sustainable results, ensuring the stability, order and security within international system. In this paper, the author identifies the susceptible trends into the shaping process of the regional security according the models of the United States, Russia and the European Union: form the economic and political issues in promoting energy policy and nuclear weapons proliferation to the long term impact upon regional security and perspective of creation of a regional complex system based on the concept of collective security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reflects that in this rapidly changing and volatile world, the expectations required of those in the intelligence discipline are high-knowledge of the hidden and foreknowledge of the unpredictable. Thus, identifying a more accurate definition of the theoretical sphere of national security has acquired a special scale, especially in recent years. It also focuses on the fact that the theoretical concepts in the field of linguistics can provide valuable scientific milestone in the foundation of reasoning, whose main working hypothesis is to capture structural changes in the intelligence concepts through the emerging changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combating fraud and tax evasion is an objective of the National Defense Strategy of Romania in the global crisis we are going through. The whole world is waiting anxiously for answers to set questions about solutions that could save the EU economy caught in the deepest crisis after the Second World War. This paper draws attention to the latest developments in the field of preventing and combating tax evasion, introduced by Law 50 of 14 March 2013. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on concepts coming from the field of Security Studies and Risk Management, this paper offers an analytical toolkit and an institutional perspective. We have tried to translate the risk theories into the particularities of the security systems and especially into the particularities of the intelligence services. Where we had to, we referred to the Romania's situation (the normative and doctrinal framework). Starting both from conceptual (theoretical) and actionable (practical) patterns from other intelligence agencies (similar to SRI), we have defined the conceptual framework around the notion of "risk", as it is approached by the Romanian intelligence community. On the actional side, we have presented the specific case of the National Intelligence Community and of the SRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transitions from Soviet authoritarianism and planned economies to democracy and market economies have not been successfully completed in any of the three states from South Caucasus. This region continues to be characterized by high instability and insecurity due the absence of solutions to the protracted or „frozen" conflicts between Armenia and Azerbaijan -- over the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh -- and between Georgia and Russia -- over the breakaway regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Finding common ground upon which all parties can agree has proven to be an impossible task. Protracted or „frozen" conflicts present a challenge for the stability and security of South Caucasus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Universitatis George Bacovia. Juridica is the property of George Bacovia University, Faculty of Sciences Economics, Juridical & Administrative and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Scientific Annals of the "Stefan cel Mare" Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Moldova / Revista Stiintifica a Academiei Stefan cel Mare is the property of Stefan cel Mare University, Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Moldova / Ministerul Afe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

National Intelligence is a priority of national security strategies and intelligence to the US security and defence or in the UE States (Strategists/White Books), by which it is proposed, for the fi rst time, achieving an overall, systematic reforms and long term to this area for important strands of which mention: coordination, structural transformations, the formation of a new structure Improve the quality and activity of human resources reform in the intelligence research, technical development capabilities for gathering information. The dynamics of transformations is necessary to streamline the work of intelligence organizations. In Romania there is an older Security Strategy (2006) and no Intelligence strategy, which would need to be developed. Whatever the model and how to design, American or European, for turning his Romanian intelligence is important for their eff ectiveness by the maximum of the intelligence community and its components. All these directions and actions are required to be prepared for the strategic change in the world and intelligence in order to meet the new challenges of the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union has been confronted with three big crises since 2008: the great economic depression, the immigration crisis and now the Covid 19 pandemic crisis. Since the EU is composed by member states who has their own national security agendas and whose leaders are more preoccupied to take decisions that protected their own citizens than to show pan-European solidarity, something must be done in order for the EU to be seen by the Europeans as being their protector and support, at the same levels as states or even more, in the future. In an international environment shaped by the great power rivalry between USA and China, whose geopolitical battle affects also the evolution and even survival of international multilateral institutions like the World Heatlh Organisation, the EU will need to be more proactive and less reactive in daling with the future "black-swan" type of events and actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 28 of March, 1961, President John F. Kennedy outlined in the Congress the basic elements of a new strategy meant to increase the flexibility of US commitments in the overall context of Cold War. This undertaking was centred on the idea of adapting the military posture in order to maximize the possibilities to achieve the desired effect in operational field. In this respect, President Kennedy highlighted that „Any potential aggressor contemplating an attack on any part of the Free World with any kind of weapons, conventional or nuclear, must know that our response will be suitable, selective, swift and effective". This message was a starting point for an enduring and complex process putting into motion of the so-called „Flexible Deterrent Options" which became, since 1961, the official national security policy of the United States. Within this framework, the US and its NATO allies launched different initiatives aiming to enhance the multilateral cooperation in nuclear field such as Multilateral Force and Atlantic Nuclear Force. In spite of certain setbacks, the efforts paid off by increasing the relevance of cooperation between NATO member states in the field of nuclear policy as one of the main direction undertaking through the new Strategic Concept adopted at the beginning of 1968. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades, security, on a global level, as old threats disappeared, new challenges took their place. This situation determined a new perception of concepts such as defense and security, peace and conflict etc. As a consequence, on one hand, security gained a multidimensional character due to various factors, and on the other hand, the security environment itself needs an approach determined by old and new risks, dangers and threats. Also, security nowadays doesn't solely represent the domain of armed forces, but the effective and efficient cooperation between all components of the security district, on a national and international level, and in every domain of social life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legislative reform of the national security system faces, primarily internal problems. Internally, you can feel how a sensitive difference between what is reality legal system and current security environment. Moreover, there is confusion between the authorities and civil society on the conceptual delimitation of the phrases “national security” - “national security”, “national security - “national defense”, “national security - National Security Integrated”, “doctrine national security intelligence - doctrine of integrated intelligence, counterintelligence and security of NATO” etc. Next legitimate question arises: where do these inaccuracies in legislation and decision-generating confusion among civil society and how they can be removed? Security is a relational concept has an objective determination imposed by the social, economic, political, implies a permanent adjustment of a set of internal parameters in terms of the international environment, and requires a pertinent analysis to defi ne and use its due role returning this important study and research centers in the fi eld of security. By reforming the structures responsible informative understand their anticipatory adaptation to the challenges of the security environment and the implementation of reforms as radical as it has a lag time which inevitably leads to lower organizational performance. From this perspective the operational capacity of these organizations maintain at least the current parameters vital to be realistic priority goal of any reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pandectele Române is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study outlines the specific context of the Cold War which led the United States to formulate a strategy whose main objectives were keeping the West together and stopping the communist threat. Although the Cold War marked the evolution and broadening the concept of national security, which contains doctrines, strategies, tools, and this concept has its origin at the end of the Second World War. In addition, we will examine its evolution in time and the contextualization of the security policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of terrorism in the United States of America, especially after 9/11. In this context, the Bush administration adopted a series of documents which aimed to stop the terrorist threat, to protect their own citizens and to promote their core values. At the same time, it is important to see how Bush's discourses and The National Securities Strategies will be named “The Bush Doctrine". This Doctrine concentrated the way of reaction in a crisis situation, the new way of thinking and even the redefining two military concepts, preemptive and preventive, into a new one, the anticipative war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Is there a relationship between environmental degradation and conflicts? We shall take-up this question through the selected case studies of violent conflicts throughout the world, but first it is necessary to know the key environmental factors and natural resources under increasing pressure. Identifying and analyzing such cases lead to the next question: do states have the ability to adapt to rapid changes and the environmental degradation that goes on with the development? Additionally, there is a need to understand the impact of environmental degradation and scarcity resources at local level in order to amplify awareness and to prevent possible major implications to the national and regional security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to understand the critical infrastructure protection capabilities it is necessary to reveal the interdependencies between infrastructures. Identifying, understanding and analyzing such interdependencies are important in the context of the unprecedented development of national and regional critical infrastructures. This research also analyses the concept system-of-systems, the key relationships, dependencies and vulnerabilities within and between different sectors of critical infrastructure. There is additionally the need to understand the chains of influence that cross multiple sectors of national security and especially the occurrence causes of asymmetric risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Kingdom's security policy between 1997-2007, the time when Tony Blair's Labour dominated the Cabinet, cannot be easily distinguished from the foreign policy. The two are strategically combined and are the responsibility of so many institutions that one finds it difficult to assess them. However, as the period is dominated by the 9/11 attacks and the military interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq, the British defense policy is unitarily centered on the threat of terrorism and weapons of mass destruction. Despite the many holders of decision-making power, it appears that the instruments to be used in achieving a state of comfort on a security level are mainly documents that are to become the basis of further action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of the spectacular evolutions of the European Union after the Cold War, in the political, juridical and economic field, there are a lot of vulnerabilities which cast a doubt on the perspective that EU would really survive this century and fulfill its long term goal of creating a common identity for the member nations while ensuring a permanent and functional institutional armeture. The world economic crisis since 2008 and the uncertainty about the political structure of EU -- federation, confederation, supranational state or multi-level governance entity -- increased euro-scepticism and created legitimate worry among European experts and public opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at presenting an analysis of the National Security Strategy of Romania from the perspective of potential ways of implementing it (tasks, sub-systems and actors). An overview of the current security environment in Central and Eastern Europe is equally presented as well as the role of NATO in the European security. Conclusions on the implementation ways of the National Security Strategy of Romania and recommendations for a scientific approach in re-thinking the strategy are rendered in the last part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States and the European Union continue to use security strategy made during the Bush Administration. A retrospective look over the key concepts of the post 9/11 era and their relevance in a globalized world of risks and threats is imperative with a view to the making of a Obama-like US Security Strategy and the replacement/revision of the EU Security Strategy in the wake of the Lisbon Treaty adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]